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 Social Problems in a Diverse Society, 4Ce
Kendall/Thompson/Nygaard

CHAPTER 9
Crime and Criminal Justice

CHAPTER SUMMARY
The Uniform Crime Report is the leading source of information on crimes reported in Canada;
however, the number of crimes actually committed is probably much higher than the UCR
reports. Categories of crime include violent crime, hate crime, property crime, occupational
(white-collar) crime, corporate crime, organized crime, and youth crime. Gender, age, class,
and racialization are factors in who gets arrested and convicted and for what types of crimes.
Functionalists use strain theory, social bond theory, and the subculture of violence
hypothesis to attempt to explain why some people commit crimes and others do not. Conflict
theorists suggest that people with economic and political power define as criminal any conduct
that threatens their own interests; various feminist approaches focus on the intertwining effects
of gender, class, racialization/ethnicity, and deviance. Interactionists use differential association
theory and labelling theory to explain how a person’s behaviour is influenced and reinforced by
others. The criminal justice system includes the police, the courts, and the prisons. These
agencies have considerable discretion in dealing with crime and determining a punishment.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After reading Chapter 9, students should be able to:
1. Describe the principal sources of crime statistics and explain why official statistics regarding
crime may be misleading.
2. Define, and distinguish between (a) violent crime, hate crime, and property crime, and (b)
occupational and corporate crime.
3. Compare and contrast the four major sociological perspectives on crime.
4. List the components of the criminal justice system and state the function of each.
5. Explain how discretion may be necessary in all sectors of the criminal justice system but may
also contribute to problems with that system.

KEY TERMS
corporate crime crime
criminal justice system date rape
differential association theory homicide
indictable offence labelling theory
mass murder medicalization of crime
occupational (white-collar) crime organized crime
plea bargaining primary deviance
property crime punishment
restorative justice secondary deviance
serial murder sexual assault
social bond theory strain theory
subculture of violence hypothesis summary conviction offences
violent crime youth crime

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CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. CRIME AS A SOCIAL PROBLEM

A. Problems with Official Statistics

1) The Uniform Crime Report (UCR) is the leading source of information on crimes
reported in Canada.
a. It is published by the Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics (CCJS) based
on data substantiated by police investigation.
b. The crime rate reported by the UCR includes offences such as homicide,
assault, sexual assault, break and enter, robbery, theft, motor vehicle theft,
and fraud, but not violations such as traffic and drug offences.
c. These statistics reflect only those crimes that are reported to law
enforcement agencies.
2) Statistics Canada conducts victimization surveys which show that the number of
crimes committed is much higher than the number of crimes reported.
a. Responses to victimization surveys are based on recall, and some people
do not remember specifically when a crime occurred.
b. For various reasons, respondents may not be truthful.
c. The surveys focus on theft and assault and do not measure workplace
crimes, such as embezzlement or bribery, and organized crime.
B. Defining Crime and Delinquency
1) Crime is the behaviour that violates the criminal law and punishable by fine, jail
term, or other negative sanctions. Criminal law is divided into two major
categories: summary offences and indictable offences.

II. TYPES OF CRIMES

A. Violent Crime
1) Violent crime includes homicide, attempted homicide, three levels of assault and
sexual assault, robbery, and other offences like criminal negligence causing death.
People are more afraid of violent crime than other types, since victims may be
injured or killed, and violent crime receives the most attention. But most crime in
Canada is not violent.
2) Homicide is the unlawful, intentional killing of one person by another. Murder
involves not only an unlawful act but also malice aforethought, the intention of
doing a wrongful act. Some killers commit mass murder (killing four or more
people at one time and in one place); others commit serial murder (killing three
or more people over more than a month). Most serial killers are White males who
can be categorized as one of four general types: visionaries, missionaries,
hedonists, and power/control seekers.
3) Sexual assault is thought by many to be a sexually motivated crime, but it is
actually an act of violence in which sex is used as a weapon against a powerless
victim. In Canada, sexual assault is classified into three levels, following assault
classification generally: level one is categorized as the least harmful; level two
involves a weapon; and level three is most serious and classified as aggravated

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assault. Date rape involves forcible sexual activity that meets the legal definition
of sexual assault and involves people who first meet in a social setting. Statistics
on sexual assault are misleading at best because it is often not reported.
4) According to the 1993 Violence Against Women Survey 39 percent of women
reported at least one incident of sexual assault since the age of 16. In most sexual
assaults, the victim is young, female, and single. Often women may not report that
they have been assaulted because they believe that nothing will be done about it.
5) Gang violence includes homicide, sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated assault.
Criminologist Robert M. Gordon identified six types of gangs: youth movements,
youth groups—criminal groups, “wanna-be” groups, street gangs, criminal
business organizations. Typically, gangs are composed primarily of young males
of the same ethnicity. In recent years, gang activity and gang-related violence
have increased significantly not only in large metropolitan areas but also in
smaller cities and suburbs. Some analysts have suggested that gang violence may
be exacerbated by socialization of males for male dominance and by patriarchal
social structures.
6) Another form of violent crime is hate crimes, which are motivated by the
offender’s hatred of certain characteristics of the victim, e.g., national or ethnic
origin, language, colour, sexual orientation, religion, gender, age, mental or
physical disability, among other factors. In 2010, 1401 crimes were classified as
hate crimes, with ethnicity being the most frequently reported characteristic.
B. Property Crime
1) Property crime includes breaking and entering, possession of stolen goods, theft,
motor vehicle theft, and fraud. According to victimization surveys, the most
frequent property crime is breaking and entering (B & E)–unlawful or forcible
entry or attempted entry of a residence, industry, or business, with intent to
commit a serious crime. Usually, burglaries involve theft.
2) According to victimization surveys, the young have a higher risk of being subject
to property crime than older people, and risk of victimization is higher for
families with incomes under $15 000 living in rental property or in inner-city
areas.
3) Other non-violent property crimes include theft $5000 and under (unlawfully
taking or attempting to take property other than motor vehicles from another
person), auto theft (motives for which include: joyriding, transportation, vehicle
used in another crime, and profit), shoplifting, and credit card fraud.
4) One crime that has more than doubled in the past 10 years is kidnapping/forcible
confinement, which may be related to human trafficking.
C. Crime Comparisons between Canada and the United Sates
1) Over the past 20 years, Canada has had a lower violent crime rate than the U.S.
For example, in 2011, the U.S. homicide rate was three times the Canadian rate.
D. Occupational (white-collar) crime includes computer and other high tech crimes, and
more traditional criminal endeavours such as employee theft, fraud (obtaining money or
property under false pretences), embezzlement (theft from an employer), soliciting bribes
or kickbacks, and insider trading of securities (offenders buy or sell stocks based on info
not known by the public that they obtained as “insiders”).
E. Corporate Crime

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1) Examples of corporate crime include antitrust violations; deceptive advertising;

infringements on patents, copyrights, and trademarks; unlawful labour practices
involving the exploitation of employees; price fixing; and financial fraud.
2) One type of white-collar crime that has received recent attention is insider trading
of securities. This crime involves an offender buying or selling stocks on the basis
of information that is not public knowledge and is obtained as a corporate insider.
3) This white-collar offence comprises illegal acts committed by corporate
employees on behalf of the corporation and with its support. Examples include,
antitrust violations, deceptive advertising, infringements on patents or copyrights
or trademarks, unlawful labour practices involving the exploitation or surveillance
of employees, price fixing, and financial fraud. The economic effects of corporate
crime are both direct (immense economic losses) and indirect (higher taxes,
increased cost of goods and services, and higher insurance rates).
F. Organized Crime
1) Organized crime enterprises include drug trafficking, prostitution, gambling,
loan-sharking, money laundering, and large-scale theft such as truck hijackings.
Organized crime thrives because of demand for illegal goods and services.
2) Some law enforcement and government officials are corrupted through bribery,
campaign contributions, and favours intended to buy them off.
G. Youth Crime
1) Many behaviours identified as youth crime are not criminal acts per se but are
status offences—acts that are illegal due to the age of the offender—such as
cutting school, purchasing and consuming alcoholic beverages, or running away
from home.
2) Generally, police-reported rates of offending tend to be higher among youth and
young adults. Rates tend to increase incrementally among those aged 12 to 17
years, peak among those aged 18, and then decrease with increasing age. Youth
crime, like adult crime, has decreased greatly since the early 1990s.

III. SOCIOLOGICAL EXPLANATIONS OF CRIME

A. The Functionalist Perspective

1) Emile Durkheim believed the macro level structure of a society can produce
social pressures that result in high rates of deviance and crime. He introduced the
concept of anomie to describe the social condition in which people experience a
sense of futility because social norms are weak, absent, or conflicting. Deviance
and crime are most likely to occur in societies in which anomie is present.
2) Based on Durkheim’s theory, sociologist Robert Merton developed strain theory
to explain why some people conform to group norms while others do not. When
people are denied legitimate access to goals such as success, money, or other
material possessions, some people seek to acquire them through deviant means.
Merton identified five ways in which people adapt:
a. Conformity occurs when people accept culturally approved goals and
pursue them through approved means.
b. Innovation occurs when people accept society’s goals but adopt
disapproved means (e.g., shoplifting, theft, burglary) for achieving them.

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c. Ritualism occurs when people give up on societal goals but still adhere to
the socially approved means for achieving them.
d. Retreatism occurs when people abandon both the approved goals and the
approved means of achieving them (e.g., a person who “drops out”).
e. Rebellion occurs when people challenge both the approved goals and the
approved means for achieving them and advocate an alternate set of goals
or means.
3) According to Hirschi’s social bond theory, the probability of delinquency and
crime increases when a person’s social bonds are weak and peers promote
antisocial values and violent behaviour. Social bonds consist of (1) attachment to
other people, (2) commitment to conformity, (3) involvement in conventional
activities, and (4) belief in the legitimacy of conventional values and norms.
4) According to the subculture of violence hypothesis, violence is part of the
normative expectations governing everyday behaviour particularly among males
in the lower classes.
5) The lifestyle–routine activity approach holds that the patterns and timing of
people’s daily movements and activities as they go about obtaining the necessities
of life—such as food, shelter, companionship, and entertainment—are the keys to
understanding violent personal crimes and other types of crime in our society.
C. The Conflict Perspective
1) Conflict theorists explain criminal behaviour in terms of power differentials and
economic inequality. According to Austin Turk, crime is not a behaviour but a
status acquired when those with authority to create/enforce rules (e.g., lawmakers,
police, judges) apply those rules to others.
2) Having roots in the work of Karl Marx, the radical-critical conflict approach
argues that social institutions (such as law, politics, and education) make up a
superstructure that legitimizes the class structure and maintains the capitalists’
superior position. People commit different types of crime based on their class
position: crimes committed by low-income people typically involve taking things
by force or stealth, while corporate or white-collar crime usually is committed by
means such as paper transactions or computer fraud. Some critical theorists
believe that affluent people commit crimes because they are greedy and
continually want more than they have, whereas poor people commit street crimes
such as robbery and theft to survive.
D. The Interactionist Perspective
1) Criminal behaviour is learned through everyday interaction with others.
According to sociologist Edwin Sutherland’s differential association theory,
people learn the necessary techniques and the motives, drives, rationalizations,
and attitudes of deviant behaviour from people with whom they associate.
2) According to labelling theory, no behaviour is inherently delinquent or criminal,
but is defined as such by a social audience.
3) Sociologist Edwin Lemert expanded labelling theory by distinguishing between
primary deviance (the initial act of rule breaking) and secondary deviance
(accepting the label of deviant and continuing deviant behaviour). This second
concept is important because it suggests that when people accept a negative label
or stigma that has been applied to them, the label may contribute to the type of

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behaviour it initially was meant to control. Labelling may contribute to the

acceptance of deviant roles and self-images.
4) Blaming crime on a medical condition, such as mental illness, or converting
deviance to a medical condition, such as alcoholism, is known as the
medicalization of crime.
E. Feminist Perspective
1) Feminist scholarship focuses on who commits which types of crimes or engages
in what kinds of deviant behaviour.
a. Scholars using a liberal feminist framework believe women’s delinquency
or crime is a rational response to gender discrimination in society.
b. A radical feminist approach is based on the assumption that patriarchy
(male domination over females) contributes to crimes such as prostitution,
which reflects society’s sexual double standard.
c. Socialist feminism notes that women are exploited by capitalism and
patriarchy. Because most females have relatively low-wage jobs and
fewer economic resources, crimes such as prostitution and shoplifting
become a means to earn money.

IV. THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

A. Originally, the criminal justice system was developed to help solve the problem of social
disorder and crime. Today, however, some people question whether it is the solution or
part of the problem.
B. The Police
1) Police officers have wide discretion (the use of personal judgement regarding
whether and how to proceed in a given situation) as to who will be stopped and
searched and which homes and businesses will be entered.
2) Some police departments have begun community policing as a means of reducing
crime by integrating police officers into the communities they serve – proactively
getting them out into the community recognizing problems and working with
citizens to solve them.
C. The Courts
1) Criminal courts are responsible for determining the guilt or innocence of people
accused of committing a crime.
2) In theory, justice is determined in an adversarial process: the prosecutor argues
the accused is guilty, the defence attorney asserts the accused is innocent. In
reality, judges wield a great deal of discretion. Working with prosecutors, they
decide whom to release and whom to hold for further hearings and, in many
instances, what sentences to impose on those persons who are convicted.
3) Since courts can try only a small fraction of criminal cases, an attrition process
means that a third of all offences reported are cleared by police. About 15 percent
of the total reports result in conviction.
4) Many cases are resolved by plea bargaining, in which defendants (especially
those who are too poor to pay an attorney) plead guilty to a lesser crime in return
for not being tried for the more serious crime for which they were arrested. Only
four percent of all reports result in a sentence to custody.

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D. Punishment and the Prisons

1) Punishment is seen as serving four functions:
a. Retribution, in which a penalty against the offender assumes that the
punishment should fit the crime.
b. Social protection results from restricting offenders so that they cannot
commit further crimes.
c. Rehabilitation seeks to return offenders to the community as law-abiding
citizens.
d. Deterrence seeks to reduce criminal activity by instilling a fear of
punishment.
2) Despite a recent decline in the number of people sentenced, there continues to be
an overrepresentation of Indigenous and Black people in prison, reflecting a racist
bias in the judicial system.
E. Restorative Justice
1) In Canada, as well as in Europe, Australia, and New Zealand, the concept of
restorative justice comprises diverse practices, including conferencing, sentencing
circles, and victim-offender mediation. The point of restorative justice is to repair the
harm caused by the criminal act. This form of justice may not work for all kinds of
crime and enforcement may be difficult, but it does hold promise for youth offenders
and other situations where restoration is possible. The concept is integral to many
Indigenous cultures.

ACCESSING THE REAL WORLD: ACTIVE ENGAGEMENT WITH

PROBLEMS RELATED TO CRIME

Focus on Community Action

Ask students to find out how restorative justice happens in their communities. Have them find
out what organizations are involved with the implementation of this program. What does the
program consist of? Are there sentencing circles? Has restorative justice been successful in
their communities? Have the students write a small report on their findings to be shared with
each other in small groups. Did everyone come to the same conclusions?

If there are no restorative justice programs in their community, have students go online and find
a community that has had a successful restorative justice program. They should find out why it
has been successful and make recommendations for getting an alternative justice program in to
their own communities and compile a report with their findings. They could take the report to
their local R.C.M.P. branch or turn it into a letter to the editor of a local newspaper.

Focus on Theoretical Analysis

Have students come up with various crime scenarios as a class. Be sure to have examples of all
different kinds of crime, such as hate crimes, property crimes, violent crimes, corporate crimes,
occupational crimes, and organized crimes. Next, put the students into groups of three or four.

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Each group should be assigned a different theory: strain theory or social bond theory
(functionalist); radical critical-conflict approach (conflict); and labelling theory or differential
association theory (interactionist). Each group should then choose one crime scenario for each
kind of crime and analyze that crime from the standpoint of the theory they have been assigned.
They should report their analyses back to the class. Does the class agree that one theory or
theoretical lens is more useful for analyzing certain kinds of crimes or is there disagreement?

Focus on Media Engagement

Have students do research on how technologies (such as the internet) have provided new
opportunities for people to commit crimes globally. They should find someone who has been the
victim of a crime that involves new technologies, such as internet fraud or harassment through
social networking sites. If they do not know anyone personally who has been the victim of this
kind of crime, they should go online and search blogs and forums for people’s experience with
various internet crimes. Have a class discussion on how rapid transportation, communications
networks, and computer technologies have contributed to an array of new crimes and have made
“older” crimes easier to accomplish in some situations and more difficult in others. Is
victimization of people over the internet different than other crimes?

APPLYING CRITICAL THINKING THROUGH DISCUSSION

1. How have new technologies changed the nature of law enforcement and the reporting of
crimes over the past two decades? What new technologies may further enhance officials’
abilities to detect, apprehend, and convict offenders, and to acquire extensive information
about crime, suspects, and offenders?

2. Why do you think that hate crimes have more severe psychological consequences and require
longer recovery times than other crimes?

3. Does the functionalist, conflict, interactionist, or feminist perspective best explain why
people commit corporate crimes? Organized crimes? Explain your answer.

4. How would you reorganize the criminal justice system so that it would deal more equitably
with all people in this country and prevent problems like racial profiling?

5. Compare and contrast crime in the United States and Canada. Where do Canadians get most
of their crime information?

6. Do you think that corporate crime or property crimes are costlier (both financially and
socially) to society as a whole and why?

7. Do you think that crime statistics in Canada should collect information on the ethnic or
racialized background of victims and accused like the U.S. does, and why? Should the
collection of this data be limited to certain situations? What do you think the positive and
negative outcomes of collecting these data are?

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AUDIO-VISUAL MEDIA FOR FURTHER EXPLORATION

Behind Closed Doors—This documentary presents an in-depth examination of domestic violence
from a very personal perspective. It focuses on David, an abuser, and Margaret, a victim, who
each discuss their difficult childhoods, their low self esteem, their feelings of shame, and their
determination to break the patterns of violence that have governed their lives. 1993. 46 mins.
Filmakers Library, www.filmakers.com.

Circles—This is a film about a Yukon community’s innovative program that brings together
traditional Aboriginal justice and the Canadian justice system. 1997. 57 mins. National Film
Board of Canada, www.nfb.ca.

Dragons of Crime: Climbing the Golden Mountain—The story of the spread of Asian organized
crime from coastal China to Canada and the U.S. China-based gangs, trading in illegal
immigrants, drugs, prostitution and forgery represent a significant threat to law and order in
North America today. 1995. 45 mins. National Film Board of Canada, www.nfb.ca.

High Risk Offender—This film tells the story of a high-risk parole office and the people whose
lives it touches, prisoners guilty of everything from murder to white-collar crime. 1998. 57 mins.
National Film Board of Canada, www.nfb.ca.

Lizzie Borden Had an Axe—Labelled “The Trial of the Century” by newsmedia, the Lizzie
Borden case remains a mystery. This film presents two possible scenarios and allows the viewers
to come to their own conclusions about Lizzie Borden’s guilt or innocence in the murders of her
parents. 2004. 50 mins. National Film Board of Canada, www.nfb.ca.

Scam of the Century: Bernie Madoff and the $50 Billion Heist—This program examines the
bizarre details of Madoff’s operation while exploring his motives and mind-set. 2009. 44 mins.
Films for the Humanities and Sciences, http://ffh.films.com.

The Eastman Tragedy —This film chronicles the true story of the 1978 deaths of a bus load of
people, most with disabilities, in Quebec, due to lax inspections. No one was ever charged in the
tragedy. 2006. 30 mins. National Film Board of Canada, www.nfb.ca.

The Elusive Rapist—This film examines the infamous David Milgaard travesty where a
Saskatoon man is convicted of rape in thin evidence. After spending almost 20 years in jail,
Milgaard is finally exonerated using DNA evidence while the real rapist, Larry Fisher, is finally
convicted. 2005. 47 mins. National Film Board of Canada, www.nfb.ca.

The New Gulag: America’s Prisons—This video shows examples of how the prison-industrial
complex actually works. In rural communities, prisons run by private companies are welcomed
because they provide jobs and markets for a variety of goods and services. However, how are
these prisons being run when making a profit is the end-goal of corporate owners and
proprietors? 1997. 30 mins. Filmmakers Library, www.filmakers.com.

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CRITICAL READINGS
Bereska, Tami M. 2011. Deviance, Conformity and Social Control in Canada (3rd edition).
Toronto, ON: Pearson Education Canada.
Coleman, James William. 2005. The Criminal Elite: Understanding White Collar Crime. (6th
edition). New York, NY: Worth Publishers.
Dodge, Mary. 2009. Women and White-Collar Crime. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Horner, Jessie J. 2007. Canadian Law and the Canadian Legal System. Toronto, ON: Pearson
Inc.
Spalek, Basia. 2008. Communities, Identities, and Crime. Bristol, U.K.: Policy.
Tanner, Julian. 2010. Teenage Troubles: Youth and Deviance in Canada (3rd edition). Dons
Mills, ON: Oxford University Press.
Totten, Mark D. 2001.Gangs, Guys and Girlfriend Abuse. Peterborough, ON: Broadview Press.
Vago, Stephen and Adie Nelson. 2011. Law and Society (3rd Canadian edition). Toronto, ON:
Pearson Inc.
Woolford, Andrew. 2009. The Politics of Restorative Justice: A Critical Introduction. Halifax,
NS: Fernwood.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Canada Inc. 9–10

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Virkkoi äiti: "Toisti, toisti, kun sa vartut vaaksan verran."

Varttui lapsi vaaksan verran, vieri jo veräjän suulle, näki

hän kirkkotien katoovan kaukaisehen hongikkohon, juoksi hän
kohin kotia: "Olen nähnyt kirkon, kirkon!"

Kysyi äiti: "Minkä kirkon?"

"Näin minä ikkunat isoiset, harjat pilven-piirtäväiset, niitä

patsahat piteli maasta asti taivahasen. Äiti, milloin me
menemme sinne, joss' on joulukirkko?"

Hymyili hyväinen äiti:

"Kun sa saat paremman koltun."

Sai poika paremman koltun, pääsi kerran kirkkohonkin, näki

hän oikean tapulin, tapulissa kellot kaksi, tuli itkien kotihin,
kaihomielin kartanolle: "Oma kirkkoni parempi oli
huojuhongikossa. Nyt sekin on minulta mennyt."

Eikä kohdannut enempi, ei elossa, kuolemassa eikä

kuoleman takana kaukometsä-kirkkoansa.

1912.
Painuva päivä.

— "Ah, painuva päivä, mi kiire on sulla?

En jaksa, en jaksa ma jäljessä tulla,
niin paljon, niin paljon ois tointa ja työtä,
ma pelkään pitkää yötä."

— "Laps onneton, leiki, jos joudu et mukaan!

Mun orheini kanssa ei kilpaile kukaan.
Mut jos halu sulla on haaveesi luokse,
sa kiireemmin, kiireemmin juokse!"

— "Ah, painuva päivä, jo voimani vaipuu.

Kera orheisi rientävi henkeni kaipuu,
mut tien kivet, kannot estävät jalkaa,
mun ruumiini raueta alkaa."

— "Mies mieletön, heitä jo tuumasi turha!

Sun henkesi kaipuu on henkesi murha.
Miks ennemmin et sinä alkanut matkaa?
Nyt liian on myöhäistä jatkaa."

— "Ah, painuva päivä, ma aamusta aloin,

jo lapsena leimusin, nuorena paloin,
mut tahtoni vielä ei tuhkaksi tulla,
jos vielä on valkeutta sulla!"

— "Polo ihminen, kuulunet siis sukukuntaan,

mi Luojalta lahjaksi saanut ei untaan,
siis taistele, iske ruskossa illan!
Jätän jälkeeni välkkyvän sillan."
 — "Ah, painuva päivä, sua pyydän ja vaadin,
siks varro kuin viimeisen lauluni laadin!
Olen kohta jo valmis, en paljoa palvo,
yks tuokio yössäkin valvo!"

Pois aurinko painui, lankesi ilta,

jäi taivahan rannalle säihkyvä silta,
mut kaukaa korven tummuvan yöstä
soi laulu ihmisen työstä.

1913

Syyslehtiä.

Syyslehdet pään päällä lentelee,

suru kulkijan rinnassa kumahtelee.

— Ah, lentävä lehti, sun laillasko lien

pian päässä ma lempeni, lauluni tien?

"Ole huoleti, vieras veljemme!

Tuhat vuotta tai hetki, on yhtä se."

— Ah, lentävä lehti, sun laillasko jäin

ilonpuustani irti ja elämästäni?

"Pysy tyynenä! On elo unta vaan,

ilo ainoa itkeä unelmataan."
 — Ah, lentävä lehti, sun laillasko voin
päin haihtua haaveita nousevan koin?

"Tule viisaaksi, vieras veljemme!

Koi koittavi, mutta ei murheelle."

Yli lentävät poloisen kulkijan pään,

mi kaipaa kaunista elämätään.

1913.

Syyssäteitä.

Mikä valkeus äkkiä ympäri pääni?

Mi lempeä ääni
kuin kieliltä kantelon hopeisen?
Mun mieleni synkkyys haavehin haihtuu,
suru kaihoksi vaihtuu
ja muistoksi päivien menneiden.

Ja valkeus kasvaa ja kasvaa yhä,

ja kantelo pyhä
soi helisten täydellä voimallaan,
veet veisaavat myötä ja kuuraiset puistot,
ja mieleni muistot
pian peittävät minulta taivaan ja maan.

Noin laulaa ne sätehet syksyisen mielen:

"Sun soittosi kielen
me tahdomme jällehen soinnuttaa:
kun kului pois elos kaunehin kulta,
et tuntehen tulta
sa saa, mutta härmää sa saat, hopeaa."

Ja vastaavat lempeät tyttäret taivaan:

"Et taas elonvaivaan
saa pois meiltä mennä, et tummua pois;
vain valjeta saa polo, vaivattu pääsi,
niin kohtalo sääsi,
sen huolimme huntuun kuin onnea ois."

Jo tanssivat ilmassa taivaiset hunnut,

jo saapuvat tunnut
nuo elämän mennehen, arpeuneen.
Suo kohtalo joskus kaunihin ehtoon
maan lapsien lehtoon,
elon onnea anna ei uudelleen.

1913

Maininkeja.

Pitkinä, loivina maininkeina

mieleni myrskyt päilyy,
elämänseikkailun, haaveen halut
vain kokemuksina säilyy.

Vanhenin vuosia kuukausissa.

Mistä sen saatan tietää?
Siitä, että jo suuttumatta
voin loukkauksia sietää.

Siitä, että on mieleni murhe

mun suurempi tunteeni tulta,
että jo kiellän itseltäni,
mitä ennen en kieltänyt sulta.

Pitkät, kauniit aurinkopäivät

saattavat eessäni olla
taikka kuolema, köyhyys ja kurjuus —
kuolema tunkiolla.

Merkitse mulle ei enää, mi muille,

ei mulle se merkkitapaus,
ei rikkaus, ei rakkaus, ei arvo, ei valta,
vain sieluni ijäinen vapaus.

1914.

Kukkialta.

(1914).

1.

Kylmä ilta.

Kesken kesää syksyn valju valta; hohkaa kalman henki

kaikkialta, hallatuulen hammas luihin puree, metsä, järvi
 murheellisna suree, saaret seisoo liikkumattomassa ikävässä
ikiharmajassa, puhuu kuolemaa jo puiden tohu, uhkaa
kadotusta korven kohu, aalto lyijynraskas rantojaan huuhtoo
ikuisilla huolillaan.

Viiltää veno kesken luonnon karun; vana kertoo orvon

onnentarun, joka tuskin päästen päivänkukkaan kuihtui
kylmyyteen ja joutui hukkaan, vaan ei sentään elämästä
laannut, vaikk'on vuosia jo maassa maannut, kulkee
kummitellen ihmismaita, muistaa aikojansa autuaita, joskus
laikahtavi laulamaan kylmin rinnoin kevätriemujaan.

Saaret seisoo liikkumattomassa ikävässä ikiharmajassa,

järvi jäähtyy, sydän synkkä hyytyy, tahto taittuu, pikkutöihin
tyytyy; ah, ne päättyi elon juhlapäivät, autius, tyhjyys, tuijotus
vain jäivät, pulmain päästely ja kummastelu, kunne joutunut
on lapsen lelu, mietiskely, miksi inehmoin elonlangat niin on,
eikä noin.

2.

Pilvinen päivä.

Jälkeen aamu-usmien järvi hopeoituu, päivätönnä päilyen

koreaksi koituu.

Kuvastelee koivu, kuus,

rannan viita viilee,
kummallinen hiljaisuus
syvyydessä piilee.
 Sadekuurot kulkevat
kaukaa siellä täällä,
käy kuin aallon unelmat
virit vetten päällä.

Harras niinkuin ystävän

taivahan on tuntu,
vaihtuva kuin elämän
kaukometsän huntu.

Sataa munkin mielehein

hopeainen seule,
kaartuu kautta aatostein
samettinen neule.

Niinpä hunnun alle jään, sillä peitän pääni, uskon yhteen

ystävään, yhteen elämääni.

3.

Kuudan-yö.

— Mitä laulatte Kukkian kultaiset laineet?

"Me hautaamme matkasi haaveet ja maineet."

— Mitä tiedätte taivaalla yön sinipilvet?

"Me peitämme taistosi kalvat ja kilvet."

— Mitä kerrotte pilvistä kuun kultajuovat?

"Ett' immet jo Salliman anteheks suovat."
 — Mitä virkat sa viitojen, lehtojen tuoksu?
"Jo että sun päättyvi päiväsi juoksu."

— Ja Kukkian kuusten ja koivujen humu?

"Sun että jo häipyvi silmies sumu."

"Taas saat elon nähdä kuin kehdossa kerran,

näin tuntea itsesi, tuntea Herran."

4.

Aamun sarastaessa.

Ja jos vähän mulla vain aikaa on, mun mieleni kaari on

mittaamaton, taas riennän ma riemuun ja huoleen; ovat
kauniita Kukkian päivät ja yöt, mut kauniimmat vaativat
ihmisten työt mua myrskyn ja maailman puoleen.

Levon lempeän lapset ei muistele mua, mut kuitenkin,

Kukkia, siunaan ma sua, jos tartunkin sauvaan ja viittaan;
menen matkaani hattua heilauttain! kun säilyi mun sieluni
vapaus vain, vähät muusta ma maan päällä piittaan.

Voin kuiskata sentään: jo orjasi olin, kun, Kukkia, saartesi

kumpuja polin, elinkautinen valtasi vanki. Mut aamu kun koitti,
se armahti lastaan, sain voiman ma taistella rauhaani
vastaan, näin voittaen vaikeimmanki.

Oli tenhoa ilmassa, tiesin ma sen, mut ett' ero oisi niin
tuskallinen, ei arvata saattanut kukaan; ma pelkään, sun öin
sekä päivin ma nään, mut ennen kuin loihtusi lankahan jään,
vien kultaiset muistoni mukaan.
Kuvia Rautalammelta.

(1915).

1.

Iltatunnelma.

Taa korpien päivä painuu, vesi kultana kimmeltää, mut

kultaisempina kaislat ja salmet ja saaren pää.

Ah, rinta rauhaton, jospa

levon täältä se löytää vois,
ja muistoistaan jos pääsis
eik' ollut toivoja ois!

Tuon auringon kullan kenpä vois kätkeä sydämeen ja

itselleen olla outo kuin kaislat ja väike veen!

2.

Yliskamarissa.

Hiljaa, hiljaa, sydänparka! Vaikk'en liene liian arka, säikyn

Suomen suviyötä, siin' on tenho, taika myötä; pelkään puita
kukkivia, valkamia valoisia, punapurtta rannan alla, kauneutta
kaikkialla.

Hiljaa! Enin säikyn noita posken nuoren purppuroita,

impeyttä silmän syvän, hempeyttä huulen hyvän, tuota kaulan
kaareutta, poven kummun kukkeutta, pelkään pettymystä
uutta, ihmislemmen ihanuutta.
Venematka.

Tähdet yllä ja tähdet alla, veen yli valju kuudan; vierii

äänetön pursi yössä, purressa miesi muudan.

Metsät kaikki jo kellastuivat,

talvi jo tulla taitaa,
jättää ystävät yksiksensä,
aatoksiinsa aitaa.

Ihmiset hankihin hautautuvat,

miettivät talvitöitään,
tutkivat elonsa tarkoitusta,
synkkiä sydän-öitään.

Tuumivat, seulovat selviöitä,

jäljelle jää vain hyvyys,
ylle yöllinen taivaankansi,
alle tähtinen syvyys.

Häipyvät taakse jo talojen lamput iltahan äärettömään;

purskahtaa mies purressansa itkuhun äänettömään.

Eräs Kajaani-muisto.

Syystunnelma.

Paistaa kuuhut päältä Pöllyvaaran, kohu Ämmän,

Koivukosken soi, valkeana takaa virranhaaran terhen kylmä
tienoon auteroi, syksyn henkäys on maassa, puissa, metsä
harva huokaa verkalleen, nurmi nukkuu talven haaveiluissa,
talot häipyy yöhön yksikseen.

Nousee rintaan niinkuin kaiho kumma jotain kallista on

mennyt pois! Elämäkö? Ei, on tuoni tumma… tää on
harmajaa kuin hallaa ois. Haihtunut lie elon aika parhain,
toivot, taistot, tuskat päättyneet; miesnä seison, mistä lähdin
varhain, eessäin öisen synnyinseudun veet.

Lehti keltainenko lensi? Tuolla mua tahtovatko tervehtää

tienoot, joissa onnen päivänpuolla elin rikkahinta elämää,
missä lauloin elon ensi laulut, töitten suurten unta nähdä voin,
hehkuin niinkuin hehkui luonnon taulut alla heinäkuisten
aurinkoin.

Nytkö muistelo vain mulla eessä,

muistot siitä, mit' on takanain?
Kiilto kylmä myöskin kyyneleessä?…
Sammuneet on riehut rinnastain.
Katson elämään kuin ruumislautaan:
tähän asti, tästä eespäin ei!
Tänne jään, ma tänne hankiin hautaan
kaiken, minkä mielen murhe vei.

Siispä astua ma aion täällä, siks'kuin kumpu kaartuu

kodoksein, katson kuuta Pöllyvaaran päällä, vierittelen virttä
sydämein, muutun muuksi, olen mies jo toinen kuin mun tunsi
veikot, tuttavat, armaskin tuo ainut… Ah, ma voinen uudistua
niinkuin unelmat!
 Ei, en mitään voi! Mun täytyy tänne jäädä sellaisna kuin
saavuinkin, tuonen-tyynnä joka hermo, jänne, palaneena päin
ja sydämin… Värisyttää! Täältä pois! Mun täytyy päästä
maille päivän, laulun, työni Täällä järki hämyyn himmentäytyy,
täällä alkaa taika Turjan yön.

1915.

Elämän koreus.

Kiinni riipun elämässä kaikin vaistoin, kaikin taistoin, vaikka

kaikki tuskat tunsin, vaikka kaikki maljat maistoin.

Tartun elon sorjan tukkaan,

pidän kiinni enkä päästä,
sääli muita en, en itse
myöskään itseäin mä säästä.

Kiitän joka tuokiosta,

kiitän Sallimusta syvää,
minkä elää vielä salli,
minkä antoi pahaa, hyvää.

Teen sen itsetietoisesti:

rikon taikka kärsin, — kestän,
noin ma pelon peikot torjun,
noin ma kuolon kauhut estän.

Tiedän, että sorrun, sentään —

taikka kenties juuri siksi —
elän suurta sunnuntaita,
tunnen kaikki kaunihiksi.

Kenties juuri siksi mulle

taivaan tuliruskot palaa,
etten eespäin enää toivo,
etten taapäin enää halaa.

Tässä seison enkä taida

muuta: tällaiseksi loi mun
aika, ijäisyys ja luonto
suuri, joka elää soi mun.

Pyydä anteheks en mitään,

mitään en ma anteeks anna,
olen niinkuin luonto itse,
joka lausuu: kärsi, kanna!

Harmetkohot hapset, menköön

selkä poikki taakan alla,
sentään elämää ma laulan,
kiitän miellä kirkkahalla.

Hyvät herrat, kauniit naiset,

kyynelin ma täältä lähden,
itken niinkuin syksyiltä
peittyessä pohjantähden.

Rakastan ma raivoon saakka

tähteäni omaa tätä,
elon joka ilmausta,
Maata sydän-sykkivätä.
 Rakastajan lailla eroon
kerran elämästä tästä:
ikihyvästit kun heitän,
vielä nautin elämästä.

Pyhä, suuri Tuntematon,

turhaan mulle huntus nostat,
tiedän, että kuolen silloin,
koska näkös mulle kostat.

Siksi painan silmät kiinni,

umpiluomin uskon sinuun,
rinnoillesi pääni painan,
tunnen, että uskot minuun.

Ah, te kuolevaiset! Kuulkaa,

nähkää onnellista kahta,
jotka punapursin soutaa,
joutaa pitkin Lemmenlahta!

Kukat tuoksuu tuhtopuulla,

tähkät täyteläiset häilyy,
riemut rypäleinä tiukkuu,
päivä alla, päällä päilyy.

Miks en laulais, laikahtaisi,

koska sopii sorja raiku
siihen, mist' on miesten retki,
missä naisten naurun kaiku?

Rakas, pyhä, suuri Luonto,

sulle soitan, sormet liitän,
lumosit mun läsnä kerran,
siitä miesnä nyt sun kiitän.

Sulle uskoton en olla taida enkä tahdo, — helmaas

suutelen ja kuolen, vaivun valheesees ja kuvitelmaas.

24/1 1915.

Syyskylväjä.

"Syys tullut on. Miks yhä kylvät, mies?

Pian peltosi kattaa jo talven ies."

— "Kylvän ma keväitä uusia varten,

antaudun armoille kohtalotarten." —

"Olet vanha jo, mennyt on kevääsi oma.

Sun eikö jo maassa maata ois soma?"

— "Kannan ma kuormani riemun ja huolen,

siementä kylvän, sikskuni kuolen." —

"Näin uskoen uutehen keväimeesi

sa uskotko myös ylösnousemukseesi?"

— "Tiedä en. Teen vain tehtävääni.

Soi läpi sieluni ijäinen ääni." —

"Mitä sulle siis virkkavi ääni tuo?

Se kauhua kuolon vai lohtua luo?"
 — "Virkkaa: on valhetta vain moni verho.
Totuus on kotelo, toukka ja perho!" —

1915.

Uudenvuoden mietteitä 1916.

Upposi onni aikoinaan synkkihin sydänvesiin vaiko astuikin

alle maan, ei ole tullut esiin; upposi unelmat, laulutkin
sydänsuruun syvään, jäi vain aatos ijäisin, usko ihmishyvään.

Voi en onnea toivottaa, toivotan siis vain rauhaa, vuotta

suurta ja valoisaa, uskoa uutta, lauhaa, rauhaa muille ja
itsellein, rauhaa maailmalle, ettei kylpien kyynelein, mentäis
mullan alle.

Vaiko haudassa vasta tuo valkea vuosi koittaa, vuosi uus,

joka rauhan suo, rakkaudella voittaa, vuosi kansojen,
ihmisten, ihmis-ijäisyyden, tahto taivahan, tähtien, ääni
äärettömyyden?

Ei! Sen täytyy jo täyttyä täällä maailmassa, toivotun todeksi

näyttyä kuin sen näimme lassa. Lapsenko uskohon
uudestaan? Lien jo tullut itse, koska aivoilla tunnen vaan,
aattelen sydämitse.

Tähti.
 Yksi etsi viisautta, toinen etsi rauhaa, kolmannenpa
sydämessä veren kosket pauhaa, nuorin on hän tietäjistä,
pyhyyteensä pyrkivistä.

Virkkaa vanhin viisas yössä "Vaikka vuodet painaa, onpa

rinnanriemu, että viel' en ollut vainaa, koska Herra salli
hetken, määräs tämän tähtiretken.

Tiedän, etten kotimaahan koskaan enää palaa, että täyttyy

täällä kaikki, mitä mieli halaa, minkä vuoksi olin, elin, mitä
mietin, tutkistelin.

Totuutta on monta mulla, enempiin ne jakoo, ajatukset

aivojani niinkuin aurat vakoo, yhtä vain en tietä keksi: tulla
yksinkertaiseksi."

Huokaa toinen tietäjistä:

"Tunnen, että palaan,
vaan en tiedä: minne? mistä?
Toki tuonne halaan,
minne painui päivä ehtoon
taivaanrannan palmulehtoon.

Poltto povessain on täällä, eikä ennen raukee kuin mun

kerran pääni päällä kuolon kukka aukee, mielen murhe, tuska
tunnon murtaa multa miehen kunnon.

Tiedän, etten maailmassa enää muuksi muutu, miesnä oon,

mik' olin lassa, elämään en suutu, tahtoisin vain nähdä kerran
rakkauden ja rauhan Herran."