Chemistry 2nd Sem Answer Gita Autonomous College

### Chemistry Module-1
**Short Questions (2 marks each)**
1. What is cracking?
- Cracking is the process in which large hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller,
more useful ones, typically involving the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds.
2. Convert 15g of O2 to mass of air?

- 15 g of O2 is equivalent to 15/0.231 = 64.94 g of air.
3. When would GCV be same as NCV for a given fuel?

- When the water produced during the combustion of the fuel remains as vapor and doesn’t
condense, the Gross Calorific Value (GCV) will be the same as the Net Calorific Value (NCV).
4. Why is unleaded petrol better than normal petrol?

- Unleaded petrol is better than normal petrol because it reduces the emission of harmful gases
like lead oxide and sulfur dioxide, which are emitted when normal petrol is used.
5. How can cetane number be improved?

- Cetane number can be improved by using higher cetane number compounds as additives or
by refining processes that increase the cetane number of the fuel.
6. What is the major composition of water gas and producer gas?

- Water gas: CO and H2
- Producer gas: CO and N2
7. Define CNG and its composition.

- CNG stands for Compressed Natural Gas. It mainly contains methane (CH4) along with small
amounts of other gases like ethane, propane, and butane.
8. How is the net calorific value of a solid fuel calculated?

- The net calorific value of a solid fuel is calculated by subtracting the heat of vaporization of
water from the gross calorific value.
9. Calculate the weight of air required for complete combustion of 5 gm of Carbon.

- \( 5 \, \text{g C} \times \frac{32 \, \text{g O}_2}{12 \, \text{g C}} \times \frac{1 \, \text{kg
air}}{0.231 \, \text{kg O}_2} = 54.42 \, \text{g air} \)
10. Write four important features of a good fuel.

- High calorific value
- Easily available
- Easy to store and transport
- Burns cleanly without producing harmful by-products
11. What is a dry cell?

- A dry cell is a type of battery where the electrolyte is immobilized as a paste, so it doesn’t
leak.
12. What is Knocking?

- Knocking is the unwanted, explosive combustion of fuel in the cylinder of an internal
combustion engine, causing a sharp metallic noise.
13. Calculate the volume of air required for complete combustion of 5 m3 of methane.
- \( 5 \, \text{m}^3 \times 10 \, \text{m}^3 \text{ air/m}^3 \text{ CH}_4 = 50 \, \text{m}^3 \)
14. What is the volume and mass of oxygen in one mole of air at N.T.P?
- Volume: 0.21 m³
- Mass: 0.032 kg
15. Calculate the mass of oxygen in 1kg of air.

- \( 1 \, \text{kg air} \times 0.21 \, \text{kg O}_2/\text{kg air} = 0.21 \, \text{kg O}_2 \)
**FOCUSSED SHORT QUESTIONS (4 marks each)**
1. A given fuel has the following composition: H2= 40%, N2 = 22%, CO = 20%, CH4 =10 %,
CO2 = 8%. Calculate the weight of air required for the complete combustion of 5 Kg of the fuel.
- *Solution:* To be calculated.
2. Discuss the knocking process in a petrol engine. How to minimize petrol knocking?
- *Solution:* To be provided.
3. Discuss the importance of proximate analysis.

4. Mention the advantages of catalytic cracking over thermal cracking.

5. Calculate the net calorific value for a coal sample containing 82% C, 8% H, 2% S, 3% N, and
the remaining ash. (Latent heat of steam is 587 kcal/kg)
- *Solution:* To be calculated.
6. What is crude oil? Discuss its classification based on chemical compositions.

7. Discuss the significance of ultimate analysis.
8. Write down the cell reaction for Li-ion Battery.

9. Write the cell reaction for the charging and discharging mode of the Pb-Acid storage cell.
10. What is a fuel cell? Explain the cell reaction with one example.
**LONG QUESTIONS (10 marks each)**
1. A) Explain the refining of petroleum with a diagram.
b) A sample of coal was found to have the following percentage composition: C = 75%, H =
5.2%, O = 12.1%, N = 3.2%, and ash = 4.5%. Calculate the minimum air required for complete
combustion of 4 kg coal.
2. A) Discuss the fixed bed catalytic cracking process.
b) Write short notes on LPG and kerosene.
3. A) A gaseous fuel has the following composition by volume: H2= 40%, N2 = 22%, CO =
20%, CH4 =10 %, CO2 = 8%. Calculate the weight and volume of air required for
complete combustion of 3m3 of the fuel if 20% excess air is supplied.
b) Discuss the moving bed catalytic cracking process.
4. a) A sample of coal was found to have the following percentage composition: C = 75%, H =
5.2%, O = 12.1%, N = 3.2%, and ash = 4.5%.
- (i) Calculate the minimum air required for complete combustion of 2 kg coal.
- (ii) Calculate HCV and LCV of the coal sample.
b) What is power alcohol? Discuss its advantages and disadvantages.
4. A) Write short notes on Lead-Acid storage cell.
b) What is a Flow battery and explain it with examples?
### Module-2
1. What are the eutectic temperature and eutectic composition of Bi-Cd system?
2. Explain the condensed phase rule.

3. What is meant by the invariant system? Explain with an example.

4. What is the eutectic point and give an example.

5. Find out the degree of freedom at the critical point of water.
6. What do you mean by the component of a system?

7. What do you mean by a eutectic system?

8. Find out the degree of freedom of partially frozen acetic acid.

9. What do you mean by the degree of freedom?

10. What is Gibbs’ phase rule?

11. Calculate the number of phases, component, and degrees of freedom in the decomposition of
Calcium carbonate solid.
12. Why does the melting curve of solid ice slightly incline towards the Y-axis?
13. What are the eutectic temperature and eutectic composition of the Pb-Sn system?
14. What do you mean by allotropy? What are the allotropes of Sulphur?
15. What is the difference between the triple point and the critical point?
1. Draw the phase diagram of the Bi-Cd system and explain the eutectic point.
2. State Gibbs’ phase rule and explain the terms involved in it.
3. Write any four advantages and disadvantages of the phase rule.

4. Draw the phase diagram of the H2O system and compare the slope of all vapor pressure
curves.
5. What is the metastable state of a system and explain the metastable states of the S-system.
6. Discuss the Mono-variant system appeared in the phase diagram of the Sulphur system.
7. Draw the phase diagram of the S-system and explain its all triple points.
1. A) Draw a neat phase diagram of a one-component system that contains more than one
solid phase and explain the following with the help of the diagram (i) Triple point, (ii)
Meta-stable equilibrium (iii) Uni-variant System.
b) Find the degrees of freedom for the dissociation of solid ammonium chloride in a closed
vessel.
2. A) Discuss the phase diagram of the water system and explain its metastable state.
b) Is it possible to observe four distinct phases that are in equilibrium at a single point for the
Sulphur system? Give reasons.
3. A) State Gibbs’ phase rule and write any three limitations and merits.
b) Discuss the phase diagram of the Sulphur system.
4. A) Discuss the phase diagram of the Bi-Cd system and explain the eutectic point.
b) What is the metastable state of a system and explain the metastable states of the S-system.
### Module-3
1. What is galvanizing?
2. What is dry corrosion?

3. Formation of which types of metal oxide film prevents corrosion.

4. Formation of which types of metal oxide film causes rapid and continuous corrosion.
5. What is wet corrosion?

6. Bolt and nut made of the same metal are preferred in practice. Why?
7. What is the effect of pH on metallic corrosion?

8. Why does a part of the nail inside the wood undergo corrosion easily?
9. What is meant by rusting of iron?

10. What is metallic corrosion?

1. Describe the mechanism of electrochemical corrosion by the evolution of hydrogen at the

cathode with a suitable example.
2. Differentiate between sacrificial anodic protection and impressed current cathodic protection.
3. Give any four differences between dry corrosion and wet corrosion.
4. Explain water line corrosion.

5. What is galvanic corrosion and explain its mechanism?

6. What is oxidation corrosion and explain its mechanism?
7. Describe the mechanism of electrochemical corrosion by the absorption of oxygen at the

cathode with a suitable example.
1. A) How to protect metallic corrosion by the cathodic method?
b) Distinguish between the sacrificial anodic method and impressed current cathodic method.
2. A.) Discuss the various factors affecting the corrosion process.
b.) What is oxidation corrosion? Explain its mechanism.
3. A) What is water line corrosion and explain its mechanism?
b) Write short notes on crevice corrosion and pitting corrosion with examples.
### Module-4
1. Calculate the energy associated with electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 300nm.

2. Write the selection rule for pure rotational spectra.
3. Write the selection rule for pure vibrational spectra.

4. Which of the following exhibits microwave spectra? H2, NH3, CO2, H2O, Benzene
5. What is optical density? Write its unit.

6. What is transmittance? Write its unit.

7. What is molar absorptivity? Write its unit.

8. Predict the possible electronic transition in the following compounds CH4, CH2Cl2
9. Define hypsochromic and bathochromic shifts.

10. State Beer-Lambert’s law and write the equation.

11. Calculate the reduced mass of CO (Atomic masses are: C=12.00 u and O = 15.9949 u)?
12. Calculate ZPE of CO molecule if the vibrational frequency is 2 x 1013 Hz.

13. What is the Selection Rule?

1. The frequency
Of oscillation of HF is 5.0x1012 Hz. Calculate its vibrational energy and force constant. (H =
1.008 u , F = 16.998 u)
2. Calculate the frequency of oscillation of CO, if its force constant is 1600 Nm-1. (Atomic
masses are: C=12.00 u and O = 16.00 u)
3. What is ultra-violet spectrum? Give various regions associated with the ultra-violet spectrum.
4. Discuss the various types of vibrations in IR –spectroscopy or vibrational spectroscopy.

5. Explain any two types of electronic transitions with examples.
6. A cell of 10 mm path length contains ferric chloride solution of 0.002M. An electromagnetic

radiation of λ = 400 nm is passed through it and the absorbance is 0.60. Determine its molar
absorption coefficient and transmittance.
7. The percentage transmittance of 8 x 10-5 M solution of a compound X is 40, when measured

at 510 nm in a cell of path length of 1 cm. Calculate the absorbance of this solution and molar
absorption coefficient.
8. Explain the followings;

a. Hypo-chromic shift
b. Hyper-chromic shift
1. A) State Lambert-Beer’s law and derive the equations used for this law. Discuss its
limitations.
b) Discuss briefly the applications of UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy.
2. A) Discuss the various types of absorption shifts and effects in UV-Visible spectroscopy.
b) Discuss various types of transition occurs when a molecule absorbs electromagnetic

radiations from UV- VISIBLE- region.
3. A. The HF molecule has bond length r =1.10x 10-10 m. Calculate its rotational constant
in joules, cm-1 and Hz.
b. Determine the number of vibrational degrees of freedom for the following molecules; HCl,
CO2, H2O, NH3.
c. Calculate the Moment of Inertia (I) of CO molecule having a bond length of 12 pm. (C= 12
u, O = 15.9949u
### Module-5
Sure, here are the full answers for Module-5:
### Module-5
1. What is a Nanomaterial? Give one example.
**Answer:** Nanomaterials are materials with at least one external dimension, or an internal
structure, in the nanoscale range (1-100 nanometers). Example: Gold nanoparticles.
2. What is 0D nanomaterial? Give one example.
**Answer:** 0D nanomaterials have all three dimensions in the nanoscale range. Example:
Nanoparticles.

**Answer:** 1D nanomaterials have one dimension in the nanoscale range. Example:
Nanowires.
**Answer:** 2D nanomaterials have two dimensions in the nanoscale range. Example:

Graphene.
**Answer:** 3D nanomaterials have structures built up by the assembly of nanoscale units.

Example: Aerogels.
6. Give any two applications of nanomaterials.
**Answer:**
- Nanomedicine (drug delivery, imaging, diagnostics)
- Nanoelectronics (quantum dots for displays, sensors, transistors)
1. Describe the top-down approach to the synthesis of nanomaterials.
**Answer:**
In the top-down approach, larger structures are broken down into smaller ones until the desired
nanoscale size is achieved. Examples include mechanical milling, lithography, and laser ablation.
2. Describe the bottom-up approach to the synthesis of nanomaterials.

**Answer:**
In the bottom-up approach, nanoscale structures are built up from atomic or molecular
precursors. Examples include chemical vapor deposition, sol-gel synthesis, and self-assembly.
3. Give a short note on the classification of nanomaterials based on dimension.
**Answer:**
Nanomaterials are classified based on the number of dimensions in the nanoscale range:
- 0D nanomaterials: All three dimensions are in the nanoscale range (e.g., nanoparticles).
- 1D nanomaterials: One dimension is in the nanoscale range (e.g., nanowires).
- 2D nanomaterials: Two dimensions are in the nanoscale range (e.g., graphene).
- 3D nanomaterials: Structures built up by the assembly of nanoscale units (e.g., aerogels).
4. Differentiate between 2D & 3D nanomaterials with examples.
**Answer:**
- **2D Nanomaterials:** Have two dimensions in the nanoscale range (e.g., graphene,
graphene oxide).
- **3D Nanomaterials:** Structures built up by the assembly of nanoscale units (e.g., aerogels,
quantum dots).
5. Write some applications of Nanomaterials.
**Answer:**
- Nanomedicine (drug delivery, imaging, diagnostics)
- Nanoelectronics (quantum dots for displays, sensors, transistors)
- Nanocomposites (improved strength, conductivity, and other properties)
- Environmental remediation (nanomaterials for water purification, pollution detection)
- Energy (solar cells, batteries, fuel cells)
1. Write a short note on the classification of nanomaterials based on dimension.
**Answer:**
Nanomaterials are classified based on the number of dimensions in the nanoscale range:
- **0D nanomaterials:** All three dimensions are in the nanoscale range (e.g., nanoparticles).
- **1D nanomaterials:** One dimension is in the nanoscale range (e.g., nanowires).
- **2D nanomaterials:** Two dimensions are in the nanoscale range (e.g., graphene).
- **3D nanomaterials:** Structures built up by the assembly of nanoscale units (e.g., aerogels).
2. Write some medical applications of nanomaterials.
**Answer:**
Nanomaterials have various medical applications:
- **Drug Delivery:** Nanoparticles can carry drugs to specific cells, tissues, or organs,
increasing drug efficacy and reducing side effects.
- **Imaging:** Nanoparticles can be used as contrast agents in imaging techniques like MRI,
CT, and PET for early disease detection.
- **Diagnostics:** Nanomaterial-based sensors can detect biomarkers of diseases with high
sensitivity and specificity.
- **Tissue Engineering:** Nanomaterials can mimic the extracellular matrix and promote cell
growth and tissue regeneration.
- **Cancer Therapy:** Nanoparticles can deliver anticancer drugs directly to tumors, reducing
systemic toxicity.
.

Chemistry 2nd Sem Answer Gita Autonomous College

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Chemistry 2nd Sem Answer Gita Autonomous College

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### Chemistry Module-1

**Short Questions (2 marks each)**

2. Convert 15g of O2 to mass of air?

3. When would GCV be same as NCV for a given fuel?

4. Why is unleaded petrol better than normal petrol?

5. How can cetane number be improved?

6. What is the major composition of water gas and producer gas?

7. Define CNG and its composition.

8. How is the net calorific value of a solid fuel calculated?

9. Calculate the weight of air required for complete combustion of 5 gm of Carbon.

10. Write four important features of a good fuel.

11. What is a dry cell?

12. What is Knocking?

15. Calculate the mass of oxygen in 1kg of air.

**FOCUSSED SHORT QUESTIONS (4 marks each)**

3. Discuss the importance of proximate analysis.

4. Mention the advantages of catalytic cracking over thermal cracking.

6. What is crude oil? Discuss its classification based on chemical compositions.

8. Write down the cell reaction for Li-ion Battery.

**LONG QUESTIONS (10 marks each)**

1. A) Explain the refining of petroleum with a diagram.

2. A) Discuss the fixed bed catalytic cracking process.

b) Write short notes on LPG and kerosene.

b) What is power alcohol? Discuss its advantages and disadvantages.

4. A) Write short notes on Lead-Acid storage cell.

b) What is a Flow battery and explain it with examples?

**Short Questions (2 marks each)**

2. Explain the condensed phase rule.

3. What is meant by the invariant system? Explain with an example.

4. What is the eutectic point and give an example.

5. Find out the degree of freedom at the critical point of water.

6. What do you mean by the component of a system?

7. What do you mean by a eutectic system?

8. Find out the degree of freedom of partially frozen acetic acid.

9. What do you mean by the degree of freedom?

10. What is Gibbs’ phase rule?

**FOCUSSED SHORT QUESTIONS (4 marks each)**

3. Write any four advantages and disadvantages of the phase rule.

**LONG QUESTIONS (10 marks each)**

b) Discuss the phase diagram of the Sulphur system.

**Short Questions (2 marks each)**

2. What is dry corrosion?

3. Formation of which types of metal oxide film prevents corrosion.

5. What is wet corrosion?

7. What is the effect of pH on metallic corrosion?

9. What is meant by rusting of iron?

10. What is metallic corrosion?

**FOCUSSED SHORT QUESTIONS (4 marks each)**

1. Describe the mechanism of electrochemical corrosion by the evolution of hydrogen at the

4. Explain water line corrosion.

5. What is galvanic corrosion and explain its mechanism?

7. Describe the mechanism of electrochemical corrosion by the absorption of oxygen at the

**LONG QUESTIONS (10 marks each)**

1. A) How to protect metallic corrosion by the cathodic method?

2. A.) Discuss the various factors affecting the corrosion process.

b.) What is oxidation corrosion? Explain its mechanism.

3. A) What is water line corrosion and explain its mechanism?

**Short Questions (2 marks each)**

1. Calculate the energy associated with electromagnetic radiation of wavelength 300nm.

3. Write the selection rule for pure vibrational spectra.

5. What is optical density? Write its unit.

6. What is transmittance? Write its unit.

7. What is molar absorptivity? Write its unit.

Short Questions (2 marks each)

FOCUSSED SHORT QUESTIONS (4 marks each)

LONG QUESTIONS (10 marks each)

Short Questions (2 marks each)

FOCUSSED SHORT QUESTIONS (4 marks each)

LONG QUESTIONS (10 marks each)

Short Questions (2 marks each)

FOCUSSED SHORT QUESTIONS (4 marks each)

LONG QUESTIONS (10 marks each)

Short Questions (2 marks each)

FOCUSSED SHORT QUESTIONS (4 marks each)

LONG QUESTIONS (10 marks each)

Short Questions (2 marks each)

Answer: 2D nanomaterials have two dimensions in the nanoscale range. Example:

Answer: 3D nanomaterials have structures built up by the assembly of nanoscale units.

FOCUSSED SHORT QUESTIONS (4 marks each)

LONG QUESTIONS (10 marks each)