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Chapter 7
Understanding and assessing internal control
Learning objectives
7.1 Explain the concept of internal control, its inherent limitations and how it links to the audit
strategy.
7.2 Describe the general objectives of internal control and how the auditor uses them to develop
specific control objectives.
7.3 Identify and define each of the components of internal control.
7.4 Identify the steps in a financial report audit by which the auditor obtains an understanding of
internal control and assesses control risk, and the methods and procedures used by the auditor in
each step.
7.5 Distinguish between user controls and information technology (IT) controls, between general
controls and application controls and between automated controls and manual controls and
identify the general controls and application controls that affect the auditor’s assessment of
control risk in a computerised system.
7.6 Explain the role of the internal audit function in internal control and how it may affect the audit.
Major chapter sections

Internal control and audit strategy
Internal control objectives
Components of internal control
Considering internal control in a financial report audit
Computerised systems
Considering the work of an internal auditor
Lecture plan
It is important to link control risk assessment back to the audit risk model so that students understand
the importance of assessing control risk. Many students get confused about the two stages related to
control risk. Stage 1 is to gain an understanding of internal control and undertake a preliminary
assessment of control risk. At the end of this stage the auditor will prepare an audit program for each
major account balance/class of transactions/disclosure that will outline the degrees of tests of controls
and substantive testing. In stage 2 the auditor will undertake tests of controls for any control risk
assessment less than high to provide evidence for the preliminary assessment of control risk. We are
concentrating on stage 1 in this chapter.
You should outline the learning objectives for this chapter, and walk the students through how this
chapter fits into the flowchart of the planning and risk assessment stage of a financial report audit.
[Use slides 7-1 to 7-3]
LO 7.1: Internal control and audit strategy

In this introduction we define internal control, outline the key requirements for the auditor and briefly
recap on the different auditing approaches, which have been introduced in earlier lectures.
We also cover briefly the responsibility for internal control and the concepts of reasonable assurance
and inherent limitations.
Instructor Resource Manual t/a Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia 6e by Gay & Simnett
© McGraw-Hill Education (Australia) 2015
Chapter 7 1
LO 7.2: Internal control objectives
This section introduces students to the objectives and characteristics of a satisfactory system of
internal control and distinguishes between preventative and detective controls, and management and
transaction controls.
LO 7.3: Components of internal control

This section takes students through the five components of internal control: control environment;
entity’s risk assessment procedures; information systems; control activities; and monitoring of
controls. How much needs to be covered here will depend on how much students have done on
internal control in other subjects. Although the importance of the control environment has been
advocated for over 10 years, some students still have difficulties with the concept, which is less
tangible to them compared with the other elements. Examples help to illustrate these elements.
LO 7.4: Considering internal control in a financial report audit

It is important that students understand how the assessment of internal control impacts on the financial
report audit. These slides provide a flowchart of the steps in the auditor’s consideration of internal
control, how the auditor gains that understanding and the procedures by which the auditor documents
that understanding. We do not provide detailed slides on the methods of documentation (for example,
flowcharts), which we consider is best handled in supporting tutorials (depending on how much detail
the instructor wishes to go into). It is also important to discuss how the auditor assesses control risk.
LO 7.5: Computerised systems

In these slides we outline the types of controls contained in an IT environment and categorisations of
these controls. In most other auditing texts these controls are taught in a separate chapter; however,
with students’ high level of computer knowledge these days, most instructors consider this to be
unnecessary. We have included the detail on IT controls in the control risk assessment chapter.
There are a large number of slides for this section, which is a result of the different categorisation
schemes of controls used for IT environments.
LO 7.6: Considering the work of an internal auditor

Planning the use of experts and other auditors was considered in Chapter 4 on gathering audit
evidence. We have included a consideration of the work of the internal auditor at the internal control
assessment stage here because, for the financial report audit, even though the approach to financial
report auditing has changed, as has the work of the internal auditor, the internal audit function is still
viewed by the external auditor primarily as part of internal control.
Summary
We provide a summary slide of the main learning takeaways in this chapter.
[Use slide 7-73]
Chapter 7 2
SOLUTIONS
REVIEW QUESTIONS
7.1 Achieving satisfactory internal control is initially a management responsibility. To

maintain control over operations and accounting data, management needs to adopt,
maintain and supervise an appropriate internal control system.
However, the directors of a company are ultimately responsible for the overall control
of that company. Effective internal control is central to efficient risk management and
is therefore an important part of the corporate governance process.
While auditors are not responsible for internal control, the auditor still needs to obtain
an understanding of internal control relevant to the audit. The risk of material
misstatement at the financial report level is affected by the auditor’s understanding of
the control environment (ASA 315/ISA 315).
At the assertion level, the auditor needs to consider whether their assessment of the
risk of material misstatement takes account of the entity’s controls, that is, control
risk.
7.2 Where the auditor believes that controls are not likely to be reliable or that it would
not be cost effective to rely on such controls, the auditor may adopt a predominantly
substantive approach strategy and reach a conclusion on the accuracy and reliability
of underlying accounting data by testing the accounting data itself, to reduce detection
risk.
Alternatively, where the auditor believes that controls are good and it would be cost
effective to be able to rely on those controls, the auditor may adopt a lower assessed
level of control risk approach strategy. If control risk is assessed as being less than
high, tests of control could be undertaken to confirm this assessment. These controls
could then be relied upon, reducing the need for routine substantive checking of large
volumes of transactions. In addition, limited substantive testing would need to be
undertaken due to the inherent limitations of internal control.
7.3 Preventative controls are internal controls that are used to prevent undesirable events
or errors, such as a check to ensure that sales are not made to customers where it
would exceed their credit limit. Detective controls are internal controls that are used
to identify events or errors if they have occurred, to enable their correction, such as a
sequence check to identify missing invoices.
7.4 Segregation of duties means that employees’ duties should be arranged so that
employees do not perform incompatible functions. This means that different
individuals should be responsible for authorising a transaction; recording a
transaction; maintaining custody of the assets that result from a transaction; and
comparing assets with the related amounts recorded in the accounting records. As a
result, no single person is in a position to be able to perpetrate and conceal fraud in
the normal course of duties.
7.5 According to ASA 315.A76 (ISA 315.A76) the internal control environment includes
governance and management’s overall attitude, awareness and actions regarding
Chapter 7 3
internal control and its importance in the entity. The internal control environment is
important because it sets the tone of an entity. It influences the control consciousness
of all personnel and is the foundation for the other components.
7.6 Management may monitor controls through ongoing activities such as supervisory
activities and/or separate evaluations. Internal audit may also contribute to the
monitoring process by making special inquiries at management’s direction or
generally reviewing operating practices. In addition, communications from external
parties, such as customer complaints and related follow-ups, may indicate problems
with internal control.
7.7 The auditor obtains an understanding of internal control to assess control risk and:
• identify the types of potential misstatements that could occur and the factors that
contribute to the risk that they will occur
• understand the accounting system sufficiently to identify the client documents and
so on that may be available and ascertain what data will be used in audit tests
• determine an efficient and effective approach to the audit.
7.8 Auditors confirm their assessment of internal control by conducting tests of controls,
if control risk has been assessed at less than high. Tests of controls provide evidence
that the controls exist and operate effectively throughout the period. An auditor
requires stronger evidence of the effectiveness of a procedure if the assessed level of
control risk is low than if it is medium, as the auditor will be placing greater reliance
on the control.
7.9 General controls in a computerised system are those controls that relate to all or many
computerised accounting applications to provide a reasonable level of assurance that
the overall objectives of internal control are achieved. Examples include segregation
of duties between operators and programmers, approval of changes to a program and
restricted access to the system.
Application controls apply to the processing of specific types of transactions related to
a computerised accounting application such as invoicing and payroll. Examples
include user controls such as control totals, input controls such as key verification,
and automated control activities such as check digits, limit checks and validity checks.
7.10 In an IT environment the auditor should commence by reviewing general controls. If
general controls are unreliable, the auditor will have little confidence in automated
application controls and confidence in manual application controls may be reduced. In
this situation, there is limited benefit in continuing to review, document and perform
tests of automated controls. The auditor must take a more substantive approach to the
audit.
If the general controls are reliable, the auditor may then make a preliminary review of
application controls and, if appropriate, a more detailed evaluation and testing of
application controls.
7.11 The work of internal audit may be used in an external audit where it is viewed as part
of an audit client’s internal control. ASA 610.15 (ISA 610.15) requires that when
determining whether the work of the internal audit is likely to be adequate for external
audit purposes, the external auditor must evaluate the internal audit’s:
Chapter 7 4
• objectivity
• technical competence
• systematic and disciplined approach.
Further, in determining the effect of the internal audit’s work on the nature, timing
and extent of the external audit procedures, the external auditor also needs to
consider:
• the amount of judgment involved
• the assessed risks of material misstatement.
In addition, if the external auditor intends to use the work of the internal audit, the
external auditor needs to review the internal audit working papers and re-perform
some of the internal audit work. Further, the external auditor must discuss the planned
use of its work with internal audit so they can coordinate their activities, and read the
relevant reports of internal audit. In addition, external audit must communicate the
proposed use of internal audit to those charged with governance, as part of their
understanding of the proposed audit approach.
Direct assistance by internal audit to perform audit procedures under the direction,
supervision and review of external audit is prohibited by ASA 610.Aus 1.2 and ASA
610.Aus 25.1.
DISCUSSION PROBLEMS AND CASE STUDIES

7.12 a) As indicated by ASA 315.A53–55 (ISA 315.A53–55), internal control on its own
cannot assure a reliable financial report, because it has inherent limitations including:
• control breakdowns can occur as a result of the actions of careless, fatigued or
deviant staff
• the possibility of management override
• the existence of non-routine transactions for which internal controls were not
devised
• the concept of reasonable assurance, whereby management subjectively evaluates
the cost–benefit trade-off and adopts control methods and measures that are
prudent for the assets at risk.
Thus, the reliability of financial information is not assured, even if internal controls
are effective. Therefore, the auditor can never rely solely on internal control and must
undertake some substantive tests.
b) A more appropriate audit strategy would be for the auditor to adopt a lower
assessed level of control risk approach. AGL’s internal controls over sales appear to
be excellent and there is a large volume of routine sales transactions. Therefore,
control risk for sales may be assessed as low and tests of control undertaken to
confirm this assessment. If the tests of controls confirm this assessment, these controls
could be relied upon, reducing the need for routine checking of large volumes of sales
transactions, which would be a cost-effective strategy. In addition, limited substantive
Chapter 7 5
testing of sales would need to be undertaken due to the inherent limitations of internal
control.
7.13 There is a lack of segregation of duties for:
• the accounts receivable clerk: the cheques received from debtors are forwarded to
the accounts receivable clerk, who also has a recording function and could
manipulate the accounts receivable balance to cover up a misappropriated cheque
• the accounts payable clerk: the accounts payable clerk has cash payments duties
and performs the bank reconciliation, so they may be able to misappropriate funds
without being discovered. The bank reconciliation should be performed by
someone independent of the payments and receipts functions to provide a cross-
check on these functions.
7.14 Internal control activities that the auditor might rely on include the following.
• Purchasing is centralised rather than left to each office.
• Levels of approval are implemented for asset purchases over $5000 and over
$20 000.
• When an asset is received, details are matched to the original purchase order.
• Payment is made on receipt of order and invoice—supporting documentation is
needed for payment.
• Segregation of duties: the divisional manager, the purchasing officer, the higher
levels of authorisation (if required), the receiving clerk in the warehouse and the
accounts payable staff are all separate.
• Assets are all bar coded as soon as they arrive and are entered into an asset
register.
7.15 Control activities include:
• Having pre-numbered internal documents. This enables the sequence to be
accounted for to help ensure completeness and occurrence and assists in matching
documents.
• Purchase requisitions require approval from an appropriate officer before a
purchase order is raised. This ensures that purchases are bona fide and for the
benefit of the entity.
• The receiving department checks goods received against the authorised purchase
order and supplier delivery dockets to ensure that all goods listed have been
delivered.
• The accounts payable clerk checks supplier invoices against the purchase order
and the receiving report before processing to ensure that only goods ordered and
received are paid for.
• Receiving reports and purchase orders are reviewed at month end and any items
received for which an invoice has not been received are accrued for to ensure that
all purchases for the period are recorded.
• The accounts payable clerk codes purchase invoices from a standard general
ledger code file and the coding is reviewed by the financial accountant prior to
Chapter 7 6
processing the invoices to ensure that purchases are classified to the correct
general ledger account.
7.16
Impact on control risk Account Key assertion
affected
(a) Increase in control risk, as simply Inventory or Existence
making a notation that the order was accounts
received is not an adequate check on the payable
quantity and condition of goods
received. The receiving department
should count and inspect the goods
received. Failure to check the quantity
may result in failing to pick up short
deliveries.
Also, some goods received may be Valuation and
damaged. allocation
(b) Increase in control risk, as an important Cash at bank Existence
control over bank receipts and
payments—that is, monthly bank
reconciliations—does not exist.
(c) Increase in control risk, as there is no Inventory or Existence
control to ensure goods are actually accounts
received before inventory and accounts payable
payable are recorded.
(d) Increase in control risk, due to the Accounts Valuation and
absence of the previous control, receivable allocation
increasing the risk of bad debts.
7.17
(a) Internal control weakness (b) Internal control improvements
Other departments can raise Pre-numbered requisitions orders should
requisitions for goods and services be raised and signed by authorised
without proper authorisation. personnel. Requisitioning authority should
be related to authority and function. A
signed requisition order should be required
before raising purchase orders.
Chapter 7 7
Purchase orders are unnumbered Pre-numbered purchase orders should be
and unaccounted for. signed by an authorised purchasing
department staff member and a copy
forwarded to the requisitioner, goods
receiving and accounts departments. Pre-
numbered purchase orders should ensure
completeness.
Purchasing department obtains Orders should be placed with approved
goods and services as soon as the suppliers on the best terms and quality.
requisition is received, without
checking for the best deal.
Blank purchase orders are Blank purchase orders should be kept in a
accessible to all purchasing staff secure place to avoid misuse and should be
and open to theft and accounted for; that is, checked for
misappropriation. sequential continuity.
7.18 (a) Strengths

• Orders are subject to various edit checks on the terminal. Only those orders
satisfying all edit criteria except the credit limit test are accepted.
• Credit limits on orders are reviewed by the credit control clerk for approval. Data
failing any other edit criteria is not accepted by the system.
• Rejected orders are noted by the data entry clerk and passed to the department’s
supervisor for investigation.
• Segregation of duties in receiving, entering, checking and picking orders.
• The storeperson initials the picking slip prior to forwarding it together with the
goods to dispatch.
• The dispatch clerk agrees the picking slip to physical goods picked.
• The accounts receivable master file is updated daily.
(b) Weaknesses and consequences
• Sales orders via telephone are accepted without documentary evidence—
possibility of fictitious orders.
• The dispatch clerk agrees the picking slip with quantities noted to physical goods
picked—possibility of misappropriating any extra goods picked or ticking
quantities on the picking slip as correct without counting goods picked physically.
• The dispatch clerk makes adjustments for stock-outs without verifying the
details—possibility of theft by the stockperson or someone else.
• Lack of segregation of duties—the dispatch clerk prints the invoice, not someone
in the accounts payable department, after verifying approved sales order with
goods dispatched. Delivery docket (invoice) endorsed by the customer is given
back to the dispatch department. Goods may be sold to a related party of dispatch
Chapter 7 8
supervisor/clerk, who may then destroy the picking slip and the returned delivery
docket (invoice).
(c) The control risk relating to Acid’s sales system will be assessed as medium, as
there are some controls that may be able to be relied upon, but also major weaknesses
around the dispatch clerk.
7.19 (a) Strengths

• Payments are received by cheques and not cash.
• Cash receipts report is printed daily.
• All cheques are agreed to the cash receipts report.
• Cheques are deposited daily.
• Accounts receivable master file is updated daily.
(b) Weaknesses and consequences
• Sales representatives may obtain cheques directly from customers. Sales
representatives may pocket the cheques.
• Whoever opens the mail does not prepare a list of cheques received—cheques
may be misappropriated.
• If inadequate details are provided, the credit control clerk allocates the receipts to
the oldest balance first—oldest balance may be disputed.
• Lack of segregation of duties—the credit control clerk performs several
incompatible tasks, such as approving/reviewing the customer credit; receiving
and crossing cheques; recording; printing cash receipts report; preparing bank
deposit slip; and banking the cheques—high possibility of misappropriation.
(c) The control risk relating to Cannon’s cash receipts system will be assessed as high,
due to the weaknesses in internal control.
7.20 a)
(i) Control activity (ii) Explanation (iii) Key
assertion
Segregation of duties in The segregation of duties Completeness of
recording and handling cash makes the theft of cash cash
receipts (one employee difficult (unless there is
compares the cheque with collusion). Comparing the
the remittance advice and cheque received with the
forwards the cheque, a remittance advice ensures that
different employee prepares payments are complete.
a list of cash receipts).
Monthly bank Prompt attention to Completeness of
reconciliations by an reconciliation of cash records
Chapter 7 9
employee who is not makes detection of errors or cash
responsible for receiving frauds easier.
cash.
Authorisation of sales All sales returns and Occurrence of
returns and allowances allowances must be sales
authorised by a person who
has an appropriate level of
authority (i.e. the financial
controller).
Authorisation of bad debt Bad debts can be written off Valuation and
write-off only by the financial allocation of
controller after discussion accounts
with the credit manager. receivable and
occurrence of bad
debt expense
b)
(i) Internal (ii) Account (iii) Assertion (iv) Justification
control balance at risk
weakness at risk
Sales orders Sales Occurrence There is no externally
may be received generated
orally. documentary evidence
Accounts Existence
of a customer order.
receivable
Hence fictitious sales
may be generated.
There is no Accounts Valuation and Sales staff can increase
credit approval receivable allocation sales by selling to
required for customers who may
customers prior not be able to pay their
Provision for Completeness
to sales being debts.
doubtful debts
processed.
Although sales Sales Completeness Accounting for a
orders are pre- sequence of sales
numbered, there orders can ensure that
is no sequence records are complete.
check Without this control,
completed. all sales may not be
recorded in the
accounts.
7.21 (a) 6 Check-digit verification

(b) 2 Validity code check
Chapter 7 10
(c) 9 Hash total
(d) 1 Limit test
(e) 8 Financial total
7.22 (a) There are a number of application input controls that could prevent, or detect this
situation, including the following.
• Control totals: A batch total of the sum of customer payments could be used to
test the accuracy of data input.
• Key verification: Duplicate keying of data to detect errors of entry.
• Multiple data entry: The computer could require a number of data items to be
entered by the keypunch operator. For example, the keypunch operator could be
required to enter the customer code, the invoice code and the payment amount.
The computer would then check whether the invoice whose invoice code was
entered was made out to the customer whose customer code was entered, and
whether the invoice amount of the invoice whose invoice code was entered is
equal to the payment amount entered.
Note: Neither reasonableness tests, range tests, nor limit tests will prevent nor detect
this error, because customer payments could be of any amount.
(b) Controls that could prevent or detect this situation include the following.
• The staff hiring policy of the entity should be reviewed. Computer operators
should not have knowledge of computer programming.
• There should be electronic access controls, such as staff ID numbers, passwords
and dedicated terminals, which restrict access to the computer software and data
files. There should be different levels of access controls (authorisation tables),
which allow particular computer users to access only the software and data files
required to perform their job, and prevent access to other software and data files
that are not required.
• An activity log that records each access to every software program and data file
should be maintained. The activity log should be regularly reviewed in order to
identify any unauthorised access.
7.23
Control Type of Explanation
control
(a) IT The restriction on processing transactions is performed
application automatically by the new accounting system. It
control ensures the complete and accurate processing of data.
(b) IT The restriction on changing any of the data fields
application relates to specific accounting applications and is
control performed automatically by the new accounting
system. It ensures the complete and accurate
Chapter 7 11
processing of data.
(c) IT The restriction on overriding the user name is

application performed automatically by the accounting system. It
(d) Manual The reconciliation of the sales report is designed to
application ensure the complete and accurate processing of data,
control making this control an application control. As the
control is performed manually by the head of
accounting, it is a manual application control.
(e) IT general The backing up of data is not an intrinsic function of
control the new accounting system and is not designed to
ensure the complete and accurate processing of data
(that is, inaccurate data can be backed up). Rather, the
back-up of data is a control around the environment in
which the accounting system operates.
(f) IT The restriction on posting transactions is performed
application automatically by the new accounting systems. It
(g) IT The restriction on entering negative values is
application performed automatically by the new accounting
control system. It ensures the complete and accurate
processing of data.
(h) IT general The training and helpdesk functions are not intrinsic
control functions of the new accounting system and are not
specifically designed to ensure the complete and
accurate processing of data for any specific
application.
(i) IT general The password access is not an intrinsic function of the
control new accounting system and is not designed to ensure
the complete and accurate processing of data.
Password access protects the environment in which the
accounting system operates.
7.24
(a) (i) Audit risk (ii) Control activity
Functionality from the old system Users involved in the testing, or who have
may not be provided in the new signed off on test results, need to prove the
system (i.e. the new system does new system meets their requirements.
not meet business requirements).
Chapter 7 12
All IT systems are different and Staff not provided login access until they
staff have not been trained to use have completed appropriate training.
the new system and so may make
errors.
Data from the old system may not Data migration reconciliation completed
have been transferred properly to and signed off by user (to show all data
the new system (e.g. customer from the old system was correctly migrated
codes, rates, and history). to the new system).
b) Each time there is a version upgrade, the software changes of the previous
upgrades may be reversed, which means that the system will not operate correctly,
resulting in potential accounting (postings) errors and billing (customer accounts
receivable) errors.
7.25 (a)
Reasons why IT control risk assessment is Business risk
important
Many of the systems that are not integrated. Critical information may not be
IT control risk assessment is important to available to the business in order to
determine the likelihood of data being make decisions about performance,
incorrectly recorded when transferred to cash flow, etc.
GLI—especially as they are relying on an
interface routine (e.g. general ledger).
There is a variety of home-grown systems The operational requirements of the
and databases. An IT control risk assessment business may not be met. This could
is important in determining whether all the potentially lead to the loss of
systems are properly maintained or customers and suppliers, with a
supported. consequent impact on cash flow and
profit.
Smaller information transfers are done Individual fraud and the incorrect
manually, including payroll transactions. An transcription of information may lead
IT control risk assessment is important in to a loss of profit and impact on
determining the potential for fraud and the business performance as well as
incorrect transcription of the relevant reputational damage.
information.
Responsibility for fixing errors in large- Errors may remain in GLI or new
volume transactions lies with the respective errors created, which may lead to the
business process owners rather than the IT operational requirements of the
department. An IT control risk assessment is business not being met. This could
important to determine the likelihood of potentially lead to the loss of
errors remaining in the system as well as the customers and suppliers, with a
likelihood of new errors being introduced. consequent impact on cash flow and
profit.
Chapter 7 13
Several sensitive applications such as Non-functioning general and IT
inventory, payroll and purchasing have application controls may lead to
potential control weaknesses—they are used critical information not being
by business users who may not adhere to the available to the business, individual
IT general controls in place. As such, an IT fraud and the incorrect transcription
control risk assessment becomes important in of information, all of which may lead
order to determine whether general controls to the loss of customers and
are being adhered to and to assess the impact suppliers.
on the IT general controls.
There is no formal process for periodically A non-functioning backup system
testing the backup media in order to test the leads to the risk that business critical
recovery of information from backups. An IT files (i.e. customer records, etc.) will
control risk assessment is important in be lost in the event of an IT system
determining whether backup information is, problem.
in fact, recoverable.
(b)
Control that should be in place How the control functions
Password access to the IT area If the user does not have the correct password,
they will be unable to gain access to the IT area.
Password access to the software If the user does not have the correct password,
they will be unable to log onto the software.
Off-site storage of data/backup Backup data is saved at an off-site location so
tapes that power surges, data corruption etc. does not
permanently destroy information.
Firewall A firewall will prevent hacker access to IT
systems.
Anti-virus software Anti-virus software should prevent malicious
software from being installed on GLI and detect
and fix any viruses.
Segregation of duties between Independent review of work performed will
business process owners and IT prevent fraudulent manipulation of the IT
staff (e.g. access to systems, data system.
etc.)
There is a quality assurance Correct allocation of staff ensures that the IT
process to ensure that software is application controls of GLI work effectively.
supported by those who are expert
in the workings of GLI.
There is a quality assurance User driven sign-off procedures ensure that
process to ensure that user-driven users can use the system in a manner that is
sign-off procedures are in place. unlikely to lead to control breaches or
inadvertent errors.
There is a quality assurance Correctly trained users (with support) ensure
Chapter 7 14
process to ensure that users of the that inadvertent control breaches will not occur
system have been correctly trained and that the system is used correctly.
and have access to support.
There is a quality assurance Employment of the correct software version
process to ensure that software ensures that the IT application controls function
development and production as intended and that there are no inadvertent
versions are controlled and system errors.
correctly managed.
7.26 The internal audit department is a part of internal control, as one of its key
responsibilities is to review the internal control policies and procedures to ensure they
are operating as intended. It is therefore part of the monitoring part of the internal
control system.
Where controls, such as an effective internal audit department, are in place and
working satisfactorily, the auditor can usually assess control risk as less than high, as
it is more likely that the client will have picked up and corrected any errors in the
accounting system before the financial report is prepared. This enables the auditor to
reduce the level of substantive testing and should result in a more cost-effective audit.
However, before the auditor can rely on internal audit, similar to any other control,
the auditor needs to evaluate it and test it.
7.27 Your review of internal audit should cover the following matters;
Objectivity
• IAD reports to the CEO, who is also the chairman, via a monthly report that is
presented to the board. It would have been preferable for objectivity if the report
to the board had been through an independent director or the audit committee if
they had one.
• Although the work program is based on internal requests, it appears that it is still
under Samantha’s control and the objectivity of IAD has not been affected.
• Although some resources were switched from the audit of Sydney office to a
suspected travel fraud in Perth, this seems reasonable under the circumstances.
Ninety per cent of the current year’s work program has been achieved and the
objectivity of IAD has not been affected.
• The CEO’s request of Samantha to set aside 20% of IAD time to carry out a
performance audit on administrative procedures to save costs, rather than focusing
on compliance matters, indicates that there is pressure for IAD to be cost-effective
and pay its way. While spending this amount of time on performance audits is not
unreasonable, any further reductions in time available for compliance matters may
hamper IAD in achieving its compliance goal objectively and effectively.
• The fact that the board has paid little attention to IAD in the past does not affect
the objectivity of IAD.
Chapter 7 15
Technical competence
• Although Samantha is not a member of IIA and does not have internal audit
experience, she has ‘Big 4’ audit experience. She is also aware of IIA standards
and so technical competence is not a problem.
• Graduate and assistant have little practical experience and are still completing
their studies. They will require close supervision.
• The ex-public sector auditors are not familiar with the industry or the company’s
systems and will require greater direction and supervision.
Systematic and disciplined approach
• Audit programs are being developed as each program is completed. It would be
more effective if the programs were written before the projects were undertake;,
however, this will be remedied over time.
Overall assessment
While the objectivity of the internal audit is not ideal, it appears that the work of IAD
could be used to reduce the auditor’s assessment of control risk. However, any
reliance would need to be supported by testing the work performed by IAD and
reviewing their working files.
CONTINUOUS CASE STUDY

7.28 a) Controls include:
• the digital library is backed up daily, with the backup tapes kept off site (IT
general control)
• the accounting system automatically stops the order for any publishers who have
exceeded their credit terms and limits (IT application control)
• when an order exceeds the credit limit, an authorisation from both the heads of
publishing and accounts is required for the transaction to proceed (manual control)
• the accounts receivable clerk checks the prices and arithmetic accuracy of the
invoices and signs the invoice as evidence of her check (manual control)
• the cashier then reconciles the total of the batch postings to accounts receivable to
the amount banked for the day (manual control)
• the assistant accountant prepares a bank reconciliation each month (manual
control)
• segregation of duties between accounts receivable and cash handling functions
(manual control).
Chapter 7 16
(b) Control weakness (c) Account Why account balance is (d)
balances at at risk Assertion
risk at risk
An accounts payable Inventory Clerks are manually Valuation
clerk does all the entering their calculations and
Accounts
calculations for of purchases of inventory allocation
payable
inventory stock and stock with multiple
accounts payable and currencies. Without an
their work is not independent party
confirmed or checked checking their
by an independent calculations, inventory
party. stock and accounts payable
may be recorded at
incorrect values.
General and accounts Accounts This may lead to Existence
receivables ledgers are receivable inaccurate general and
updated prior to the receivables ledgers, as Occurrence
Sales
dispatch of books to sales are recorded before
customers, with no the sales order is Cut-off
check that the order is dispatched. If print orders
correct. are incorrect, this may lead
to sales being recorded in
the incorrect period, as the
customer does not accept
liability until the goods are
received and are accepted
as being in accordance
with the purchase order.
7.29
(a) Audit risk Justification (b) Control activity
New system may not IT manager claims Running the two systems in
integrate properly that there was parallel until the new system can
with other existing insufficient time to be adequately tested.
systems or may do proper testing
contain bugs that need before going live.
to be worked out, Since installation IT
resulting in errors. manager has
identified cut-off
errors resulting from
problems interfacing
with an existing
software system.
Chapter 7 17
Data from the old IT manager claims Data migration reconciliation
system may not have that there was completed and signed off by
been transferred insufficient time to users to confirm that all data
accurately to the new do proper from the old system was
system. reconciliations. transferred correctly to the new
system.
Chapter 7 18
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
legationem suscepissemus. Nos vero invicem intueri, et tam ineptam
percunctationem admirari. Illi nihilominus perseverare, et nobis, ut
responderemus, instabant. At quum soli Attilae, non aliis
Imperatorem mandata exponere iussisse respondissemus, Scotta
offensus, hoc sibi a suo duce praeceptum esse dixit, neque sua
sponte se ad nos venisse. Nos vero obtestari, nusquam hanc legem
legatis impositam, ut per alios mandata edant et palam faciant,
antequam eos, ad quos missi sint, adierint, et in conspectum eorum
venerint. Neque hoc Scythas nescire, qui saepenumero legatos ad
Imperatorem miserint. Idem et nobis contingere par esse, neque
aliter nos mandata esse dicturos. Quibus auditis ad Attilam
perrexerunt, unde non multo post sine Edecone reversi, omnia, quae
cum illis agere in mandatis habebamus, dixerunt, confestimque, nisi
quid aliud nobis cum illis rei esset, discedere iusserunt. Quae ubi
audivimus, animis dubii suspensique haesimus. Nec enim satis
intelligere poteramus, qua ratione occulta Imperatoris consilia
patefacta essent. Quamobrem potius esse duximus, nihil quicquam
de mandatis nostris efferre, priusquam nobis Attilam adeundi
potestas fieret: itaque respondimus: “Sive ea, quae Scythae modo
protulerunt, sive alia nuntiaturi venerimus, neminem nisi ducem
vestrum quaerere decet, neque de his cum aliis ullo pacto disserere
constituimus.” Ille vero nos quam primum abire iusserunt. Dum
reditum parabamus, Bigilas nos propter responsionem Scythis
factam increpavit. Longe enim potius fuisse in mendacio deprehendi,
quam re infecta domum reverti. “Si enim, inquit, cum Attila collocutus
fuissem, facile illi a contentione cum Romanis discedere
persuasissem, quippe qui antea familiaritatem cum illo in legatione
cum Anatolio suscepta contraxi.” Atque inde Edeconem quoque
bene sibi velle dixit, ideoque specie legationis et eorum, quae vere
aut falso dicturi essent, ope viam se inventuros esse speravit, qua
compositas in Attilam insidias exsequerentur, et aurum, quo Edecon
sibi ad eam rem opus esse eunucho dixerat, adferretur, quod certis
hominibus divideretur. Sed Bigilam latebat, se proditum: Edecon
enim, sive simulate cum Eunucho pactus, sive ut ab Oreste sibi
caveret, ne ob eam causam, quam in Serdica inter coenandum nobis
indicaverat, iratus ad Attilam deferret, quod sine se secretos
sermones cum Imperatore et eunucho habuisset, Attilae
comparatam in ipsum coniurationem aperuit, et auri summam, quam
in eam rem mitti convenerat, simul et ea, quae per nos in ista
legatione tractanda erant, enuntiavit. Iumentis iam adornatis et
necessitate ad iter tempore noctis carpendum adacti, occurrere ex
barbaris, qui dicerent, Attilam iubere nos propter tempus noctis
intempestivum remanere. In eundem igitur locum, unde
proficiscebamur, praesto fuere, qui bovem agebant et pisces
fluviatiles nobis ab Attila missos adferebant. Coenati nos dormitum
contulimus. Luce orta in spem adducebamur, Attilam se ad lenitatem
daturum, et aliquod mite responsum ad nos ab ipso emanaturum. Ille
vero denuo eosdem misit, iussitque abire, si nihil aliud negotii, nisi
quod iam omnibus cognitum erat, nobis cum illo intercederet. Nullo
dato responso ad iter nos accinximus, etsi Bigilas omni ope
contenderet, ut responderemus nos alia dicenda habere. Ego vero
cum Maximinum moerore confici viderem, assumto Rusticio, qui
barbarorum linguae peritus erat, et nobiscum in Scythiam venerat
non legationis, sed privatae rei causa, ad Constantium ex Italia
oriundum, quem ad Attilam Aëtius, Occidentalium Romanorum dux,
ut illi ab epistolis esset, miserat, Scottam adii, (nec enim aderat
Onegesius,) et cum illo per Rusticium interpretem collocutus, eum
plurima dona a Maximino laturum dixi, si illi aditus ad Attilam copiam
faceret. Legatum enim venire de rebus, quae non solum Romanis et
Hunnis maximam essent utilitatem allaturae, sed etiam ipsi
Onegesio. Imperatorem enim poscere, illum ad se legatum ab Attila
mitti, qui diiudicaret controversias inter utramque gentem, unde
nonnisi ingentibus donis cumulatus esset rediturus. Oportere igitur
illum, cum Onegesius non adsit, in tam praeclara actione nos aut
potius fratrem ipsum adiuvare. Et ipsi quoque Attilam plurimum
fidere dixi me accepisse. Sed non satis firma esse audita, nisi re ipsa
notum faceret quantum illi Attila tribueret. Atque ille: “Ne amplius,
inquit, dubii sitis. Aeque ac frater apud Attilam valeo auctoritate, seu
verbis, seu facto opus est.” Et ascenso equo, ad Attilae tentorium
contendit. Ego vero ad Maximinum rediens, qui una cum Bigila
angebatur animo, et incertus erat quid constituendum esset, narravi
sermones, quos habueram cum Scotta, et quae ab ipso audieram.
Atque adeo illum excitavi ad praeparanda munera, quibus Scottam
remuneraretur, et praemeditandum, quibus verbis Attilam affaretur.
Surrexerunt igitur (offenderam enim illos in solo herbido iacentes), et
operam a me egregie navatam laudarunt, et eos, qui se iam cum
iumentis itineri accinxerant, revocarunt. Tum etiam qua oratione
Attilam aggrederentur, et quo modo dona Imperatoris, et quae
Maximinus ipse adferebat, traderent, inter se agitarunt. Dum in
harum rerum cura versabamur, Attilas nos per Scottam arcessivit:
itaque ad eius tentorium iter direximus, quod barbarorum multitudine,
qui in orbem excubias agebant, erat circumdatum. Introducti Attilam
sedentem in sella lignea invenimus. Stetimus paulo remotius ab eius
solio: mox processit Maximinus et salutavit barbarum. Et Imperatoris
litteras tradens dixit, salvum et incolumem illum suosque precari
Imperatorem. Et barbarus, “Sit et Romanis quemadmodum et mihi
cupiunt,” inquit. Statimque ad Bigilam convertit orationem, feram
impudentem vocans, quaerebat, qua re impulsus ad ipsum venisset,
cum sibi eorum, quae et ipse et Anatolius de pace sensissent,
conscius esset: non enim prius ad se legatos accedere debuisse,
quam omnes profugi, qui apud Romanos exstarent, redditi essent.
Bigila vero respondente, nullum amplius apud Romanos reperiri
transfugam Scythici generis; omnes enim redditos esse; magis
exasperatus Attilas, in eum multa probra et convitia ingessit. Et cum
clamore dixit, se illum in crucem acturum et praedam vulturibus
praebiturum fuisse, nisi leges legationis hac impudentis eius
orationis et temeritatis poena offendere vereretur. Etenim restare
adhuc apud Romanos plures transfugas, quorum nomina, ut erant in
charta descripta, iussit scribas recitare. Hi ubi omnia legerant, Attilas
Bigilam una cum Esla sine mora proficisci iussit Romanis
denuntiatum, ut omnes transfugas Scythicae nationis, quotquot in
eorum potestate essent, redderent, a tempore Carpilionis, filii Aëtii,
Romanorum Occidentalium ducis, qui obses apud eum fuerat. Non
enim se servos suos secum manus conserere passurum esse,
quamquam ne iis quidem, qui suae ditionis custodiam illis
promiserint, prodesse possint. Quae enim urbs, quod castellum ab
illis possit defendi, quod evertere aut diruere apud se constitutum
habuerit? Postquam exposuerint a se de transfugis decreta, redire
eos quamprimum iussit renuntiatum, utrum transfugas reddere, an
bellum eo nomine malint suscipere. Non multo ante Maximinum
paulum exspectare iusserat, dum ad ea, quae Imperator scripserat,
per se responsum daret, munera petiit. Quae postquam dedimus, in
tentorium nostrum nos recepimus, et de singulis, quae dicta fuerant,
inter nos disseruimus. Cum autem Bigilas admiraretur, qui fieret, ut
Attilas, qui sibi iampridem, cum legatus ad illum veniret, comis et
perhumanus visus esset, tunc se acerbis contumeliis affecisset, dixi,
vereri me, ne qui ex barbaris, qui in Serdica nobiscum epulati erant,
Attilam infensum nobis reddidissent, et Bigilam Romanorum
Imperatorem deum, Attilam vero hominem appellasse, retulissent.
Quam orationem Maximinus ut verisimilem est amplexus, quia
coniurationis in Attilam ab eunucho initae particeps non fuerat. Sed
Bigilas ambiguus animi erat, neque causam suspicari posse
videbatur, quare Attilas eum tam acerbis convitiis insectatus esset.
Nec enim in animum suum inducere poterat, ut nobis postea retulit,
enuntiata fuisse, quae in convivio in Serdica dicta fuerant, nec
coniurationem in Attilam detectam, cum nemo ex omni multitudine,
quae Attilam circumstabat, excepto Edecone, prae metu, qui
omnium mentes pervaserat, cum Attila sermonem instituere auderet,
Edeconem autem studiose operam daturum censeret, omnia silentio
transigere, tum propter iusiurandum, tum propter negotii gravitatem:
ne, quia clandestinis in Attilam consiliis interfuerat, reus iudicatus,
poena mortis afficeretur. Haec cum ambigua mente volveremus,
Edecon supervenit, et abducto a nostro coetu Bigila (fingebat enim
velle vere et serio de praemeditatis inter eos insidiis agere), ubi
aurum adferri praecepit, quod his daretur, qui exsequendo facinori
operam navaturi essent, discessit. Ego vero cum Bigilam curiosius
inquirerem, quos sermones secum Edecon habuisset, decipere
conatus est, deceptus et ipse, et veram causam occultans
commentus est sibi Edeconem dixisse, Attilam illi quoque propter
transfugas succensuisse. Oportuisse enim aut omnes restitui, aut
legatos summa auctoritate praeditos ad illum venire. Haec dum
loquebamur, advenere ab Attila, qui Bigilam et nos prohiberent,
captivum Romanum, aut barbarum mancipium, aut equos, aut
quicquam aliud emere, praeterquam quae ad victum necessaria
erant, donec inter Romanos et Hunnos de rebus controversis
convenisset. Haec callide et praemeditato consilio barbarus faciebat,
quo facilius Bigilam in consilio contra se exsequendo deprehenderat,
cum nullam satis idoneam causam comminisci posset, cur aurum
adferret. Nos quoque praetenta causa responsi, quod ad legationem
editurus erat, Onegesium opperire coëgit, ut munera, quae ad eum
Imperator miserat, et tradere volebamus, acciperet. Etenim tum forte
Onegesius una cum seniore ex Attilae liberis ad Acatziros missus
fuerat. Ea gens est Scythica, quae in potestatem Attilae hac de
causa venit. In eam gentem plures secundum populos et gentes
imperium exercebant, quos Imperator Theodosius, firmata inter eos
concordia, ab Attilae societate ad colendam cum Romanis pacem et
societatem muneribus traducere conatus est. Qui ea munera
attulerat non pro cuiusque gentis regis merito et gradu ea
distribuerat. Caridachus enim secundo loco acceperat, qui regum
antiquior, primus accipere debuerat. Ille, tanquam contemptus et sibi
debitis praemiis frustratus, Attilam contra ceteros reges auxilio
vocaverat. Is nihil cunctatus, magno exercitu emisso eorum alios
sustulit, alios ad deditionem compulit. Deinde Caridachum ad se
vocat, tanquam illi victoriam, et quae ex victoria consecutus fuerat,
impertiturus. Sed iste dolum et insidiis suspicatus, difficile et grave
esse homini respondit, in dei conspectum venire. Si enim immotis
oculis solis orbem intueri nemo potest, quomodo quis sine sensu
doloris cum deorum maximo congrediatur? Atque ita Caridachus
regnum suaque omnia salva sibi et integra conservavit, et reliqua
omnis Acatzirorum regio in ius ditionemque Attilae concessit. Ei genti
cum seniorem ex filiis regem Attilas constituere decrevisset, ad hanc
rem conficiendam Onegesium miserat. Itaque nos exspectare, ut
dictum est, iubens, Bigilam cum Esla ad Romanos amandavit,
specie quidem transfugarum repetendorum, sed revera, ut aurum
Edeconi promissum adferret.
Post Bigilae discessum unum tantum diem in his locis commorati,
postridie una cum Attila ad loca magis ad septentrionem vergentia
profecti sumus. Haud longum viae spatium cum barbaris progressi,
alio iter vertimus, Scythis, qui viam ducebant, nos id facere
iubentibus. Attilas interea in quodam vico substitit, in quo filiam
Escam uxorem, etsi plures alias haberet. Scytharum legibus id
permittentibus, ducere voluit. Illinc facili et aequali via, per planitiem
iter fecimus, et in multos fluvios navigabiles incidimus. Quorum post
Istrum maximi sunt Drecon dictus, et Tigas, et Tiphisas. Et hos
quidem naviculis unico ligno confectis, quas in quotidiano usu
habent qui ad flumina habitant, relinquos lembis ex propinquo
desumptis, quos barbari curribus imponunt, et per loca restagnantia
important, traiecimus. Congerebantur vero nobis ex vicis
commeatus, pro frumento milium, pro vino medus; sic enim locorum
incolae vocant. Servi quoque, qui nos comitabantur, milium secum
portabant, potionem ex hordeo praebentes, quam camum barbari
appellant. Longavia confecta, die ad noctem inclinante, ad paludem
quandam, ad quam aquatum (erat enim eius aqua potui apta)
proximi vici incolae ibant, tentoria fiximus. Ingens ventus et procella
derepente exorta cum tonitru et crebris fulguribus et multo imbre
tentorium nostrum disiecit, et omnia nostra utensilia in proximam
paludem volvit. Turbinibus in aëre excitatis, et casu, qui contigerat,
perterrefacti, locum illum deseruimus, et dissociati, huc illuc
palantes, viam unusquisque nostrum, quam sibi commodam duxit,
sub tenebris et imbribus est persecutus. Tandem tuguria vici
subeuntes, (illuc enim divisis itineribus omnes diverteramus,)
convenimus, et ea, quae nobis deerant, cum clamore perquisivimus.
Ad quem strepitum Scythae exilientes calamos, quibus ad ignem
utuntur, usserunt: et accenso lumine, interrogarunt, quid nobis
vellemus, qui tantos clamores ederemus. Barbari, qui nos
comitabantur, responderunt, nos tempestate perculsos turbari.
Itaque nos liberaliter invitatos hospitio exceperunt, et calamis siccis
ignem accenderunt. Vici domina una ex Bledae uxoribus erat. Haec
nobis cibaria et mulieres formosas, cum quibus amori indulgeremus
(hoc enim apud Scythas honori ducitur,) suppeditavit. Mulieribus pro
cibis praebitis gratias egimus, et sub tectis nostris somnum
capientes, ab earum consuetudine abstinuimus. Simul atque illuxit,
ad ea, quae ex nostra supellectile desiderabantur, perquirenda
curam convertimus. Haec partim in eo loco, ubi pridie
consederamus, partim in ripa paludis, partim in ipsa palude reperta
recepimus. In his desiccandis totum diem in illo vico (tempestas
enim desierat, et clarus sol apparebat,) contrivimus. Deinde curatis
equis et reliquis iumentis, reginam salutatum ivimus. Hanc vicissim
donis remunerati sumus tribus pateris argenteis, velleribus rubris,
pipere Indico, palmulis et variis cupediis, quae omnia a barbaris, ut
ignota, magni aestimantur. Nec multo post omnia fausta feliciaque
illis hospitalitatis ergo precati, discessimus. Septem dierum itinere
emenso, Scythae, qui nos ducebant, in quodam vico nos consistere
iusserunt, quia post Attilam, qui hac via proficisceretur, iter nobis
faciendum esset. Hic obvios habuimus legatos a Romanis
occidentalibus, etiam ad Attilam missos. Erant autem praecipui
Romulus Comitis dignitate decoratus et Primutus, Noricae regionis
praefectus, et Romanus, militaris ordinis ductor. His aderat
Constantius, quem Aëtius ad Attilam, ut illi in conscribendis epistolis
deserviret, miserat, et Tatullus, Orestis eius, qui cum Edecone erat,
pater, non legationis causa, sed privati officii et familiaritatis ergo.
Constantio enim in Italiis agenti magnus cum illis usus intercesserat:
Tatullum affinitas movebat. Orestes enim, eius filius, Romuli filiam e
Patavione, Norici civitate, uxorem duxerat. Legati autem veniebant,
ut Attilam lenirent, qui sibi Sylvanum, Armii mensae Romae
praefectum, tradi postulabat, propterea quod pateras aureas a
Constantio quodam acceperat. Hic Constantius, ex Galliis
Occidentalibus ortus, ad Attilam et Bledam, ut illis in conscribendis
epistolis operam daret, quemadmodum et post illum alter
Constantius, missus fuerat. Ille vero, quo tempore Sirmium oppidum,
in Paeonia situm, Scythae obsidebant, aurea vasa a civitatis
episcopo acceperat, ut ex eorum pretio, si se superstite urbem capi
contigisset, quoad satis esset, pro sua libertate solveretur: sin
periisset, cives in servitutem abducti redimerentur. Sed Constantius
post urbis excidium de pacto illo parum sollicitus. Romam cuiusdam
negotii causa profectus, vasa ad Sylvanum detulit, et aurum ab eo
accepit, conventique, ut, si intra tempus praefinitum aurum mutuo
sumtum redderet, vasa reciperet: ni fecisset, Sylvanus vasa sibi
haberet et his pro arbitrio uteretur. Hunc Constantium Attilas et
Bleda, cum illis proditionis nomine suspectus esset, in crucem
egerunt. Ex quo, ut de poculis aureis iudicium ad Attilam est
delatum, sibi tradi Sylvanum, tanquam furem eorum, quae sua
essent, flagitavit. Legati igitur ab Aëtio et Romanorum occidentalium
Imperatore venerant, qui decerent, Sylvanum Constantii creditorem
vasa aurea pro credito oppignerata, non furto ablata, penes se
habuisse, quae sacerdotibus, qui primi se obtulissent, nummis
argenteis permutasset. Nec enim fas esse hominibus pocula Deo
consecrata propriis usibus applicare. Itaque nisi tam iusta causa aut
divini numinis reverentia a petendis poculis dimoveatur, retento
Sylvano, aurum se pro pateris praebiturum. Hominem enim, qui nihil
deliquerit, minime se dediturum esse. Haec erat igitur horum virorum
legationis causa, qui barbarum sequebantur, ut responsum ferrent,
et dimitterentur. Cum vero nobis eadem via eundem esset, qua
Attilas incedebat, parumper morati, dum praecederet, non multo post
secuti, cum reliqua multitudine, traiectis quibusdam amnibus, ad
quendam magnum vicum pervenimus. Hic erant Attilae aedes, quae
reliquis omnibus ubicumque locorum praestantiores esse ferebantur.
Erant hae ex lignis et tabulis eximie politis exstructae et ambitu
ligneo circumdatae, non ad munimentum, sed ad ornatum
comparato. Proxima regiae erat Onegesii domus, et ipsa quoque
ambitu ligneo constans, non tamen aeque, ac Attilae, turribus
insignis. Haud longo intervallo a circuitu domus distabat balneum,
quod Onegesius, qui secundum Attilam plurimum apud Scythas
opibus valebat, lapidibus ex Paeonia advectis aedificaverat. Nec
enim apud eos, qui in ea parte Scythae habitant, ullus est aut lapis,
aut arbos, sed materia aliunde advecta utuntur. Huius autem balnei
architectus, e Sirmio captivus abductus, mercedem operis sui
libertatem se consecuturum sperans, falsus sua spe, cum nihil minus
cogitaret, in longe duriorem apud Scythas incidit servitutem.
Balneatorem enim cum Onegesius instituit, ut sibi totique suae
familiae, cum lavarentur, operas praestaret. In hunc vicum
adventanti Attilae puellae obviam prodierunt, quae per series
incedebant, sub linteis tenuibus et candidis, quam maxime in
longitudinem extensis, ita ut sub unoquoque linteo, manibus
mulierum ab utraque parte in altum sublato, septem puellae aut
etiam plures progredientes, (erant autem multi huiusmodi mulierum
sub illis linteis ordines,) Scythica carmina canerent. Iam proxime
Onegesii domum accesserat, (per ipsam enim via ducebat ad
regiam,) cum foras prosiliret Onegesii uxor, magna ancillarum
comitata multitudine, quae opsonia et vinum ferebant, qui maximus
est apud Scythas honos. Haec Attilam salutavit rogavitque, ut ex
cibis desumeret, quos cum summa testificatione suae erga illum
voluntatis attulerat. Itaque uxori hominis sibi necessarii gratificaturus,
comedit, equo insidens, barbaris, qui in eius comitatu erant,
suspensam tabulam (erat autem argentea) attollentibus. Deinde
degustato calice, qui illi fuerat oblatus, in regiam se recepit. Erat
autem illa reliquis conspectior et in altiori loco sita. Nos vero in
aedibus Onegesii (sic ille praeceperat; redierat enim cum Attilae
filio;) remansimus. Illic coenam sumpsimus, excipiente nos eius
uxore comitata illustrioribus, qui eum genere contingebant. Illi enim
animum nobiscum convivio exhilarare per otium minime licuit; quia
quae gesserat in negotio, ad quod missus fuerat, et adversum, qui
filio Attilae contigerat, casum (dextram enim delapsus fregerat)
renuntiaturus, tum primum a reditu in Attilae conspectum venerat.
Post coenam, aedibus Onegesii relictis, propius Attilae aedes
tentoria posuimus, ut Maximinus, quem Attilam convenire, et cum
his, qui ei a consiliis erant, colloquia facere oportebat, minime longo
ab Attila distaret intervallo. Illic igitur, quo primum devertimus,
noctem transegimus. Luce orta misit me Maximinus ad Onegesium,
ut illi tum quae ipse dabat, tum ab Imperatore missa munera
traderem et ut ipse cognosceret, an illi secum et quo tempore
colloquium inire luberet. Perrexi igitur ad Onegesium cum famulis,
qui dona portabant: quum ianuae clausae essent, exspectavi, donec
aperirentur, et aliquis exiret, qui eum mei adventus certiorem faceret.
Itaque tempus mihi terenti et circa murorum ambitum domus
Onegesii ambulanti, progressus nescio quis, quem barbarum ex
Scythico vestitu esse rebar, Graeca voce me salutavit dicens “χαιρε.”
Mirari ego, qui fieret, ut Graece loqueretur vir Scytha: etenim ex
variis gentibus commixti, barbaricam linguam colunt, sive Hunnorum,
sive Gothorum, aut etiam Romanam, hi scilicet, quibus cum
Romanis frequentius est commercium. Neque quisquam eorum
facile loquitur Graece, nisi si qui sint captivi e Thracia aut Illyrico
maritimo. Sed illi ab obvio quoque dignosci possunt et a vestibus
laceris et capitis squalore, tanquam qui in miseram inciderint
fortunam. Hic vero opulenti Scythae speciem prae se ferebat: erat
enim bene et eleganter vestitus, capite in rotundum raso. Hunc
resalutans interrogavi, quis esset, et unde in terram barbaram
veniens, vitae Scythicae institutum sequi delegisset. Ille quam ob
causam hoc ex ipso quaererem, rogavit “Mihi vero, inquam, haec a
te ut sciscitarer, causa fuit, quod Graece locutus es.” Tum ridens ait,
se Graecum esse genere, ad mercaturam faciendam Viminacium,
Mysorum ad Istrum urbem, accessisse, in ea domicilium longo
tempore habuisse, uxorem quoque divitem duxisse; parta illic
felicitate capta urbe exutum fuisse, et propterea quod dives erat, se
suaque omnia in praedae divisione Onegesio cessisse. Etenim esse
apud eos in more positum, ut praecipui ab Attila Scythiae principes
captivos ditiores sibi seponant, quoniam plurimum auctoritate valent.
Postea ubi adversus Romanos et Acatzirorum gentem fortissime
dimicasset, libertatem se ex more Scytharum, omnibus, quae bello
acquisierat, barbaro domino traditis, recuperasse. Uxorem quoque
barbaram duxisse, et ex ea liberos sustulisse, et Onegesii mensae
participem, hoc vitae genus longe potius priore ducere. “Qui enim
apud Scythas degunt, inquit, tolerato bellorum labore, sine ulla
sollicitudine vitam peragunt. Tum unusquisque bonis, quae sibi
fortuna indulsit, fruitur, neque quisquam illi ulla in re molestus est.
Qui vero sub Romanis aetatem agunt, facile in bello pereunt. Hos
enim in aliis sui conservandi spem collocare necesse est,
quandoquidem per tyrannos minime licet arma, quibus unusquisque
se tueatur, gestare. Atque adeo his, quibus id iure licet, valde est
perniciosa ducum ignavia, qui bellum minime gnaviter gerunt. At in
pace longe acerbiora sunt, quae accidunt, quam calamitates, quae
ex bello proveniunt et propter duram exactionem tributorum, et
propter improborum vexationes, quum leges non in omnes valeant.
Si quis dives aut potens eas sit transgressus, ille quidem iniquitatis
suae poenas non luet: sin aliquis inops, qui negotia gerere nesciat,
hunc poena a legibus statuta manet. Nisi forte eum priusquam
sententia feratur, longo in litibus continuato tempore, multis
praeterea exhaustis opibus, vita defecerit. At mercede et pretio,
quod legum et iuris est obtinere, omnium iniquissimum est. Nec enim
iniuria affecto quisquam fori iudicialis potestatem faciet, priusquam
pecuniam iudicis et eius ministrorum commodo cessuram deponat.”
Haec atque huiusmodi multa cum in medium proferret, ego precatus,
ut quod sentirem, patienter et benigne audiret, respondi, reipublicae
Romanae auctores, sapientes et optimos viros, ne quidquam temere
ageretur, alios legum custodes fecisse, aliis armorum curam
commisisse, ut, ad nullam aliam rem intenti, quam ut se ad pugnam
praepararent, militaria opera exercerent, et propulsata per assiduam
belli meditationem omni formidine, consueta militiae exercitatione,
animis firmati, in aciem descenderent. “Alios, inquam, qui agris
colendis et culturae terrae operam darent, annona militari ab his
exacta, eos alere voluerunt, quo pro sua salute dimicarent.
Constituerunt quoque, qui iniuria affectis prospicerent, et iura eorum,
qui propter naturae infirmitatem sibi ipsi consulere non valerent,
tuerentur, quique iure dicendo, quae leges iuberent, servarent.
Neque vero sua providentia destitutos reliquerunt eos, qui iudicibus
adsunt, sed horum esse partes prospicere, qua ratione ius
assequatur, qui sententia iudicum obtinuit, et iniurius iudicatus, id
solum, quod iudicii calculus fert, et nihil praeterea, facere cogatur. Si
enim non essent huic rei praepositi, aut victore insolentius
insurgente, aut eo, qui adversam sententiam reportavit, in preversa
mente perstante, ex una lite alterius litis nasceretur exordium. Est
autem his constitutum argentum ab illis, qui litibus certant, ut
militibus ab agricolis. Quid enim aequius, quam eum, qui opituletur et
auxilium ferat, alere et officium mutuo officio rependere?
quemadmodum equiti emolumento est equi, pastori boum et venatori
canum cura, et reliquorum animantium, quae homines custodiae et
utilitatis causa alunt. Cum enim sumptus in litem factos qui causa
cadunt solvant, damnum nulli alii rei, quam suae iniquitati, imputent
oportet. Quod ad longum tempus attinet, quod in litibus consumitur,
si quando id evenit, id iuris providentius dicendi gratia fit, ne iudices
properantes ab accurata iudicandi ratione aberrent. Sic enim iudicant
melius esse, tardius finem litibus imponere, quam festinantes non
solum iniquum ius in hominem statuere, verum etiam in deum,
iustitiae inventorem, peccare. Leges autem in omnes positae sunt, ut
illis etiam ipse Imperator pareat. Neque, id quod tua accusatione
continetur, potentiores si tenuioribus vim inferant, id illis est impune,
nisi quis forte latens poenam effugerit; quod non solum divitibus, sed
etiam inopibus plerumque usu venit: nam hi quoque, si argumenta
deficiunt, peccatorum poenas non solvunt. Quod non solum apud
Romanos, sed etiam ubique gentium accidit. Gratiam vero plurimam
ipsum pro recepta libertate fortunae debere, neque eam domino
acceptam referre. Cum enim eum in bellum eduxerit, potuisse ab
hostibus propter rei militaris imperitiam occidi, aut si fugisset, ab eo,
in cuius dominio erat, puniri. Longe autem Romani benignius servis
consuluerunt. Patrum enim, aut praeceptorum affectum erga eos
exhibent, et ut a malis abstineant, curant, et eorum, quae honesta
ducunt, participes efficiunt. Denique corrigunt eos in his, quae
delinquunt, sicut et suos liberos. Nec enim servos morte officere,
sicut apud Scythas, fas est. Libertatis vero adipiscendae plures sunt
modi. Non enim solum qui vita fruuntur, sed etiam qui e vivis
excedunt, libertatem tribuere possunt, quum de bonis suis, ut cuique
placeat, statuere liceat, et quodcunque quis moriens de rebus
domesticis iusserit, lex sit.” Tum ille plorans inquit, leges apud
Romanos bonas et rem publicam praeclare constitutam esse, sed
magistratus, qui non aeque ac prisci probi et prudentes sunt, eam
labefactant et pervertunt.
Haec inter nos disserentibus aliquis ex domesticis Onegesii
septorum domus fores aperuit. Ego statim accurrere et quaerere;
quas res ageret Onegesius; me enim habere a Maximino, qui
legatus a Romanis venisset, quod illi dicerem. Ille vero Onegesium
mihi sui facturum copiam respondit, si paullum opperirer; exiturum
enim esse. Nec multo temporis spatio interiecto, ut ipsum exeuntem
vidi, progressus dixi: “Te Romanorum legatus salutat, et dona tibi ab
ipso una cum auro ab Imperatore misso adfero.” Et quum maxime
ille eum convenire cuperet, ubi et quando vellet colloqui, quaesivi.
Ille suos, qui aderant, iussit aurum et munera recipere, et me
Maximino renuntiare, se protinus ad eum accedere. Reverti igitur ad
Maximinum, et renuntiavi, Onegesium ad eum venturum esse: nec
mora, in tentorium nostrum advenit, et Maximinum affatus dixit, se
Imperatori et illi pro muneribus gratias agere, et percunctatus est,
quandoquidem se arcessisset, quid esset, quod illum vellet: tum
Maximinus, instare tempus, ait, quo posset maiorem gloriam apud
homines adipisci, si ad Imperatorem accedens, quae sunt inter
Romanos et Hunnos controversa, sua prudentia componeret, et inter
utramque gentem concordiam stabiliret: quae res non solum utilitati
utriusque gentis esset cessura, sed etiam eius domui tanta bona
praebitura, ut ipse una cum suis liberis in posterum Imperatori
totique imperatorio generi in perpetuum devinctus foret. Tum
Onegesius dixit, qua in re gratificaretur Imperatori, et per se
contentiones dirimeret. Maximinus respondit, si in rem praesentem
descendens, Imperatori gratiam referret, et dissidiorum causas
sedulo perscrutans, de rebus controversis secundum conditiones
foederibus adscriptas iudicium suum interponeret. Tum Onegesius
dixit, se Imperatori et iis, qui ei a consiliis essent, ea dicturum esse,
quae Attilas sibi praeciperet. “An Romani existimant, inquit, se ullis
precibus exorari posse, ut prodat dominum suum, et nihili faciat
educationem apud Scythas, uxores et liberos suos, neque potiorem
ducat apud Attilam servitutem, quam apud Romanos ingentes
opes?” Ceterum se domi remanentem maiori eorum rebus
adiumento futurum, quippe qui domini iram placaret, si quibus in
rebus irasceretur, quam si ad eos accedens criminationi se obiiceret,
si forte quid contra quam Attilae rationibus commodum videretur
faceret. Quae cum dixisset et mihi veniam dedisset eum de his, quae
ex ipso intelligere cuperemus, adeundi, (Maximino enim in dignitate
constituto parum decorus erat continuus congressus,) abiit. Postridie
ad domus Attilae interiora septa me contuli dona ferens eius uxori,
quae Cerca vocabatur. Ex ea tres illi liberi, quorum maximus natu
iam tum Acatzirorum et reliquarum gentium, qua Scythia ad Pontum
patet, regnum tenebat. Intra illa septa erant multa aedificia, partim ex
tabulis sculptis et eleganter compactis, partim ex trabibus opere puro
et in rectitudinem affabre dolatis, in quibus ligna in circulos curvata
imposita erant. Circuli autem a solo incipientes paullatim in altum
assurgebant. Hic habitabat Attilae uxor, ad quam a barbaris, qui circa
ianuas erant, nactus aditum, ipsam deprehendi in molli stragula
iacentem. Erat autem pavimentum laneis tapetibus stratum, in
quibus constitimus. Eam famulorum multitudo in orbem
circumstabat, et ancillae ex adverso humi sedentes telas coloribus
variegabant, quae vestibus barbarorum ad ornatum superiniiciuntur.
Cerca salutata, et muneribus traditis, egressus, exspectans dum
Onegesius regia exiret, (iam enim e domo sua illuc venerat,) ad
reliqua aedificia, ubi Attilas commorabatur, processi. Hic dum ego
starem cum reliqua multitudine, (nec enim accessu ullius loci
prohibebar, quippe qui Attilae custodibus et barbaris, qui eum
assectabantur, eram notus,) vidi magnam turbam, qua prodibat,
currentem, tumultum et strepitum excitantem. Attilas domo egressus,
gravi vultu, omnium oculis quaqua versus in eum conversis,
incedens cum Onegesio, pro aedibus substitit. Hic eum multi, quibus
erant lites, adierunt, et eius iudicium exceperunt. Deinde domum
repetiit, et barbararum gentium legatos, qui ad se venerant, admisit.
Me vero, dum Onegesium exspectabam, Romulus, Promutus et
Romanus, legati de vasis aureis ex Italia ad Attilam missi, una cum
Rusticio, qui in comitatu Constantii erat, et Constantiolo ex Paeonum
regione, quae Attilae parebat, me sunt sermone adorti, et
interrogaverunt, utrum dimissi, an manere coacti essemus. “Id
ipsum, inquam, ut sciam ex Onegesio, intra ista septa opperior.” Tum
ego illos vicissim percunctari, an aliquod mite responsum ad ea, de
quibus legati venerant, ab Attila tulissent. Nequaquam aiunt illum
deduci a sententia, sed bellum minari et denuntiare, ni Sylvanus aut
pocula dedantur. Nos vero cum barbari miraremur animi
impotentiam, Romulus, vir multis honorificentissimis legationibus
functus et multo rerum usu praeditus, ait, secunda fortuna et potentia
inde collecta adeo illum efferri, ut iustis sermonibus nullum apud si
locum relinqueret, nisi eos ex re sua esse censeret. Nemo unquam
eorum, qui in Scythia, vel alibi regnarunt, tantas res tam brevi
tempore gessit. Totius Scythiae dominatum sibi comparavit, et ad
Oceani insulas usque imperium suum extendit, ut etiam a Romanis
tributa exigat. Nec his contentus, ad longe maiora animum adiecit, et
latius imperii sui fines protendere et Persas bello aggredi cogitat.
Uno ex nobis quaerente, qua via e Scythia in Persas tendere posset,
Romulus dixit, non longo locorum intervallo Medos dissitos esse a
Scythis, neque Hunnos hanc viam nescire, sed olim, fame per eorum
regionem grassante, cum Romani propter bellum, quod tunc
temporis gerebant, minime cum illis proelio decertarent, hac
irrupisse, et ad Medos usque Bazicum et Cursicum, duces ipsorum,
e regiis Scythis oriundos, penetrasse, qui postea cum magna
hominum multitudine Romam ad contrahendam armorum societatem
venissent. Hos narrasse, per quandam desertam regionem illis iter
fuisse, et paludem trajecisse, quam Romulus existimabat esse
Maeotidem: deinde, quindecim diebus elapsis, per montes quosdam,
quos superassent, in Mediam descendisse. Ibi praedas agentibus et
excursionibus agros vastantibus Persicum agmen superveniens telis
aëra replevisse. Itaque imminentis periculi metu retro abscessisse,
et per montes regressos, pauxillum praedae abegisse. Magnam
enim partem Medos extorsisse: ipsos autem, ut persequentium
hostium impetum evitarent, ad aliam viam deflexisse. Et per loca, ubi
ex petra maritima flamma ardet, illinc profectos, ... dierum itinere in
sedes suas revertisse. Atque ex eo satis vidisse, non magno
intervallo Scythiam a Medis distare. Quamobrem si Attilam cupido
ceperit Medos invadendi, non multum operae et laboris in eam
invasionem consumpturum, neque magnis itineribus defatigatum iri,
ut Medos, Parthos et Persas adoriatur, et cogat tributi illationi se
submittere. Adesse enim illi magnas copias, quas nulla gens
sustinere possit. Nobis vero optantibus, ut Persis arma inferret, et a
nobis in illos belli molem averteret: “Verendum est, inquit
Constantiolus, ne, Persis facile devictis, non iam amplius amicus,
sed dominus in nos revertatur.” Nunc enim auro accepto pro
dignitate eum contentum esse. Quodsi Medos, Parthos et Persas
domuerit, minime eum Romanorum a suo seiunctum regnum sed
eos manifesto servos suos reputantem, gravia illis et intolerabilia
imperaturum esse. Dignitas autem, cuius mentionem Constantiolus
fecit, erat Romanorum exercituum ducis, quam Attilas ab Imperatore
acceperat, et stipendia eius, qui exercitus regebat, missa sibi non
recusabat. Innuebat igitur, Attilam, Medis, Parthis et Persis subactis,
hoc nomen, quo Romanis illum vocare lubet, et dignitatem, quam illi
ornamenti loco esse existimant, repudiaturum, et pro duce
coacturum eos se regem appellare. Iam tum enim indignatus
dicebat, illi servos esse exercituum duces, sibi vero viros
Imperatoribus Romanis dignitate pares. Et brevi quidem sibi
potentiae accessionem fore, quod et deus, Martis ense in lucem
protracto, portenderit. Hic tanquam sacer et deo bellorum praesidi
dedicatus, a Scytharum regibus olim colebatur, et mulsit saeculis
non visus, bovis ministerio fuerat tunc temporis erutus.
Dum ita de praesenti rerum statu confabulamur, Onegesius foras
prodiit, ad quem, ut ex eo disceremus, quae nostrae curae
commissa fuerant, accessimus. Ille vero prius cum nescio quibus
barbaris collucutus, quarere me ex Maximino iussit, quem Romani
ex consularibus legatum ad Attilam essent missuri. Ut in tentorium
veni, et Maximino, quae mihi Onegesius dixerat, retuli, habita de eo,
quod barbaris respondendum esset, deliberatione, redii, dixique
Onegesio, Romanos magnopere desiderare, illum suarum cum Attila
controversiarum disceptatorem ad se accedere. Qua spe si
exciderint, Imperatorem, quem sibi libuerit, legatum missurum.
Extemplo me Maximinum arcessere iussit, quem, ut venit, ad Attilam
deduxit. Unde non multo post Maximinus reversus, narravit,
barbarum velle, Imperatorem ad se mittere legatos aut Nomum, aut
Anatolium, aut Senatorem, neque ullos alios praeter hos
admissurum. Et cum Maximinus obiiceret, minime convenire,
legatos, qui ad se mittantur, designando, suspectos Imperatori
reddere, Attilam respondisse, si haec abnuerint, armis se
controversias disceptaturum. Reversis nobis in tentorium, ecce ad
nos Orestis pater, “Vos ambos, inquit, ad convivium invitat Attilas, fiet
vero illud ad nonam diei horam.” Tempore condicto observato, ut
venimus, et una quoque Romanorum Occidentalium legati, stetimus
in limine coenaculi coram Attila. Hic pincernae, ut mos est in illis
regionibus, calicem tradiderunt, ut ante accubitum vota faceremus.
Quo facto, et calice degustato, ipsa solia, in quibus nos sedentes
coenare oportebat, ascendimus. Omnia sedilia circa parietes cubiculi
ab utraque parte disposita erant: medius in lecto sedebat Attilas,
altero lecto a tergo strato, pone quem erant quidam gradus, qui ad
eius cubile ferebant, linteis candidis et variis tapetibus ornatus gratia
contectum, simile cubilibus, quae Romani et Graeci nubentibus
adornare pro more habent. Et primum quidem convivarum locum
eius habebant, qui ad Attilae dextram sedebat, secundum eius, qui
ad laevam: in quo nos et Berichus, vir apud Scythas nobilis, sed
Berichus superiore loco. Nam Onegesius in sella ad dextram regii
thori, et e regione Onegesii duo ex Attilae filiis sedebant. Senior
enim in eodem, quo pater, throno, non prope, sed multum infra
accumbebat, oculis prae pudore propter patris praesentiam semper
in terram coniectis. Omnibus ordine sedentibus, qui Attilae erat a
poculis ingrediens pateram vini tradit. Hanc ubi suscepit, proximum
ordine salutavit, qui salutatione honoratus surrexit, neque prius eum
sedere fas erat, quam merum degustans, aut etiam ebibens,
poculum pocillatori redderet. Sedenti autem Attilae eodem modo, qui
convivio intererant, pocula suscipientes et post salutationem
degustantes, honorem exhibebant. Unicuique vero unus pocillator
aderat, quem, quum pincerna Attilae exiret, introire suo ordine
oportuit. Secundo et reliquis deinceps ad hunc modum honore
affectis, Attilas nos quoque eodem modo salutavit secundum
ordinem sellarum. Tum omnibus salutationis honore delato,
pincernae recesserunt. Mensae vero iuxta Attilae mensam erant
erectae, excipiendis tribus et quatuor, aut etiam pluribus convivis
idoneae, quorum unusquisque poterat minime transgressus sedium
ordines ex ferculis, quod sibi libitum erat, desumere. Deinde primus
in medium accessit Attilae minister, patinam carnibus plenam ferens.
Post ipsum qui panem ministrabant et opsonia mensis apposuerunt.
Sed ceteris quidem barbaris et nobis lautissima coena praeparata
erat et in discis argenteis reposita, Attilae in quadra lignea, et nihil
praeter carnes. Moderatum pariter in reliquis omnibus sese
praebebat. Convivis aurea et argentea pocula suppeditabantur,
Attilae poculum erat ligneum. Simplex admodum illius vestis nulla re,
nisi munditie, ornata erat. Neque eius ensis, neque calceorum
barbarorum ligamina, neque eius equi frena, ut reliquorum
Scytharum, auro aut lapidibus aut alia quacunque re pretiosa erant
ornata. Ut opsonia primorum ferculorum fuere consumpta,
surreximus, neque prius quisquam nostrum ad sedem suam est
reversus, quam sibi traditam pateram vini plenam, servato priore
ordine, Attilam salvum et incolumem precatus, ebibisset. Eo ad hunc
modum honore culto, sedimus. Tum nova fercula cuique mensae
sunt illata, quae alia continebant esculenta, ex quibus ubi omnes,
quoad satis esset, comedissent, eodem modo surreximus, et epoto
calice rursus consedimus. Adveniente vespere, facibusque accensis,
duo Scythae coram Attila prodierunt, et versus a se factos, quibus
eius victorias et bellicas virtutes canebant, recitarunt. In quos
convivae oculos defixerunt; et alii quidem versibus delectabantur,
aliis bellorum recordatio animos excitabat, aliis manabant lacrymae,
quorum corpus aetate debilitatum erat, et vigor animi quiescere
cogebatur. Post cantus et carmina Scytha nescio quis mente captus
absurda et inepta nec sani quicquam habentia effundens risum
omnibus commovit. Postremo Zercon Maurusius introivit. Edecon
enim illi persuaserat, ut ad Attilam veniret, omnem operam et
studium pollicitus, quo uxorem recuperaret. Hanc enim, cum illi
Bleda faveret, in barbarorum regione acceperat, eamque in Scythia,
ab Attila ad Actium dono missus, reliquerat. Sed hac spe frustratus
est, quia Attilas illi succensuit, quod ad sua remigrasset. Itaque tunc
arrepta festivitatis occasione progressus, et forma et habitu et
pronuntiatione et verbis confuse ab eo prolatis, Romanae Hunnorum
et Gothorum linguam intermiscens, omnes laetitia implevit et effecit,
ut in vehementem risum prorumperent. Sed Attilas semper eodem
vultu, omnis mutationis expers, et immotus permansit, neque
quicquam facere, aut dicere, quod iocum, aut hilaritatem prae se
ferret, conspectus est: praeter quam quod iuniorem ex filiis
introeuntem et adventatem, nomine Irnach, placidis et laetis oculis
est intuitus, et eum gena traxit. Ego vero cum admirarer, Attilam
reliquos suos liberos parvi facere, ad hunc solum animum adiicere,
unus ex barbaris, qui prope me sedebat et Latinae linguae usum
habebat fide prius accepta, me nihil eorum, quae dicerentur,
evulgaturum, dixit, vates Attilae vaticinatos esse, eius genus, quod
alioquin interiturum erat, ab hoc puero restauratum iri. Ut vero
convivium ad multam noctem protraxerunt, non diutius nobis
compotationi indulgendum esse rati exivimus.
Die exorto, Onegesium adivimus dicentes, nos dimitti oportere,
neque nobis diutius tempus terendum esse. Ille, Attilam quoque in
ea esse voluntate, et nos dimittere constituisse, respondit. Itaque
non multo post consilium procerum de his, quae Attilas statuerat,
habuit, et litteras, quae Imperatori redderentur, digessit. Aderant
quoque, quorum curae epistolas scribere incumbebat, inter quos erat
Rusticius, vir e superiore Mysia ortus, qui ab hostibus captus, cum
dicendi facultate valeret, barbaro operam in conscribendis epistolis
navabat. Dimisso consilio, ab Onegesio precibus contendimus, ut
Syllae uxori et eius liberis, qui in expugatione urbis Ratiariae una
cum matre in servitutem redacti erant, libertatem restitueret. Et vero
ab his liberandis minime abhorrebat, sed eorum libertatem magna
pecuniae summa a nobis emptam volebat. Itaque nos eum supplices
orare et obtestari, ut, habita eorum pristinae fortunae ratione,
praesentis calamitatis commiseratione moveretur. Ille, ut Attilam
adiit, mulierem pro quingentis aureis liberam dimisit et eius filios
dono ad Imperatorem misit. Interea Recan, Attilae uxor, in aedes
Adamis, qui eius res domesticas curabat, nos ad coenam invitavit.
Ab eo una cum pluribus Scythiae principibus comiter excepti sumus
et iucundis sermonibus et magnifico epularum apparatu. Tum
unusquisque eorum, qui aderant, surgens, Scythica comitate
poculum plenum nobis porrexit, et eum, qui ante se biberat,
amplexus et exosculatus, illud excepit. A coena nos in tentorium
nostrum recipientes, somnum cepimus. Postridie iterum nos Attilas
ad coenam invitavit, et eodem, quo prius, ritu ad eum accessimus et
ad hilaritatem nos convertimus. Tum autem non senior ex filiis Attilae
in eius thoro una cum ipso accumbebat, sed Oebarsius, eius
patruus. Per totum convivii tempus nos blandis sermonibus
appellans Imperatori dicere iussit, ut Constantio, quem ad eum
Aetius, ut ab epistolis esset, miserat, uxorem daret eam, quam illi
promisisset. Etenim Constantius una cum Attilae legatis ad
Theodosium venerat, et se operam daturum, ut pax longo tempore
inter Romanos et Hunnos servaretur, dixerat, modo sibi uxorem
locupletem matrimonio copularet. Huic petitioni Imperator annuerat,
et Saturnini filiam, viri et opibus, et genere clari et ornati, se illi nuptui
daturum promiserat. Saturninum autem interemerat Athenais seu
Eudocia, (utroque enim nomine vocabatur,) neque Imperatori ad
exitum perducere, quod promiserat, per Zenonem, virum
consularem, licuit. Is enim olim magna Isaurorum multitudine
stipatus, urbi Constantinopoli, quae bello premebatur, praesidio
fuerat. Qui quum orientalium exercituum dux esset, puellam custodia
eduxit, et Rufo cuidam, uni ex suis necessariis, despondit. Hac
puella sibi subtracta, Constantius barbarum orabat, ne sibi factam
contumeliam negligeret, sed perficeret, ut sibi uxor daretur aut ea,
quae erepta fuerat, aut etiam alia, quae dotem adferret. Quamobrem
per coenae tempus barbarus Maximinum Imperatori dicere iussit,
non oportere Constantium spe ab ipso excitata falli, et ab Imperatoris
dignitate alienum videri, mendacem esse. Haec Attilas Maximino
mandavit, propterea quod Constantius illi ingentem pecuniae
summam pollicitus erat, si uxorem e Romanis puellis locupletem
duceret. Sub nocte a coena discessimus.
Tribus deinde diebus elapsis, muneribus donati dimissi sumus.
Attilas quoque Berichum, virum e Scythiae primoribus, multorum
vicorum in Scythia dominum, et qui in convivio superiore loco
sederat, nobiscum legatum ad Imperatorem misit. Hunc enim et alias
Romani pro legato admiserant. Nobis autem iter conficientibus et in
vico quodam commorantibus, captus est vir Scytha, qui a Romanis
explorandi gratia in barbaram regionem descenderat, quem crucis
supplicio affici Attilas praecepit. Postridie etiam dum per alios vicos
progrederemur, duo, qui apud Scythas serviebant, manibus vincti
post terga trahebantur, quod his, quos belli casus dominos fecisset,
vitam eripuissent. Hos, immissis inter duo ligna uncis praedita
capitibus, in cruce necarunt. Berichus vero, quamdiu Scythiam
peragravimus, eadem via nobiscum iverat, et placidus et amicus
visus erat. Ut Istrum traiecimus, propter quasdam vanas causas, a
servis ortas, nos inimicorum loco habuit. Et primum quidem equum,
quem Maximino dono dederat, ad se revocavit. Etenim Attilas omnes
Scythiae principes, qui in ipsius comitatu erant, donis Maximinum
ornare iusserat, et unusquisque certatim illi equum miserat, inter
quos et Berichus. At ille cum moderationis gloriam sibi comparare
studeret, ex equis oblatis paucos acceperat, reliquos reiecerat.
Berichus igitur equum, quem Maximino dederat, ademit, neque
deinceps eadem via ire aut coenari nobiscum voluit. Itaque
hospitalitatis tessera, in barbara regione contracta, eo usque
progressa est. Hinc per Philippopolim ad Adrianopolim nobis iter fuit.
In hac civitate quiescentes, Berichum rursus allocuti cum eo, quod
tamdiu erga nos silentium tenuisset, expostulavimus. Nec enim
ullam fuisse causam cur nobis irasceretur, quandoquidem in nulla re
cum offenderamus. Itaque eo placato et ad coenam invitato, ab
Adrianopoli movimus. In itinere Bigilam, qui in Scythiam revertebatur,
obvium habuimus: quo edocto, quae Attilas ad legationem nostram
responderat, coeptum iter continuavimus. Ut Constantinopolim
venimus, Berichum existimabamus iram abiecisse, sed agrestis et
ferae suae naturae minime est oblitus. Nam Maximinum insimulavit
dixisse, quum in Scythiam transiisset, Areobindi et Asparis,
exercituum ducum, auctoritatem apud Imperatorem nullius esse
ponderis, et cum barbarorum levitatem et inconstantiam notasset,
eorum gesta in nullo pretio habuisse.
Reversum Bigilam, quum in iis locis advenisset, ubi tum Attilas
commorabatur, circumstantes barbari ad id praeparati
comprehenderunt, et manus in pecunias, quas Edeconi adferebat,
iniecerunt. Quam ipsum ad Attilam adduxissent, is ex eo quaesivit,
cuius rei gratia tantum auri asportasset. Illi respondit, ut suis et
comitum suorum necessitatibus provideret, ne rerum necessariarum
inopia, aut equorum, aut aliorum animalium vecturae aptorum
penuria, quae per longa itinera deperierant, a studio obeundarum
legationum avocaretur. Praeterea ad redemptionem captivorum
pecuniam paratam esse. Multos enim ex Romanis a se magnopere
petiisse, ut propinquos suos redimeret. Cui Attilas: “Sed neque iam,
o turpis bestia, Bigilam appellans, ullum tibi tuis cavillationibus iudicii

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Auditing And Assurance Services In

Australia 6th Edition Louwers Solutions

Auditing And Assurance Services In Australia 6th

Auditing and Assurance Services 6th Edition Louwers

Auditing and Assurance Services 6th Edition Louwers

Auditing and Assurance Services in Australia Revised

Auditing And Assurance Services 4th Edition Louwers

Auditing and Assurance Services 7th Edition Louwers

Auditing and Assurance Services In Australia 7th

Auditing and Assurance Services 7th Edition Louwers

Major chapter sections

[Use slides 7-1 to 7-3]

LO 7.1: Internal control and audit strategy

[Use slides 7-4 to 7-11]

[Use slides 7-12 to 7-16]

LO 7.3: Components of internal control

[Use slides 7-17 to 7-25]

LO 7.4: Considering internal control in a financial report audit

[Use slides 7-26 to 7-43]

LO 7.5: Computerised systems

[Use slides 7-44 to 7-67]

LO 7.6: Considering the work of an internal auditor

[Use slides 7-68 to 7-72]

[Use slide 7-73]

7.1 Achieving satisfactory internal control is initially a management responsibility. To

DISCUSSION PROBLEMS AND CASE STUDIES

7.18 (a) Strengths

7.19 (a) Strengths

7.21 (a) 6 Check-digit verification

(c) IT The restriction on overriding the user name is

CONTINUOUS CASE STUDY

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