Brief American Pageant A History of the

Republic Volume I To 1877 9th Edition

Kennedy Test Bank
Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://testbankfan.com/product/brief-american-pageant-a-history-of-the-republic-volu
me-i-to-1877-9th-edition-kennedy-test-bank/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...

Unfinished Nation A Concise History of the American

People Volume I To 1877 5th Edition Brinkley Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/unfinished-nation-a-concise-
history-of-the-american-people-volume-i-to-1877-5th-edition-
brinkley-test-bank/

American Pageant Volume 1 16th Edition Kennedy Test

Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/american-pageant-volume-1-16th-
edition-kennedy-test-bank/

American Pageant Volume 2 16th Edition Kennedy Test

Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/american-pageant-volume-2-16th-
edition-kennedy-test-bank/

People and a Nation Volume I To 1877 Brief 10th Edition

Norton Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/people-and-a-nation-volume-i-
to-1877-brief-10th-edition-norton-test-bank/
Understanding the American Promise Volume 1 A History
to 1877 3rd Edition Roark Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/understanding-the-american-
promise-volume-1-a-history-to-1877-3rd-edition-roark-test-bank/

People and a Nation Volume I To 1877 9th Edition Norton

Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/people-and-a-nation-volume-i-
to-1877-9th-edition-norton-test-bank/

Liberty Equality Power A History of the American People

Volume 1 To 1877 6th Edition Murrin Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/liberty-equality-power-a-history-
of-the-american-people-volume-1-to-1877-6th-edition-murrin-test-
bank/

American Pageant 16th Edition Kennedy Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/american-pageant-16th-edition-
kennedy-test-bank/

American Pageant 15th Edition Kennedy Test Bank

https://testbankfan.com/product/american-pageant-15th-edition-
kennedy-test-bank/
Chapter 7—The Road to Revolution

SHORT ANSWER

Identify and state the historical significance of the following:

1. John Hancock

ANS:

REF: p. 85

2. Lord North

ANS:

REF: p. 86

3. George Grenville

ANS:

REF: p. 86

4. Samuel Adams

ANS:

REF: p. 89

5. Charles Townshend

ANS:

REF: p. 88

6. John Adams

ANS:

REF: p. 88

7. Crispus Attucks

ANS:

REF: p. 88
 8. Marquis de Lafayette

ANS:

REF: p. 93

9. King George III

ANS:

REF: p. 88

10. Baron von Steuben

ANS:

REF: p. 94

11. Thomas Hutchinson

ANS:

REF: p. 90

Define and state the historical significance of the following:

12. mercantilism

ANS:

REF: p. 85

13. "no taxation without representation"

ANS:

REF: p. 87

14. nonimportation agreement

ANS:

REF: p. 87

15. "royal veto"

ANS:

REF: p. 85
16. internal/external taxation

ANS:

REF: p. 87

17. "virtual" representation

ANS:

REF: p. 87

18. boycott

ANS:

REF: p. 87

19. republicanism

ANS:

REF: p. 84

20. radical Whigs

ANS:

REF: p. 84

21. patronage

ANS:

REF: p. 84

22. enumerated products

ANS:

REF: p. 85

23. depreciated

ANS:

REF: p. 85

24. monopoly

ANS:

REF: p. 85
25. duty

ANS:

REF: p. 86

26. mulatto

ANS:

REF: p. 88

27. propagandist

ANS:

REF: p. 89

28. inflation

ANS:

REF: p. 93

Describe and state the historical significance of the following:

29. Navigation Law of 1650

ANS:

REF: p. 85

30. Sons of Liberty

ANS:

REF: p. 87

31. Quebec Act

ANS:

REF: p. 91

32. British East India Company

ANS:

REF: p. 90
33. Minute Men

ANS:

REF: p. 91

34. First Continental Congress

ANS:

REF: p. 91

35. Sugar Act

ANS:

REF: p. 86

36. Townshend Acts

ANS:

REF: p. 88

37. Quartering Act

ANS:

REF: p. 88

38. Boston Massacre

ANS:

REF: p. 88

39. The Association

ANS:

REF: p. 91

40. Stamp Act

ANS:

REF: p. 86

41. Committees of Correspondence

ANS:

REF: p. 88
42. Hessians

ANS:

REF: p. 92

43. Admiralty Courts

ANS:

REF: p. 86

44. Boston Tea Party

ANS:

REF: p. 90

45. Loyalists

ANS:

REF: p. 92

46. Stamp Act Congress

ANS:

REF: p. 87

47. "Intolerable Acts"

ANS:

REF: p. 91

48. "Continental"

ANS:

REF: p. 91

49. Declaratory Act

ANS:

REF: p. 88
 50. House of Burgesses

ANS:

REF: p. 89

51. Boston Port Act

ANS:

REF: p. 91

52. Lexington and Concord

ANS:

REF: p. 91

MULTIPLE CHOICE

53. One change in colonial policy by the British government that helped precipitate the American
Revolution involved
a. removing British troops from American soil.
b. drafting colonists into the British army.
c. forcing colonial assemblies to raise taxes.
d. compelling the American colonists to shoulder some of the financial costs of the empire.
e. cutting off subsidies to American products like tobacco.
ANS: D REF: p. 83

54. When it came to the Revolution, it could be said that the American colonists
a. were perpetually hostile to authority.
b. believed that revolution was a necessary step in human progress.
c. based their revolt on working class hostility to British aristocracy.
d. revolted against the cultural domination of the mother country.
e. were reluctant revolutionaries.
ANS: E REF: p. 83

55. In a broad sense, America was

a. a revolutionary force from the day of its discovery.
b. a place that nurtured a love for Britain.
c. completely dependent on Britain for economic support.
d. a place few new ideas took shape.
e. a conservative country from the beginning.
ANS: A REF: p. 84
56. The American colonial advocates of republicanism argued that a just society depends on
a. a powerful central government.
b. the absence of a permanent military establishment.
c. a strong aristocratic tradition.
d. the right of every citizen to vote.
e. the willingness of all citizens to subordinate their private interests to the common good.
ANS: E REF: p. 84

57. Republican theory held that the stability of society and the authority of the government
a. rested with the legislature.
b. required a fair distribution of economic goods.
c. depended on the free enterprise system.
d. had to be based on a constitution and bill of rights.
e. depended upon the virtue of its citizenry.
ANS: E REF: p. 84

58. The "radical Whigs" feared

a. too much democracy.
b. a written constitution.
c. the arbitrary power and corruption of the monarchy.
d. a too powerful parliament.
e. the growth of cities as threats to moral virtue.
ANS: C REF: p. 84

59. Mercantilists believed that

a. a nation needed to import more goods than it exported.
b. imperial power was a detriment to free trade.
c. the mother country produced raw materials and colonies produced the finished product.
d. a country's economic wealth could be measured by the amount of gold and silver in its
treasury.
e. the less economic regulation the better.
ANS: D REF: p. 85

60. The founding of the American colonies by the British was

a. the result of a careful plan developed by Queen Elizabeth I.
b. based on the religious aspirations of groups such as the Puritans and the Quakers.
c. strongly opposed by the "Little Englanders."
d. undertaken in a haphazard manner under a variety of auspices.
e. supervised by the British army and navy.
ANS: D REF: p. 85

61. Under mercantilist doctrine, the American colonies were expected to do all of the following except
a. supply Britain with raw materials not available there.
b. become economically self-sufficient as soon as possible.
c. not indulge in dangerous dreams of economic independence.
d. provide a market for British manufactured goods.
e. refrain from manufacturing finished goods for trade.
ANS: B REF: p. 85
62. The first Navigation Law of 1650 required that
a. the colonists transfer most of their profits from trade to Britain.
b. all commerce to and from the colonies be carried in British ships.
c. foster a colonial economy that would offer healthy competition with Britain's.
d. only specified agricultural products be grown in the colonies.
e. ship traffic on the Atlantic follow specified routes.
ANS: B REF: p. 85

63. The British Parliament enacted currency restrictions that were intended primarily to benefit
a. Virginia tobacco planters.
b. British merchants.
c. New England merchants.
d. London bankers.
e. the Crown.
ANS: B REF: p. 85

64. The British Crown's "royal veto" of colonial legislation

a. was used frequently to overturn laws passed in colonial assemblies.
b. prohibited colonists from conducting the slave trade.
c. could be overturned by a vote of two-thirds of the colonies.
d. was used rather sparingly.
e. was opposed by Parliament.
ANS: D REF: p. 85

65. Under the mercantilist system, the British government reserved the right to do all of the following
regarding the American colonies except
a. restrain the colonies from printing paper currency.
b. restrict the passage of lax bankruptcy laws.
c. require that all colonial goods had to be first landed in Britain.
d. prevent the colonies from developing militias.
e. specify that certain colonial products must be shipped to Britain.
ANS: D REF: p. 85

66. Before 1763 the Navigation Laws

a. made British merchants wealthy at the expense of Americans.
b. hurt Great Britain more than the American colonies.
c. prevented Americans from trading with countries besides Britain.
d. discouraged smuggling by American colonial merchants.
e. were only loosely enforced in the American colonies.
ANS: E REF: p. 85

67. Despite the benefits of the mercantile system, the American colonists disliked it because
a. it forced the South to adopt a one-crop economy.
b. it favored the northern over the southern colonies.
c. it reinforced class differences in the colonies.
d. it reinforced dependence on the mother country and stifled economic initiative.
e. it encouraged harsh repression by British officials.
ANS: D REF: p. 85
68. Which of the following was not among the benefits Americans enjoyed under the mercantile system?
a. the protection of the British army and navy
b. incorporation in the mighty British empire without taxation
c. the opportunity to share in the governance of other British colonies
d. a monopoly for American planters in the British tobacco market
e. subsidies for certain goods like ships' parts
ANS: C REF: p. 85

69. A new relationship between Britain and its American colonies was initiated in 1763 when ____
assumed charge of colonial policy.
a. Charles Townshend
b. George Grenville
c. Lord North
d. William Pitt
e. King George III
ANS: B REF: p. 86

70. Match each act below with the correct description.

A. Sugar Act 1. first British law intended to raise revenues in the
colonies
B. Stamp Act 2. imposed tariff duties on glass, lead, paper, paint,
and tea
C. Townshend Acts 3. required colonists to lodge British troops in their
homes
4. generated the most protest in the colonies

a. A-3, B-2, C-l

b. A-1, B-4, C-3
c. A-1, B-4, C-2
d. A-4, B-1, C-2
e. A-2, B-1, C-4
ANS: C REF: p. 86-88

71. The first law ever passed by Parliament for raising tax revenues in the colonies for the crown was the
a. Stamp Act.
b. Declaratory Act.
c. Townshend Acts.
d. Quartering Act.
e. Sugar Act.
ANS: E REF: p. 86

72. The British Parliament passed the Stamp Act to

a. raise money to support new military forces needed for colonial defense.
b. enable the British government to cut taxes at home.
c. impose tighter control on documents printed in America.
d. provide subsidies for British and American merchants.
e. provide funds for developing an American postal system.
ANS: A REF: p. 86
73. Passage of the Sugar Act and the Stamp Act
a. led many colonists to believe that the British were trying to stifle their economy.
b. convinced many colonists that the British were trying to take away their historic liberty.
c. led to alliances between Americans and British radical thinkers.
d. exemplified to many colonists the difference between legislation and taxation.
e. required approval by each colonial legislature.
ANS: B REF: p. 86

74. Both the ____ Act and the ____ Act provided for trying accused offenders in admiralty courts where
they would be assumed to be guilty unless proven innocent.
a. Townshend, Stamp
b. Sugar, Stamp
c. Stamp, Quartering
d. Declaratory, Stamp
e. Quartering, Sugar
ANS: B REF: p. 86

75. Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A) Sugar Act, (B) Declaratory Act, (C) Stamp
Act, (D) repeal of the Stamp Act.
a. A, C, D, B
b. C, A, D, B
c. C, B, A, D
d. B, A, C, D
e. A, B, D, C
ANS: A REF: p. 86-88

76. Colonists vehemently objected to the Stamp Act because

a. it would put a heavy burden on the colonial economy.
b. it was imposed by King George III without Parliamentary approval.
c. it was imposed by a Parliament in which they had no representation.
d. they opposed all taxes.
e. no British citizens had ever paid a tax on printed documents.
ANS: C REF: p. 87

77. When colonists shouted, "No taxation without representation," they were
a. denying Parliament's power to legislate for the colonies.
b. rejecting Parliament's power to levy revenue-raising taxes on the colonies.
c. objecting to King George's taxes imposed without Parliamentary approval.
d. demanding the right to be represented in the British Parliament.
e. insisting that colonial legislatures have a veto power over taxes.
ANS: B REF: p. 87

78. In rebelling against the Stamp Act, many colonists

a. sent delegates to the Stamp Act Congress.
b. developed nonimportation agreements against British goods.
c. held spinning bees to make homespun cloth.
d. hanged colonial tax officials in effigy.
e. all of these.
ANS: E REF: p. 87
79. "Virtual" representation was the British theory that
a. colonists could cast "virtual" votes in Parliament without being physically present.
b. members of Parliament represented all British subjects even those who had not voted for
them.
c. colonists could elect their own representatives to Parliament.
d. Parliament could pass virtually all types of legislation except taxes.
e. the colonists' political virtue was embodied in Parliament.
ANS: B REF: p. 87

80. The Stamp Act Congress was held in

a. Boston.
b. Philadelphia.
c. Chicago.
d. Newport.
e. New York.
ANS: E REF: p. 87

81. As a result of American opposition to the Townshend Acts,

a. British officials sent regiments of troops to Boston to restore law and order.
b. the port of Boston was closed.
c. Americans killed several British soldiers in the Boston Massacre.
d. the British imposed a new tax on tea.
e. Prime Minister Townshend was forced to resign.
ANS: A REF: p. 88

82. The British government eventually repealed nearly all the Townshend taxes because
a. they realized that direct taxes would be more effective.
b. smuggling had made the laws practically unenforceable.
c. colonists had stopped using glass, paper, and paint.
d. Lord North's government understood the justice of colonial protests.
e. they produced little revenue and were costly to enforce.
ANS: E REF: p. 89

83. Arrange these events in chronological order: (A) Boston Massacre, (B) Townshend Acts, (C) Tea Act,
(D) Intolerable Acts.
a. A, B, C, D
b. D, B, C, A
c. C, B, D, A
d. B, A, C, D
e. A, C, D, B
ANS: D REF: p. 88-91
84. Match each individual on the left with the correct description.
A. Samuel Adams 1. a casualty of the Boston Massacre
B. John Adams 2. a foreign volunteer who drilled American troops
during the War of Independence
C. Crispus Attucks 3. a pamphleteer who first organized committees to
exchange ideas and information on resisting
British policy
4. a Massachusetts politician who opposed the
moderates' solution to the imperial crisis at the
First Continental Congress

a. A-4, B-3, C-2

b. A-3, B-4, C-1
c. A-2, B-4, C-2
d. A-2, B-1, C-3
e. A-4, B-1, C-2
ANS: B REF: p. 88-89

85. The tax on tea was retained when the Townshend Acts were repealed because
a. people loved tea so much they would pay the tax.
b. the money was needed to support British troops in America.
c. it kept alive the principle of parliamentary taxation.
d. it was the only tax passed by the colonists.
e. it was demanded by the British East India Company.
ANS: C REF: p. 90

86. The local committees of correspondence organized by Samuel Adams

a. promoted his bid to become governor of Massachusetts.
b. promoted independent action in each colony to support the British.
c. kept opposition to the British alive through exchanging letters.
d. served as a precursor to the United States Postal Service.
e. led the Boston Massacre.
ANS: C REF: p. 89

87. Arrange the following events in chronological order: (A) clash at Lexington and Concord, (B) meeting
of the First Continental Congress, (C) Quebec Act, (D) Boston Tea Party.
a. C, D, A, B
b. B, A, C, D
c. D, C, B, A
d. A, B, D, C
e. A, D, C, B
ANS: C REF: p. 90-91
88. When the British government awarded a monopoly on the American tea trade to the British East India
Company,
a. it stirred colonial opposition to big business monopolies.
b. colonists believed it was designed to get them to violate their principles and pay the tea
tax.
c. the colonists immediately called the First Continental Congress into session.
d. the colonists realized that the British government was favoring Indian tea growers over
American consumers.
e. many Americans gave up tea and turned to coffee.
ANS: B REF: p. 90

89. The Boston Tea Party of 1773 was

a. an isolated incident.
b. directed primarily at the British East India Company.
c. partly provoked by Governor Thomas Hutchinson's harsh enforcement of the law.
d. supported by American conservatives and radicals alike.
e. a largely symbolic act of protest.
ANS: C REF: p. 90

90. The most drastic measure of the Intolerable Acts was the
a. Quartering Act.
b. Quebec Act.
c. Sugar Act.
d. Courts Act.
e. Boston Port Act.
ANS: E REF: p. 91

91. The Quebec Act

a. outlawed Catholicism in British Quebec.
b. guaranteed Quebec its traditional customs and Catholic religion.
c. restricted Quebec's boundaries to the area north of the Great Lakes.
d. ended the issues that caused the French and Indian War.
e. was a harshly repressive measure.
ANS: B REF: p. 91

92. The Quebec Act was especially unpopular in the American colonies because it did all of the following
except
a. turn an extensive amount of territory over to Catholic control.
b. affect many colonies, not just Massachusetts.
c. impose restrictions on French Canadian institutions and customs.
d. alarm land speculators, who saw a huge area snatched from their grasp.
e. set a dangerous precedent against jury trials.
ANS: C REF: p. 91
93. The First Continental Congress was called in order to
a. protest the Intolerable Acts and redress colonial grievances.
b. pass legislation that would nullify British tax laws.
c. raise and organize an army to fight the British.
d. decide which of Parliament's taxes the colonies would and would not pay.
e. establish a unified government for the colonies.
ANS: A REF: p. 91

94. The First Continental Congress

a. was attended by delegates from all of the thirteen colonies.
b. adopted a moderate proposal for establishing colonial home rule under British direction.
c. made a ringing declaration of America's independence from Britain.
d. called for a complete boycott of British goods.
e. brought George Washington to the fore as the most prominent anti-British radical.
ANS: D REF: p. 91

95. As a result of Parliament's rejection of the First Continental Congress's petitions,

a. Americans vowed to declare their independence.
b. both sides prepared for an imminent clash of arms.
c. Sam Adams and John Hancock were arrested.
d. America sent a last-ditch peace delegation to London.
e. King George III declared the colonists to be in rebellion.
ANS: B REF: p. 91

96. As the War for Independence began, Britain had the advantage of
a. overwhelming national wealth and naval power.
b. an alliance with Spain and Holland.
c. a well-organized and united home government and population.
d. first-rate generals and a well-supplied professional army.
e. a well-formed strategic military plan.
ANS: A REF: p. 92

97. All of the following were weaknesses of the British during the War for Independence except
a. second-rate military officers.
b. insufficient naval forces.
c. the need to keep many soldiers in Ireland and elsewhere.
d. inadequate provisions.
e. a confused and inept government.
ANS: B REF: p. 92

98. Many Whigs in Britain hoped for an American victory in the War for Independence because they
a. wanted the Tory government defeated so they could come to power.
b. were strongly pacifist.
c. feared that if George III triumphed, his rule at home might become tyrannical.
d. rejected colonialism.
e. admired the principles of republicanism.
ANS: C REF: p. 92
 99. As the War for Independence began, the colonies had the advantage of
a. highly reliable and well-supplied troops.
b. potential aid from the Armed Neutrality League.
c. a well-organized, strongly committed, and united population.
d. many outstanding political and military leaders.
e. a sound economy and financial system.
ANS: D REF: p. 93

100. The colonists faced all of the following weaknesses in the War for Independence except
a. poor organization.
b. colonial disunity and weak central authority.
c. a weak economy and lack of military supplies.
d. the necessity of employing European officers.
e. a poorly trained militia and few professional soldiers.
ANS: D REF: p. 93

101. By the end of the War for Independence,

a. the majority of Americans supported independence with selfless devotion.
b. the part-time militia had proven effective at guerilla warfare.
c. the American military no longer needed foreign assistance.
d. a few thousand American regular troops became an effective fighting force.
e. America had developed a strong, well-trained navy.
ANS: D REF: p. 94

102. African Americans during the Revolutionary War

a. fought for both the Americans and the British.
b. were betrayed by the British whom they fought for.
c. were promised freedom from slavery by the Americans.
d. were seldom enlisted in the armed forces of either side.
e. seized the opportunity to gain their freedom by running away to Canada and the West
Indies.
ANS: A REF: p. 94

103. Regarding American independence,

a. a majority of Americans vigorously supported the cause.
b. most of the American business community sacrificed profit for victory.
c. it was British blunders more than American effort that won the war.
d. only a minority of Americans backed independence with selfless devotion.
e. the Spanish and Dutch provided the crucial aid that brought victory.
ANS: D REF: p. 94

104. In November 1775 ____, royal governor of Virginia, issued a proclamation offering freedom to any
enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British Army.
a. Thomas Hutchinson
b. George Grenville
c. Lord Dunmore
d. William Franklin
e. Robert Townshend
ANS: C REF: p. 94
105. At war's end the British kept their word, to some at least, evacuating as many as fourteen thousand
____ to Nova Scotia, Jamaica, and Britain itself for their loyalty to the British Empire during the war.
a. Mulattos
b. Whigs
c. Black Loyalists
d. Patriots
e. Tories
ANS: C REF: p. 94

MULTIPLE RESPONSE

106. The Navigation Laws required that

a. all commerce to and from the colonies be carried only on British vessels.
b. European goods going to the colonies had first to be put in at a British port and pay duties.
c. certain goods produced in the colonies, like tobacco, be shipped only to Britain.
d. the colonies could not sell goods in any country except Britain.
e. the colonies had to use British paper currency.
ANS: A, B, C REF: p. 85

107. To a degree, the Navigation Laws were beneficial to colonists because

a. colonists were paid subsidies for producing ships' parts and stores.
b. tobacco growers were guaranteed a monopoly of the British market for their crop.
c. colonial trading ships were protected by the Royal Navy.
d. colonists had a guaranteed market in other parts of the British empire.
e. gold and silver flowed into the colonies from the West Indies.
ANS: A, B, C REF: p. 85

108. Colonists disliked the new British policy of trying accused tax-policy offenders in admiralty courts
because the offenders
a. would be assumed guilty unless they could prove themselves innocent.
b. would be taken to Britain for trial.
c. could not present witnesses in their own defense.
d. would not receive a jury trial.
e. could not have an attorney.
ANS: A, D REF: p. 86

109. Prime Minister George Grenville responded to American protests against his policies by asserting that
a. colonists were "virtually" represented in Parliament even if they did not have the vote.
b. the power of Parliament was absolutely supreme in the empire.
c. the King would protect the "rights of Englishmen" against tyranny.
d. British subjects could be taxed without their being represented in Parliament.
e. he would remove British troops in America if their protests stopped.
ANS: A, B REF: p. 87
110. The Townshend Acts
a. were more vigorously protested by colonists than was the Stamp Act.
b. were designed to raise revenue to help pay the salaries of royal governors.
c. failed to produce the volume of revenue expected.
d. were largely repealed by Parliament.
e. were reluctantly accepted by the colonists.
ANS: B, C, D REF: p. 88

111. In direct response to the Boston Tea Party, Parliament

a. closed Boston harbor.
b. restricted town meetings in New England.
c. allowed British officials who killed colonists to be taken to Britain for trial.
d. repealed the Tea Act.
e. passed the Quebec Act.
ANS: A, B, C REF: p. 91

ESSAY

112. Explain the relationship between mercantilism, the Navigation Laws, and British efforts to create an
administrative structure for their empire after 1696.

ANS:

113. Given that the Quebec Act did not apply to the thirteen seaboard colonies, why did the act create such
a stir of protest among them?

ANS:

114. Compare and contrast the major advantages and disadvantages of the British and the colonists,
respectively, as the American Revolutionary War began? What would Britain have to do to win? What
would the colonists have to do to win?

ANS:

115. At what point in the chain of events between 1760 and 1776 did the American War for Independence
become inevitable? In the same connection, what was the last possible point at which a compromise
between the British government and the colonies might have avoided war?

ANS:

116. What were the reasons for the widespread American belief that there was a British conspiracy to
deprive them of their liberties? What British statements and actions reinforced this fear?

ANS:
117. If the colonists' fundamental principle was "no taxation without representation," why did moderate
proposals for American representation in the British Parliament fail to succeed?

ANS:

118. Could America have achieved its independence gradually and peacefully, as such British colonies as
Canada and Australia eventually did? Why or why not?

ANS:

119. Which of the following do you think was most responsible for the conflict between Britain and its
American colonies: (A) the ineptness of parliamentary leadership, (B) the colonists' militant anti-tax
beliefs, (C) the high-handedness of King George III and his ministers, (D) the differences in ideology
between Americans and the mother country, or (E) the effectiveness of American propagandists like
Samuel Adams? Justify your choice.

ANS:

120. List the following in order of their importance to colonial protest: petitions, pamphlets, congresses,
boycotts, mob action, committees of correspondence. Justify your ranking.

ANS:

121. Assess the validity of the following statement, "It might be said that it was the British who were
revolutionaries in 1763 and the colonists who were conservatives attempting to preserve the status
quo."

ANS:

122. John Adams once said that the American Revolution occurred first in the minds of the people before it
took place on the battlefield. What did he mean? Was he correct?

ANS:

123. If you were a knowledgeable journalist or writer looking at the American rebellion in 1775, what
would you have predicted the outcome of the war to be? What subsequent developments might have
been most surprising, and which least so?

ANS:

124. Was the Revolution a radically new and unforeseen event in world history, or was it essentially a
moderate or even conservative development that did not seek drastic social change?

ANS:
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Hooren orja jyryää,
Hooreskuče leimauksia iskee,
llmaračče maailman isän ylimmäinen orja
Tulipalloja ampuu, aukaisee vesiastian.

Palvelija menee, äijälle kertoo:

"Nyt on toisten kyläin päämies tullut."
Kutsukaa toisen kylän päämies 70.
Toisen kylän päämiehelle vieraiksi.
"Minkämuotoinen on hän?" —
"Hartioista päätä korkeampi kaikkia,
Kypärä päässä on, hampaat, katseet välkkää,
Sotasauva kädessä, kintaat,
Sotisopa suojelee,
On hartiot, on luut.
Arparumpu pärrää, airut pauhaa,
Varamiehet sun ja hänen
Käyvät kahden puolen harjua. 80.
Kaatuneen kätkijät valmiina ovat."

"Asettakaa atriaksi kokonainen hehko-vaadin

Tuokaatte rautainen paitani,
Jousia, nuolia, saittoja, keihäitä."
Poika tulee, näkee pääkallon seipään päässä,
Kyykäärmeet sidottuna,
Joista lapset nuoli-mujuja ottivat.
(Airut) lupauksen huutaa, haastaa:
Vaadin, vaadin (häntä tappeluun) veden pinnalle!
(Ei vastata).
Vaadin, vaadin veden alle! (Ei vastata). 90.
Vaadin, vaadin käsivoittosille!
Vaadin, vaadin sylipainiin! —
(Kun ei kukaan vastaa, sanoo poika:)

"Ukkoseni, ukkoseni, kenen on pääkallo?" —

"Piššan Paššan pääkallo!" —
"Vaadin, vaadin nuolen nenälle!"
Ukko ikkunasta ampuu nuolen.
Ei pystynyt.
(Poika) tempasi, iskee kiveä vasten:
"Ukkoseni, ukkoseni,
Kussa on tämä nuoli tylsistynyt?" — 100.
"Piššan Paššan hampaissa!"
"Tosin hampaat haljenneina!" —
Vaadin, vaadin saitan-päälle.
(Vanhus) tulistetun saitaa jousella ampuu
Keihäällään (poika sen) syrjään iskee, ottaa,
Pistää koivuun, väännältää:
"Ukkoseni, ukkoseni!
Miss' on tämä saittasi vääntynyt?" —
"Piššan Paššan hampaissa. —
Vaadin, vaadin keihäs-otteluun!"
(Vanhus) jalkajousella ikkunasta 110.
Myrkytetyn keihään heittää.
(Poika) sotasauvallaan kiitävän keihään iskee,
Ottaa, kivein väliin sysää,
Väännyttää, katkasi, kysyy:
"Ukkoseni, äijäseni! Kussa tämä keihääsi on katkennut?" —
"Piššan Paššan hampaissa!" —
"Aha, karhu on luolaan tukeutettu!" —
"Minkä kautta nyt, pojanpoika, pelastaun,
Uksen kautta, vai takaoven kautta?" —
"Oi, tule ukkoni tänne takaoven kautta." 120.

Aseellisna tulee,
Poika sota-sauvoin vastaa,
Kurkun tyvestä tempaisee, Rautapaidan sulkia
Rintaan painaa, väännältää.
Vanhus: "tulkaa, tulkaa: avuksi,
Nyt ovat kahden kylän päälliköt painisilla!"

———

Ilman haltian ylimmäinen orja

Tulinuolella ampuu kotaa, keiton (kumoo)
Sytyttää. 130.
Poika: "paistut, peseyt nyt
Piššan Paššan porojen lihaliemessä!"
Palvelijat tulevat, mikä halon kanssa,
Mikä kirvehen kanssa,
Mikä äimän, mikä minki kanssa.
Piššan Paššan poika kukistaa,
Staalun kanssa kaaristaa, hieroo, maata
Vasten survii, tarkoin kysyy:
"Kumman nyt valitset: rantaa myöten menet,
(lähdet maanpakoon) vai palvelet?
Missä on Piššan Paššan kätketty aarre?
Missä on Piššan Paššan porokarja?" 140.
(Airut:)
Jumalan tulipallo sydämen mustentaa tai
Sieluja kirkastaa.
Mikä olet sinä (elämästä) eritessä,
Kun lusikan heität pois, jos nyt henkesi viedään?
(Vanhus:)
Pišša Pašša vainajan ruskea silmä
Tulta suikkaa, polttaa, lumoo,
Toisen ilman tietä (vihasta) läähättäen estää (minulta),
Turhaan minä (häntä) henkineen, luineen,
Verineen, suonineen taaskin nostattelen. —
(Poika:)
"Kumpaa teet: rantaa myöten menet, vai palvelet?" 150.
(Vanhus:)
Miss' on sovituslahja, joka Piššaa Paššaa lepyttää,
Joka anteeksiannon suopi?
Tehty teko on ammuttu nuoli.
Ken (voi) kuolleita lepyttää? —
(Airut:)
Itse tämän Jumala sovittaa,
Jos on tulipallo lävistänyt,
Painanut, virheitä valaissut,
Poijes polttanut, lämmittänyt,
Itse pyyhkii, sivelee, sovittaa, yhdistää.
Hän on itse, ei hän ole kuin minä ja sinä, 160.
Ei hän ole kuin sinä ja minä;
Hän itse selittää, anteeksi antaa,
Paremmaksi kääntää.
Mutta itsen pitää (häntä) riemulla vastata,
Se on oleva hänen etevin tavaransa,
Hänen sydämensä etevin pyyntö.
Jos et (siitä) huoli, niin sun tulipallo mustentaa,
Pilaa, lumoo, pahaan puoleen liittää.
Toisen ilman sieluilla ei ole
Luita, lihoja, ovatpa kuitenki olemassa, 170.
Eivät he sijaa ota, eivät kalliot ahdista,
Ei vesi estä, ei keskeytä,
He ovat kuin ajatuksia, menevät kautta maan,
Päiväsen, kuun, tähtein läpi menevät.
Ei heillä ole aikaa, aika on niskan taakse mennyt,
Unissa osottaivat niille, jotka ovat
Mielettömyyden ja sokeuden keskeltä.
Nämä ovat manalaisia, jotka on Ilmaračča parantanut;
Vainajat ne, jotka ovat mustuneet,
(Tahrautuneet, saastuneet), 180.
Nyt ovat nähtävänä, heitä on hyviä, pahoja,
Eivät he enää aikaa, sijaa ota.
Mikä on taivaan puvun saanut,
Mikä on väärän puvun saanut, rumistunut,
Ovat keskenään riidassa lakkaamatta,
Eivätkä koskaan sovi, yhdisty,
Yhtenään ovat vastakkain, vastakkain.
Taivaan isä itse on itse,
Ei hän ole kuin me ja te, te ja me, 190.
Itse hän taivasta hallitsee,
Itse hän toista elämää hallitsee. —
(Vanhus) "Näen: hän voi vikoja pois pyyhkiä,
Anteeksi antaa, häviöön saattaa,
Sydäntä rauhoittaa, poloista viihdyttää,
Viihdyttää, sovintoa rakentaa.
Nytpä rantaa myöten menen,
(Tavarain) omistajasta, tavaroista luovun.
Omistaja ottakoon karjansa,
Itseäni pikku parvella elättelen 200.
 Paikalau itäisellä puolella,
Nyt on kivikko-maata,
Reppevuorilla, Ammartan latvoilla.
En enempää vaadi kuin
Läänan rannan lohi-patoja.
Metson pään pyytöpaikkoja."
Piššan Paššan poika
Koirallaan kaljasta puolen lohkasi.
Sen jälkeen Staalu kuoli.
Rämeesen, veden, mudan alle kätkivät, 210.
Kaatuneen hoitajat tallettivat hänen luunsa.
Varamiehille osan antoi,
Staalun perhe isäntäänsä seurasi.
Poika: "Ei tipautettu vertä". —
Tyynellä sydämellä (poika)
Kasvonsa käänsi
Länteen äitinsä luo.
Hän oli rankkasateen taittanut,
Vainajat sovittanut yhteen.
Äitiään halasi päiväpuolen,
Yöpuolen, keräjä-kodan 220.
Ylimmäinen mies.
Jo nyt isänsä nurmipenkereitä,
Olopaikkoja uudisti, pystytti.

(Muist.)

23. Poššu = peräpuoli kotaa.

50. Noita oli tappelussa läsnä sekä manaajana ja julistusmiehenä,

että tuomarina. Kädessään piti hän sauvaa, jonka sysäsi maahan,
kun piti kaksintaistelusta herjettämän. Varamiehet, kaatuneen
hautaajat ja noita tekivät työnsä palkan edestä.

129. salama, oik. tuli-pallo. Lappalaisten käsityksen mukaan on

salama pallon muotoinen.

138. kaddem kuoret seurata rantaa, s.o. lähteä maanpakoon,

edeltämällä että se tapahtuu vettä myöten.

203. Ammurt on vuori luoteisessa osassa Sorselen pitäjää.

3.

Päive neita.

Koigus pardne kúöked päiven,

Pakte-lihpen nuolisne dǟǯǯan,
Veidnije Päive neitem čahkan.
Nāka, nāka suölge ja loudalle,
Päive neita jạttā;
Jū gu jū äljutallejim dāle
Vuöidna, vuöidna niära dist dāle,
Ulle dạss ei ulle.
Vụoidna dāle, minńelte vaʒʒe, vúojet.
Ihke maite kūlla, ī' kalk puöstalen vardasit. 10.
Päive neit īč oudelte vaʒʒa
Ja ǟlu minńelt jūgu lambče juhta.
Dạ goula olvas aitem minńelist
Čuöca, olvas dahte tolttā.
Kalkes pluöhkije, pässkadit,
Koulā kalkes vuöččije, tīje pliđket.
Ou ku piđket,
Tīje ininneke früđke.
Päive neita:
"Vuojehte, vuojeht akten halkisen, 20.
Kosse gūlla minńeliste niddark,
Präđkät tīje raddike kirrạlle,
Vaʒʒa, vaʒʒa vuojeten."
Kosse ku varda minńelist nūen luötten,
Tē postolin pliđketi,
Tīje kaskatalvejạs čuöpkäne,
Ja koŧŧine šäŧŧa.
Vus lūli tehti arekes paha lūli koŧŧi almačen.
Pāive neita jạhta:
Jū gu jū olma dạss ēji.
Kōte dāgamisne ja duörkastemisne
pihkạmde:
Kapče dāl vēl kaikke raike, 30.
Ulles aktege vuödne,
Tīje kapčạte ja aktak jạhta:
Čeppist kalkā viššit kaikīt kapčetit.
Tīje lāče Pāive neita
Tibmab vúogas ōđāđakkam.
Ō dī āriden vuóptestǟpan,
Paive unne raikeii čạdda.
Pāive neita jạhta:
ō! Aččenne ēdnenne čalmīt vuöidnam,
Ja fruođkạt ulkus aipan ja jēlinne minńesne. 40.
Pōca tisse keđkine kạrras,
Keđkine pakčekattin.
 Muistutuksia.

0. Eräästä vihkosta päällekirjoituksella: Jukkasjärvi 1821; kieli on

minulle osaksi epäselvä.

1. Herjeđal'in Peijen neida. Toisinto tästä kertomuksesta tavataan

Düben'llä, Lappland sivu 336. Muutoin kerrotaan kaikenlaisia taruja
P. neidosta, vallankin Herjedal'issa.

2. Utsj. murt. vúölis.

3. veidnēj, utsj. oini. Herjedal'in: čihkit.

6. äljehtallejijem. — 7. vuoina.

10. mam. — 11. oudenne.

12. Utsj. läuǯi ohja.

13. gūlle olvus. Utsj. kulia holvus aitim.

14. Utsj. čuocit puuttaa. — 21. koass.

24. luöddene. — 26. Utsj. cuovkkani.

20. Utsj. takkamist, tuorkastǟmist.

30. Utsj. kouča tāl, 31 amas oktage oaini, 32. Te koučati.

33. Utsj. čǟppit, 34 lǟči, 35 oađađak. 37. čađa.

Päivän neito.
 Laiska miespä poutaisena päivänä
Äkkijyrkän vuoren heulalla
Näki päivän neidon istumassa.
Sinne hiipi hän ja tempas hänen kiini,
Näinpä päivän neito lausuvi:
Niinpä kyllä, voimattomaks jouduin nyt,
Mutta kuule nyt, mies kulta, kuule,
Rauhaan heitä.
Kuule nyt, käy jäljessäni karjaa ajellen.
Jospa minkä kuulet, taakses älä katso. 10.
Päivän neito astuu edellä.
Häntä seuraa karja kuni ohjella ajettu.
Mies nyt kuulee kovan uhkauksen takanaan.
Pauhu käy ja kauheasti uhkaillaan,
Hänet murskataan ja lävistetään,
Häntä ampuavat, kuulee hän,
Taaksensa hän vilkasee.
Samassa kun taakseen katsahtaa
Karjasta jo jälkilauma katoaa.
Päivän neito lausuvi;
"Aja, aja karjaa yhä huudellen. 20.
Kun sen kuulee aivan jäljissä.
Paisu, ja porot sivuilla eteenpäin,
Riennä, riennä, aja karjaa."
Takana, kuin myrsky, kuului pauhina,
Silloin jälkeensä hän vilkasi,
Keskilaumakin nyt hävis karjasta
Muuttuin metsäpeuroiksi.
Muutoin laiskan miehen omiks oisivat joutuneet.
Päivän neito virkkoi (alakuloisena);
Taas, taas teki pahoin mies.
Kotaa tehdessä ja maata peittäessä risuilla, näin neito
neuvoo miestä;
Peitä tarkkaan rei'āt kaikki, 30.
Ett'ei jää niin ainoatakaan.
Hänpä peittää tuumiskellen näin;
Tyyni, tarkkaan kaikk' on peitettävä.
Sitten päivän neito valmistaa
Pehmyisen ja mukavaisen vuoteen.
Varhain aamulla kun herasi,
Päivä paistoi pienen rei'an kautta,
Näinpä päivän neito virkkoi:
"Voi, nyt näen isämme, äitimme silmät";
Ulos nopeasti riennähtää, 40.
Katoaa, ja karja hänen jäljessään,
Porot muuttui kaikki kiviksi,
Niitä kammoellaan vieläkin.

4.

Kạssạ Mụödda.

Māna' neidạča' pārnača'

Stōkạgōtin, šollạgōtin,
Kahpạdạllin haskadallīn
Āja' kúöräm luöddit luöitin.

Stālu roudīđis rạpạsti

Čācai coggi, moivai čiegai.
Aijačis aigumims aici,
Porrien súölasīt sạttuit,
Pạskạ pöukạrạm čāngeli,
Peibarin roudit velledi. 10.
Stālu pụdoms oppa.
Aha, haha!
Pōris panne pạhtatạlli,
Kalmi tạssạ.
Stālu kuödda kohtsustạsta
Súöva muorạn ātsuln.
Uhče staluč:
Kē, kē,
Nirvutạlla, narvutạlla!
Nuppe:
Ton dat nirvutalla' narvutalla',
Vall i Jupmel lahje.
Aija jūrtača:
Jo Jupmelam son meit tieda 20.
Stālu:
Tē tē tāl jū suddogōta.
Tievai tuokin ābnạstạlla,
Vạrtā, vǟrā, čúōhpa cäkkā,
Poššu bālden kaugelm gohpā.
Pōresab pārnai:
"Parnam búörram veǯǯa' vēdkạm."
Pōres podńe veđkạm vụöggast(a).

Uhče stālu:
Ahčam tē kahča, ahčam tē svihča,
Ahčam tē merresạm dúohpī!
 Stālu:
Joika, vúolutallā, āča,
Ī kūla, ī kekše, ī tēde. 30.
Aija pōresab bārnen
Oivai losskạll, jāmas jaukạll.

Stālu:
Kohkahā, joikotā, vuörtā.

Nuoreb bārnai:
Veǯǯạ' vieđkạm, vạrgi, vạrgi!

Aija
Mạnnjeban meit kallum lúösā,
Vuóingamit lúövạs loggasta,
Jēnan beggait potkudạsta.

Stālu:
Tē dal madderit moʒuban,
Cahkīt čougait jorruhtǟban,
Jīč mun dauk jīč tụöbbistạstạm.

Aija
Bīšīm poiššu paldam vēđkạin 40.
Varutạlla, vaʒatạlla.
Jīč-āčan oivem oivadi.
Kobdạ kallum kúovalti,
Cạlminis, núöninis čoglạsti,
Olmu-porrien mālem leikki,
Maiges mālin loiduit leibai.
 Luhdạč loiduin loipartallā,
Snuöggā, snūrrā, haksatallā,
Poššun čađa pōteit,
Peiparīte tuöstutallā, 50.
Kētạin karffū, kerjutạlla;
Palku, palku peura juölkit,
Allu palku kalsu-juölkit!

Kuktis tāt tāl ńạttitạ

Ku taht tahtak jiča!

Luhdač:
Mījas rúottā, ruöskā, suđđā.
Šilasīn suovasīn snūđđā,
Plohkā, paukā, spohkā?
Čuönītet, čúönītet čalmāčam,
Tolkka niaddegist čougạstet, 60.
Čalmačạm, čúönačạm sierret!

Aija:
Podńačat, čalmačat pōnnuī'!

Luhdač;
Čoivastam čālmačam pōńam,
Juglučam, pāhčičam, mānnam!

Kassa mụödda pǟjuhten (pǟjutin) vuölgā.

Muistutuksia.

1. Herjedal'issa ja Sorsele'ssa Kissa muodda.

 3. stōkagōtīn, šollogōtīn.

4. Ruots. lap. kuoren prope, penes.

6. čēgai. Ruots. lap. čǟket salata.

8. Borrien, 9. baska böukº.

10. Beibarin röudīt j.n.e. useissa sanoissa alku-ääntävällä

media'lla. eteläisen, norjan-lapin ääntämisellä.

12. Bōres banne battatalli s.l. pettatallet; Friis: pättatalai.

17. nirvuhạllā, narvuhallā, Herjedal'issa: ńirvutallā, ńarvutº.

19. vall i Ipmel; Herjedal'in: vall i Jupmel lahje vaddas.

20. ton meit tēdahk.

23. H. cähka. 24. palda, palden prope.

25. i.e. kōtist. Herjedal'in: vieđkạm, vierkạm. 26. Tämän värssyn

perästä on eräässä toisinnossa kohta V. 31. Värssyt 27—34 kuuluvat
Sorselessa tehtyyn kirjoitukseen. Toisinto: jū svihča, jū gähča, jū
merresa (vel pēsesa) túopi. 27. Sorselessa oli eräällä toisinnolla,
jonka kuulin: ahčam, ahčam, čalme jollare.

32. juóikotā. 33. vētkạm.

34. Kirjakieli: mange, mangeba seuraava.

35. loggastā.

37. Tie v. die dāl — moʒustǟpan.

38. čuöigait, H. čöugait.

39. duöppestastam dauk = s. toki.

40. Tornio; bissim, bīsim. 42. H. oivasen oivadi.

45. porrīn. 47. Lūdač, Ludač, Luohdač — bībạrdạlla.

48 snūđđā, hạksahalla.

50. Beibarīte tuōstuhạlla. 54. Kuktis dāt ńattita.

56. leibai rúotta, ruöska, snūdda, plohka j.n.e.

60. Duölhke maddegest. 61. čalmāčam, čuönāčam.

62. čalmāčat pōnńudī'.

Paksuturkki.

Lapset, tyttöset, poikaset

Lauleli, leikitteli,
Hypiskeli, harppaeli,
Lähteen reunalle jälkiänsä jätteli.
Stalu rautansa viritti,
Laski veteen, peitti pohjan helteesen.
Vanha lappalainen viekkauden keksi,
Ihinis-syöjän salasangat,
Ahtaasen turkkiin pujahti,
Panihe karhun-rautoihin. 10
 Stalu rantojaan kokevi:
Ahaa, hahaa!
Pettyipä jo vanha vaari,
Tähän henkensä heitti!
Stalu viepi äijän kotiinsa,
Ripustaa orteen, savuhun.

Nuorin stalu sanoo:

Kas, kas,
Kuinka tuo irvistelee, ilveilee!

Toinen (vanhempi) poika;

"Itse irvistät, ilveilet.
Ei tämä luojan lahja."

Vanha lappalainen arvelee:

"Kaikkipa luojasta tietääkin!" 20

Stalu:
"Niin, niin, jopa se alkaa sulaa."
Kukkulan takana kaataa hän
Puun kaukaloksi,
Kaataa puun, karsii, veistää, vuolee,
Kovertaa siitä kaukalon (poššun) taka-oven vieressä.

Sanoo vanhemmalle pojalle:

Poika kulta, tuopas kirves (kodasta).
Vanha lappalainen tempaa kirveen.

Nuorempi stalu:
"Isä, jo vilkahti, jo se liikahti.
Jo se kirveen tempasi!"
Stalu iloitsee, laulaa ja jyristää. 30
Ei kuule mitään, ei näe mitään, ei tiedä mitään.

Vanha lappalainen
Iskee (vanhempaa poikaa) päähän, lyöpi kuoliaksi.

Stalu
Oudoksuu viipymistä, laulelee odotellen.
Hän sanoo nuoremmalle pojalle:
"Tuo mulle kirves, joudu, joudu!"

Vanha lappalainen
Hakkasi tältäkin pääkallon halki,
Avasi aivot,
Laski henkikurkun äänen kätki.

Stalu (sen kuulee):

"Kaikissa nurkissa he nuhjistavat,
Kääntelevät päätään, vääntelävät silmiään. 40
Itse mun täytyy kirves noutaa."

Vanha lappalainen
Väijyy häntä varovasti, kirves kädessä,
esi- ja taka-oven välillä.

Väijyy ja juoksee edestakaisin.

Hän iskee iskun hirmun päähän.
Halkaisee leveän otsan.
Repäisee pois silmät ja nenän,
Vuodattaa ihmis-syöjän veret,
Hurme ilkeä punasi jalan jäljet.
 (Vanha lappalainen kantaa surmatut ulos, hakkaa
kappaleiksi ja viskaa palan palansa perästä
Luhdač'ille, joka sillä välin on tullut kotiin):
Luhdač kompuroipi lattialla,
Haistelee, vainuelee, iloitsee, 50
Saalihista, joka poššuun tulee.
Hän ottaa saaliin käsiinsä,
Silittelee sormillaan ja huutaa äistyen:
"Viskaa tänne peuran potkia.
Älä sukka-jalkasia!"

(Hän syöpi hänen miehestään sekä lapsistaan

keitettyä lientä):

"Kah, tääpä maistaa.

Aivan maistaa äijältäni!"

(Lappalainen ottaa akan silmät, jotka ovat

kynnyksen alla piilossa, paistaa ne pannussa.
Luhdač sen kuulee, kysyy):
"Mikäs näin kiehuu, kihisee.
Mikä sysillä sihisee,
Puhkee, pahkoaa, rätisee? 60
Katsokaatte minun silmäni.
Selkeentykää kynnyksen alla,
Selkeentykää, minun silmäni, minun säkeneni!"

Lappalainen:

Miehesi, silmäsi olet rasvaan kastellut ja

syönyt suuhusi.
 Luhdac:
Vatsassani ovat minun silmäni, minun mieheni.
Minun pikku pöllöni, poika kultani, pikkaraiseni!

(Paksuturkki lappalainen lähtee ivaten tiehensä).

(Muist.)

1. Tässä muodossa, joka jotenkin on yhden pitävä Düben'in

antamaan käännöksen kanssa (Om Lappland och Lapparna sivu
337), on tämä kertomus saatu Tornion lapista (Karesuanto).
Lyhykäisemmän toisinnon, joka on saatu etelämmältä, olen
Fjellner'in sanelun mukaan liittänyt muistutuksiin. Laestadius'en
mukaan on Friis ottanut mythologiaansa (sivu 78) koko joukon
pitemmän muotoisena norjalaisessa käännöksessä.

47. Stalun vaimo kutsutaan luteeksi (luhdač), siitä syystä että hän
rautaisella pillillä imee vertä ihmisten ruumiista.

64. Pieniä lapsia sanotaan mairitellen pöllöiksi (juglač), koska he

silmät suurina päässä katselevat ympärillensä.