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 ·-•
•• Fourth Edition

Nursing Theories
and Nursing Practice
3312_FM_i-xx 26/12/14 5:51 PM Page vii
defined and explained in a book about educa-
tion of nurses written by Dorothea Orem.
During the weeks that followed, as I did my
work of nursing in the hospital, I explored
Orem’s ideas about why people need nursing,
nursing’s purposes, and what nurses do. I
found a fit between her ideas, as I understood
them, with my practice, and I learned that I
could go even further to explain and design
nursing according to these ways of thinking
about nursing. I discovered that nursing shared
some knowledge and practices with other serv-
ices, such as pharmacy and medicine, and I
began to distinguish nursing from these related
fields of practice. I decided to stay in nursing
and made plans to study and work with
Dorothea Orem. In addition to learning about
nursing theory and its meaning in all we do, I
learned from Dorothea that nursing is a unique
discipline of knowledge and professional prac-
tice. In many ways, my earliest questions about
nursing have guided my subsequent study and
work. Most of what I have done in nursing has
been a continuation of my initial experience of
the interrelations of all aspects of nursing
scholarship, including the scholarship that is
nursing practice. Over the years, I have been
privileged to work with many nursing scholars,
some of whom are featured in this book.
My love for nursing and my respect for our
discipline and practice have deepened, and
knowing now that these values are so often
shared is a singular joy.
Marlaine’s interest in nursing theory had
similar origins to Marilyn’s. As a nurse pursu-
ing an interdisciplinary master’s degree in pub-
lic health, I (Marlaine) recognized that while
all the other public health disciplines had some
unique perspective to share, public health
nursing seemed to lack a clear identity. In
search of the identity of nursing I pursued a
second master’s in nursing. At that time nurs-
ing theory was beginning to garner attention,
and I learned about it from my teachers and
mentors Sr. Rosemary Donley, Rosemarie
Parse, and Mary Jane Smith. This discovery was
the answer I was seeking, and it both expanded
and focused my thinking about nursing. The
question of “What is nursing?” was answered
for me by these theories and I couldn’t get
Preface to the Fourth Edition vii
enough! It led to my decision to pursue my
PhD in Nursing at New York University
where I studied with Martha Rogers. During
this same time I taught at Duquesne University
with Rosemarie Parse and learned more about
Man-Living-Health, which is now humanbe-
coming. I conducted several studies based on
Rogers’ conceptual system and Parse’s theory.
At theory conferences I was fortunate to
dialogue with Virginia Henderson, Hildegard
Peplau, Imogene King, and Madeleine
Leininger. In 1988 I accepted a faculty posi-
tion at the University of Colorado when Jean
Watson was Dean. The School of Nursing was
guided by a caring philosophy and framework
and I embraced caring as a central focus of the
discipline of nursing. As a unitary scholar, I
studied Newman’s theory of health as expand-
ing consciousness and was intrigued by it, so
for my sabbatical I decided to study it further
as well as learn more about the unitary appre-
ciative inquiry process that Richard Cowling
was developing.
We both have been fortunate to hold faculty
appointments in universities where nursing the-
ory has been valued, and we are fortunate today
to hold positions at the Christine E. Lynn Col-
lege of Nursing at Florida Atlantic University,
where faculty and students ground their teach-
ing scholarship and practice on caring theories,
including nursing as caring, developed by Dean
Anne Boykin and a previous faculty member at
the College, Savina Schoenhofer. Many faculty
colleagues and students continue to help us
study nursing and have contributed to this book
in ways we would never have adequate words to
acknowledge. We are grateful to our knowl-
edgeable colleagues who reviewed and offered
helpful suggestions for chapters of this book,
and we sincerely thank those who contributed
to the book as chapter authors. It is also our
good fortune that many nursing theorists and
other nursing scholars live in or visit our lovely
state of Florida. Since the first edition of this
book was published, we have lost many nursing
theorists. Their work continues through those
refining, modifying, testing, and expanding the
theories. The discipline of nursing is expanding
as research and practice advances existing theories
and as new theories emerge. This is especially
3312_FM_i-xx 26/12/14 5:51 PM Page viii
viii Preface to the Fourth Edition
important at a time when nursing theory can
provide what is missing and needed most in
health care today.
All four editions of this book have been nur-
tured by Joanne DaCunha, an expert nurse and
editor for F. A. Davis Company, who has shep-
herded this project and others because of her
love of nursing. Near the end of this project
Joanne retired, and Susan Rhyner, our new ed-
itor, led us to the finish line. We are both grate-
ful for their wisdom, kindness, patience and
understanding of nursing. We give special
thanks to Echo Gerhart, who served as our con-
tact and coordinator for this project. Marilyn
thanks her husband, Terry Worden, for his
abiding love and for always being willing to help,
and her niece, Cherie Parker, who represents
many nurses who love nursing practice and
scholarship and thus inspire the work of this
book. Marlaine acknowledges her husband
Brian and her children, Kirsten, Alicia, and
Brady, and their spouses, Jonathan Vankin and
Tori Rutherford, for their love and understand-
ing. She honors her parents, Deno and Rose
Cappelli, for instilling in her the love of learning,
the value of hard work, and the importance of
caring for others, and dedicates this book to her
granddaughter Iyla and the new little one who
is scheduled to arrive as this book is released.
Marilyn E. Parker, Marlaine C. Smith,
Olathe, Kansas Boca Raton, Florida
3312_FM_i-xx 26/12/14 5:51 PM Page ix

Nursing Theorists

Elizabeth Ann Manhart Barrett, PhD, RN, FAAN Imogene King†

Professor Emerita
Katharine Kolcaba, PhD, RN
Hunter College
Associate Professor Emeritus Adjunct
City University of New York
The University of Akron
New York, New York
Akron, Ohio
Charlotte D. Barry, PhD, RN, NCSN, FAAN
Madeleine M. Leininger†
Professor of Nursing
Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing Patricia Liehr, PhD, RN
Florida Atlantic University Professor
Boca Raton, Florida Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing
Florida Atlantic University
Anne Boykin, PhD, RN*
Boca Raton, Florida
Dean and Professor Emerita
Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing Rozzano C. Locsin, PhD, RN
Florida Atlantic University Professor Emeritus
Boca Raton, Florida Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing
Florida Atlantic University
Barbara Montgomery Dossey, PhD, RN, AHN-BC, FAAN,
Boca Raton, Florida
HWNC-BC
Co-Director, International Nurse Coach Afaf I. Meleis, PhD, DrPS(hon), FAAN
Association Professor of Nursing and Sociology
Core Faculty, Integrative Nurse Coach University of Pennsylvania
Certificate Program Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Miami, Florida
Betty Neuman, PhD, RN, PLC, FAAN
Joanne R. Duffy, PhD, RN, FAAN Beverly, Ohio
Endowed Professor of Research and
Margaret Newman, RN, PhD, FAAN
Evidence-based Practice and Director
Professor Emerita
of the PhD Program
University of Minnesota College of Nursing
West Virginia University
Saint Paul, Minnesota
Morgantown, West Virginia
Dorothea E. Orem†
Helen L. Erickson*
Professor Emerita Ida Jean Orlando (Pelletier)†
University of Texas at Austin
Marilyn E. Parker, PhD, RN, FAAN
Austin, Texas
Professor Emerita
Lydia Hall† Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing
Florida Atlantic University
Virginia Henderson†
Boca Raton, Florida
Dorothy Johnson†
ix
3312_FM_i-xx 26/12/14 5:51 PM Page x

x Nursing Theorists

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse, PhD, FAAN Mary Jane Smith, PhD, RN

Distinguished Professor Emeritus Professor
Marcella Niehoff School of Nursing West Virginia University
Loyola University Chicago Morgantown, West Virginia
Chicago, Illinois
Mary Ann Swain, PhD
Hildegard Peplau† Professor and Director, Doctoral Program
Decker School of Nursing
Marilyn Anne Ray, PhD, RN, CTN
Binghamton University
Professor Emerita
Binghamton, New York
Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing
Florida Atlantic University Kristen M. Swanson, PhD, RN, FAAN
Boca Raton, Florida Dean
Seattle University
Pamela G. Reed, PhD, RN, FAAN
Seattle, Washington
Professor
University of Arizona Evelyn Tomlin*
Tucson, Arizona
Joyce Travelbee†
Martha E. Rogers†
Meredith Troutman-Jordan, PhD, RN
Sister Callista Roy, PhD, RN, FAAN Associate Professor
Professor and Nurse Theorist University of North Carolina
William F. Connell School of Nursing Chapel Hill, North Carolina
Boston College
Jean Watson, PhD, RN, AHN-BC, FAAN
Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts
Distinguished Professor Emeritus
Savina O. Schoenhofer, PhD, RN University of Colorado at Denver—Anschutz
Professor of Nursing Campus
University of Mississippi Aurora, Colorado
Oxford, Mississippi
Ernestine Wiedenbach†
Marlaine C. Smith, PhD, RN, AHN-BC, FAAN
Dean and Helen K. Persson Eminent Scholar
Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing
Florida Atlantic University
Boca Raton, Florida

*Retired
†Deceased
3312_FM_i-xx 26/12/14 5:51 PM Page xi
Contributors
Patricia Deal Aylward, MSN, RN, CNS
Assistant Professor
Santa Fe Community College
Gainesville, Florida
Howard Karl Butcher, PhD, RN, PMHCNS-BC
Associate Professor
University of Iowa
Iowa City, Iowa
Lynne M. Hektor Dunphy, PhD, APRN-BC
Associate Dean for Practice and Community
Engagement
Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing
Florida Atlantic University
Boca Raton, Florida
Laureen M. Fleck, PhD, FNP-BC, FAANP
Associate Faculty
Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing
Florida Atlantic University
Boca Raton, Florida
Maureen A. Frey, PhD, RN*
Shirley C. Gordon, PhD, RN
Professor and Assistant Dean Graduate Practice
Programs
Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing
Florida Atlantic University
Boca Raton, Florida
*Retired.
xi
3312_FM_i-xx 26/12/14 5:51 PM Page xii

xii Contributors

Diane Lee Gullett, RN, MSN, MPH Beth M. King, PhD, RN, PMHCNS-BC
Doctoral Candidate Assistant Professor and RN-BSN Coordinator
Christine E. Lynn College of NursingFlorida Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing
Atlantic University Florida Atlantic University
Boca Raton, Florida Boca Raton, Florida

Donna L. Hartweg, PhD, RN Lois White Lowry, DNSc, RN*

Professor Emerita and Former Director Professor Emerita
Illinois Wesleyan University East Tennessee State University
Bloomington, Illinois Johnson City, Tennessee

Bonnie Holaday, PhD, RN, FAAN Violet M. Malinski, PhD, MA, RN

Professor Associate Professor
Clemson University College of New Rochelle
Clemson, South Carolina New Rochelle, New York

Mary B. Killeen, PhD, RN, NEA-BC Ann R. Peden, RN, CNS, DSN
Consultant Professor and Chair
Evidence Based Practice Nurse Consultants, Capital University
LLC Columbus, Ohio
Howell, Michigan
3312_FM_i-xx 26/12/14 5:51 PM Page xiii

Contributors xiii

Margaret Dexheimer Pharris, PhD, RN, CNE, FAAN
Associate Dean for Nursing
St. Catherine University
St. Paul, Minnesota
Jacqueline Staal, MSN, ARNP, FNP-BC
PhD Candidate
Christine E. Lynn College of Nursing
Florida Atlantic University
Boca Raton, Florida

Maude Rittman, PhD, RN

Associate Chief of Nursing Service for Research Marian C. Turkel, PhD, RN, NEA-BC, FAAN
Gainesville Veteran’s Administration Director of Professional Nursing Practice
Medical Center Holy Cross Medical Center
Gainesville, Florida Fort Lauderdale, Florida

Pamela Senesac, PhD, SM, RN Hiba Wehbe-Alamah, PhD, RN, FNP-BC, CTN-A
Assistant Professor Associate Professor
University of Massachusetts University of Michigan-Flint
Shrewsbury, Massachusetts Flint, Michigan

Christina L. Sieloff, PhD, RN

Associate Professor
Montana State University
Billings, Montana
3312_FM_i-xx 26/12/14 5:51 PM Page xiv

xiv Contributors

Kelly White, RN, PhD, FNP-BC Terri Kaye Woodward, MSN, RN, CNS, AHN-BC, HTCP
Assistant Professor Founder
South University Cocreative Wellness
West Palm Beach, Florida Denver, Colorado
3312_FM_i-xx 26/12/14 5:51 PM Page xv

Reviewers

Ferrona Beason, PhD, ARNP Carol L. Moore, PhD, APRN, CNS

Assistant Professor in Nursing Assistant Professor of Nursing, Coordinator,
Barry University – Division of Nursing Graduate Nursing Studies
Miami Shores, Florida Fort Hays State University
Hays, Kansas
Abimbola Farinde, PharmD, MS
Clinical Pharmacist Specialist Kathleen Spadaro, PhD, PMHCNS, RN
Clear Lake Regional Medical Center MSN Program Co-coordinator & Assistant
Webster, Texas Professor of Nursing
Chatham University
Lori S. Lauver, PhD, RN, CPN, CNE
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
Associate Professor
Jefferson School of Nursing
Thomas Jefferson University
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Elisheva Lightstone, BScN, MSc
Professor
Department of Nursing
Seneca College
King City, Ontario, Canada

xv
3312_FM_i-xx 26/12/14 5:51 PM Page xvi
3312_FM_i-xx 26/12/14 5:51 PM Page xvii

Contents

Section I An Introduction to Nursing Theory, 1

Chapter 1 Nursing Theory and the Discipline of Nursing, 3
Marlaine C. Smith and Marilyn E. Parker

Chapter 2 A Guide for the Study of Nursing Theories for Practice, 19

Marilyn E. Parker and Marlaine C. Smith

Chapter 3 Choosing, Evaluating, and Implementing Nursing Theories

for Practice, 23
Marilyn E. Parker and Marlaine C. Smith

Section II Conceptual Influences on the Evolution of Nursing

Theory, 35
Chapter 4 Florence Nightingale’s Legacy of Caring and Its Applications, 37
Lynne M. Hektor Dunphy

Chapter 5 Early Conceptualizations About Nursing, 55

Shirley C. Gordon

Chapter 6 Nurse-Patient Relationship Theories, 67

Ann R. Peden, Jacqueline Staal, Maude Rittman, and Diane Lee Gullett

Section III Conceptual Models/Grand Theories in the Integrative-

Interactive Paradigm, 87
Chapter 7 Dorothy Johnson’s Behavioral System Model and Its
Applications, 89
Bonnie Holaday

Chapter 8 Dorothea Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory, 105

Donna L. Hartweg

xvii
3312_FM_i-xx 26/12/14 5:51 PM Page xviii

xviii Contents

Chapter 9 Imogene King’s Theory of Goal Attainment, 133

Christina L. Sieloff and Maureen A. Frey

Chapter 10 Sister Callista Roy’s Adaptation Model, 153

Pamela Sensac and Sister Callista Roy

Chapter 11 Betty Neuman’s Systems Model, 165

Lois White Lowry and Patricia Deal Aylward

Chapter 12 Helen Erickson, Evelyn Tomlin, and Mary Ann Swain’s

Theory of Modeling and Role Modeling, 185
Helen L. Erickson

Chapter 13 Barbara Dossey’s Theory of Integral Nursing, 207

Barbara Montgomery Dossey

Section IV Conceptual Models and Grand Theories in the

Unitary–Transformative Paradigm, 235
Chapter 14 Martha E. Rogers Science of Unitary Human Beings, 237
Howard Karl Butcher and Violet M. Malinski

Chapter 15 Rosemarie Rizzo Parse’s Humanbecoming Paradigm, 263

Rosemarie Rizzo Parse

Chapter 16 Margaret Newman’s Theory of Health as Expanding

Consciousness, 279
Margaret Dexheimer Pharris

Section V Grand Theories about Care or Caring, 301

Chapter 17 Madeleine Leininger’s Theory of Culture Care Diversity
and Universality, 303
Hiba Wehbe-Alamah

Chapter 18 Jean Watson’s Theory of Human Caring, 321

Jean Watson

Chapter 19 Theory of Nursing as Caring, 341

Anne Boykin and Savina O. Schoenhofer

Section VI Middle-Range Theories, 357

Chapter 20 Transitions Theory, 361
Afaf I. Meleis
3312_FM_i-xx 26/12/14 5:51 PM Page xix

Contents xix

Chapter 21 Katharine Kolcaba’s Comfort Theory, 381

Katharine Kolcaba

Chapter 22 Joanne Duffy’s Quality-Caring Model©, 393

Joanne R. Duffy

Chapter 23 Pamela Reed’s Theory of Self-Transcendence, 411

Pamela G. Reed

Chapter 24 Patricia Liehr and Mary Jane Smith’s Story Theory, 421
Patricia Liehr and Mary Jane Smith

Chapter 25 The Community Nursing Practice Model, 435

Marilyn E. Parker, Charlotte D. Barry. and Beth M. King

Chapter 26 Rozzano Locsin’s Technological Competency as Caring

in Nursing, 449
Rozzano C. Locsin

Chapter 27 Marilyn Anne Ray’s Theory of Bureaucratic Caring, 461

Marilyn Anne Ray and Marian C. Turkel

Chapter 28 Troutman-Jordan’s Theory of Successful Aging, 483

Meredith Troutman-Jordan

Chapter 29 Barrett’s Theory of Power as Knowing Participation

in Change, 495
Elizabeth Ann Manhart Barrett

Chapter 30 Marlaine Smith’s Theory of Unitary Caring, 509

Marlaine C. Smith

Chapter 31 Kristen Swanson’s Theory of Caring, 521

Kristen M. Swanson

Index, 533
3312_FM_i-xx 26/12/14 5:51 PM Page xx
3312_Ch01_001-018 26/12/14 9:35 AM Page 1

Section
I
An Introduction to Nursing Theory

1
3312_Ch01_001-018 26/12/14 9:35 AM Page 2

Section

I An Introduction to Nursing Theory

In this first section of the book, you will be introduced to the purpose of nursing
theory and shown how to study, analyze, and evaluate it for use in nursing
practice. If you are new to the idea of theory in nursing, the chapters in this section
will orient you to what theory is, how it fits into the evolution and context of nursing
as a professional discipline, and how to approach its study and evaluation. If
you have studied nursing theory in the past, these chapters will provide you with
additional knowledge and insight as you continue your study.
Nursing is a professional discipline focused on the study of human health and
healing through caring. Nursing practice is based on the knowledge of nursing,
which consists of its philosophies, theories, concepts, principles, research findings,
and practice wisdom. Nursing theories are patterns that guide the thinking about
nursing. All nurses are guided by some implicit or explicit theory or pattern of
thinking as they care for their patients. Too often, this pattern of thinking is implicit
and is colored by the lens of diseases, diagnoses, and treatments. This does not
reflect practice from the disciplinary perspective of nursing. The major reason for
the development and study of nursing theory is to improve nursing practice and,
therefore, the health and quality of life of those we serve.
The first chapter in this section focuses on nursing theory within the context of
nursing as an evolving professional discipline. We examine the relationship of
nursing theory to the characteristics of a discipline. You’ll learn new words that
describe parts of the knowledge structure of the discipline of nursing, and we’ll
speculate about the future of nursing theory as nursing, health care, and our global
society change. Chapter 2 is a guide to help you study the theories in this book.
Use this guide as you read and think about how nursing theory fits in your prac-
tice. Nurses embrace theories that fit with their values and ways of thinking. They
choose theories to guide their practice and to create a practice that is meaningful
to them. Chapter 3 focuses on the selection, evaluation, and implementation of
theory for practice. Students often get the assignment of evaluating or critiquing
a nursing theory. Evaluation is coming to some judgment about value or worth
based on criteria. Various sets of criteria exist for you to use in theory evaluation.
We introduce some that you can explore further. Finally, we offer reflections on
the process of implementing theory-guided practice models.

2
3312_Ch01_001-018 26/12/14 9:35 AM Page 3
Nursing Theory and the
Discipline of Nursing
M ARLAINE C. S MITH AND
M ARILYN E. P ARKER
The Discipline of Nursing
Definitions of Nursing Theory
The Purpose of Theory in a Professional
Discipline
The Evolution of Nursing Science
The Structure of Knowledge in the
Discipline of Nursing
Nursing Theory and the Future
Summary
References
Marlaine C. Smith Marilyn E. Parker
Chapter
1
What is nursing? At first glance, the question
may appear to be one with an obvious an-
swer, but when it is posed to nurses, many
define nursing by providing a litany of func-
tions and activities. Some answer with the
elements of the nursing process: assessing,
planning, implementing, and evaluating. Oth-
ers might answer that nurses coordinate a
patient’s care.
Defining nursing in terms of the nursing
process or by functions or activities nurses per-
form is problematic. The phases of the nursing
process are the same steps we might use to
solve any problem we encounter, from a bro-
ken computer to a failing vegetable garden.
We assess the situation to determine what is
going on and then identify the problem; we
plan what to do about it, implement our plan,
and then evaluate whether it works. The nurs-
ing process does nothing to define nursing.
Defining ourselves by tasks presents other
problems. What nurses do—that is, the func-
tions associated with practice—differs based
on the setting. For example, a nurse might
start IVs, administer medications, and per-
form treatments in an acute care setting. In a
community-based clinic, a nurse might teach
a young mother the principles of infant feeding
or place phone calls to arrange community
resources for a child with special needs. Mul-
tiple professionals and nonprofessionals may
perform the same tasks as nurses, and persons
with the ability and authority to perform cer-
tain tasks change based on time and setting.
For example, both physicians and nurses may
listen to breath sounds and recognize the pres-
ence of rales. Both nurses and social workers
might do discharge planning. Both nurses
3
3312_Ch01_001-018 26/12/14 9:35 AM Page 4
4 SECTION I • An Introduction to Nursing Theory
and family members might change dressings,
monitor vital signs, and administer medications,
so defining nursing based solely on functions or
activities performed is not useful.
To answer the question “What is nursing?”
we must formulate nursing’s unique identity
as a field of study or discipline. Florence
Nightingale is credited as the founder of mod-
ern nursing, the one who articulated its dis-
tinctive focus. In her book Notes on Nursing:
What It Is and What It Is Not (Nightingale,
1859/1992), she differentiated nursing from
medicine, stating that the two were distinct
practices. She defined nursing as putting the
person in the best condition for nature to act,
insisting that the focus of nursing was on
health and the natural healing process, not on
disease and reparation. For her, creating an
environment that provided the conditions for
natural healing to occur was the focus of nurs-
ing. Her beginning conceptualizations were
the seeds for the theoretical development of
nursing as a professional discipline.
In this chapter, we situate the understand-
ing of nursing theory within the context of
the discipline of nursing. We define the dis-
cipline of nursing, describe the purpose of
theory for the discipline of nursing, review
the evolution of nursing science, identify the
structure of the discipline of nursing, and
speculate on the future place of nursing the-
ory in the discipline.
The Discipline of Nursing
Every discipline has a unique focus that directs
the inquiry within it and distinguishes it from
other fields of study (Smith, 2008, p. 1). Nurs-
ing knowledge guides its professional practice;
therefore, it is classified as a professional disci-
pline. Donaldson and Crowley (1978) stated
that a discipline “offers a unique perspective, a
distinct way of viewing . . . phenomena, which
ultimately defines the limits and nature of its
inquiry” (p. 113). Any discipline includes net-
works of philosophies, theories, concepts, ap-
proaches to inquiry, research findings, and
practices that both reflect and illuminate its dis-
tinct perspective. The discipline of nursing is
formed by a community of scholars, including
nurses in all nursing venues, who share a
commitment to values, knowledge, and
processes to guide the thought and work of
the discipline.
The classic work of King and Brownell
(1976) is consistent with the thinking of nurs-
ing scholars (Donaldson & Crowley, 1978;
Meleis, 1977) about the discipline of nursing.
These authors have elaborated attributes that
characterize all disciplines. As you will see in
the discussion that follows, the attributes of
King and Brownell provide a framework that
contextualizes nursing theory within the dis-
cipline of nursing.
Expression of Human Imagination
Members of any discipline imagine and create
structures that offer descriptions and explana-
tions of the phenomena that are of concern to
that discipline. These structures are the theories
of that discipline. Nursing theory is dependent
on the imagination of nurses in practice, ad-
ministration, research, and teaching, as they
create and apply theories to improve nursing
practice and ultimately the lives of those they
serve. To remain dynamic and useful, the dis-
cipline requires openness to new ideas and in-
novative approaches that grow out of members’
reflections and insights.
Domain
A professional discipline must be clearly
defined by a statement of its domain—the
boundaries or focus of that discipline. The do-
main of nursing includes the phenomena of in-
terest, problems to be addressed, main content
and methods used, and roles required of the
discipline’s members (Kim, 1997; Meleis,
2012). The processes and practices claimed by
members of the disciplinary community grow
out of these domain statements. Nightingale
provided some direction for the domain of the
discipline of nursing. Although the discipli-
nary focus has been debated, there is some
degree of consensus. Donaldson and Crowley
(1978, p. 113) identified the following as the
domain of the discipline of nursing:
1. Concern with principles and laws that
govern the life processes, well-being, and
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825
Expansion of England, by Mr J. R. Seeley, Professor of Modern
History, 62
Guide to Methods of Insect Life, and Prevention and Remedy of
Insect Ravage, 271
Introduction to the Study of Modern Forest Economy, by Dr J. C.
Brown, 825
Killin Collection of Gaelic Songs, by Mr Charles Stewart, 824
London Cries; Chap-book Chaplets; and Bygone Beauties,
published by Messrs Field and Tuer, 63
More Bits from Blinkbonny, by ‘John Strathesk,’ 824
Norman Conquest, by Mr William Hunt, 411
Photography for Amateurs, by Mr T. C. Hepworth, 824
Practical Taxidermy, by Montague Brown, F.Z.S., 825
Shetland and the Shetlanders, by Sheriff Rampini, 271
Sprigs of Heather, or the Rambles of ‘Mayfly’ with Old Friends,
by Rev. John Anderson, D.D., 208
Whitaker’s Almanac for 1884, 63
Miscellaneous Articles of Instruction
and Entertainment.
Abe, Story of, 817
Acorns, Under the, 657
Acrobats, 318
Advertisers Again, Among the, 94
Almanacs, Romance of, 23
Amateur ‘Cabby,’ an, 778
America, European Emigration to, and its Effects, 641
American Newspapers on Themselves, 714
Amusements in Germany, Popular, 634
Ancient and Modern Statues, the Largest, 470
Ancient People, an, 430
Anglo-Indian Chaplain, Recollections of an, 792
Animal Life, Studies in, 822
—— Memorials and Mementoes, 285
Antipathies in Animals—
i. Horses, 85
ii. Dogs, 590
Architecture, Stained Glass as an Accessory to Domestic, 359
Army Schools, 494
Arsenic in Domestic Fabrics, 799
Artificial Jewels, 731
Ashburnham Collections, the, 341
Back from ‘Eldorado,’ 573
Bank of England, Curiosities of the, 737
Bird Migration, 481
Birds of Spring, 129
Bonded Warehouses, London, 58
Break-neck Venture, a, 588
Bridge, the Haunted, 814
British Museum, New Mediæval Room at the, 693
Brompton Cemetery, In, 753
Buried Alive, 222
Bushranger, Interviewed by a, 650
‘Cabby,’ an Amateur, 778
Calls before the Curtain, 135
Cameo-cutting, 224
Cave-chapels, 513
Charr of Windermere, the, 406
Chewton-Abbot, 280, 295, 315
Children, Over-educating, 366
Christmas Trees, 748
Cigars, 709
Circulating-library Critics, 81
Cliff-houses of Cañon de Chelly, 40
Coin Treasures, 249
Coins Wearing Away? Are our, 393
Colds, Common, 175
College, Queen Margaret, 555
—— Rooms, My Old, 262
Colonel Redgrave’s Legacy, 780, 793, 811
Colour-sense, 44
Commercial Products of the Whale, 566
Conversation, the Art of, 442
Cooking Classes for Children, 775
Cooking-stoves, Gas, 367
‘Corners,’ 289
Correspondence Classes, 555
Cricket, Umpires at, 399
Curiosities of the Bank of England, 737
Curiosities of the Electric Light, 140
—— —— —— Microphone, 373
—— —— —— Peerage, Some, 305, 326
Curiosity in Journalism, a, 200
Cycling, Progress of, 335
Cyprus Locusts, 801
Dauphins, False, 662
Death-claims, How Life-offices pay their, 97
Decisions, Some Legal, 423
Deer-forests, Scottish, 721
Detective Police, Our, 337
Dinner-parties Out of Doors, 673
Dishes, Some Queer, 230
Distillation in Ireland, Illicit, 644
Dwarfie Stone, Legend of the, 667
Eastern Trading, Some Instances of, 463
Edicts, Ancient Rock-hewn, 486
Educational Pioneer, an, 699
‘Eldorado,’ Back from, 573
Electric Light, Curiosities of the, 140
Electricity and Gas, the Future of, 625
—— for Nothing! 453
——, Lighting Collieries by, 496
Elephants, the Moulmein, 638
——, Trimming the Feet of, 240
Emigration to America, European, 641
English Law, Familiar Sketches of—
Marriages; Settlements; and Breaches of Promise to
i.
Marry, 102
ii. Parent and Child, 377
iii. Master and Servant, 490
Episodes of Literary Manuscripts, 283
Erratic Pens, 313
Errors in Domestic Medicine, Common, 299
European Emigration to America, and its Effects, 641
Explosion, Story of a Vast, 705
Fairs, Old Provincial, 598
Falkland Islands, a Peep at the, 110
False Dauphins, 662
Fellow-passenger, My, 252, 263
Florida, Concerning, 797
Food-notes, Some, 287
Foresight of Insects for their Young, 587
Forestry and Farming, 720
—— Exhibition, Edinburgh, 1884, International, 193
Fortunes, Sudden, 241
French Detectives, 48
Frendraught, the Fire of, 52
Fuel, a New, 671
Furniture Saleroom, In a, 379
Gas Cooking-stoves, 367
——, the Future of Electricity and, 625
Gentleman of the Road, a, 429
Germany, Popular Amusements in, 634
Girls, Wives, and Mothers, 33
Glacier Garden, a, 785
Gold, 209
Gold-fields, the Transvaal, 177
Good-natured People, Mischief done by, 111
Gordon’s College, Aberdeen, 183
‘Grand Day,’ 561
Greenroom Romance, a, 471
Grouse, 529
Gum-arabic and the Soudan, 640
Hampstead Heath, 65
‘Happy Ever After,’ 161
Haunted Houses, Rationale of, 397
Health, Our, 113, 234, 401
Heroines, 492
Highland Glen, In a, 511
Holiday, a River, 545
‘Home! Sweet Home!’ 173
Home-nursing, 417, 549, 609, 725
Homing Pigeon, the, 245
Honey-bee, Something about the, 409
Hospitals and Dispensaries, London, 518
Housewives, Hints for, 447
Humorous Definitions, 475, 669
Hush-money, 143
In a Flash, 520
India, Musk-rat of, 703
Indian Jugglers, 604
—— Snakes, 214
Insects, Foresight of, for their Young, 587
Ireland, Illicit Distillation in, 644
Island, a Solitary, 719
——, an Interesting, 347
Jaffa to Jerusalem, From, 321
‘Jerry-building’ in the Middle Ages, 464
Jewels, Artificial, 731
Joint-stock Companies and ‘Limited Liability,’ 577
Journalism, a Curiosity in, 200
‘King Country, the,’ 637
—— of Acres, a, 12, 29
‘Kitchen Kaffir,’ the, 117
Knowledge, a Little, not Dangerous, 616
Last of the Stuarts, the, 600, 617
Law, Sketches of English, 102, 377, 490
Legal Decisions, Some, 423
Life, Prolonging, 427
Life-assurance and Annuities, Post-office, 257
Lifeboat Competition, 459
Life-offices, How they pay their Death-claims, 97
Lighting Collieries by Electricity, 496
‘Limited Liability,’ Joint-stock Companies and, 577
Literary Beginners, Another Word to, 49
Literary Manuscripts, Episodes of, 283
—— Self-estimates, 220
Locusts, Cyprus, 801
London Bonded Warehouses, 58
—— Hospitals and Dispensaries, 518
London, Nature around, 225
——, Remains of Ancient, 654
——, Sanitary Inspection of the Port of, 534
Love, Concerning, 156, 333
Maiden Speeches, Parliamentary, 150
Man and Nature, 608
Manufactures, Noxious, 239
Marine Station, a Scottish, 465
Marriage, the Net of, 432
Marsala, a Sample of, 795
Mediæval Room at the British Museum, New, 693
Medicine, Common Errors in Domestic, 299
Microphone, Curiosities of the, 373
Migration, Bird, 481
Miner’s Partner, the, 138, 152, 168, 185
Miss Marrable’s Elopement, 188, 198
Missing Clue, the, 701, 702, 716, 718, 732, 749, 751, 764
Monastic England, 4
Money-borrowing, the Shady Side of, 166
Month, The: Science and Arts—59, 124, 201, 265, 348, 412, 476,
557, 620, 685, 761, 825
Moor and Loch, On, 433
Morality, Stock Exchange, 828
Mortality, Some Cheering Aspects of, 449
Moulmein Elephants, the, 638
Mr Pudster’s Return, 569, 584
Mrs Shaw, the Late Prince Imperial’s Nurse, 32
Mushrooms for the Million, 501
Musk-rat of India, the, 703
Name? What’s in a, 813
Nameless Romance, a, 541
Nature around London, 225
—— on the Roof, 385
Nettle-cloth, 145
New Zealand, Explorations in, 637
Newsmonger, the, 353
Newspapers, Curious, 591
—— on Themselves, American, 714
Norfolk Broads and Rivers, 273
Norman Seascape, a, 390
Notes on Persian Art, 808
Noxious Manufactures, 239

Occasional Notes—
Abnormal Humanity, 304
Advice to Intending Emigrants, 479
Albo-carbon Light, New, 830
Ambulance Societies, 63
American Literary Piracy, 271
Anthropometrical Laboratory at the Health Exhibition, 479
Bacchus, Discovery of Statue of, 656
Blindness in Infancy, Prevention of, 206
Burns and Scalds, 655
Canine ‘Collector,’ 415
Card-telegrams, 206
Casualties on the British Coast, 624
Chilian Argentine Andes, Exploration in the, 831
Coffee? Why do we now drink less, 303
Curious Disease, 480
Diarrhœa and Cholera, Treatment of, 560
Dissection after Death, 205
Dutch Rush, 351
Earthquake in England, Recent, 351
Electric Light in Railway Carriages, 205
Electric Lighting for Ships, Improved, 351
Electrical Tricycle, 320
Electricity as a Brake, 767
Ensilage, 829
Fastest Passage on Record, 415
French Crown Jewels, 559
Fruit-farm, a Flourishing, 207
Gas Cooking-stove, a Handy, 830
Grape and Peach in America, 207
Harbour of Refuge for East Coast of Scotland, 415
Herring Spawns, How and Where the, 206
Hydrophobia—Important Experiments, 205
Irish Female Emigration, 830
Labour and Wages in Australia, 204
Level-crossing Gates, 736
Lightning-strokes in France, 352
—— ——, Mechanical Characteristics of, 829
Lights and Lighthouses, Investigations on, 736
Marvellous Sunsets, Recent, 64
Metallic Compound, New, 415
Mummies, Making of, 767
Native Treatment of Diseases in India, 831
Novel Peal of Bells, a, 766
Oil Breakwater at Folkestone, 127
Old Westminster Houses, Last of the, 64
Old-fashioned Furniture, 320
Organ in Westminster Abbey, New, 479
Persons Killed by Wild Animals in India, 829
Postal Orders, New, 414
Railway Passengers, 830
Relics from the Holy Land, 768
Rome, Interesting Discovery at, 656
Russian Crown Estates, 204
—— Longevity, 272
Sion College, Last of Old, 830
Sowing and Harvesting, 272
Steam-ferry on the Thames, 767
Subterranean Fish, 415
Telegraph Extension, 127
Telegraphing Extraordinary, 624
 Telephoning Extraordinary, 656
Trout-life, Interesting Notes on, 204
Turning Wood into Metal, 768
Uphill Railway, Another, 480
Utilisation of Sewage, 767

Old Provincial Fairs, 598

One Woman’s History, 631, 646, 664, 680, 696, 710, 728, 743,
757, 771, 786, 804, 819
Order of Mercy, an, 15, 63
Orkney Folk-lore—Legend of the Dwarfie Stone, 667
Outward and Homeward Bound, 301
Over-educating Children, 366
Paper, More Uses of, 742
Parasitic Worms—Queer Lodgers, 278
Parliamentary Maiden Speeches, 150
Parody, the Muse of, 71
Peer? What is a, 17
Peerage, Some Curiosities of the, 305, 326
Pencil-making, 582
Pens, Erratic, 313
People, an Ancient, 430
Persian Art, a Few Notes on, 808
—— Sherbet, Royal, 438
Peterborough, the ‘Strong-room’ at, 655
Pigeon, the Homing, 245
Pioneer, an Educational, 699
Pisciculture, the Progress of, 268
Poisoning, 769
Polecat, a Few Words about the, 190
Port of London, Sanitary Inspection of the, 534
Post-office Life-assurance and Annuities, 257
Prince Imperial’s Nurse, the Late; Mrs Shaw, 32
Printers’ Errors, 636
Prolonging Life, 427
Quarantine, 543
Queen Margaret College, 555
—— Margerie, 677
Queer Company, In, 444, 461
—— Dishes, Some, 230
—— Lodgers—Parasitic Worms, 278
Ranching, Some Realities of, 653
Rationale of Haunted Houses, the, 397
Recollections of an Anglo-Indian Chaplain, 792
Regiment, a Skating, 255
Remains of Ancient London, 654
Ring-trick, the, 735
River Holiday, a, 545
Rock-hewn Edicts, Ancient, 486
Roof, Nature on the, 385
Ruin, Sudden, 571
Run for Life, a, 488
Sacred Trees, Some, 509
Sample of Marsala, 795
Sanitary Inspection of the Port of London, 534
Schools, Army, 494
Science and Art School—Gordon’s College, Aberdeen, 183
Scot Abroad, Glimpses of the, 76
Scottish Deer-forests, 721
—— Marine Station, a, 465
Seals and Seal-hunting in Shetland, 364, 507
Seascape, a Norman, 390
Seashore Free to All? Is the, 539
Sensitive Plant, 159
Sherbet, Royal Persian, 438
Silas Monk: a Tale of London Old City, 361, 374, 394, 407
Skating Regiment, a, 255
Sketch from my Study Window, 343
Sledge-dogs, 9
Smoking Injurious to Health? Is, 78
Snakes: Do they ever commit Suicide? 672
Snakes, Indian, 214
‘So Unreasonable of Step-mother!’ 45
Solitary Island, a, 719
Spider-silk, 524
St John’s Gate, 527
St Marguerite and St Honorât, 369
St Peter’s, 91
Stained Glass as an Accessory to Domestic Architecture, 359
Statues, Ancient and Modern, the Largest, 470
Steel, 575
Steno-telegraph, the, 607
Stock Exchange Morality, 828
Story of a Vast Explosion, 705
Strange Institution, 96
‘Strong-room’ at Peterborough, the, 655
Studies in Animal Life, 822
Suakim, 196
Sudden Fortunes, 241
—— Ruin, 571
Suicide, 292
Superstitions, the Common-sense of, 237
Surgical Scraps, 383
Terribly Fulfilled, 424, 440, 454
Thieves and Thieving, 525
Trading, Some Instances of Eastern, 463
Transvaal Gold-fields, 177
Trees, Christmas, 748
——, Some Sacred, 509
Trimming the Feet of Elephants, 240
Troubadours, the, 171
Two Days in a Lifetime, 5, 25, 41, 54, 73, 87, 105, 119
Umpires at Cricket, 399
Vaccination, 593, 688
Væ Victis, 629
Vermudyn’s Fate, 536, 552
Washing by Steam, 800
Water, 497
Water-ousel, a Plea for the, 270
Weather, How it is Made and Forecast, 689
Whale, Commercial Products of the, 566
What’s in a Name? 813
White-lead Manufacture, a New Process of, 158
Windermere, the Charr of, 406
Wind-power, Abandonment of, 319
Witness for the Defence, a, 217, 231, 247
Woman’s Work, a Word on, 606
Yarn of the P. and O., a, 503
Zulu Romance, a, 330
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBERS'S
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