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1) Memory is defined as an active system that consists of three processes. They are:
A) receiving information from the senses, organizing and storing the information,
and retrieving the information from storage.
B) the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned stimulus, and the conditioned
response.
C) bottom-up processing, selective attention, and top-down processing.
D) acquisition, extinction, and spontaneous recovery.
Correct: Correct. Memory is defined as consisting of receiving, organizing and storing,

and retrieving information.
Incorrect: Incorrect. These elements are all part of classical conditioning.
Answer: A
Type: MC Page Ref: 220 Skill: Applied Objective: 6.1
2) ____________ is defined as an active system that receives information from the

senses, organizes and alters information as it stores it away, and then retrieves the
information from storage.
A) The parallel distributed processing model
B) The information processing model
C) The process known as learning
D) The process know as memory
Correct: Correct. Memory is defined as an active system that receives, stores, and
retrieves information.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Learning has to do with the acquisition of behaviours and not the
storage of information. That is the role of memory.
Answer: D
Type: MC Page Ref: 220 Skill: Factual Objective: 6.1
3) Shaquin finished his term paper and handed it in. As he walked out of the classroom,
he realized that there were a few more things he should have included in the paper.
Shaquin experienced a problem with the __________ component of memory.
A) encoding
B) storage
C) retrieval
D) retention
Correct: Correct. He cannot bring forth, or retrieve, information that he has in memory
when he needs it.
Incorrect: Incorrect. He does retain the information, or have it in memory, but he can't
retrieve it.
Answer: C
Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 268

4) When people hear a sound, their ears turn the vibrations in the air into neural messages
from the auditory nerve, which makes it possible for the brain to make sense of the
sound. This process is called:
A) encoding.
B) storage.
C) retrieval.
D) interpretation.
Correct: Correct. Encoding starts with sensory processing and sending the information to
the brain.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Interpretation is not the term used for this process even though it
sounds appropriate.
Answer: A
5) When someone looks at an image, the retina turns the light rays from it into neural
messages that go up to the optic nerve so the brain can interpret them. This function is
called:
A) encoding.
B) storage.
C) retrieval.
D) processing.
Correct: Correct. Encoding is necessary for interpretation as the information must be

sent to the brain.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Storage cannot happen until after encoding. If the information is not
processed, it can't be stored.
Answer: A
Type: MC Page Ref: 220 Skill: Conceptual Objective: 6.1
6) The first step in the memory process is _____________ information in a form that the
memory system can use.
A) encoding
B) storing
C) retrieving
D) evaluating
Correct: Correct. Encoding is the first step in memory.

Incorrect: Incorrect. Storing the information cannot happen until after encoding it so the
information can be transmitted from the senses to the brain.
Answer: A

7) _____________ is retention of memory for some period of time.
A) Encoding
B) Storage
C) Retrieval
D) Evaluation
Correct: Correct. Storage puts away material.

Incorrect: Incorrect: Retrieval is getting the information out of storage.
Answer: B
8) Which of the following statements is true about retrieval?

A) In general, it is the memory process that most people have the fewest problems
with.
B) It is a process of getting stored memories back out into conscious awareness.
C) It is a process of getting information from the sensory receptors to the brain.
D) It is a component and function of the brain’s memory storage system.
Correct: Correct. Retrieval gets information back into consciousness.

Incorrect: Incorrect. No, this answer describes the process known as encoding.
Answer: B
9) Janie is taking an exam in her history class. On the exam there is a question that asks
her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War (whatever that
was!). Janie remembers four of them. She knows there is a fifth, but time is up. As Janie
is walking down the stairs, all of a sudden, she remembers the fifth point, but it is too
late. Janie had a problem with:
A) encoding.
B) storage.
C) retrieval.
D) evaluation.
Correct: Correct. Yes, she couldn't find the information in her memory or retrieve it.
Incorrect: Incorrect. She did have the information so it was stored. However, she couldn't
retrieve it.
Answer: C
10) The processes of encoding, storage, and retrieval are seen as part of the
____________ model of memory.
A) information-processing

B) parallel distribution
C) levels of processing
D) semantic network
Correct: Correct. These are the correct stages.

Incorrect: Incorrect: Levels of processing focuses less on the way information is
processed and is concerned more with the relationship between meaning and memory.
Answer: A
11) Which model of memory is most similar in conceptualization to the way computers
function?
A) levels of processing
B) semantic network
C) information-processing model
D) parallel distribution processing model
Correct: Correct. The information-processing model of memory uses the way a computer
functions as its model for human thought.
Incorrect: Incorrect. The parallel distribution processing model is not the prototype for
the computer/memory analogy.
Answer: C
12) The three parts of the information-processing model of memory are:

A) sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
B) sensory, iconic and echoic memory.
C) encoding, storage, and retrieval.
D) working memory, eidetic and short-term memory.
Correct: Correct. These are the three parts of the information-processing model.
Incorrect: Incorrect. These are processes but not the parts of the information-processing
model.
Answer: A
13) Why did research participants in Sperling's experiment recall so few letters stored in
sensory memory?
A) They stopped paying attention after a few stimuli.
B) Proactive interference reduced the effectiveness of recall.
C) The stress of participating in this research became excessive.
D) The remaining stimuli quickly faded from sensory memory.

Correct: Correct. The stimuli faded quickly before they could be read.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Attention wasn't relevant to sensory memory.
Answer: D
Type: MC Page Ref: 222-223 Skill: Conceptual Objective: 6.3
14) Which memory system provides us with a very brief representation of all the stimuli
present at a particular moment?
A) working memory
B) sensory memory
C) long-term memory
D) short-term memory
Correct: Correct. Sensory memory stores brief images.

Incorrect: Incorrect. Sensory memory provides very brief sensory representation. Short-
term memory is verbal in nature and limited in capacity.
Answer: B
15) A display of 12 letters is flashed on a screen in front of you followed by a tone. You
attempt to recall a portion of the display based on the specific tone you heard. What
aspect of your memory is this experiment designed to assess?
A) iconic memory
B) sensory memory
C) long-term memory
D) short-term memory
Correct: Correct. This was one of the first sensory memory experiments ever done.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Testing short-term memory was done with verbal items in a list
form.
Answer: B
Type: MC Page Ref: 222-223 Skill: Applied Objective: 6.3
16) You are out for a drive with the family and are lucky enough to get a window seat.
The rapidly passing scenery you see out the window is first stored in _____________
memory.
A) echoic
B) iconic
C) working
D) short-term
Correct: Correct. Iconic memory is sensory and the first stage of the memory systems.
Incorrect: Incorrect. This storage location is not first, as the sensory memory system of
iconic memory comes before it.

Answer: B
17) Long ago, during the early days of television, when a television set was turned off it
took a while for the last image that was on the screen to fade away. This phenomenon
is most like _______________ memory.
A) iconic
B) echoic
C) short-term
D) eidetic
Correct: Correct. Iconic memory is like a fading image.

Incorrect: Incorrect. Echoic memory is concerned with hearing and not vision.
Answer: A
18) Using the partial report method, Sperling found the capacity of iconic memory to be
around:
A) only four or five items (letters).
B) approximately nine or ten items (letters).
C) all the items that can be seen at one time (all the letters).
D) only one to two items (letters).
Correct: Correct. All the letters were available but for a limited amount of time.
Incorrect: Incorrect. This was what the participants reported but it was not the true
capacity of iconic storage. Using this estimate, Sperling then calculated the true capacity
of iconic storage.
Answer: C
Type: MC Page Ref: 222-223 Skill: Factual Objective: 6.3
19) The key to the partial report method of Sperling's study of sensory memory was to:
A) have the participants report the entire matrix of letters they saw as fast as they
could.
B) have the participants report the entire matrix of letters but mask the letters after
presentation with a very bright light.
C) cue the participants, using a tone, as to which line of the matrix they were to
report.
D) have the participants use memory aids like chunking and mnemonics to recall
the letters.
Correct: Correct. A cue was used by Sperling to allow the participants to retrieve the
marked set of letters and let Sperling measure the duration of sensory memory.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Masking was used by a later study.

Answer: C
20) In the partial report method of Sperling's study of sensory memory, the participants
were to report:
A) one of three lines of letters as indicated by the sound of a tone immediately
presented after the letters had disappeared.
B) only one or two of the letters in the line cued by the sound of a high, low or
medium tone.
C) the first letter of each line only cued by different coloured lettering.
D) the middle letter of each line cued by different sound tones coupled with
different coloured lettering.
Correct: Correct. The participants had to report the line of letters that was indicated by
the tone.
Incorrect: Incorrect. They could usually get the whole line and that was used to measure
sensory memory capacity.
Answer: A
21) Which of the following might be the most appropriate analogy for eidetic imagery?
A) Braille text
B) scratch and sniff stickers
C) a sound bite
D) a photograph
Correct: Correct. It's like a picture and is sometimes called photographic memory.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Eidetic imagery is more like a photograph and is even called
photographic memory.
Answer: D
22) A time machine provides you the opportunity to interview Sigmund Freud. During
the interview, Freud admits that he never wanted to attend medical school. When you
ask him how he made it through, he says, "I had eidetic imagery." What does he
mean by that?
A) He relied on the ability to associate odd images with material he needed to
remember.
B) He had a photographic memory, which helped him remember the material he
had to learn.
C) He was able to imagine how cells in a patient's body were acting when he
prescribed drugs and, thus, he could adjust dosages.

D) In order to remember the long list of diseases he would encounter, he created
drawings that helped him remember.
Correct: Correct. Eidetic imagery is sometimes called photographic memory.

Incorrect: Incorrect. Although the word imagine is used, it's not the same as remembering
an image.
Answer: B
23) One problem with relying on eidetic imagery to study for tests is that:
A) you remember too much material and the professor will think you are cheating.
B) eidetic images fade in 0.25 second, as Sperling has shown.
C) you may be able to recall the material but you don't necessarily understand it.
D) you can recall pictures and diagrams but not text.
Correct: Correct. Material in eidetic imagery hasn't been understood; it is only like a
picture of a page of text.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Eidetic images last a long time. The problem is that the material is
not interpreted or understood.
Answer: C
24) What is one of the real-world uses of iconic storage?

A) It is where photographic memories are kept.
B) It is the process that covers up the disruption that would occur from saccades.
C) It increases depth of information processing.
D) It enhances language acquisition
Correct: Correct. It does help with disruption and serves as an input to later memory
systems.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Although it involves images, iconic storage is not the locus of
photographic memory.
Answer: B
25) Suzy looks up from her lunch, realizing that Jacques has just said something to her.
What was it? Oh, yes, he has just asked her if she wants to go the movies. Suzy's
ability to retrieve what Jacques said is due to her ____________ memory.
A) iconic sensory
B) echoic sensory
C) short-term
D) eidetic sensory

Correct: Correct. Auditory information is first put into echoic memory.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Short-term memory is the stage that occurs after echoic sensory
memory, which is being used here.
Answer: B
26) Which type of memory allows us to have meaningful conversations?

A) iconic memory
B) echoic memory
C) working memory
D) procedural memory
Correct: Correct. The brief memory of what someone has just heard allows that person
enough time to make sense of it and respond appropriately.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Iconic memory is visual memory, which is not as useful in
conversation as echoic (auditory) memory.
Answer: B
27) The duration of iconic memory is _______ than echoic memory, but its capacity is
probably ________.
A) shorter; smaller
B) longer; larger
C) longer; about the same
D) shorter; about the same
Correct: Correct. Echoic memory lasts longer but stores less.

Incorrect: Incorrect. No, it stores more and is shorter.
Answer: A
28) What "magic number" did Miller find to be the capacity of short-term memory?
A) 11
B) 9
C) 7
D) 5
Correct: Correct. Seven is Miller's magic number, referring to the number of items
human beings can hold in their short-term memory.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Miller found the number of items human beings can hold in short-
term memory to be seven.
Answer: C

29) Information gets from sensory memory to short-term memory through the process of:
A) elaborative rehearsal.
B) maintenance rehearsal.
C) automatic encoding.
D) selective attention.
Correct: Correct. Sensory information must be attended to or it is not sent on to short-

term memory.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Sensory memory doesn't rely on rehearsal, which is a short-term
memory process.
Answer: D
30) Laboratory studies using the recall of letters and numbers indicate that short-term
memory is probably encoded in __________ form.
A) auditory
B) visual
C) olfactory
D) tactile
Correct: Correct. Short-term memory is verbally coded.

Incorrect: Incorrect. Short-term memory is not visual but rather auditory.
Answer: A
31) Sitting in a very noisy restaurant, you are able to screen out all the other
conversations around you so you can listen to the friend with whom you are
conversing. This is an example of:
A) working memory.
B) cocktail party effect.
C) selective attention.
D) divided attention.
Correct: Correct. This is an example of selection attention, as you are paying attention
only to what interests you.
Incorrect: Incorrect.
Answer: C

32) Bethany is trying to focus on a conversation across the room during a party she is
attending. This is because she thinks she heard her name above the din of the
conversation. Her ability to hear her name is an example of a process called the
____________ effect.
A) encoding specificity
B) cocktail party
C) visuospatial
D) primacy
Correct: Correct. The cocktail party effect is a selective attention function.

Incorrect: Incorrect: Primacy effect describes a principle of memory recall where
information at the beginning of a body of information is more easily recalled.
Answer: B
33) The only time selective attention is not working at its peak is:
A) during Stage Four sleep, and it is still functioning even then.
B) during REM sleep, as dreams block attention.
C) at a cocktail party or other similar types of crowded events.
D) when you are playing video games or engaged in other engrossing activities.
Correct: Correct. The filter is not working at its peak during Stage Four sleep.
Incorrect: Incorrect. The filter is not working at its peak during Stage Four sleep.
Answer: A
34) Which theorist is associated with the idea that information moves from sensory
memory to short-term memory through the processes of selective attention?
A) Craik
B) Loftus
C) Sperling
D) Broadbent
Correct: Correct. Broadbent is associated with the idea that information moves from
sensory memory to short-term memory through the process of selective attention.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Sperling measured the duration of sensory memory in a classic
paper, but the theory belongs to Broadbent.
Answer: D
35) Canadian researchers Arbuthnott and Campbell determined that there are actually two
processes (excluding irrelevant information and eliminating no longer useful
information) involved in the memory function known as:

A) memory retrieval.
B) encoding.
C) storage.
D) selective attention.
Correct: Correct. Selective attention involves two processes: Excluding irrelevant

information (e.g., the song on the radio) and eliminating no longer-relevant
information (e.g., your friend asking whether you are bringing potato chips). They
also concluded that some people are better than others at these two processes
Incorrect: Incorrect. Storage holds on to information after it has been selected
Answer: D
Type: MC Page Ref: 224 Skill: Knowledge Objective: 6.4
36) People mistakenly use these two terms to mean the same thing: short-term memory
and:
A) selective attention.
B) working memory.
C) recall.
D) long-term memory.
Correct: Correct. Working memory is often used as synonymous with short-term memory.
Working memory is the active system that processes information in the STM system.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Working memory is incorrectly used as synonymous with short-term
memory.
Answer: B
37) Which system of memory is known as the “place” where information is held for brief
periods of time while being used?
A) working
B) short-term
C) sensory
D) episodic
Correct: Correct. Short-term memory is thought of as the “thing” or “place “where

information is stored temporarily.
Incorrect: Incorrect: Working memory is more involved with interpreting or processing
the information held in short-term memory.
Answer: B
38) Which memory system acts as an active processing mechanism and interpreter for
visual and auditory information?

A) long-term memory
B) short-term memory
C) working memory
D) procedural
Correct: Correct: Working memory is more involved with interpreting or processing the
sensory information held in short-term memory.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Short-term memory is thought of as the “thing” or “place” where
information is held or stored temporarily.
Answer: C
39) Bits of information are combined into meaningful units so that more information can
be held in short-term memory through the process of:
A) chunking.
B) categorizing.
C) rote rehearsal.
D) cueing.
Correct: Correct. The combination of information into meaningful units is called

chunking.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Cueing refers to a retrieval effect that does not involve combining
units of information.
Answer: A
40) If one wants to increase the capacity of short-term memory, more items can be held
through the process of:
A) chunking.
B) decoding.
C) rote rehearsal.
D) mnemonics.
Correct: Correct. More items can be held through chunking, a process whereby bits of
information are combined into meaningful units so that more information can be held.
Incorrect: Incorrect. A mnemonic is more of a memory retrieval aid
Answer: A
41) Chunking is a means of:

A) immediately forgetting irrelevant details.
B) combining information into meaningful units.
C) arranging details into a hierarchy from most to least important.

D) storing long-term memories.
Correct: Correct. Chunking is a means of combining information into meaningful units.

Incorrect: Incorrect. Arranging details into a hierarchy might be a form of chunking but
does not totally define the term.
Answer: B
42) Loni is asked to memorize the letters I K T E A L N in no particular order. She

memorizes them by reorganizing them into the words INK and LATE. This tactic is
called:
A) cueing.
B) elaborate rehearsal.
C) rote rehearsal.
D) chunking.
Correct: Correct. The tactic of combining bits of information into meaningful chunks is
called chunking.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Cueing refers to a hint given at recall.
Answer: D
43) In the 1950s, George Miller estimated the number of items that could be stored in
short-term memory to be the magic number:
A) 5, plus or minus 4.
B) 7, plus or minus 2.
C) 9, plus or minus 3.
D) 11, plus or minus 1.
Correct: Correct: Miller found the capacity of short-term memory to be 7+2.

Incorrect: Incorrect. Miller found the capacity of short-term memory to be 7+2.
Answer: B
44) Jamal is trying to buy something over the phone. He asks his partner to read him his
credit card number. However, when he tries to repeat it to the sales clerk on the other
end of the line, he can't remember all the numbers. Jamal is coming up against:
A) anterograde amnesia.
B) the curve of forgetting theory.
C) Miller's magical number 7, plus or minus 2 STM span.
D) retroactive interference.

Correct: Correct. Credit card numbers are too long for short-term memory, according to
Miller.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Anterograde amnesia is loss of memory from injury or trauma;
forming new long-term memories is affected.
Answer: C
45) According to Baddeley, which memory system is best understood as three

interrelated systems: central executive, visual sketchpad, and auditory recorder?
A) sensory memory
B) working memory
C) long-term memory
D) procedural memory
Correct: Correct. Working memory is seen as three interconnected systems.

Incorrect: Incorrect. Procedural memory is a form of long-term memory.
Answer: B
46) Research has shown that short-term memory lasts about 12 to 30 seconds without:
A) disruption.
B) mnemonics.
C) maintenance rehearsal.
D) chunking.
Correct: Correct. Maintenance rehearsal is necessary to keep information in short-term

memory after 12 to 30 seconds.
Incorrect: Incorrect. STM lasts 12 to 30 seconds without rehearsal.
Answer: C
47) Interference in STM information retention primarily can happen due to __________
and ________.
A) interruptions; distractions
B) interruptions; age
C) emotional state; distractions
D) interruptions; the amount of information to be held
Correct: Correct. Both interruptions and the amount of information to be held can
interfere in STM.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Interruptions include distractions.
Answer: D

48) The best way to encode information into LTM in an organized and meaningful way
is:
A) maintenance rehearsal.
B) rote rehearsal.
C) elaborative rehearsal.
D) chunking.
Correct: Correct. The best method is elaborative rehearsal, as it makes you engage the
material at a deeper level.
Incorrect: Incorrect. The best method is elaborative rehearsal, as maintenance rehearsal
does not process the information at a deep enough level.
Answer: C
49) The best analogy for the way long-term memory is conceptualized would be a:
A) revolving door.
B) filing cabinet.
C) desktop.
D) television.
Correct: Correct. Long-term memory can be thought of as a huge filing cabinet in which
items are stored in an organized manner.
Incorrect: Incorrect. The item most similar in concept to long-term memory is a filing
cabinet, as memory stores items in an organized manner just like a good filing system.
Answer: B
50) Which memory system has an unlimited capacity and can keep information for hours
or decades?
A) working memory
B) long-term memory
C) sensory memory
D) implicit memory
Correct: Correct. Long-term memory has an unlimited capacity.

Incorrect: Incorrect. Long-term memory has an unlimited capacity. Working memory
lasts only about 30 seconds and can hold only seven or so items at one time.
Answer: B
51) The system of memory that is more or less permanent is called ______ memory.

A) working
B) sensory
C) eidetic
D) long-term
Correct: Correct. Long-term memory is more or less permanent.

Incorrect: Incorrect. Long-term memory is more or less permanent. Working memory is
used to store, organize and manipulate information on a temporary basis.
Answer: D
52) Maintenance rehearsal is defined as:

A) processing the physical features of the stimulus to be remembered.
B) analyzing new material in order to make it memorable.
C) associating new material to be learned with information maintained in long-
term memory.
D) repeating some bit of information over and over in one's head in order to
maintain it in short-term memory.
Correct: Correct. Maintenance rehearsal is the practice of repeating some bit of

information over and over in one's head in order to maintain it in short-term memory. It
is not the best way to get items into long-term memory.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Maintenance rehearsal is the practice of repeating some bit of
information over and over in one's head in order to maintain it in short-term memory.
Answer: D
53) _______ is a strategy/are strategies for moving information from short-term to long-
term memory.
A) Mnemonics
B) Maintenance rehearsal
C) Acronyms
D) Elaborative rehearsal
Correct: Correct. Elaborative and maintenance are the two major types of rehearsal.
Incorrect: Incorrect. A mnemonic helps organize information in LTM.
Answer: D
54) Repeating items over and over in order to aid memory is known as ______ rehearsal.
A) repetitive
B) imagery
C) elaborative

D) maintenance
Correct: Correct. Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating bits of information to aid

memory. It is not the best strategy for getting information into long-term memory.
Incorrect: Incorrect. In maintenance rehearsal, items to be remembered are repeated
over and over again inside a person's head.
Answer: D
55) You try to remember a phone number by repeating it over and over to yourself. What
type of memory strategy are you using?
A) chunking
B) mnemonic
C) elaborative rehearsal
D) maintenance rehearsal
Correct: Correct. Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating bits of information to aid

memory. In maintenance rehearsal, items to be remembered are repeated over and over
again inside a person's head, but it is not a good strategy.
Incorrect: Incorrect. In maintenance rehearsal, items to be remembered are repeated
over and over again inside a person's head. Elaborative rehearsal is a better strategy.
Answer: D
56) You are learning a list of items for a test by relating the items to each other and to
information that you already have stored in memory. Which type of rehearsal are you
using?
A) state dependent
B) association
C) maintenance
D) elaborative
Correct: Correct. Elaborative rehearsal involves relating the items to each other and to
information that you already have stored in memory, and it is the best strategy for getting
information into long-term memory.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating the items over and over in
your head. Elaborative rehearsal, which involves relating the items to each other and to
information that you already have stored in memory, is a much better strategy.
Answer: D
57) The phrase every good boy deserves fudge is used as a/an __________ to remember
the treble clef line notes by music students.

A) acronym
B) mnemonic
C) chunking exercise
D) maintenance rehearsal technique
Correct: Correct. Memory strategies like mnemonics aid people in remembering great
amounts of information.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Maintenance rehearsal is the practice of saying some information to
be remembered over and over in one’s head to maintain it in short-term memory.
Answer: C
58) The term used to describe the capacity of long-term memory is:
A) gigabytes.
B) megabytes.
C) undetermined.
D) unlimited.
Correct: Correct. The capacity of long-term memory is unlimited. Given the number of
neurons and connections, it is unlikely that capacity would be limited.
Incorrect: Incorrect. The capacity of long-term memory is described as unlimited.
Answer: D
59) Canadian researchers Wagar and Cohen found European Canadians were faster at
recognizing individual traits and Asian Canadians were faster at recognizing
collective traits. Their research suggests that culture affects the ________ memory
process.
A) storage
B) selective attention
C) encoding
D) retrieval
Correct: Correct. Wagar is interested in the effect of culture on the encoding of

information into long-term memory and also what type information is encoded.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Selective attention influences short term memory
Answer: C
60) Recent research studies have found that European Canadians were faster at:
A) recognizing facial expressions.
B) recognizing individual traits.
C) social cues for behavioural regulation.

D) recognizing group traits.
Correct: Correct. European Canadians were faster at recognizing individual traits

Incorrect: Incorrect. Asian Canadians were better at recognizing group traits
Answer: B
61) Declarative memories are to ________ memories as procedural memories are to

__________ memories.
A) implicit; explicit
B) explicit; implicit
C) general knowledge; personal facts
D) personal facts; general knowledge
Correct: Correct. Procedural memories are to implicit memories as declarative memories

are to explicit memories.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Declarative memories are consciously accessible, so they are not
implicit. Procedural memories are skill based, and you are not consciously aware of
them.
Answer: B
62) _____________ memory is constantly updated.

A) Procedural
B) Declarative
C) Semantic
D) Episodic
Correct: Correct. Episodic memory is revised and updated more or less constantly to
keep track of day-to-day life.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Declarative memory deals with facts and is not updated every day.
Episodic memory is revised and updated more or less constantly, as it is the record of
your day-to-day life.
Answer: D
63) General knowledge, language, and concepts are seen as parts of ___________
memory/memories.
A) episodic
B) procedural
C) declarative
D) semantic

Correct: Correct. Semantic memory includes general knowledge, language, and concepts,
among other things.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Procedural memory is used for skills and is usually nonverbal.
Answer: D
64) Personal facts and memories of one's personal history are parts of ___________
memory/memories.
A) episodic
B) procedural
C) declarative
D) semantic
Correct: Correct. Episodic memory includes personal facts and memories.

Incorrect: Incorrect. Declarative memory is concerned with general facts and not
personal ones.
Answer: A
65) In the game show Jeopardy! contestants are tested on general information. The type
of memory used to answer Jeopardy! questions is:
A) procedural.
B) semantic.
C) episodic.
D) working.
Correct: Correct. Semantic memory concerns common knowledge.

Incorrect: Incorrect. The type of memory needed to access the answers to these kinds of
questions is semantic and not a form of short-term memory. Working, or short-term,
memory is not permanent.
Answer: B
66) Which type of long-term memory is most difficult to bring into conscious awareness?
A) episodic memory
B) procedural memories
C) declarative memories
D) semantic memory
Correct: Correct. Procedural memory, such as how to tie shoes, is unconscious.

Incorrect: Incorrect. It is difficult to bring procedural memory into conscious awareness.
It is not difficult to consciously recall something that is part of semantic memory, like a
word meaning or a math term.

Answer: B
67) Memories for general facts and personal information are called _________ memories.
A) eidetic
B) procedural
C) declarative
D) implicit
Correct: Correct. Memories for general facts and personal information are called
declarative memories.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Implicit memories are more difficult to bring to conscious
awareness; declarative memory stores general facts.
Answer: C
68) Which type of memory is most resistant to loss in Alzheimer's disease progression?
A) procedural
B) semantic
C) episodic
D) long-term memory
Correct: Correct. Procedural memory, which is unconscious, is most resistant to loss. It

is a separate system from the others and usually regards skills.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Procedural memory is rarely lost. However, other functions of LTM
such as episodic and semantic memories are lost by people with Alzheimer's.
Answer: A
69) Famous Canadian amnesiac Kent Cochrane's unique form of amnesia has helped
memory researchers distinguish between _________ and ___________ memory.
A) short-term; long-term
B) procedural; semantic
C) episodic; procedural
D) semantic; episodic
Correct: Correct. The case of K.C. provides support for the distinction between semantic
and episodic memory.
Incorrect: Incorrect. K.C.'s procedural and semantic memory functions were intact.
Answer: D

70) What makes Canadian Kent Cochrane's amnesia a fascinating case compared to other
cases of amnesia?
A) He has no recall of semantic facts prior to his accident.
B) He cannot recall procedural skills from one day to the next and must relearn
basic care skills like teeth brushing daily.
C) He cannot recollect any specific event in which he himself participated.
D) He has total recall of episodic memory from early childhood but nothing past
the age of five years.
Correct: Correct. What makes K.C. different is his inability to recollect any specific event
in which he himself participated.
Incorrect: Incorrect. K.C.'s procedural memory is intact.
Answer: C
71) A police officer is shot in a gun battle with bank robbers. Although emergency brain
surgery saves his life, it leaves him unable to store new information. The officer's
family is applying to the province for compensation for his injuries. When asked to
provide a diagnosis of the difficulties he suffers, what will they write?
A) dissociative amnesia
B) anterograde amnesia
C) retrograde amnesia
D) infantile amnesia
Correct: Correct. Anterograde amnesia occurs when new long-term memories cannot be
formed.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Retrograde amnesia deals with not being able to get old information
out of storage.
Answer: B
72) A patient's chart indicates he just had surgery to remove his hippocampus as a result
of a tumour. What changes do you anticipate in the patient’s memory functioning
after the operation?
A) The patient will not be able to remember everyday tasks like tying his shoes or
brushing his teeth.
B) The patient will not be able to recall word symbols and their meaning.
C) The patient will not be able to remember new information.
D) The patient will not be able to remember his past life story.
Correct: Correct. Damage to the hippocampus results in long-term memory problems.

Incorrect: Incorrect. The patient will not be able to remember new information because
the hippocampus is crucial in storing information in long-term memory.
Answer: C

73) Patients with anterograde amnesia were taught to solve the Tower of Hanoi problem.
It was later found that they:
A) remembered solving the problem and could do so again.
B) didn't remember the problem and couldn't solve it.
C) remembered solving the problem but couldn't do it again.
D) didn't remember solving the problem but could do it again.
Correct: Correct. It was later found that they didn't remember solving the problem but
could do it again.
Incorrect: Incorrect. It was later found that they didn't remember solving the problem but
could do it again. This is because anterograde amnesia involves an inability to store new
information into long-term memory.
Answer: D
74) Which of the following statements is true about semantic and episodic memories?
A) The former is always implicit, and the latter is always explicit.
B) The former is always explicit, and the latter is always implicit.
C) Both are always implicit.
D) Under the right circumstances, both memories can demonstrate implicit and
explicit
Correct: Correct. Under the right circumstances, both memories can demonstrate implicit
and explicit characteristics.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Under the right circumstances, both memories can demonstrate
implicit and explicit characteristics. Neither one is locked into being just explicit or
implicit. characteristics.
Answer: D
75) __________ memory is thought to be organized in the form of semantic networks or

nodes of related information spreading out from a central piece of knowledge.
A) Long-term
B) Episodic
C) Working
D) Short-term
Correct: Correct. Long-term memory is thought to be organized in the form of semantic

networks or nodes of related information spreading out from a central piece of
knowledge.

Answer: A
76) According to the semantic network model, it would take less time to answer "true" to
which sentence?
A) "A salmon is an animal."
B) "A salmon is a fish."
C) "A canary is an animal."
D) They would all take the same amount of time.
Correct: Correct. Salmon and fish are conceptually closer and, thus, comparing them
would be faster than comparing something like salmon and animal that are conceptually
further apart.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Salmon and fish are conceptually closer and, thus, comparing them
would be faster than comparing something like salmon and animal that are conceptually
further apart.
Answer: B
77) According to the semantic network model, it would take more time to answer "true"
to which sentence?
A) "A salmon is an animal."
B) "A salmon is a fish."
C) "A canary is a bird."
D) They would all take the same amount of time.
Correct: Correct. It would take more time to answer "true" to "A salmon is an animal."
Incorrect: Incorrect. It would take more time to answer "true" to "A salmon is an
animal." The concept in the model is that salmon and fish are closer together and, thus,
comparing them would be faster than comparing something like salmon and animal,
which would be further away.
Answer: A
78) One problem with assuming that nodes of information were logically arranged in
semantic networks, as suggested by Collins and his colleagues, was that:
A) most but not all human brains form networks.
B) networks are only formed for certain types of information and experiences.
C) the networks were not always logical from the scientist's point of view but
were based on individual personal experience.
D) access of information inside a node of a network may take place in a serial
fashion.

Correct: Correct. The networks were not always logical from the scientist's point of view
but were based on personal experience.
Incorrect: Incorrect. This wasn't an objection and was really irrelevant. The major
networks were not always logical but were based on personal experience. That would
make the reaction times very hard to predict.
Answer: C
79) The internet, with its series of links from one site to many others, is a good analogy
for the organization of ___________ memory.
A) short-term
B) episodic
C) long-term
D) procedural
Correct: Correct. Long-term memory is organized with links that branch out to other
links in a manner similar to the organization of the Internet.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Procedural memory is the memory that stores skills, whereas the
Internet is more like the network models of long-term memory.
Answer: C
80) In the levels-of-processing model of memory, information that forms the strongest
memories is processed according to the:
A) auditory characteristics or the sound of the words.
B) picture and physical characteristics of the words.
C) meaning and understanding of the words.
D) stage of memory in which the words and concept are stored.
Correct: Correct. According to the levels-of-processing model, meaning results in deeper

processing, which results in stronger memory.
Incorrect: Incorrect. According to the levels-of-processing model, deeper processing
results in better memory, whereas shallower processing results in poorer memory.
Answer: A
81) Craik and Lockhart’s research and theory focused on the _________ of memory.
A) stages
B) structures
C) disorders
D) processes

Correct: Correct. In 1972, Craik and Lockhart went against research trends of the day by
focusing on the processes involved in memory instead of on memory stores or structures.
They are associated with the levels-of-processing model of memory.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Although Tulving contributed to our knowledge of Alzheimer’s
disease, his work with Craik on understanding how deeper processing results in better
memory was most significant.
Answer: A
82) The levels-of-processing concept of Craik and Lockhart would suggest that which of
the following questions would lead to better memory of the word frog?
A) "Does it rhyme with blog?"
B) "Is it in capital letters?"
C) "Is it written in cursive?”
D) "Would it be found in a pond?"
Correct: Correct. This question requires a deeper level of processing as it engages

meaning. Meaning is seen as a deeper level of processing, which leads to better memory.
Incorrect: Incorrect. This question requires a shallower level of processing and that leads
to poorer memory.
Answer: D
83) Which of the following examples represents the shallowest processing as described
by Craik and Lockhart?
A) recalling an object's function
B) attending to the sound of a word
C) thinking about the meaning of a word
D) recalling the shape of an object
Correct: Correct. Thinking about the appearance of a word is a shallower thought

process than thinking about its meaning.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Thinking about meaning requires a deeper level of processing than
does thinking about more superficial aspects of the word itself, such as its sound.
Answer: B
Type: MC Page Ref: 234-235 Skill: Applied Objective: 6.8
84) Which model of memory proposes that the deeper a person processes information, the
better it will be remembered?
A) levels-of-processing model
B) parallel distributed processing model
C) information-processing model
D) semantic network model

Correct: Correct. Levels of processing refers to the level of processing depth.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Information processing isn't necessarily concerned with the depth of
a thought process.
Answer: A
85) Believers in the information-processing model of memory are likely to agree that:
A) the brain has nothing in common with a computer.
B) studying computers can give you useful insights into human information
processing.
C) memory processes take place at the same time over a large network of neural
connections.
D) information flows from one memory system to the next.
Correct: Correct. Computers serve as a model for cognitive psychologists.

Incorrect: Incorrect. Modern neuroscience considers the brain to be like a computer.
Answer: B
86) Which of the following examples represents deep processing as described by Craik
and Lockhart?
A) repeating a word aloud ten times
B) attending to the sound of a word
C) thinking about the meaning of a word
D) looking at the shapes of the letters in a word
Correct: Correct. Thinking about a word's meaning requires a deeper level of processing.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Attending to the sound of a word is not a deep level of processing, as
it takes place at the perceptual level.
Answer: C
87) The best place to take your biology exam to ensure good retrieval of biology concepts
is in the:
A) biology classroom.
B) auditorium, with all the students in the school.
C) cafeteria, with comfort food readily accessible.
D) special testing room used for all exams.
Correct: Correct. If you could take the test where you studied, that would be the best.
Incorrect: Incorrect. The special testing room won't give you any retrieval cues; the best
place is in the biology classroom.

Answer: A
88) If memory were like the sea, we could say that ______ is long-term memory, ______
are the specific memories, and _______ are retrieval cues.
A) the sea; fish; hooks
B) a boat; worms; fish
C) a boat; hooks; worms
D) an island; worms; fishing poles
Correct: Correct. The sea is long-term memory, fish are the memories, and hooks are
retrieval cues.
Incorrect: Incorrect. The sea is long-term memory, fish are the memories, and hooks are
retrieval cues. The sea is a large container (long-term memory), it contains fish (specific
memories), and you catch fish with hooks (cues).
Answer: A
89) Someone asks you to name the first female prime minister of Canada but you can't
remember. To aid your memory, the person then tells you that the prime minister's
name is frequently mentioned in soup commercials. Upon hearing the hint, you
instantly realize that Kim Campbell is the answer. In this situation, the hint acted as
a/an:
A) elaborative rehearsal cue.
B) mnemonic.
C) flashbulb memory.
D) retrieval cue.
Correct: Correct. The hint that made you think of Campbell's soup helped you retrieve the
name of Kim Campbell.
Incorrect: Incorrect. You are not rehearsing or repeating anything in this task as you
would in an elaborative rehearsal process.
Answer: D
90) When asked to recall the date of Sidney Crosby’s Olympic medal–winning goal,
Peter draws a blank; however, when asked whether it was January 28, 2010, February
28, 2010, or March 28, 2010, he correctly answers with the second choice. This
example most clearly demonstrates the value of:
A) state-dependent memory.
B) retrieval cues.
C) encoding specificity.
D) mnemonic devices.

Correct: Correct. This example most clearly demonstrates the value of retrieval cues as
Peter probably had the date stored in memory and then just had to take a set of dates and
check which one he had stored.
Incorrect: Incorrect. This example most clearly demonstrates the value of retrieval cues.
A mnemonic is a poem or acronym that aids memory through aiding retrieval.
Answer: B
91) Which of the following statements is true of retrieval cues?

A) They are important in helping us remember items stored in long–term
memory.
B) They are aids in rote rehearsal in short–term memory.
C) They can be helpful in both long- and short–term memory.
D) They have been recently shown to have little effect on the accessibility of
information.
Correct: Correct. Retrieval cues are important in helping us remember items stored in
long–term memory. Think of trying to find your keys and trying to remember where you
last saw them. That's how you would use retrieval cues.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Retrieval cues are important in helping us remember items stored in
long–term memory. In fact, lack of retrieval has been seen as a major cause of forgetting.
Answer: A
92) "The effectiveness of memory retrieval is directly related to the similarity of cues
present when the memory was encoded to the cues present when the memory is
retrieved." What concept does this statement describe?
A) consolidation
B) flashbulb memory
C) encoding specificity
D) retrieval clue
Correct: Correct. Encoding specificity is being described as it refers to the similarity of

the learning and testing situation and how it aids performance.
Incorrect: Incorrect: Consolidation refers to the changes that take place in the structure
and functioning of neurons when an engram is formed.
Answer: C
93) Encoding specificity refers to:

A) improved memory recall if the physical surroundings available when the
memory was first formed are also available when the memory is being
retrieved.
B) improved memory recall if the psychological or emotional states occurring
when the memory was first formed are present when the memory is being
retrieved.
C) information at the beginning and end of a body of information are more easily
recalled than information from the middle .
D) the ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or
fact.
Correct: Correct: Encoding specificity refers to the tendency for memory of any kind of
information to be improved if the physical surroundings available when the memory is
first formed are also available when the memory is being retrieved.
Incorrect: Incorrect: the statement describes state dependent learning or memories
formed during a particular physiological or psychological state will be easier to recall
while in a similar state
Answer: A
94) The research of Eich and Metcalf would suggest that if you were really happy when
you were learning math, you should be ______ when taking the math exam to do
well.
A) calm
B) nervous
C) happy
D) depressed
Correct: Correct. You should be happy when taking the final exam for best retrieval
because matching moods leads to best retrieval.
Incorrect: Incorrect. You should match your mood if you can and, thus, you should be
happy.
Answer: C
95) A research study found that if you study on land, you do better when tested on land,
and if you study underwater, you do better when tested underwater. This finding is an
example of:
A) state-dependent learning.
B) primacy effect.
C) encoding specificity.
D) recency effect.

Correct: Correct. Encoding specificity identifies that memory recall improves if the
formed during a particular physiological or psychological state
Incorrect: Incorrect: State-dependent learning refers to memories physical surroundings
at retrieval are similar to when the memory was formed.
Answer: C
96) Which of the following is not an example of a test using recall?

A) short answer
B) essay
C) fill-in-the-blank
D) matching
Correct: Correct. Matching uses recognition.

Incorrect: Incorrect. All of these test examples use recall. Fill-ins are just one type.
Answer: D
97) The mnemonic “always first, always last but never in-between” best describes which
memory principle or functions?
A) recognition and recall
B) serial position effect
C) curve of forgetting
D) proactive and retroactive interference
Correct: Correct. It is the tendency of information at the beginning and the end of a body
of information to be remembered more easily and accurately than information in the
middle of the body of information.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Curve of forgetting a graph showing a distinct pattern in which
forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a list and then tapers off
gradually.
Answer: A
98) Janie is taking an exam in her history class. On the exam there is a question that asks
her to state and discuss the five major causes of the Trans-Caspian War (whatever
that was!). Janie remembers four of them. She knows there is a fifth and can almost
remember it; she knows that it is something like Texas. Janie is walking down the
stairs, when all of a sudden, she remembers that the fifth point is taxes, but it is too
late. Janie was suffering from:
A) encoding problems.
B) misinformation effect.
C) tip-of-the-tongue effects.

D) memory trace decay.
Correct: Correct. Janie was suffering from tip-of-the-tongue effects as she felt the
information was almost ready to be said or on the tip of her tongue.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Janie was suffering from tip-of-the-tongue effects. She probably had
encoded the information, but she couldn't find it; thus, it was a retrieval problem.
Answer: C
99) When the sound of the word is the aspect that cannot be retrieved, leaving only the
feeling of knowing the word without the ability to pronounce it, this is known as:
A) encoding failure.
B) trace memory decay.
C) primacy effect.
D) the tip-of-the-tongue effect.
Correct: Correct: This is known as the tip-of-the-tongue effect.

Incorrect: Incorrect. This is known as the tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) effect. The information
had been encoded but when you couldn't find it and only have a sense that it is in
memory, you have TOT.
Answer: D
100) Studies have found that the best way to overcome the tip-of-the-tongue effect to:
A) try even harder to remember the items.
B) take a nap or sleep on it.
C) forget about it and let the item come to you.
D) engage in mental charades, “small word, sounds like,” etc.
Correct: Correct. Studies have found that the best way to overcome the tip-of-the-tongue
effect is to forget about it because then the item might just come to you.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Studies have found that the best way to overcome the tip-of-the-
tongue effect is to try to forget about it; the item might just come to you. Trying harder
sometimes just locks in the item you are incorrectly recalling.
Answer: C
101) Moishe can remember only the first two items and the last two items on the grocery
list that his wife just read to him over the phone. The other five items in between are
gone. This is an example of the _____________ effect.
A) encoding specificity
B) serial position
C) tip of the tongue

D) primacy
Correct: Correct. The finding is known as the serial position effect; as it refers to the
ability to better remember things at the beginning and end of a list.
Incorrect: Incorrect: Primacy effect refers to the tendency to remember information at the
beginning of a body of information better than the information that follows. Serial
position effect includes both the first and last items of information as memory recall
principles.
Answer: B
102) The fact that it is easier to recall items at the beginning and end of a list of unrelated
items is known as the ______ effect.
A) primacy
B) recency
C) serial position
D) misinformation
Correct: Correct. The finding is known as the serial position effect; as it refers to the
ability to better remember things at the beginning and end of a list.
Incorrect: Incorrect: Misinformation effect refers to the tendency of misleading
information presented after an event to alter the memories of the event itself.
Answer: C
103) When given a list of items to remember, people tend to do better at recalling the first
items on the list than the middle of the list. This is known as the ______ effect.
A) serial position
B) recency
C) misinformation
D) primacy
Correct: Correct. This is known as the primacy effect or having a better memory for the
beginning of the list as compared to the middle.
Incorrect: Incorrect. This is known as the primacy effect. The recency effect refers to
improved memory for items at the end of the list.
Answer: D
104) When given a list of items to remember, people tend to do better at recalling the last
items on the list. This is known as the ______ effect.
A) serial position
B) misinformation

C) recency
D) primacy
Correct: Correct. The recency effect helps you recall the last thing your significant other
said when you would rather watch TV and your significant other is going on and on.
Incorrect: Incorrect. This is known as the recency effect as the last items are remembered
best. The primacy effect is having a better memory for the beginning of the list as
compared to the middle.
Answer: C
105) When given a list of items to remember, you are more likely to remember:
A) the items in the beginning better than those in the middle or at the end.
B) the items in the middle more than those at the beginning or at the end.
C) the items at the end more than those in the middle or at the beginning of the
list.
D) the items at the beginning and at the end more than those in the middle of the
list.
Correct: Correct. When given a list of items to remember, you are more likely to
remember the items at the beginning and at the end more than those in the middle of the
list.
Incorrect: Incorrect. People are more likely to remember the items at the beginning and
at the end of a list than those in the middle because of the recency effect in short-term
memory and the primacy effect in long-term memory.
Answer: D
106) Which of the following statements is NOT a true statement about research findings
pertaining to the serial position effect?
A) It is used as evidence of separate long-term and short-term memory systems.
B) It is found when someone tries to recall items in long-term memory, such as
the names of the presidents.
C) It is due, in part, to the fact that the middle items of a serial list get less
rehearsal than items at the beginning of the list.
D) The phenomenon does not exist in younger children. A University of Alberta
study found that children remember the middle portion of information over the
beginning or end.
Correct: Correct. The University of Alberta study found that children asked to retrace a
route could remember the beginning and end but not the middle.
Answer: D

Type: MC Page Ref: 238-239 Skill: Conceptual Objective:
6.10
107) An example of a testing format that uses memory recognition is:

A) essay.
B) short answer.
C) matching.
D) fill in the blanks.
Correct: Correct. Matching tests use recognition. You are given the correct answer to test
against memory, which involves recognition.
Incorrect: Incorrect. This testing format is used to measure a person’s memory for
information (recall).
Answer: C
108) A __________ occurs when a person incorrectly "matches" a stimulus that is merely
similar to a real memory.
A) retrieval error
B) false positive
C) recency effect
D) misinformation effect
Correct: Correct. A false positive error of recognition happens when people think that
they recognize some stimulus that is not actually in memory.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Misinformation effect refers to the tendency of misleading
information presented after an event to alter the memories of the event itself.
Answer: B
109) According to the Innocence Project at Osgoode Hall Law School at York
University, an estimated 25 percent of wrongful convictions involve faulty
eyewitness testimony, as distinguished from identification error. The memory
process closely associated with faulty eyewitness testimony is called:
A) the recency effect.
B) constructive processing.
C) a flashbulb memory.
D) a false positive.
Correct: Correct. A false positive occurs when a person thinks that he or she has
recognized something or someone but in fact does not have that something or someone in
memory.
Incorrect: Incorrect. The recency effect refers to the tendency to remember information at
the end of a body of information better that the information ahead of it.

Answer: D
110) A witness on the stand swears that he saw someone commit a crime. Must you
believe that the testimony is valid when a witness testifies so forcefully?
A) Yes, because iconic memory is very reliable.
B) No, because iconic memory is not reliable.
C) Yes because eyewitness testimony relies on LTM, which is rehearsed and
reliable.
D) No, because eyewitness testimony may be influenced by other factors resulting
in false positive identifications.
Correct: Correct. A great number of "false positive" identifications have been made.
Witnesses sometimes construct memories after the fact and convince themselves of their
validity
Incorrect: Incorrect. Eyewitnesses have been shown to be incorrect, and may be
influenced by other factors.
Answer: D
111) The most influential researcher into eyewitness memory has been:
A) Broadbent.
B) Sperling.
C) Loftus.
D) Treisman.
Correct: Correct. The most influential researcher into eyewitness memory has been
Loftus.
Incorrect: Incorrect. The most influential researcher into eyewitness memory has been
Loftus. Broadbent is best known for research on attention.
Answer: C
112) Stephen Truscott was wrongly convicted for the murdered of a 14-year-old-girl.
Truscott’s case demonstrates concerns about:
A) the primacy effect and memory retrieval.
B) the recency effect and memory retrieval.
C) the false positive effect in memory retrieval.
D) the memory trace decay effect in memory retrieval.
Correct: Correct. The false positive effect contributes to faulty eyewitness testimony

Incorrect: Incorrect. The primacy effect refers to the tendency to recall the first or
beginning items on a list.
Answer: C
113) Most people born before the middle 1990s can vividly recall where they were and
what they were doing on the day of the 9/11 World Trade Center attacks, although
they cannot remember what they were doing the day before the event. The 9/11
memory is an example of a/an:
A) false positive memory.
B) flashbulb memory.
C) semantic memory.
D) eyewitness memory.
Correct: Correct. This is an example of a flashbulb memory, which is like a flash picture
of a highly emotional event and is not always accurate.
Incorrect: Incorrect. This is an example of a flashbulb memory. A false positive memory
is a memory error of recognition in which people think that they recognize some stimulus
that is not actually in memory.
Answer: B
114) Flashbulb memories:

A) are so emotionally intense, they are not subject to decay and alterations over
time as other kinds of memories.
B) usually concern events that have strong emotional associations.
C) are very accurate, as if the person’s mind took a flash picture of that moment
in time.
D) can only exist on a grand scale such as world events similar to 9/11.
Correct: Correct. Flashbulb memories usually concern events that are emotionally
charged.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Flashbulb memories seem vivid and concern events that are
emotionally charged but they are quite often incorrect if the details are checked.
Answer: B
115) Memories that concern events that are highly significant, with strong emotional
associations, and are vividly remembered are called ___________ memories.
A) episodic
B) long-term
C) flashbulb

D) eyewitness
Correct: Correct. Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are
vividly remembered are called flashbulb memories.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Episodic memory contains personal memories of an individual’s life
that may or may not be emotionally charged and vivid.
Answer: C
116) Retrieving information from LTM is done by assembling information from various
brain locations and literally forming memories from these various pieces stored
away at encoding. This process is known as:
A) consolidation.
B) spreading activation.
C) constructive processing.
D) parallel distributed processing.
Correct: Correct. Bits and pieces of information are gathered from various areas of the
brain and put back together in a process called constructive processing.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Bits and pieces of information are gathered from various areas and
put back together in a process called constructive processing. Consolidation is the
process of establishing memories.
Answer: C
117) As memories get older, they are most likely to:

A) disappear from memory altogether
B) become stronger, more accurate, and more vivid.
C) be regarded as unreliable by the person using them.
D) become changed or altered in some fashion.
Correct: Correct. As memories get older, they are most likely to become changed or
altered in some fashion. More new items interfere with them.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Studies show that memories may be not always be accessible but all
memories do not disappear as the memory gets older.
Answer: D
118) It's Thanksgiving and the whole family has gotten together. You start to reminisce
about your childhood and get into an argument with your brother. Both of you claim
that you were the innocent victim of the other. This argument is an example of:
A) constructive processing.
B) the curve of forgetting..

C) memory trace decay.
D) the misinformation effect.
Correct: Correct. You are constructing a memory to favour yourself.

Incorrect: Incorrect. The curve of forgetting is a graph showing a distinct pattern in
which forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a list and then tapers off
gradually
Answer: A
119) Based on Loftus's 1978 study, subjects viewed a slide presentation of an accident,
and some of the subjects were asked a question about a blue car when the actual
slides contained pictures of a green car. When these same subjects were asked about
the colour of the car at the accident, they were found to be confused. This is an
example of:
A) the serial position effect.
B) constructive processing.
C) a false positive memory.
D) the misinformation effect.
Correct: Correct. This is an example of the misinformation effect where new information
replaces older information. It has been a crucial addition to our knowledge of why court
proceedings sometimes lead to the wrong conclusions about guilt or innocence.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Although constructive processing appears correct misleading
information presented after the event led to the altering of the memory (misinformation
effect).
Answer: D
120) McGill researcher Maggie Bruck tested Loftus's theory about suggestion and
accuracy of memory recall using children as subjects. When given misleading
information, children were more likely to later report:
A) descriptive memories of the researcher and the research experience.
B) false memories influenced by suggestion.
C) accurate memories filtering out misleading information.
D) no memories; children were unable to recall the misleading information or the
event.
Correct: Correct. Children believed and produced false memories, influenced by

suggestion
Incorrect: Incorrect. Children produced false memories, influenced by suggestion not
accurate memories.
Answer: B

121) Which of the following statements about hypnosis and memory is not true?
A) Research has shown that hypnosis may make it easier to recall real memories.
B) Research has shown that hypnosis may make it easier to recall false memories.
C) Research has shown that only hypnosis using age regression is associated with
false memory concerns.
D) Research has shown that hypnosis increases people’s confidence in their
memories, regardless if the memories are real or false.
Correct: Correct. Age regression hypnosis may carry higher risks for creating false
memories; it is not the only form of hypnosis where there are concerns or risks of false
memory recall due to therapist’s suggestions.
Answer: C
122) What was the outcome of Porter and Peace’s research about childhood victims of
trauma and memory?
A) False memories can be created for any type of memory including trauma or
happy memories.
B) Recall of happy memories was more vivid and accurate than traumatic
memories
C) Children are resistant to the creation of implausible false memories
D) Victims may actually be able to recall the details of traumatic events such as
physical or sexual assault later with as much clarity as on the day they
happened.
Correct: Correct. Porter and Peace’s research confirmed vivid and reliable recall.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Memory for the central details of the traumatic event was vivid and
remarkably reliable.
Answer: D
123) Which technique is widely used by therapists to help clients recover lost childhood
memories?
A) hypnosis.
B) play therapy
C) music therapy.
D) art therapy
Correct: Correct. Hypnosis is widely used by therapists to help clients recover lost
childhood memories. Remember that hypnosis is not well respected by scientifically
trained therapists

Incorrect: Incorrect. Hypnosis is widely used by therapists to help clients recover lost
childhood memories. Music therapy is not a core technique
Answer: A
124) Pezdek and colleagues found that for a person to interpret thoughts and fantasies
about false events as true memories:
A) the event must seem as vivid as possible.
B) the person must believe in hypnosis.
C) the circumstances and content of the false events must be plausible.
D) they must hear about the event multiple times.
Correct: Correct. Pezdek found that plausible false events were more likely to be
remembered as false memories than were implausible false events.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Repetition of the events was not found to be a factor.
Answer: C
125) Researchers using MRI scanning have found that:

A) false memories of visual images and visual images of real events are processed
in different brain locations.
B) false memories of visual images and visual images of real events are processed
in much the same way.
C) researchers could not localize where false visual images were processed.
D) researchers could not localize where correct or real visual images were
processed.
Correct: Correct. Researchers using MRI scanning have found that false memories of
visual images and visual images of real events are processed in overlapping brain
locations.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Researchers using MRI scanning have found that false memories of
visual images and visual images of real events are processed in overlapping brain
locations.
Answer: B
126) Canadian researcher Dr. Daniel Bernstein presented new findings about the potential
positive behaviour consequences of false memories at the International Conference
on Memory in Sydney, Australia, in 2006. Dr. Bernstein's research used information
to create false memories that created a/an:
A) taste aversion.
B) aversion to smoking.
C) alcohol aversion.

D) aversion to high-fat foods.
Correct: Correct. People's liking of rum can be lessened by implanting the false belief
that they had been sick as a result of drinking rum in the past.
Incorrect: Incorrect. The experiment used alcohol (rum).
Answer: B
127) The term false memory taste aversion phenomenon is associated with the work of:
A) Pezdek.
B) Bowman.
C) Bernstein.
D) Loftus.
Correct: Correct. Implanting false beliefs can influence alcohol consumption though
suggestion that "rum" had caused participants to get sick in the past
Incorrect: Incorrect. Pezdek found that plausible false events were more likely to be
remembered as false memories than were implausible false events.
Answer: C
Type: MC Page Ref: 253
Objective: 6.17
128) A. R. Luria studied an individual with phenomenal memory. A person with this type
of memory is called a/an:
A) eidetic memory prodigy.
B) automatic encoding prodigy.
C) mnemonic learner.
D) mnemonist.
Correct: Correct. This person was a mnemonist, or someone with exceptional memory.
The term comes from the Greek god of memory.
Incorrect: Incorrect. This person was a mnemonist. Eidetic memory recalls visual images
and is sometimes called a photographic memory.
Answer: D
Type: MC
Page Ref: 246 Skill: Factual Objective: 6.13
129) A. R. Luria studied a mnemonist with phenomenal memory. This person had several
problems associated with the ability. Which problem was identified in your
textbook?
A) depression and overwhelming emotion
B) forgetting important autobiographical material due to information overload
C) separating trivial memories from important memories.
D) an obsession with numbers and numerical patterns

Correct: Correct. Trivial memories interfered with important ones.
Incorrect: Incorrect. The book did not identify these two emotional responses.
Answer: C
130) Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten:

A) more rapidly as time goes by.
B) gradually at first, then with increasing speed.
C) quickly at first, then tapers off gradually.
D) most quickly, 24 hours after learning
Correct: Correct. Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten quickly at first, then
tapers off gradually.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Ebbinghaus found that information is forgotten quickly at first, then
tapers off gradually. After a day, the rate of forgetting becomes stable.
Answer: C
131) According to Ebbinghaus’s curve of forgetting research, the greatest amount of

forgetting occurs:
A) within the first hour after learning new material.
B) within the first day after learning new material.
C) within the first two days after learning new material.
D) within the first week of learning material.
Correct: Correct. The greatest amount of forgetting occurs within the first hour after
learning new material.
Incorrect: Incorrect. The greatest amount of forgetting occurs within the first hour after
learning the material. The rate of forgetting was fairly stable after a long retrieval
period.
Answer: A
132) Your teacher has given each student the name of a key figure in the history of
psychology. Your assignment asks you to describe one significant contribution
made by the psychology figure you selected. If your historical figure is Hermann
Ebbinghaus, what contribution might you describe to the class?
A) He described the limits of sensory memory storage.
B) He discovered the parts of the brain responsible for processing memories.
C) He created nonsense syllables in order to study memory in a "pure" form.
D) He developed a series of memory aids that is still used by students today.

Correct: Correct. Ebbinghaus created nonsense syllables that were crucial to studying
learning.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Ebbinghaus created nonsense syllables that were crucial to studying
learning. Sperling was crucial in the study of sensory storage.
Answer: C
133) What type of stimuli did Hermann Ebbinghaus use in his memory experiments?
A) “noun” words
B) decimal numbers
C) animal pictures
D) nonsense syllables
Correct: Correct. Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables because he wanted a stimulus that
would seem similar to the neutral stimuli used in conditioning experiments.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables to avoid the associations that
words would have. He wanted a stimulus that would seem similar to the neutral stimuli
used in conditioning experiments.
Answer: D
134) Why did Hermann Ebbinghaus use nonsense syllables as stimuli in his memory
research?
A) They were unique, making them more memorable.
B) The stimuli had no previous associations.
C) They were short and therefore easy to remember.
D) The stimuli had been used successfully in previous research.
Correct: Correct. The stimuli had no previous associations and were, thus, like the
neutral stimuli of conditioning experiments.
Incorrect: Incorrect, The stimuli had no previous associations and were, thus, like the
neutral stimuli used in conditioning experiments as the CS.
Answer: B
135) You are invited to take part in a study by a researcher trying to replicate the work of
Hermann Ebbinghaus. What might this researcher ask you to do?
A) "Write down all the words you can remember."
B) "Read this poem and then interpret its meaning."
C) "Listen to me: BEC, DAX, FER, KOJ; now repeat what I said."
D) "Listen to these sounds and write down words that come to mind."
Correct: Correct. Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables to avoid previous associative links.

Incorrect: Incorrect. He would probably say, "BEC, DAX, FER, KOJ; now repeat what I
said." Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables because they had to previous associations.
Answer: C
136) Most people have difficulty actually recognizing the correct image of the Canadian
penny. The most likely cause of this problem is:
A) retroactive interference.
B) memory trace decay.
C) encoding failure.
D) curve of forgetting patterns.
Correct: Correct. The most likely cause of these problems is encoding failure. Who
notices those details unless you are a numismatist—look it up. Not noticing causes the
information not to be processed or encoded.
Incorrect: Incorrect. The most likely cause of this problem is encoding failure. You
probably never noticed and stored this level of detail.
Answer: C
137) A psychologist asks people to recall the name of their kindergarten teacher.
Surprisingly, the majority of people are able to correctly do this and comment, "Gee
whiz, I haven't thought about that person in years!" Their ability to recall this
information poses a challenge to which “theory of forgetting?”
A) interference theory
B) memory trace decay and disuse theory
C) curve of forgetting theory
D) constructive processing theory
Correct: Correct. Their ability to do so is a severe problem for the decay or disuse theory
of forgetting because people are able to remember even when they haven't used that
particular memory trace for a very long time. If decay was a constant process, that
memory and all those from that time should be gone. However, we do have clear
memories from long ago.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Curve of forgetting is a graph showing a distinct pattern in which
forgetting is very fast within the first hour after learning a list and then tapers off
gradually. It is not measuring episodic LTM memory data.
Answer: B
138) Jessica took psychology in the fall semester and is now taking sociology. Several of
the concepts are similar, and Jessica finds that she sometimes has trouble recalling

some of the major psychological theorists. She keeps getting them confused with
sociological theorists. Jessica's problem is most likely due to:
B) retroactive interference.
C) proactive interference.
D) curve of forgetting pattern.
Correct: Correct. In retroactive interference, new information interferes with older

information.
Incorrect: Incorrect. In proactive interference, older information interferes with newer
information, but in this example the situation is reversed.
Answer: B
139) Retroactive interference pertaining to the study of memory refers to:

A) older information already in memory interfering with the retrieval of newer
information.
B) newer information interfering with the retrieval of older information.
C) information that is not attended to and therefore fails to be encoded.
D) information that is not accessed decays from the memory storage system over
time.
Correct: Correct. Retroactive interference as used in the study of memory refers to when
newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Retroactive interference as used in the study of memory refers to
when newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information. Decay refers
to the information fading on its own.
Answer: B
140) Proactive interference pertaining to the study of memory refers to:

A) older information already in memory interfering with the retrieval of newer
information.
B) newer information interfering with the retrieval of older information.
C) information that is not attended to and therefore fails to be encoded.
D) information that is not accessed decays from the memory storage system over
time.
Correct: Correct. Proactive interference as used in the study of memory refers to when
older information already in memory interferes with the retrieval of newer information.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Proactive interference as used in the study of memory refers to when
older information already in memory interferes with the retrieval of newer information.
Retroactive interference is the reverse, as described in this choice.
Answer: A

141) You start out using Netscape, then change to Explorer because your company
demands that browsers be Microsoft products. If you have trouble with Explorer, it
is most likely due to:
A) proactive interference.
B) retroactive interference.
C) anterograde interference.
D) consolidation problems.
Correct: Correct. In proactive interference, older information interferes with newer

information.
Incorrect: Incorrect. In retroactive interference, newer information interferes with older
information. In this example, the old interferes with the new, which is proactive
interference.
Answer: A
142) Forgetting related to long-term memory is most likely due to:

A) interference from other information.
B) decay or disuse.
C) encoding failure.
D) curve of forgetting patterns.
Correct: Correct. Forgetting in long-term memory is most likely due to interference from
other information.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Forgetting in long-term memory is most likely due to interference
from other information. Decay or the fading of information has not been conclusively
shown to occur and, in fact, there is evidence against it.
Answer: A
Type: MC Page Ref: 247-248 Skill: Factual Objective: 6.13
143) Shalissa has two exams today. One is in French and the other is in history. Last
night she studied French before history. When she gets to her French test, all she can
remember is history! Shalissa's memory is suffering from:
A) curve of forgetting patterns.
B) proactive interference.
C) tip of the tongue effect.
Correct: Correct. Retroactive interference occurs when new information interferes with
old.

Incorrect: Incorrect. In proactive interference, old information interferes with new. In
Shalissa's situation, the new information (history) is interfering with the old
(French), which is called retroactive interference.
Answer: D
144) Shalissa has two exams today. One is in French and the other is in history. Last
night she studied French before history. When she gets to her history test, all she can
remember is French! Shalissa's memory is suffering from:
A) curve of forgetting patterns.
C) tip of the tongue effect.
Correct: Correct. Shalissa's memory is suffering from proactive interference.

Incorrect: Incorrect. Shalissa's memory is suffering from proactive interference as old
information is knocking out the new. Retroactive interference is the reverse.
Answer: B
145) Decay theory works well to explain forgetting in:

A) sensory memory and long-term memory.
B) short-term memory and long-term memory.
C) long-term memory only.
D) sensory memory and short-term memory.
Correct: Correct. Decay has been proposed to explain forgetting in both sensory memory
and short-term memory.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Decay has been proposed to explain forgetting in sensory memory
and short-term memory.
Answer: D
146) When newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information, this is
called:
C) disuse interference.
Correct: Correct. In retroactive interference, new information interferes with old.

Incorrect: Incorrect. In proactive interference, old information interferes with new.
Answer: D

147) _________________ is the tendency for older or previously learned material to

interfere with the retrieval of newer, more recently learned material.
A) Encoding failure
B) Proactive interference
C) Disuse interference
D) Retroactive interference
Correct: Correct. Proactive interference is the tendency for older or previously learned
material to interfere with the retrieval of newer, more recently learned material.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Retroactive interference is the tendency for new or recently learned
material to interfere with the retrieval of older material.
Answer: B
148) Evidence suggests that short-term memories are stored in the:

A) cerebellum.
B) prefrontal lobes of the cortex.
C) hippocampus.
D) limbic system.
Correct: Correct. Evidence suggests that short-term memories are stored in the prefrontal
lobes of the cortex.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Evidence suggests that short-term memories are stored in the
prefrontal lobes of the cortex. The hippocampus is involved in processing thoughts.
Answer: B
149) Short-term memories appear to be stored in the prefrontal cortex and the
_________________ of the brain.
A) hippocampus
B) cingulate gyrus
C) amygdala
D) temporal lobe
Correct: Correct. Short-term memories appear to be stored in the prefrontal cortex and
temporal lobe.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Fear memories are stored in the amygdale.
Answer: D

150) A man known as H.M. lost the ability to form new memories after an operation
removed portions of his:
A) temporal lobe.
B) cerebellum.
C) hippocampus.
D) amygdala
Correct: Correct. H.M. lost the ability to form new memories after an operation removed
portions of his hippocampus.
Incorrect: Incorrect. H.M. lost the ability to form new memories after an operation
removed portions of his hippocampus. The amygdale is associated with fear memories.
Answer: C
151) In the famous case of H.M., after having part of his brain removed, he could no
longer:
A) pay attention to specific stimuli.
B) retrieve memories.
C) form new memories.
D) make sense of memories.
Correct: Correct. In the famous case of H.M., after having part of his brain removed, he
could no longer form new memories.
Incorrect: Incorrect. In the famous case of H.M., after having part of his brain removed,
he could no longer form new memories. In these cases, older memories are still
available.
Answer: C
152) H.M., a famous amnesiac, gave researchers solid information that the
______________ was important in storing new long-term memories.
A) hippocampus
B) amygdala
C) prefrontal cortex
D) cerebellum
Correct: Correct. The role of the hippocampus in the formation of new long-term
memories was first made apparent in the case of H.M.
Incorrect: Incorrect. The amygdala is involved in emotion and memory. However, the
role of the hippocampus in the formation of new long-term memories was first made
apparent in H.M.'s case.
Answer: A

153) The ______________ appears to be responsible for the storage of new long-term
memories. If it is removed, the ability to store anything new is completely lost.
A) cerebellum
B) prefrontal cortex
C) hippocampus
D) amygdala
Correct: Correct. The hippocampus is responsible for the storage of new long-term
memories.
Incorrect: Incorrect. The hippocampus is responsible for the storage of new long-term
memories. The amygdala is related to emotional processing.
Answer: C
154) Evidence suggests that procedural memories are stored in the:

A) cerebellum.
B) prefrontal and temporal lobes of the cortex.
C) hippocampus.
D) amygdala.
Correct: Correct. Evidence suggests that procedural memories are stored in the
cerebellum.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Evidence suggests that procedural memories are stored in the
cerebellum. The hippocampus is involved in other memory systems.
Answer: A
155) Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) All memories are stored in one place in the brain.
B) Memories are randomly distributed throughout the brain.
C) Different parts of the brain are specialized for the storage of different memory
types and forms.
D) Almost all memories are primarily stored in the prefrontal cortex.
Correct: Correct: Different parts of the brain are specialized for the storage of memories.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Different parts of the brain are specialized for the storage of
memories. Many sites are active depending on the specific task.
Answer: C
156) When a person's ____________is damaged or removed, anterograde amnesia, or the

inability to form new memories, results.

A) hippocampus
B) prefrontal lobe
C) amygdala
D) cerebellum
Correct: Correct. When a person's hippocampus is damaged or removed, anterograde

amnesia results.
Incorrect: Incorrect. When a person's hippocampus is damaged or removed, anterograde
amnesia results. The cerebellum's loss would interfere with the formation of conditioned
responses.
Answer: A
157) The physical change that takes place in the brain when a memory is formed is
called:
A) long-term potentiation.
B) neural networking.
C) the engram.
D) consolidation.
Correct: Correct: The physical change that takes place in the brain when a memory is
formed is called the engram.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Consolidation is the changes that take place in the structure and
functioning of neurons when an engram is formed.
Answer: C
158) Canadian researcher Donald Hebb is credited as having contributed one of the most
influential physiological theories about memory. A key finding about physiological
memory based on Hebb’s work is:
A) the hippocampus was identified as the part of the brain responsible for the
formation of new long-term memories.
B) in episodic memory, different areas of the brain are activated for encoding and
retrieval tasks.
C) when two neurons or groups of neurons are repeatedly active at the same time,
they become “associated” and play a significant role in remembering and
memory retrieval.
D) memories are stored in different locations in the brain, such as procedural
memories are stored in the cerebellum and fear is stored in the amygdala.
Answer: C

159) The statement neurons that fire together, wire together best represents the research
findings and physiological theories of memory associated with _______________
work.
A) Craik, Lockhart, and Tulving’s
B) Donald Hebbs’s
C) Daniel Bernstein’s
D) Elizabeth Loftus’s
Correct: Correct. The statement represents the principles of Donald Hebbs’s work in
neuropsychology.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Although Craik, Lockhart, Tulving, Bernstein, and Loftus have all
done memory research, the statement best represents the work of distinguished
neuropsychologist and scientist Donald Hebbs.
Answer: B
160) If ____________is like losing a document in the computer because of a power loss,
__________ is like pushing the "save" key and having the document disappear
instead of being stored.
A) anterograde amnesia; retrograde amnesia
B) retrograde amnesia; anterograde amnesia
C) retrograde amnesia; infantile amnesia
D) anterograde amnesia; infantile amnesia
Correct: Correct. If retrograde amnesia is like losing a document in the computer

because of a power loss, anterograde amnesia is like pushing the "save" key and having
the document disappear instead.
Incorrect: Incorrect. If retrograde amnesia is like losing a document in the computer
because of a power loss, anterograde amnesia is like pushing the "save" key and having
the document disappear instead.
Answer: B
Type: MC Page Ref: 250-251 Skill: Conceptual Objective:

6.15
161) People with dementia typically have a memory problem similar to:
A) memory trace decay/disuse.
B) consolidation breakdown.
C) retrograde amnesia.
D) anterograde amnesia.
Correct: Correct. The type of memory problem that people with dementia, including
Alzheimer's, typically have is called anterograde amnesia.

Incorrect: Incorrect. The type of memory problem that people with dementia, including
Alzheimer's, typically have is called anterograde amnesia. They cannot form new
memories.
Answer: D
162) Which of these is an example of infantile amnesia?

A) Betty, age 25, can recall only good memories of what happened when she was
4 to 5 years old.
B) Johnny, age 10, has no memory of a family vacation that occurred when he
was 2 years old.
C) When faced with a horrible stressor, some people return to an earlier stage of
development, such as infancy, for the comfort that it provides.
D) Despite the fact that Alice, age 35, played the piano from ages 3 through 13,
she has very little ability to do so now.
Correct: Correct. Infantile amnesia refers to the tendency to not remember things that
happened before the age of 3.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Infantile amnesia doesn't refer to skills; rather, it refers to the
tendency to not remember things that happened before the age of 3.
Answer: B
163) Alzheimer's disease is most associated with:

A) loss of self-care skills.
B) disorganized thought.
C) memory failure.
D) mood swings.
Correct: Correct. Alzheimer's disease is associated with changes in memory that become
more severe over time.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Disorganized thought, loss of self-care, and mood swings are
symptoms but not the primary association.
Answer: C
164) The Alzheimer's Society of Canada predicts:

A) there will be increases in the numbers of cases of AD, reaching epidemic
proportions in the upcoming years.
B) a decrease in the numbers of cases of AD due to new research discoveries
aimed at prevention.
C) AD will be managed more like a chronic illness due to new medical
discoveries that stop the progression of the disorder.

D) the Canadian government will redesign health-care funding to increase
research dollars to fine a cure for this devastating and economically costly
disease.
Correct: Correct. It is predicted that the number of AD cases will skyrocket to 1 125 200
(2.8 percent of Canada’s population) by the year 2038.
Incorrect: Incorrect. That is a wish, not a prediction.
Answer: B
165) Predictions of skyrocketing increases in the number of people with Alzheimer’s

disease in Canada by the year 2038 also implies a projected related economic
burden of approximately ________ for Canada.
A) $15 billion
B) $50 billion
C) $100 billion
D) $150 billion
Correct: Correct. This is the approximate predicted number for 2038.

Incorrect: Incorrect. That is the number currently spent on AD in Canada.
Answer: D
166) One of the most hopeful trends in the treatment of Alzheimer's is the emphasis on:
A) holistic, natural, and herbal remedies.
B) early diagnosis.
C) brain stimulation activities.
D) diet and exercise.
Correct: Correct. Early diagnosis allows for better treatments and more treatment
options that reduce symptoms and slow the progression of the disease.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Holistic, natural, and herbal remedies are not at the forefront of AD
treatment trends.
Answer: B
167) UBC researcher Dr. Howard Feldman's work on developing new guidelines for the
diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease will help by:
A) creating criteria for early detection and treatment of the disorder.
B) allowing accurate statistics about the number of people afflicted with the
disorder to be collected.
C) creating a need for public education, thereby raising awareness about
Alzheimer's disease.

D) drawing attention to Alzheimer's sufferers and the desperate need for public
policy planning.
Correct: Correct. The new guidelines will change the criteria so that early detection and
treatment are possible.
Incorrect: Incorrect. Statistics are important, but they are not the primary benefit of new
guidelines.
Answer: A
168) Iconic memory is the visual sensory memory, in which an after image or icon will
be held in neural form for about 0.50 to 2.00 seconds.
A) True
B) False
Answer: False
Type: TF Page Ref: 222 Objective: 6.3
169) Echoic memory is the auditory form of sensory memory, which takes the form of an
echo that lasts for up to 1.5 seconds.
A) True
B) False
Answer: False
Type: TF Page Ref: 223-224 Objective: 6.3
170) Iconic memory allows the eye to fuse the images from each tiny movement of the
eye into a smooth, continuous pattern.
A) True
B) False
Answer: True
171) Iconic memory allows us to remember the beginnings of sentences long enough to
have meaningful conversations.
A) True
B) False
Answer: False
172) Short-term memory is where information is held while it is conscious and being
used.
A) True
B) False

Answer: True
173) Short-term memory is where information is held before conscious use of the
material and is unlimited in capacity.
A) True
B) False
Answer: False
174) Short-term memory can hold about 12 plus or minus 2 bits of information.
A) True
B) False
Answer: False
175) Elaborative rehearsal is defined as the rote repetition of material in order to maintain
its availability in memory.
A) True
B) False
Answer: False
176) Elaborative rehearsal is a way of transferring information from short-term memory

into long-term memory by making that information meaningful in some way.
A) True
B) False
Answer: True
177) Declarative memory can be divided into semantic memory and episodic memory.
A) True
B) False
Answer: True
178) Declarative memory can be divided into short-term memory and working memory.
A) True
B) False
Answer: False

179) Episodic memory consists of personal facts and memories of one's personal history.
A) True
B) False
Answer: True
180) Recall is a type of memory retrieval in which the information to be retrieved must
be "pulled" out of memory with few or no cues.
A) True
B) False
Answer: True
181) Recognition is the ability to match information with stored images or facts.
A) True
B) False
Answer: True
182) Recognition is typically harder than recall.

A) True
B) False
Answer: False
183) Loftus and others have found that people constantly update and revise their
memories of events, adding information to a memory that occurred later even when
that information is in error.
A) True
B) False
Answer: True
184) Loftus has found that eyewitness memory is extremely reliable and doesn't change
over time.
A) True
B) False
Answer: False

185) Casual mention of an existing object will increase the likelihood that it will be
remembered later on, making eyewitness testimony vulnerable to suggestion.
A) True
B) False
Answer: True
186) Constructive processing is the process of altering memories of the past so that they
are more positive.
A) True
B) False
Answer: False
187) The misinformation effect refers to the tendency of people who are asked
misleading questions or given misleading information to incorporate that
information into their memories for a particular event.
A) True
B) False
Answer: True
188) The constructive processing effect refers to the tendency of people who are asked
misleading questions or given misleading information to incorporate that
information into their memories for a particular event.
A) True
B) False
Answer: False
189) Memories retrieved while under hypnosis are no more accurate than memories
retrieved while not under hypnosis, but persons who retrieve memories under
hypnosis are far more reluctant to change their answers even when told that they
may be wrong.
A) True
B) False
Answer: True

190) Memories retrieved while under hypnosis are more accurate than memories
retrieved while not under hypnosis, but persons who retrieve memories under
hypnosis are far less reluctant to change their answers even when told that they may
be wrong.
A) True
B) False
Answer: False
191) Hypnotized people report more accurate AND inaccurate information than people
who are not hypnotized.
A) True
B) False
Answer: True
192) Hypnosis enhances the confidence people have in their memories, regardless of their
accuracy or inaccuracy.
A) True
B) False
Answer: True
193) False memories reported during hypnosis replace real memories, which are
frequently believed by the subject.
A) True
B) False
Answer: True
194) Pezdek and colleagues have found that false memories are more likely to be formed
for plausible false events than for implausible ones.
A) True
B) False
Answer: True
195) Pezdek and colleagues have found that false memories are more likely to be formed
for implausible false events than for plausible ones.
A) True
B) False

Answer: False
196) A mnemonist is a person with exceptional memory ability.

A) True
B) False
Answer: True
197) Luria's mnemonist suffered from the problem of not being able to forget trivial
things.
A) True
B) False
Answer: True
Type: TF Page Ref: What Were We Talking About? Forgetting
Skill: 6.13
198) Encoding failure is often the reason some memories cannot be retrieved, because
they were never actually encoded in the first place.
A) True
B) False
Answer: True
199) Memory trace decay theory assumes the presence of a physical memory trace that
decays with disuse over time.
A) True
B) False
Answer: True
200) Memory trace decay theory can explain forgetting from sensory memory, short-term
memory, and long-term memory.
A) True
B) False
Answer: True
201) Memory trace decay theory can explain forgetting from sensory memory and short-
term memory but does not adequately explain forgetting from long-term memory.

A) True
B) False
Answer: True
202) When old information interferes with the retrieval of newer information, this is
called retroactive interference.
A) True
B) False
Answer: False
203) When newer information interferes with the retrieval of older information, this is
called proactive interference.
A) True
B) False
Answer: False
204) Evidence suggests that procedural memories are stored in the cerebellum, whereas
short-term memories are stored in the prefrontal and temporal lobes of the cortex.
A) True
B) False
Answer: True
205) Evidence suggests that procedural memories are stored in the hippocampus, whereas
short-term memories are stored in the occipital and temporal lobes of the cortex.
A) True
B) False
Answer: False
206) Semantic and episodic memories may be stored in the frontal and temporal lobes as
well but in different locations than short-term memory.
A) True
B) False
Answer: True

207) Memory for fear of objects is most likely stored in the cerebellum.
A) True
B) False
Answer: False
208) In anterograde amnesia, memory for anything new becomes impossible, although
old memories may still be retrievable.
A) True
B) False
Answer: True
209) In anterograde amnesia, memory for anything new becomes impossible, although
infantile memories may still be retrievable.
A) True
B) False
Answer: False
210) The cost to Canadian society for caring for people with Alzheimer’s Disease and
other dementias was $153 billion in 2008.
A) True
B) False
Answer: False
211) Infant memories are mostly implicit and, therefore, difficult to bring into conscious
awareness. When children become more verbal, their explicit memories become
more dominant.
A) True
B) False
Answer: True
212) The hippocampus appears to be responsible for the storage of new long-term
memories. If it is removed, the ability to store anything new is completely lost.
A) True
B) False
Answer: True

213) Patients with anterograde amnesia were taught to solve the Tower of Hanoi
problem. It was later found that they remembered solving the problem and could do
so again.
A) True
B) False
Answer: False
214) One task useful in testing short-term memory capacity is the digit-span test.
A) True
B) False
Answer: True
215) What is the definition of memory?
Type: Essay Page Ref: 220 Objective: 6.1
216) What type of memory stores brief visual images and for how long are these images
stored?
Type: Essay Page Ref: 222-223 Objective: 6.3
217) Name the three parts of the information-processing model of memory.
218) Give a short example of retroactive interference.
219) What is a false memory?
220) Define the term engram.
221) Which part(s) of a serial list is/are remembered most poorly? Which part(s) is/are
remembered the best?

222) What part of H.M.'s brain was damaged and what memory problem did this cause
him?
223) Define infantile amnesia.
224) Define the decay theory of forgetting.
225) What is meant by a flashbulb memory? Describe its characteristics. Give an

example that is well known. Some psychologists are not impressed by these well-
known examples of this phenomenon. What are some of the criticisms of the idea of
flashbulb memory?
226) The three-stage model of memory is one of the best-known models in all of
psychology. Describe the three stages of memory and their characteristics. Explain
how the three-stage model of memory might explain the famous serial position
effect.
Answer:
Type: Essay Page Ref: 220-227, 238-240 Objective: 6.1-6.2, 6.3,6.4

6.10
227) What is iconic memory? Describe what it is and how it works. Be sure to include a
description of Sperling's experiment, which was used to demonstrate and investigate
iconic memory.
228) The other day, you had to remember some items for an important exam. You are
sure you studied them and knew them before you entered the classroom. However,
you drew a blank when you took the test. What happened? Why might you not have
remembered them? What might you have done to avoid this?

229) Let's say you are a defence attorney and are defending a client on a murder charge.
The victim was found in a dark alley. A witness had a glimpse of a shadowy figure
standing over the body. The police thoroughly interrogate the witness and arrest a
young man. The man has an alibi. There is no other evidence against him, except
that of the witness. The witness is positive he saw your client. What factors may
lead you to doubt this strong testimony of the witness? Pretend you are the defense
attorney and, with your knowledge of the problems with eyewitness testimony and
memory, tell the jury why they should be doubtful of the witness.
Type: Essay Page Ref: 240-241, 243 Objective: 6.10, 6.11

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54th.—21 o., 13 dc., 2 ch., 19 o., 1 dc.
55th to 58th inclusive, in open squares.
Border for the Anti-Macassar, which must have a row of sc. up

each side previously done to fasten in the threads.
1st.—1 dc. over dc., of the Anti-Macassar, ✕ 2 ch., 7 dc. in next dc.,
3 ch., 1 dc. in same stitch. ✕; repeat all round.
2nd.—Sc. in the centre of the 3 ch. of last round, ✕ 9 ch., sc. in
centre of the next, ✕ ; repeat.
3rd.—✕ Sc. on 1st of 9 ch., 3 ch., miss 2, 1 dc. on 3rd, 4 ch., miss 1,
1 dc. on 2nd. 3 ch., miss 2, 1 sc. on the last of the 9, ✕; repeat.
DEEP LACE IN CROCHET.
[Fig. 7.]
FOR ANTI-MACASSARS, ETC.

Materials.—Crochet cotton, No. 12; crochet hook, No. 14 or 15.
Make a chain the required length.
1st Row in sc.
2nd.—1 tc., 1 ch., miss 1, repeat.
3rd.—1 dc., 7 ch., miss 3, dc. in 4th; repeat.
4th.—✕ Sc. in centre of 7 ch., 7 ch., ✕; repeat.
5th, 6th, and 7th.—Like 4th.
8th.—† Sc. in centre of 7 ch., ✕; 9 ch., sc. in same stitch, ✕ twice 3
ch., miss 3, dc. on 4th. 3 ch., miss 3, †; repeat.
9th.—Sc., miss every sc. stitch of last row.
10th.—✕ sc. on point of the next loop, 3 ch., sc. on point of the
next loop, 7 ch., ✕ repeat.
11th.—† Sc. on centre of 7 ch., ✕ 9 ch., sc. in same stitch, + twice 9
ch., †; repeat.
12.—† 9 sc. on 9 ch.; then, on the first loop of 9, work 1 sc., 2 dc., 6
tc., 2 dc., 1 sc.: then make the flower thus: 12 ch., slip in 6th for a
loop, ✕ 5 ch., 1 sc. under loop, ✕ 4 times; work these 4 loops in sc.,
missing all the previous sc. stitches, then the 5 ch. that were left of
the 12; 1 sc., 2 dc., 6 tc., 1 sc. on 2nd loop of 9, †; repeat.
TATTED INSERTION.
[Fig. 8.]
SUITABLE FOR CUFFS, BANDS, ETC.

Materials.—White cotton braid, No. 9; Crochet No. 70, and
tatting-cotton, No. 3.
For the Tatting.—6 double stitches; make a picot with a fine pin;
3 double stitches, 1 picot, 3 double stitches, 1 picot, 6 double stitches.
Draw this loop up, and leave a space as great as that indicated in the
engraving before making the next. When a sufficient quantity of this
is done, take a piece of colored paper, rather longer than you require
the insertion to be, and on it rule two parallel lines, an inch apart,
and another exactly between them. Take on the tatting, allowing it to
touch, alternately, each outer line; then back again in the same
manner, so that the threads cross at the centre line, and form a
hexagonal space between every two tatted loops. Braid the outer
lines and the ends; and if the piece be intended for a cuff, put a
double line of braid at one end for the buttons, and also two braid
loops at the other, for button-holes. A long needleful of Crochet, No.
70, must then be taken along the centre line, connecting the cross
lines with a button-hole stitch wherever they occur. Then work a
rosette of English lace in every space, and another when the four
threads cross each other. The tatting edging is made without picots,
and lightly sewed on the outer edges of the braid, both sides of which
should then be finished with a row of Venetian edging.
ANTI-MACASSAR.
[Fig. 9.]
LAURESTINA LEAF PATTERN.

Materials.—Crochet cotton, No. 8; knitting needles, No. 13.
Cast on any number of stitches you like, which can be divided by
16, and 6 over for the border. Knit three plain rows.
1st.—K. 3, + m. 1, k. 1, m. 1, k. 2, slip 1, k. t., pass the slip stitch
over, k. 2, + twice for every pattern, k. 3.
2nd. and every alternate. Knit the three first and last stitches, and
purl all the remainder.
3rd.—K. 3, + m. 1, k. 3, m. 1, k. 1, slip 1, k. 2 t. pass the slip stitch
over k. 1. ✕ twice for each pattern, k. 3.
5th.—K. 3, + m. 1, k. 5, m. 1, slip 1, k. 2 t., pass slip stitch over; ✕
twice as before; repeat and k. 3.
7th.—K. 3, ✕ m. 1, k. 2, slip 1, k. 2 t., pass slip stitch over; k. 2, m.
1, k. 1. ✕ twice for each pattern, k. 3.
9th.—K. 3, ✕ k. 1, m. 1, k. 1, slip 1, k. 2 t., pass slip stitch over; k. 1,
m. 1, k. 3, m. 1, k. 1, slip 1, k. 2 t., pass slip stitch over; k. 1, m. 1, k. 2
+; repeat to the last 3 k. 3.
11th.—K. 3, ✕ k. 2, m. 1, slip 1, k,. 2 t., pass slip stitch over; m. 1, r.
5, m. 1, slip 1, r. 2 t., pass slip stitch over; m. 1, k. 3, +; repeat to the
last, 3, k. 3.
13th.—K. 3, ✕ k. 2 t., k. 1, m. 1, k. 1, m. 1, k. 2, k. 3 t., k. 2, m. 1, k.
[1]
1, m. 1, k. 2, k. 2 t. ✕. Repeat k. 3.
1. Instead of knitting two together at the beginning and end of the pattern, in
this and the following rows, the worker will find that she must knit three together
in the body of the Anti-Macassar and at the beginning and end of the row, only as
directed in the text.
15th.—K. 3, ✕ k. 2 t., m. 1, k. 3, m. 1, k. 1, k. 3 t., k. 1, m. 1, k. 3, m.

1, k. 1, k. 2 t., +; repeat, k. 3.
17th.—K. 2, k. 2 t., ✕ m. 1, k. 5; m. 1, k. 3 t., ✕. Repeat to the end
of the row, when you will knit 3 together, and then 3 of the border.
Repeat from 7th to 18th rows inclusive, until sufficient is done;
then knit 3 plain rows, and fasten off.
Border for Anti-Macassar.—Same cotton and needles. Cast on

17 stitches.
1st.—Slip 1, k. 2, m. 1, slip 1, k. 2 t., pass slip stitch over; m. 1, k. 3,
m. 1, k. 2 t., k. 1., m. 1, k. 2 t., m. 1, k. 2 t., m. 1, k. 1.
2nd.—K. 1, purl all but five, k. 5.
3rd.—Slip 1, k. 2, m. 1, k. 2 t., m. 1, k. 2 t., k. 1, k. 2 t., m. 1, k. 3, m.
1, k. 2 t., m. 1, k. 2 t., m. 1, k. 1.
4th.—Like 2nd.
5th.—Slip 1, k. 2, m. 1, k. 2 t., k. 1, m. 1. slip 1, k. 2 t., pass slip stitch
over, m. 1, k. 5, m. 1, k. 2 t., m. 1, k. 2 t., m. 1, k. 1.
6th.—Like 2nd.
7th.—Slip 1, k. 2, m. 1, k. 2 t., m. 1, k. 2 t., m. 1, k. 1, m. 1, k. 2 t., k.
5, m. 1, k. 2 t., m. 1, k. 2 t., m. 1, k 1.
8th.—Cast off 5, purl all the remainder, except the last five, which
knit plain.
NET FOR THE HAIR.
[Fig. 10.]
Materials.—Three good skeins of scarlet or blue netting silk;

elastic ribbon and tassels to correspond; crochet hook, No. 12.
Make 6 chain, and form them into a round.
1st.—1 tc. into every chain, and 1 ch., after every tc., thus making 12
stitches in the round.
2nd.—1 tc. on one chain, 3 ch., miss tc. stitch. Repeat.
3rd.—✕ 1 tc. on the centre of the loop, 5 ch., ✕ repeat.
4th.—✕ 1 tc. on centre of loop, 7 ch. ✕ repeat.
5th to 10th rounds inclusive.—Like the last, increasing two chain at
every round, so that 9 ch. are made in the 5th, and 19 in the 10th
round.
11th.—3 tc., 3 ch., miss 3. Repeat.
12th.—✕ 3 tc. on 3 ch., 3 ch., miss 3, + repeat.
13th.—✕ 4 tc., 4 ch., miss 4, ✕ repeat.
14th.—+ 4 tc. on 4 ch., 5 ch., miss 4, + repeat.
The elastic ribbon is to be run in the 11th round, and tassels
fastened to hang over the ear.
BERLIN WORK AND CANVAS
EMBROIDERY.
It being one of the chief objects of the Proprietors of this little

work, to present to the reader, in a very portable form, the clearest
and most accurate elementary instructions for every kind of
fashionable Needlework, I have selected Berlin Work or Canvas
Embroidery as the subject for explanation in this part.
Berlin work is the general term for what might perhaps be more
properly termed embroidery on canvas; a material with which,
doubtless, most of my readers are well acquainted, although they
may not be familiar with the names of the different kinds and sizes.
The French Canvas, (sometimes called Patent) is the one which I
prefer for all ordinary purposes. The open squares are very exact,
and the threads and selvage usually firm and strong. It is the only
kind that is suitable for large pieces, or for wreaths, or any thing else,
in fact, in which squareness and strength are essential.
Penelope Canvas has the threads placed two and two in both
directions; and took its name, I presume, from the appearance it
presents of having been worked, and the work picked out again, like
that of the faithful wife of Ulysses. As all trouble of counting the
threads is saved, it is very easy to work on, but can only be worked in
cross-stitch.
German Canvas differs from the French in having every tenth
thread a different color, and not being so true a square in the mesh.
It is altogether inferior to the French (or patent); and, (amongst
other disadvantages,) has that of showing the colored thread through
any light wool. Still, as it obviates, in some degree, the trouble of
counting, many people like to work on it.
Silk Canvas is a very expensive article; but it saves much labor, as
designs worked on it do not require to be grounded. I should never
advise any but white silk canvas being used, as the colored ones do
not wear well. There are so many different qualities of silk canvas,
that none should be bought without careful examination, by laying
something of an opposite tint underneath it, and thus detecting any
irregularities, roughnesses, &c., good silk canvas should be perfectly
even.
Canvas is made of almost every variety of width; the narrow silk
canvas being the proper size for braces.
Canvas is chosen according to its size, being numbered much like
cotton, according to the number of threads in the inch. We seldom
require a coarser size than No. 8, which contains 11 threads to the
inch—10 has 13,—and so on to 24, which has 27 threads. The next
number, 30, has 31 threads, 40 has 35, and 50, 37. We seldom use
any finer than this.
There are not so many sizes manufactured of either silk or
Penelope canvas; and the former is never made so coarse as the
cotton article.
The surface of canvas is covered by being worked with various
substances, of which silks, wools, chenille, and beads, may be
considered the principal. Beads are now very much used,
intermingled with silks and wools. For grounding large articles a new
and very beautiful kind of wool has lately been introduced, termed
filoselle. It works in admirably, and imparts a very rich effect to a
design. It is about the size of Berlin wool which is fresh and good. For
finer articles floss silk is common, and chenille may be worked on
silk canvas with excellent effect.
Berlin wool may be used for almost any purpose; for, if too coarse,
it can be split without injury; and if the reverse, two or three threads
may be worked together. It should never be wound, for however
lightly done it is certain to be injured.
Fleecy wool has been greatly improved both in texture and dye of
late years, and may now be used for groundings and those purposes
for which, formerly, it would have been quite unsuitable. It is much
cheaper than Berlin wool.
English, or Embroidery wool, is a much stronger substance than
Berlin; the dark shades are excellent for the ground of large pieces,
but the lighter tints are not equal to those in the Berlin wool.
The chenille used for embroidery is called chenille a broder, to
distinguish it from the chenille ordinaire, which is much coarser.
The effect of flowers, birds and butterflies, worked in chenille, is rich
and beautiful in the extreme, but the pile so easily attracts dust, and
is so liable to injury, that it should be used only for articles which will
be defended by glass. The needle used for chenille should have round
eyes, and be sufficiently large to prepare a passage in the satin or
canvas through which the chenille may pass without injury.
THE STITCHES USED IN BERLIN WORK.
There are but five stitches for canvas work, although many others
are enumerated; for they are but varieties of the following:
Cross-stitch,
Tent-stitch,
Irish-stitch,
German-stitch,
Gobelin or Tapestry stitch.
Cross-Stitch is worked by bringing up the needle on the left

hand, crossing two straight and two perpendicular lines, and putting
in the needle on the right; bring the needle up on the right again, in
the space which forms a right angle with the two already occupied;
cross the first thread, and bring the needle under on the left hand
again.
When grounding is done in this stitch, take care to avoid all
appearance of lines and joins by using unequal length of wool,
finishing each stitch before the next is begun. Grounding should be
begun at the left hand lower corner and worked upwards.
Four tent-stitches, just occupy the space of one cross-stitch a
tent-stitch being taken diagonally from one space to the next above it
to the left.
Tent-stitch and Cross-Stitch are distinguished among the
French by the names of Petit point and Gros point.
Irish-Stitch is extremely simple, and very rapidly done. It
consists of a series of upright stitches which cross the horizontal
lines, and are worked between the perpendicular ones. For the first
line, (beginning at the left hand corner,) bring up the needle in the
lowest vacant space, and put it down in the fourth above it, allowing
it to cover four bars of thread; bring up the needle on the line with
the first stitch, with one upright thread between, and down on the
third space, the wool covering two threads. Repeat these alternate
short and long stitches, throughout the line. The next and following
lines, every stitch must cover four threads; and as you bring out the
needle in the space in which you brought it down in the last row, the
stitches are still alternately two threads higher than the intermediate
ones.
German Stitch is very similar to the above; but the stitches are
taken diagonally. The first stitch is taken from one space to the next
diagonal one; in the second, one space is missed; so that the stitches
are alternately long and short. All the following rows are worked like
the first, care being taken that the long stitches of one row shall join
the short, and vice versa. This stitch is only used for grounding.
Gobelin Stitch is that which is more peculiarly fitted for delicate
and beautiful picture working; but the needle requires a really
artistic hand to direct it in forming patterns in this stitch. The wool
crosses two threads in height, but only one in width; two tapestry
stitches therefore, are equal to a cross-stitch, remembering that the
square so formed is not a true one.
Some writers enumerate other stitches on canvas; but the best
authors reckon the above named only, all others being merely
varieties of them.
You will observe that any pattern may be made larger or smaller
than the original when worked, simply by selecting the canvas that
will effect the requisite alteration. When you choose your Berlin
pattern, consider what size you will desire your work to be, and
calculate by the scale I have already given you, what canvas will be
needed; and also whether it will require to be worked in tent-stitch or
in cross-stitch. If for the former you may reckon a thread of canvas
for every square. For the most part, Berlin patterns are intended to
be worked in tent-stitch; but some have each square in the more
delicate parts divided into four. When this is the case, the mass must
be worked in cross, and the fine parts in tent-stitch; otherwise it is
quite optional.
I must repeat my previous caution not to attempt Berlin patterns
on German canvas. Figure pieces especially, would suffer materially
in the effect from the want of squareness in the canvas. It is not
advisable to attempt reducing very materially a pattern crowded with
subjects; nor, on the other hand, to enlarge one that has few. The
reason of this is obvious.
TO FRAME CANVAS.
There is considerable art in doing this properly; and if negligently
arranged, it is certain that the work will be distorted when complete.
Turn down the canvas and herring-bone it at each raw edge: then
sew it to the webbing of the frame, thread by thread. When the first
end is sewed, take care that the other end shall be as nearly as
possible opposite it. If too large for the frame, wrap some clean silver
paper several times round the roller, before the canvas goes round it.
The part where the pattern is to be begun is the only part to be
exposed in the frame. The sides must then be tightly braced with fine
twine; and the canvas is then ready for the work. Berlin work is often
done on canvas, with cloth, satin or velvet underneath it: this saves
the labor of grounding, as the pattern being worked, the superfluous
canvas is cut away, and the embroidery appears on the solid
material. Some people draw out the threads of the canvas: this is not
only very troublesome, but it also spoils the effect of the work. Small
intermediate spaces of canvas, not covered with embroidery, are
usually grounded with wool exactly the color of the cloth.
In framing cloth and canvas together, it must be borne in mind
that the former stretches considerably more than the latter. If
therefore, they are intended to be the same size, the cloth must be cut
rather narrower, and (the edges being turned in,) must be firmly
tacked to the selvages of the canvas. This will, of course, render the
edges thicker than the centre; and to equalize the height, paper
should be wrapt round the roller.
All patterns should be commenced at the left hand corner, unless
they are intended for a centre; when the work must be begun on the
centre stitch.
Delicate grounds should never be attempted on any but perfectly
white canvas; and black grounds should always be avoided, if
practicable.
The last direction I can give is to ensure a proper quantity of wool
to begin with; as there is often great difficulty in matching shades,
especially for grounding.
NEEDLES.
The needles principally used are tapestry needles, which are thick
and blunt and have a long open eye,—Sharps, which are similar
needles with sharp points, and are used for working on thicker
substances than canvas,—as cloth, &c.; and short long eyes, which
are used for the same purpose, and are like common needles, but
very short, and with long eyes.
CROCHET COLLAR.
[SEE FIG. 1, FRONTISPIECE.]
Materials.—Crochet cotton, No. 30. Crochet hook, No. 20, or 21.

Make 320 chain.
1st.—✕ 2 tc. in one chain, 1 ch., miss 1 ✕. Repeat.
2nd.—✕ 1 tc. under every chain, 3 ch., miss 2 tc. ✕. Repeat.
3rd.—✕ Sc. in every alternative loop of 3 ch., 8 ch. ✕; repeat.
4th and 5th.—✕ sc. through every loop with 8 ch. between ✕.
Repeat.
6th.—dc. in every loop.
7th.—✕ 10 tc., 1 ch., 10 tc., without missing any; 8 ch., miss 6, 1
dc., 8 ch., miss 6 ✕, 12 times, but ending with the 2nd 10 tc.
8th.—10 tc. on first 10 of last row, 2 ch., miss 1, 9 tc., ✕ 8 ch., 1 tc.
on dc., 8 ch., 9 tc., beginning on the 2nd of 10, 2 ch., miss 1, 9 tc. ✕
10 times, 8 ch., 1 tc. on dc., 8 ch., 9 tc. (beginning on the 2nd), 2 ch.,
miss 1, 10 tc.
9th.—10 tc., 2 ch., miss 2, 8 tc. ✕ 6 ch., 1 tc. on tc., 4 ch., 1 tc. on
the same, 6 ch., 8 tc., beginning on the 2nd of last row, 2 ch., miss 2,
8 tc. ✕ 10 times; 6 ch., 1 tc. on tc., 4 ch., 1 tc. on same, 6 ch., 8 tc.
(beginning on 2nd of last row), 2 ch., miss 2, 10 tc.
10th.—10 tc., miss 2, 3 ch., 5 tc., ✕ 6 ch., 1 tc. in loop, * 4 ch., 1 tc.
in the same loop * twice, 6 ch., 5 tc. (beginning on 3rd), 3 ch., miss 2,
5 tc. ✕ 10 times, 6 ch., 1 tc. into loop, † 4 ch., 1 tc. into same, † twice,
6 ch., 5 tc. (beginning on 3rd), 3 ch., miss 2, 10 tc.
11th.—16 tc. in 16 successive stitches, ✕ 6 ch., 1 tc. into first loop *
4 ch., 1 tc. into the same loop, * twice, 1 tc. into the next loop, † 4 ch.,
1 tc. into same, † twice; 6 ch., 9 tc. in 9 successive stitches, beginning
on the 3rd of the previous row, ✕ 10 times; 6 ch., 1 tc. into first loop,
¶ 4 ch., 1 tc. into the same, ¶ twice; 1 tc. into the next, (a) 4 ch., 1 tc.
into the same (a), twice; 6 ch., 16 tc.
12th.—14 tc. ✕ 6 ch., tc. into first loop, 4 ch., 1 tc., into the same;
10 ch., 1 tc. into the last loop, 4 ch., 1 tc. into the same, 6 ch., 5 tc.
(beginning on 3rd), ✕ 10 times; 6 ch., 1 tc. into 1st loop, 4 ch. 1 tc.
into the same, 10 ch., 1 tc. into the last loop, 4 ch., 1 tc. into the same,
6 ch., 14 tc.
13th.—12 tc., ✕ 6 ch., * 1 tc., 4 ch., * 10 times through the 10 ch.; 6
ch., 3 tc., ✕ 10 times; 6 ch., † 1 tc., 4 ch. through 10 ch., † 10 times; 6
ch., 12 tc.
14th.—10 tc. ✕ 6 ch., 1 tc. under the 6 ch. of the last row; 4 ch., 1
tc.; repeat into each loop; 4 ch., 1 tc. under the 6 ch., 6 ch., 1 dc. on
centre of 3 tc., ✕ 10 times; 6 ch., 1 tc. under previous 6 ch., 4 ch., 1
tc. in every loop as before; 4 ch., 1 tc. under 6 ch., 6 ch., 10 tc.
15th.—Sc. on end of the first row, 9 ch., sc. on 3rd row, 9 ch., sc. on
5th row, 9 ch., sc. on 8th row, 9 ch., sc. on 10th row, 9 ch., sc. on 12th
row, 10 ch., sc. on first tc. stitch of last row, 10 ch., sc. on 8th tc. ✕ 4
ch., tc. under 6 ch. 4 ch., 1 tc. into each loop, ✕ repeat until you
come to the last 9 tc. stitches, then repeat backwards from before the
4 ch. to the commencement of the row.
16th.—Sc. 10 ch., sc. into every loop, until you come to the one of 4
ch.; then work 5 dc. into every loop, 10 ch. to the last 4 ch. End as
you began.
17th.—Sc. 11 ch., sc. in every loop until you come to the 5 dc.; then
✕ 4 ch., sc. through every loop, ✕ to the last 5 dc. Make the second
end to correspond with the first.
Those who crochet very loosely should use a hook still smaller than
the one I have recommended; as the collar, to look well, should be
done very tightly.
KNITTED LACE UNDERSLEEVE.
[Fig. 2.]
Materials.—Crochet cotton, No. 40; 2 steel knitting needles, No.

20. Cast on 101 stitches. Purl one row.
1st.—Knit 1, ✕ m. 1, slip 1, k. 2 t., pass the slip stitch over, m. 1, k. 1
✕, repeat.
2nd.—Purled.
Knit from 50 to 60 rows in this manner, and cast off. This forms
one puffing; and, of course, for a pair of sleeves, you will require
four.
For the Insertion.—Cast on 13 stitches; knit one row, purl 1, knit

1, purl 1; then begin the pattern.
1st.—K. 1, m. 1, k. 2 t., k. 3, m. 1, k. 2 t., k. 3, m. 1, k. 2 t.
2nd, and every alternate row.—K. 3, p. 7, k. 3.
3rd.—K. 1, m. 1, k. 2 t., k. 1, k. 2 t., m. 1, k. 1, m. 1, k. 2 t., k. 2, m. 1,
k. 2 t.
5th.—K. 1, m. 1, k. 2 t., k. 2 t., m. 1, k. 3, m. 1, k. 2 t., k. 1, m. 1, k. 2 t.
7th.—K. 1, m. 1, slip 1, k. 2 t., pass the slip stitch over, m. 1, k. 5, ✕
m. 1, k. 2 t., ✕ twice.
8th.—As 2nd, which completes the pattern.
Do as much of this as may be required for the wrists, allowing a
few plain rows at the end to set a button on; and also two pieces to be
inserted between the puffs, which must be put rather full into the
bands. At the top of the upper puff, sew on a muslin band, which may
be tacked in the dress.

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Correct: Correct. Memory is defined as consisting of receiving, organizing and storing,

Type: MC Page Ref: 220 Skill: Applied Objective: 6.1

2) ____________ is defined as an active system that receives information from the

Type: MC Page Ref: 220 Skill: Factual Objective: 6.1

Type: MC Page Ref: 221 Skill: Applied Objective: 6.1

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 268

Type: MC Page Ref: 220 Skill: Factual Objective: 6.1

Correct: Correct. Encoding is necessary for interpretation as the information must be

Type: MC Page Ref: 220 Skill: Conceptual Objective: 6.1

Correct: Correct. Encoding is the first step in memory.

Type: MC Page Ref: 220 Skill: Factual Objective: 6.1

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 269

Correct: Correct. Storage puts away material.

Type: MC Page Ref: 220 Skill: Factual Objective: 6.1

8) Which of the following statements is true about retrieval?

Correct: Correct. Retrieval gets information back into consciousness.

Type: MC Page Ref: 221 Skill: Factual Objective: 6.1

Type: MC Page Ref: 221 Skill: Applied Objective: 6.1

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 270

Correct: Correct. These are the correct stages.

Type: MC Page Ref: 221 Skill: Factual Objective: 6.2

Type: MC Page Ref: 221 Skill: Factual Objective: 6.2

12) The three parts of the information-processing model of memory are:

Type: MC Page Ref: 222 Skill: Factual Objective: 6.2

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 271

Type: MC Page Ref: 222-223 Skill: Conceptual Objective: 6.3

Correct: Correct. Sensory memory stores brief images.

Type: MC Page Ref: 222 Skill: Factual Objective: 6.3

Type: MC Page Ref: 222-223 Skill: Applied Objective: 6.3

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 272

Type: MC Page Ref: 222 Skill: Applied Objective: 6.3

Correct: Correct. Iconic memory is like a fading image.

Type: MC Page Ref: 223 Skill: Applied Objective: 6.3

Type: MC Page Ref: 222-223 Skill: Factual Objective: 6.3

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 273

Type: MC Page Ref: 223 Skill: Conceptual Objective: 6.3

Type: MC Page Ref: 233 Skill: Conceptual Objective: 6.3

Type: MC Page Ref: 223 Skill: Conceptual Objective: 6.3

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 274

Correct: Correct. Eidetic imagery is sometimes called photographic memory.

Type: MC Page Ref: 223 Skill: Applied Objective: 6.3

Type: MC Page Ref: 223 Skill: Conceptual Objective: 6.3

24) What is one of the real-world uses of iconic storage?

Type: MC Page Ref: 223 Skill: Conceptual Objective: 6.3

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 275

Type: MC Page Ref: 223 Skill: Applied Objective: 6.3

26) Which type of memory allows us to have meaningful conversations?

Type: MC Page Ref: 224 Skill: Conceptual Objective: 6.3

Correct: Correct. Echoic memory lasts longer but stores less.

Type: MC Page Ref: 223 Skill: Factual Objective: 6.3

Copyright © 2013 Pearson Canada Inc. 276

Correct: Correct. Sensory information must be attended to or it is not sent on to short-

Type: MC Page Ref: 224 Skill: Factual Objective: 6.4