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CHAPTER
9
Stoichiometry and the Mole
9.1 See solution in textbook.

9.2 The two possible conversion factors are
1 cup sugar 5 eggs
and
5 eggs 1 cup sugar
Because you want your answer in eggs, use the one with eggs in the numerator:
5 eggs
3 cups sugar * = 15 eggs
1 cup sugar
9.3 The two possible conversion factors are
3 blocks cream cheese 5 eggs
and
5 eggs 3 blocks cream cheese
Use the second one because you want your answer in eggs:
5 eggs 21 * 5
21 blocks cream cheese * = eggs = 35 eggs
3 blocks cream cheese 3
6.022 * 10 23 atoms U 21.5
9.5 (a) 0.10 mol U * = 6.0 * 10 22 atoms U
1 mol U 3
238.029 g U
(b) 0.10 mol U * = 23.803 g U, which you must report as 24 g because 0.10 has
1 mol U
only two significant digits.
1 mol C
9.6 (a) 120.11 g C * = 10.000 mol C
12.011 g C
6.022 * 1023 atoms C
(b) 10.000 mol C * = 6.022 * 10 24 atoms C
1 mol C
287
Copyright © 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

9.8 From Practice Problem 9.7, you know 1 mole of propane has a mass of 44.096 g; therefore 2 moles
of propane has a mass of
44.096 g propane
2 mol propane * = 88.192 g propane
1 mol propane
9.9 The molecular formula for propane is C3H8 :3 moles of C atoms for every 1 mole of propane.
Therefore:
3 mol carbon atoms
2 mol propane * = 6 mol carbon atoms
1 mol propane
9.10 1 mole of propane and 5 moles of oxygen react to give 3 moles of carbon dioxide and 4 moles of water.
127.9 g HI
9.12 (a) 0.565 mol HI * = 72.3 g HI
1 mol HI
6.022 * 1023 molecules HI
(b) 0.565 mol HI * = 3.40 * 10 23 molecules HI
1 mol HI
1 mol CH4
9.13 (a) 5.000 * 10 24 molecules CH4 * = 8.303 mol CH4
6.022 * 10 23 molecules CH4
(b) The molar mass of CH4 is 11 * 12.011 g C2 + 14 * 1.0079 g H2 = 16.043 g>mol. Thus:
16.043 g CH4
8.303 mol CH4 * = 133.2 g CH4
1 mol CH4
9.15 (a) C6H6 + 3H2 S C6H12
(b) 1 mole of benzene and 3 moles of hydrogen react to give 1 mole of cyclohexane.
(c) The molar mass of benzene is 16 * 12.011 g C2 + 16 * 1.0079 g H2 = 78.113 g>mol. The
balanced equation tells you that you need 1 mole of C6H6 to form 1 mole of C6H12:
1 mol C6H6 78.113 g C6H6
1 mol C6H12 * * = 78.113 g C6H6
1 mol C6H12 1 mol C6H6
The molar mass of hydrogen is 12 * 1.0079 g H2 = 2.0158 g>mol. Because the equation says
that 1 mole of C6H12 requires 3 moles of hydrogen,
3 mol H2 2.0158 g H2
1 mol C6H12 * * = 6.0474 g H2
1 mol C6H12 1 mol H2
(d) The most you can form is 1 mole of cyclohexane. The molar mass of cyclohexane is
16 * 12.011 g C2 + 112 * 1.0079 g H2 = 84.161 g>mol. This 84.161 g is the theoretical
yield of C6H12.
Actual yield 24.0 g
(e) Percent yield = * 100% = * 100% = 28.5%
Theoretical yield 84.161 g
288 Complete Solutions

9.16 (a) C6H12O6 + 6O2 S 6CO2 + 6H2O
(b) 1 mole of glucose and 6 moles of oxygen react to give 6 moles of carbon dioxide and 6 moles of
water.
(c) The molar mass of glucose is
16 * 12.011 g C2 + 112 * 1.0079 g H2 + 16 * 15.999 g O2 = 180.155 g>mol.
1 mol glucose 180.155 g glucose
6 mol H2O * * = 180.155 g glucose
6 mol H2O 1 mol glucose
The molar mass of O2 is 12 * 15.999 g O2 = 31.998 g>mol.
6 mol O2 31.998 g O2
6 mol H2O * * = 191.99 g O2
6 mol H2O 1 mol O2
(d) The theoretical yield is 6 moles of CO2. The molar mass of CO2 is 44.009 g. The theoretical
yield in grams is therefore
44.009 mol CO2
6 mol CO2 * = 264.05 g CO2
6 mol CO2
Actual yield 196.0 g
(e) Percent yield = * 100% = * 100% = 74.23%
1 mol glucose 6 mol H2O 18.015 g H2O
9.18 10.0 g glucose * * * = 6.00 g H2O
180.155 g glucose 1 mol glucose 1 mol H2O
1 mol glucose 6 mol CO2 44.009 g CO2
9.19 10.0 g glucose * * * = 14.7 g CO2
180.155 g glucose 1 mol glucose 1 mol C2O
1 mol CO2 1 mol glucose 180.155 g glucose
9.20 10.0 g CO2 * * * = 6.82 g glucose
44.009 g CO2 6 mol CO2 1 mol glucose
1 mol Al2O3 2 mol Al 6.022 * 10 23Al atoms
9.22 10.0 g Al2O3 * * * = 1.18 * 10 23 Al atoms
101.96 g Al2O3 1 mol Al2O3 1 mol Al
1 mol H2O 6.022 * 10 23 H2O molecules
9.23 10.0 g H2O * * = 3.34 * 10 23 H2O molecules
18.015 g H2O 1 mol H2O
9.25 (a) Step 1: C3H8 + 5O2 S 3CO2 + 4H2O
1 mol C3H8
Step 2: 100.0 g C3H8 * = 2.268 mol C3H8
44.096 g C3H8
Step 2a is not necessary because reactions run in balanced fashion.
5 mol O2
Step 3: 2.268 mol C3H8 * = 11.34 mol O2
1 mol C3H8
31.998 g O2
Step 4: 11.34 mol O2 * = 362.9 g O2
1 mol O2
Chapter 9: Stoichiometry and the Mole 289

(b) Because the reaction is run in a balanced fashion, you may use either reactant to calculate
theoretical yield:
4 mol H2O 18.015 g H2O
2.268 mol C3H8 * * = 163.4 g H2O theoretical yield
1 mol C3H8 1 mol H2O
or
4 mol H2O 18.015 g H2O
11.34 mol O2 * * = 163.4 g H2O theoretical yield
5 mol O2 1 mol H2O
9.26 (a) 2ZnS + 3O2 S 2ZnO + 2SO2
(b) Calculate molar masses:
ZnS 65.39 g>mol Zn + 32.06 g>mol S = 97.45 g>mol
O2 15.999 g>mol O * 2 = 31.998 g>mol
ZnO 65.39 g>mol Zn + 15.999 g>mol O = 81.39 g>mol
SO2 32.06 g>mol S + 2 * 15.999 g>mol O = 64.06 g>mol
Step 1: Done
1 mol ZnS
Step 2: 10.0 g ZnS * = 0.103 mol ZnS
97.45 g ZnS
1 mol O2
10.0 g O2 * = 0.313 mol O2
31.998 g O2
0.103
Step 2a: ZnS = 0.0515
2
0.313
O2 = 0.104
3
ZnS is limiting reactant because of smaller ratio.
2 mol ZnO
Step 3: 0.103 mol ZnS * = 0.103 mol ZnO
2 mol ZnS
2 mol SO2
0.103 mol ZnS * = 0.103 mol SO2
2 mol ZnS
81.39 g ZnO
Step 4: 0.103 mol ZnO * = 8.39 g ZnO
1 mol ZnO
64.06 g SO2
0.103 mol SO2 * = 6.60 g SO2
1 mol SO2
(c) The excess reactant is the O2. From step 2 above, you know that the 10.0 g of O2 is 0.313 mole.
Figure out how much of that combined with the 0.103 mole of ZnS:
3 mol O2
0.103 mol ZnS * = 0.155 mol O2
2 mol ZnS

This is the amount of O2 consumed, which means
0.313 mole - 0.155 mole = 0.158 mole of O2 is left over, which is
31.998 g O2
0.158 mol O2 * = 5.06 g O2 left over
1 mol O2
7.50 g
(d) Percent yield = * 100% = 89.4%
8.39 g
9.27 (a)
Step 1: Convert grams of CO2 to moles of C and grams of H2O to moles of H:
1 mol CO2 1 mol C
0.686 g CO2 * * = 0.0156 mol C
44.009 g CO2 1 mol CO2
1 mol H2O 2 mol H
0.561 g H2O * * = 0.0623 mol H
18.015 g H2O 1 mol H2O
Step 2: Convert to grams of C and H:
12.11 g C
0.0156 mol C * = 0.187 g C
1 mol C
1.0079 g H
0.0623 mol H * = 0.0628 g H
1 mol H
Step 3: Determine whether there is any O in the compound and, if so, convert to moles:
0.250 g sample - 10.0628 g H + 0.187 g C2 = 0 g O.
Step 4: Divide subscripts through by the smallest subscript:
C 0.0156 H0.0623 S C1.00 H3.99 S CH4 molecular formula
0.0156 0.0156
(b) CH4 + 2O2 S 2H2O + CO2

9.28 (a)
Step 1: Convert grams of CO2 to moles of C and grams of H2O to moles of H:
1 mol CO2 1 mol C
0.478 g CO2 * * = 0.0109 mol C
44.009 g CO2 1 mol CO2
1 mol H2 O 2 mol H
0.293 g H2O * * = 0.0325 mol H
18.015 g H2O 1 mol H2O
Step 2: Convert to grams of C and H:
12.011 g C
0.0109 mol C * = 0.131 g C
1 mol C
1.0079 g H
0.0325 mol H * = 0.0328 g H
1 mol H
Step 3: Determine whether there is any O in the compound and, if so, convert to moles:
0.250 g sample - 10.131 g C + 0.0328 g H2 = 0.0862 g O
1 mol O
0.0862 g O * = 0.00539 mol O
15.999 g O

Step 4: Divide subscripts through by the smallest subscript:
C 0.0109 H 0.0328 O 0.00539 S C2.02H6.09O1.00 S C2H6O
0.00539 0.00539 0.00539
(b) C2H6O + 3O2 S 2CO2 + 3H2O

9.29 (a)
Use the four-step process for determining empirical formula from combustion analysis data.
The four steps are shown here:
Step 1: Check that the percent by mass elemental compositions add up to 100%. If they do not,
calculate the percent by mass of the additional element(s) by subtracting the total of the
given percentages from 100%.
Step 2: Assume a 100 g sample of the compound.
Step 3: Convert grams of each element to moles of each element. This gives you the subscript in
the formula for that element.
Step 4: Divide all subscripts by the smallest one to get the subscripts in the empirical formula.
1. 54.56% C + 9.16% H = 63.81%, which is less than 100%. Therefore the percent
O = 100% - 63.81% = 36.19%
2. Assume 100 g of compound (percentages then become grams).
54.65 g of carbon, 9.16 g of hydrogen, 36.19 g of oxygen
3. Calculate the moles of each element 1moles = grams>atomic mass2.
1 mol C
Moles of C = 54.65 g C * = 4.550 moles C
12.011 g C
1 mol H
Moles of H = 9.16 g H * = 9.088 moles H
1.0079 g H
1 mol
Moles of O = 36.19 g O * = 2.262 moles O
15.999 g O
4. Divide by the smallest number to obtain the subscripts in the empirical formula.
The smallest number is 2.262.
4.550
Subscript for C: = 2
2.262
9.088
Subscript for H: = 4
2.262
2.262
Subscript for O: = 1
2.262
The empirical formula is therefore C2H4O.
(b) Divide the given molar mass of the compound by the molar mass of the empirical formula:
132.159
= 3
44.053
The molecular formula is therefore C2 * 3H4 * 3O1 * 3 S C6H12O3.
(c) The balanced equation for the combustion reaction is C6H12O3 + 15O2 S 12CO2 + 12H2O

9.30 (a)
Step 1: Check that the percent by mass elemental compositions add up to 100%. If they do not,
calculate the percent by mass of the additional element(s) by subtracting the total of the
given percentages from 100%.
Step 2: Assume a 100 g sample of the compound
Step 3: Convert grams of each element to moles of each element. This gives you the subscript in
the formula for that element.
Step 4: Divide all subscripts by the smallest one to get the subscripts in the empirical formula.
1. 85.62% C + 14.37% H = 99.99%, which is essentially equal to 100%,
given the slight inaccuracy in measurements.
85.62 g of carbon: 14.37 g of hydrogen
1 mol C
12.011 g C
1 mol H
1.0079 g H
7.128
7.128
14.26
7.128
The empirical formula is therefore CH2.
28.054
= 2
14.03
The molecular formula is therefore: C1 * 2H2 * 2 S C2H4.
(c) The balanced equation for the combustion reaction is C2H4 + 3O2 S 2CO2 + 2H2O
9.31 Step 1: Begin by assuming you have 1 mole of H2O2, and calculate the mass in grams of each
element in that 1 mole of H2O2:
2 mol H 1.0079 g H
1 mol H2O2 * * = 2.0158 g H
1 mol H2O2 1 mol H
2 mol O 15.999 g O
1 mol H2O2 * * = 31.998 g O
1 mol H2O2 1 mol O

Step 2: Divide each calculated mass by the mass of the 1 mole of H2O2 you are assumed to be
working with and multiply by 100: The mass of 1 mol H2O2 is its molar mass—34.014 g.
2.0158 g H
* 100% = 5.926% H
34.014 g H2O2
31.998 g O
* 100% = 94.07% O
34.014 g H2O2
9.32 Step 1: Assume you have 1 mole of TNT, and calculate the mass in grams of each element in
that 1 mole:
7 mol C 12.011 g C
1 mol TNT * * = 84.077 g C
1 mol TNT 1 mol C
5 mol H 1.0079 g H
1 mol TNT * * = 5.0395 g H
1 mol TNT 1 mol H
3 mol N 14.007 g N
1 mol TNT * * = 42.021 g N
1 mol TNT 1 mol N
6 mol O 15.999 g O
1 mol TNT * * = 95.994 g O
1 mol TNT 1 mol O
Step 2: The molar mass of TNT is 227.1 g>mol. Therefore:
84.077 g C
* 100% = 37.02% C
227.1 g TNT
5.0395 g H
* 100% = 2.219% H
227.1 g TNT
42.021 g N
* 100% = 18.50% N
227.1 g TNT
95.994 g O
* 100% = 42.27% O
227.1 g TNT
9.33 Step 1: To get the empirical formula from percent composition, assume 100 g of compound (that
way, percent values become grams):
1 mol Cl
89.09% Cl S 89.09 Cl * = 2.513 mol Cl
35.453 g Cl
1 mol C
10.06% C S 10.06 g C * = 0.8376 mol C
12.011 g C
1 mol H
0.84% H S 0.84 g H * = 0.8334 mol H
1.0079 g H
Step 2: Use the calculated number of moles as subscripts and divide through by the smallest:
Cl 2.513 C 0.8376 H0.8334 S Cl3.02C1.01H1.00 S Cl3CH empirical formula
0.8334 0.8334 0.8334
The molecular mass of this empirical formula is 119.4 g>mol. That the molar mass of the
compound is given as 119.378 g>mol tells you the molecular formula is the same as the
empirical formula.

9.34 Because the percentages of C and H do not add up to 100%, you know the compound contains O:
100% - 154.53% C + 9.15% H2 = 36.32% O
Step 1: To get the empirical formula from percent composition, assume 100 g of compound
(that way, percent values become grams):
1 mol C
53.53% C S 54.53 g C * = 4.540 mol C
12.011 g C
1 mol H
9.15% H S 9.15 g H * = 9.08 mol H
1.0079 g H
1 mol O
36.32% O S 36.32 g O * = 2.27 mol O
15.999 g O
Step 2: Use the calculated number of moles as subscripts and divide through by the smallest:
C 4.540 H9.08 O 2.27 S C2.00H4.00O1.00 S C2H4O empirical formula
2.27 2.27 2.27
Molar mass of compound 88.106 g>mol

= = 2
Molar mass of C2H4O 44.053 g>mol
The molecular formula is therefore C2 * 2H2 * 4O2 * 1 S C4H8O2.
9.35 A balanced equation is like a recipe because the equation specifies how much of each reactant must
be used to give a certain amount of product.
1
pound butter
1 egg 1 egg 2 cups flour 4
9.36 (a) , , , ,
2 cups flour 3 cups sugar 3 cups sugar 3 cups sugar
1 cup milk 1 dozen sugar cookies
,
1 dozen sugar cookies 1
pound butter
4
Many other conversion factors are possible.
1 dozen cookies 2 cups flour
(b) 30 cookies * * = 5 cups flour
12 cookies 1 dozen cookies
(c) You don’t have the conversion factor for how many cups of milk are in a container of milk.
4 cups milk 1 egg
(d) 1 container of milk * * = 4 eggs
1 container of milk 1 cup milk
1
(e) 1 egg + 2 cups flour + 3 cups sugar + pound butter + 1 cup milk S 1 dozen cookies
4
5 eggs
9.37 (a) 3 cakes * = 15 eggs
1 cake
5 eggs
(b) 63 blocks of cream cheese * = 105 eggs
3 blocks of cream cheese

5 eggs
(c) 5 cakes * = 25 eggs; Then add 2 eggs: 25 + 2 = 27.
1 cake
1 cake 1 mol of cakes
(d) 3.011 * 1024 eggs * * = 1 mole of cakes!
5 eggs 6.022 * 10 23 cakes
9.38 One mole represents the quantity 6.022 * 1023, just as one dozen represents the quantity 12.
9.39 Always.
9.40 6 billion = 6 * 10 9.
6 * 10 9
% = * 100% = 9.96 * 10 -13%
6.022 * 1023
9.41 There are 6.022 * 1023 bicycles in 1 mole of bicycles.
(a)
(b) Because there are two tires on every bicycle, the number of tires in 1 mole of bicycles is two
times 6.022 * 10 23 = 1.204 * 10 24.
6.022 * 10 23 bicycles 2 tires 24 spokes
(c) 1 mole of bicycles * * * = 2.9 * 10 25 spokes
1 mole of bicycles 1 bicycle 1 tire
6.022 * 1023 spokes 1 tire 1 bicycle
(d) 1 mole of spokes * * * = 1.3 * 10 22 bicycles
1 mole of spokes 24 spokes 2 tires
9.42 There are 6.022 * 1023 O2 molecules in 1 mole of O2 molecules. Because there are two O atoms in
every O2 molecule, the number of O atoms in 1 mole of O2 molecules is two times 6.022 * 10 23, or
1.204 * 1024.
6.022 * 10 23 pennies
9.43 2.5 moles of pennies * = 1.5 * 10 24 pennies
1 mole of pennies
1 dollar
1.5 * 10 24 pennies * = 1.5 * 10 22 dollars
100 pennies
9.44 1 mole of seconds = 6.022 * 10 23 s; thus:
1 min 1h 1 day 1 year
6.022 * 1023 s * * * * = 1.91 * 10 16 years
60 s 60 min 24 h 365 days
9.45 Two molecules of sulfur dioxide react with 1 molecule of oxygen to give 2 molecules of sulfur
trioxide. Two moles of sulfur dioxide react with 1 mole of oxygen to give 2 moles of sulfur trioxide.
9.46 There is no such thing as a fractional molecule, such as (5>2) molecules of oxygen. The word moles
solves the difficulty because a fraction of a mole can be measured out.
9.47 The mass of 1 mole of atoms of an element is equal to the element’s atomic mass expressed in grams.
9.48 The mass of 1 mole of any molecule is the molecule’s mass expressed in grams.
9.49 A compound’s molar mass is calculated by summing the molar masses of all the atoms in the
compound.
9.50 Chemical equations “speak” in moles, but you need to measure substances in grams. Molar mass
allows you to translate from moles to grams or from grams to moles.
9.51 The atomic mass of this isotope is exactly 12 amu, by definition. Therefore, the molar mass is exactly
12 g, meaning that 12 g of 126C is 1 mole and must contain 6.022 * 10 23 atoms.

9.52 (a)
The periodic table tells you that 12.011 amu is the atomic mass of carbon. Thus, from the
definition of molar mass, you know that 12.011 g of carbon is 1 mole of carbon, containing
6.022 * 1023 atoms.
6.022 * 10 23 atoms of C 1 dozen
(b) 1 mol C * * = 5.018 * 10 22 dozens of C atoms
1 mol C 12 atoms of C
(c) 1 mole
9.53 The subscript on each atom in the chemical formula tells you the number of moles of the atom in
1 mole of the compound:
6 mol C
(a) 1 mol C6H12O6 * = 6 mol C
1 mol C6H12O6
12 mol H
(b) 1 mol C6H12O6 * = 12 mol H
1 mol C6H12O6
6 mol O 6.22 * 10 23 atoms O
(c) 1 mol C6H12O6 * * = 3.613 * 10 24 atoms O
1 mol C6H12O6 1 mol O
9.54 The subscripts in the formula give the number of moles of each atom in each mole of the compound:
3 mol H
(a) 1 mol NH3 * = 3 mol H
1 mol NH3
3 mol H
(b) 2 mol NH3 * = 6 mol H
1 mol NH3
1 mol N 6.022 * 10 23 atoms N
(c) 2 mol NH3 * * = 1.204 * 10 24 atoms N
1 mol NH3 1 mol N
9.55 The theoretical yield of a reaction is the maximum amount of product that can be made from a given
amount of reactants.
9.56 The actual yield is the amount of product that is actually recovered after a chemical reaction.
9.57 Some reactions have competing side reactions that use up reactants to produce unwanted side products.
Sometimes difficulties in collecting the desired product make it impossible to recover all of it.
9.58 The percent yield of any reaction is the actual yield expressed as a percent of the theoretical yield.
Actual yield
Percent yield = * 100%
Theoretical yield
15.5 g
9.59 Percent yield = * 100% = 38.8%
40.0 g
9.60 (a) 2NO + O2 S 2NO2
(b) 2 moles of nitrogen monoxide and 1 mole of oxygen react to give 2 moles of nitrogen dioxide.
(c) You need 2 moles of NO and 1 mole of O2. The molar masses are
14.007 + 15.999 = 30.006 g>mol for NO and 2 * 15.999 = 31.9988 g>mol for O2.
30.006 g NO
2 mol NO * = 60.012 g NO
1 mol NO
31.998 g O2
1 mol O2 * = 31.998 O2
1 mol O2

(d) The theoretical yield is 2 moles of NO2, and the molar mass of NO2 is 46.006 g>mol:
46.006 g NO2
2 mol NO2 * = 92.012 g NO2
1 mol NO2
Actual yield 22.5 g
(e) Percent yield = * 100% = * 100% = 24.5%
9.61 (a) 2HCl + Zn S H2 + ZnCl2
(b) 2 moles of hydrogen chloride and 1 mole of zinc react to give 1 mole of hydrogen and 1 mole of
zinc chloride.
(c) You need 2 moles of HCl and 1 mole of Zn. The molar masses are
1.0079 + 35.453 = 36.461 g>mol for HCl and 65.39 g>mol for Zn:
36.461 g
2 mol HCl * = 72.922 g HCl
1 mol HCl
65.39 g
1 mol Zn * = 65.39 Zn
1 mol Zn
(d) The theoretical yield is 1 mole of H2, and the molar mass of H2 is 2.0158 g>mol:
2.0158 g H2
1 mol H2 * = 2.0158 g H2
1 mol H2
Actual yield 2.00 g
(e) Percent yield = * 100% = * 100% = 99.2%
9.62 (a) 2Na + Cl2 S 2NaCl

(b) 2 moles of sodium and 1 mole of chlorine react to give 2 moles of sodium chloride.
(c) Because the equation is written for 2 moles of NaCl but you want to produce only 1 mole, you
need to divide the reactant amounts by 2, which means you need 1 mole of Na and 0.5 mole Cl2.
The molar masses are 22.9898 g>mol for Na and 2 * 35.453 = 70.906 g>mol for Cl2:
22.9898 g Na
1 mol Na * = 22.9898 g Na
1 mol Na
70.906 g Cl2
0.5 mol Cl2 * = 35.453 g Cl2
1 mol Cl2
(d) The theoretical yield is 1 mole of NaCl, which is
58.443 g NaCl
1 mol NaCl * = 58.443 g NaCl
1 mol NaCl
(e) Percent yield = * 100% = * 100% = 77.85%
6 mol C atoms 12 mol H atoms 1 mol C6H12O6 6 mol C atoms
9.63 (a) , , , ,
1 mol C6H12O6 1 mol C6H12O6 6 mol O atoms 12 mol H atoms
12 mol H atoms 12 mol H atoms
, ; others possible.
6 mol O atoms 6 mol C atoms
6 C atoms
(b) 72,000 H atoms * = 36,000 C atoms
12 H atoms

1 molecule of C6H12O6 1 mole of C6H12O6
(c) 72,000 H atoms * * *
12 H atoms 6.022 * 10 23 molecules of C6H12O6
180.157 g
= 1.8 * 10 -18 g
1 mole of C6H12O6
9.64 From the equation:
2 mol AgBr 2 mol AgBr 2 mol Ag 2 mol Ag 1 mol Br2 1 mol Br2
, , , , ,
2 mol Ag 1 mol Br2 1 mol Br2 2 mol AgBr 2 mol AgBr 2 mol Ag
From the formulas:
1 mol Ag atoms 1 mol AgBr molecules 1 mol Br atoms
, , ,
1 mol AgBr molecules 1 mol Ag atoms 1 mol AgBr molecules
1 mol AgBr molecules 2 mol Br atoms 1 mol Br2 molecules
, ,
1 mol Br atoms 1 mol Br2 molecules 2 mol Br atoms
9.65 (a) I 2 + 3Cl2 S 2ICl3
1 mol I 2 1 mol I 2 3 mol Cl2 3 mol Cl2 2 mol ICl3 2 mol ICl3
(b) , , , , ,
3 mol Cl2 2 mol ICl3 2 mol ICl3 1 mol I 2 1 moI I 2 3 mol Cl2
2 mol I atoms 1 mol I 2 molecules 2 mol Cl atoms 1 mol Cl2 molecules
(c) , , , ,
1 mol I 2 molecules 2 mol I atoms 1 mol Cl2 molecules 2 mol Cl atoms
1 mol I atoms 1 mol ICl3 molecules 3 mol Cl atoms
, , ,
1 mol ICl3 molecules 1 mol I atoms 1 mol ICl3 molecules
1 mol ICl3 molecules
3 mol Cl atoms
1 mol H atoms 6.022 * 10 23 H atoms
9.66 2.0158 g H atoms * * = 1.204 * 10 24 H atoms
1.0079 g H atoms 1 mol H atoms
1 mol O2
9.67 (a) 24.0 g O2 * = 0.750 mol O2
31.998 g O2
2 moles O atoms
(b) 0.750 mol O2 * = 1.50 moles O atoms
1 mol O2
1 mol O2
9.68 (a) 92.5 g O2 * = 2.89 mol O2
31.998 g O2
2 moles O atoms
(b) 2.89 mol O2 * = 5.78 moles O atoms
1 mol O2
6.022 * 10 23 O atoms
(c) 5.78 moles O atoms * = 3.48 * 10 24 O atoms
1 mol O atoms
This number is twice as large as the number of O2 molecules present.
9.69 (a)
The molar mass of H2SO4 is
H 2 * 1.0079 g>mol = 2.0158 g>mol
S 1 * 32.064 g>mol = 32.64 g>mol
O 4 * 15.999 g>mol = 63.996 g>mol
98.076 g/mol

(b) 98.076 g
98.076 g H2SO4
(c) 2.50 mol H2SO4 * = 245 g
1 mol H2SO4
1 mol H2SO4 98.076 g H2SO4
(d) 1000 molecules H2SO4 * 23 *
6.022 * 10 molecules H2SO4 1mol H2SO4
= 1.629 * 10 -19 g H2SO4
1 mol O2 6.022 * 1023 molecules O2
9.70 1.00 g O2 * * = 1.88 * 10 22 molecules O2
31.998 g O2 1 mol O2
1 mol H2O 18.015 g H2O
9.71 1.00 * 10 9 molecules H2O * 23 * = 2.99 * 10 -14 g H2O
6.022 * 10 molecules H2O 1 mol H2O
1 mol C 1 mol C6H12O6
9.72 5.00 * 10 30 atoms C * 23 *
6.022 * 10 atoms C 6 mol C
180.15 g C6H12O6
* = 2.49 * 10 8 g C6H12O6
1 mol C6H12O6
1 mol H2O2 2 mol H2O 18.015 g H2O
9.73 (a) 20.0 g H2O2 * * * = 10.6 g H2O
34.014 g H2O2 2 mol H2O2 1 mol H2O
1 mol H2O 2 mol H2O2 34.014 g H2O2
(b) 20.0 g H2O * * * = 37.8 g H2O2
18.015 g H2O 2 mol H2O 1 mol H2O2
1 mol O2 2 mol H2O2 34.014 g H2O2
(c) 20.0 g O2 * * * = 42.5 g H2O2
31.998 g O2 2 mol O2 1 mol H2O2
1 mol SCl4 2 mol H2O 18.015 g H2O
9.74 (a) 5.000 g SCl4 * * * = 1.036 g H2O
173.88 g SCl4 1 mol SCl4 1 mol H2O
1 mol H2O 1 mol SO2 64.064 g SO2
(b) 10.00 g H2O * * * = 17.78 g SO2
18.015 g H2O 2 mol H2O 1 mol SO2
(c) Because the mass of H2O you calculated in part (a) is exactly the mass of H2O that reacts with
5.000 g of SCl4, you may use either reactant to calculate the amount of HCl formed:
1 mol SCl4 4 mol HCl 36.460 g HCl
5.000 g SCl4 * * * = 4.194 g HCl
173.88 g SCl4 1 mol SCl4 1 mol HCl
or
1 mol H2O 4 mol HCl 36.460 g HCl
1.036 g H2O * * * = 4.193 g HCl
18.015 g H2O 2 mol H2O 1 mol HCl
9.75 Since B was the limiting reactant, some of the excess reactant A will be left behind. At the end of the
reaction, you will discover that the product C is contaminated with the leftover reactant A. Since both
A and C are solids, it will be rather difficult, and hence expensive, to separate them from each other.
9.76 To determine which is the limiting ingredient, multiply each given amount by the appropriate
conversion factor:
1 dozen cookies
3 cups flour * = 1.5 dozen cookies
2 cups flour

1 dozen cookies
3 cups sugar * = 1 dozen cookies
3 cups sugar
Because it gives the smaller number, the sugar is the limiting ingredient. You can make only one
dozen of cookies.
9.77 To determine which is the limiting ingredient, multiply each given amount by the appropriate
conversion factor:
1 cheesecake
25 eggs * = 5 cheesecakes
5 eggs
1 cheesecake
9 blocks cream cheese * = 3 cheesecakes
3 blocks cream cheese
1 cheesecake
4 cups sugar * = 4 cheesecakes
1 cups sugar
Because it gives the smallest number, the cream cheese is the limiting ingredient. You can make three
cheesecakes.
1 mol H2 2 mol H2O 18.015 g H2O
9.78 (a) 5.00 g H2 * * * = 44.7 g H2O
2.0158 g H2 2 mol H2 1 mol O2
1 mol H2O 1 mol O2 31.998 g O2
(b) 5.00 g H2O * * * = 4.44 g O2
18.015 g H2O 2 mol H2O 1 mol O2
1 mol H2
(c) The number of moles of H2 in 100.0 g is 100.0 g H2 * = 49.61 mol H2
2.0158 g H2
The number of moles of O2 required to react in a stoichiometric fashion with 49.61 moles of H2 is
1 mol O2
49.61 mol H2 * = 24.81 mol O2
2 mol H2
This many moles of O2 expressed in grams is
31.998 g O2
24.81 mol O2 * = 793.9 g O2
1 mol O2
1 mol O2 2 mol H2O 18.015 g H2O
(d) 50.0 g O2 * * * = 56.3 g H2O
31.998 g O2 1 mol O2 1 mol H2O
1 mol H2O 6.022 * 1023 molecules H2O
(e) 56.3 g H2O * * = 1.88 * 10 24 molecules H2O
18.015 g H2O 1 mol H2O
9.79 The first thing you must do is balance the equation: 4P + 5O2 S 2P2O5
1 mol O2 4 mol P 30.973 g P
(a) 20.0 g O2 * * * = 15.5 g P
31.998 g O2 5 mol O2 1 mol P
(b) Because part (a) was calculated for running the reaction in a balanced fashion, you may use
either mass to calculate the theoretical yield:
1 mol O2 2 mol P2O5 141.941 g P2O5
20.0 g O2 * * * = 35.5 g P2O5
31.998 g O2 5 mol O2 1 mol P2O5
or

1 mol P 2 mol P2O5 141.941 g P2O5
15.5 g P * * * = 35.5 g P2O5
30.973 g P 4 mol P 1 mol P2O5
9.80 The balanced equation is 3H2 + N2 S 2NH3
1 mol H2 1 mol N2 28.014 g N2
(a) 10.0 g H2 * * * = 46.3 g N2
2.0158 g H2 3 mol H2 1 mol N2
(b) Because the masses of part (a) are for the reaction run in a balanced fashion, you may use either
mass to determine the mass of product:
1 mol H2 2 mol NH3 17.031 g NH3
10.0 g H2 * * * = 56.3 g NH3
2.0158 g H2 3 mol H2 1 mol NH3
or
1 mol N2 2 mol NH3 17.031 g NH3
46.3 g H2 * * * = 56.3 g NH3
28.014 g N2 3 mol N2 1 mol NH3
1 mol NH2 6.022 * 10 23 molecules NH3
(c) 56.3 g NH2 * * = 1.99 * 10 24 molecules NH3
17.031 g NH3 1 mol NH3
9.81 (a) H2 + Br2 S 2HBr
(b) The balanced equation tells you the H2 and Br2 combine in a one-to-one ratio.
1 mol H2
10.079 g H2 * = 5.0000 mol H2
2.0158 g H2
Because you have 7.00 moles of Br2 but only 5.0000 moles of H2, the H2 is the limiting reactant.
(c) Because H2 is the limiting reactant, you must use it to calculate the theoretical yield:
2 mol HBr
5.0000 mol H2 * = 10.000 mol HBr
1 mol H2
80.912 g HBr
(d) 10.000 mol HBr * = 809.00 g HBr
1 mol HBr
(e) You begin with 5.0000 moles of H2 and 7.00 moles of Br2. You know from the one-to-one
reactant ratio in the balanced equation that 5.00 moles of Br2 react with 5.00 moles of H2.
Therefore, the excess amount of Br2 is 7.00 mol - 5.00 mol = 2.00 mol.
159.81 g Br2
(f) 2.00 mol Br2 * = 320 g Br2
1 mol Br2
9.82 Because the amounts given are not easy-to-work-with whole numbers as they were in the preceding
problem, use the four-step procedure given in the textbook.
(a) Step 1: Cl2 + 3F2 S 2ClF3
(b) Step 2 is unnecessary because amounts are given in moles.
2.50
Step 2a: Cl2 = 2.50
1
6.15
F2 = 2.05
3
Its smaller mole-to-coefficient ratio tells you F2 is the limiting reactant.

2 mol C1F3
(c) Step 3: 6.15 mol F2 * = 4.10 mol ClF3
3 mol F2
92.447 g ClF3
(d) Step 4: 4.10 mol CIF3 * = 379 g ClF3
1 mol ClF3
(e) The excess reactant is Cl2, and you began with 2.50 moles of it. Because this problem deals with
theoretical yields, you can assume the entire 6.15 moles of limiting reactant F2 was used up.
The amount of Cl2 consumed was
1 mol Cl2
6.15 mol F2 * = 2.05 mol Cl2
3 mol F2
The leftover Cl2 is therefore: 2.50 mol - 2.05 mol = 0.45 mol.
70.906 g Cl2
(f) 0.45 mol Cl2 * = 32 g Cl2
1 mol Cl2
9.83 Step 1: 2Na1s2 + Br21l2 S 2NaBr1s2
(a)
1 mol Na
(b) Step 2: 5.00 g Na * = 0.217 mol Na
22.9898 g Na
1 mol Br2
30.0 g Br2 * = 0.188 mol Br2
159.8 g Br2
0.217
Step 2a: Na = 0.109
2
0.188
Br2 = 0.188
1
Because 0.109 is the smaller number, Na is the limiting reactant.
2 mol NaBr 102.89 g NaBr
(c) Steps 3 and 4: 0.217 mol Na * * = 22.3 g NaBr
2 mol Na 1 mol NaBr
(d) Because the problem deals with theoretical yields, all the 5.00 g = 0.217 moles of limiting
reactant Na is used up. The amount of Br2 it combined with is
1 mol Br2 159.82 g Br2
0.217 mol Na * * = 17.3 g Br2
2 mol Na 1 mol Br2
The leftover Br2 is therefore: 30.0 g - 17.3 g = 12.7 g.
14.7 g NaBr
(e) * 100% = 65.9%
22.3 g NaBr
9.84 (a) Step 1: Cl2 + 3F2 S 2ClF3
1 mol Cl2
(b) Step 2: 10.00 g Cl2 * = 0.1410 mol Cl2
70.906 g Cl2
1 mol F2
10.00 g F2 * = 0.2632 mol F2
37.996 g F2

0.1410
Step 2a: Cl2 = 0.1410
1
0.2632
F2 = 0.08773 limiting
3
(c) Steps 3 and 4:
2 mol ClF3 92.447 g ClF3
0.2632 mol F2 * * = 16.22 g ClF3
3 mol F2 1 mol ClF3
(d) All of the F2 is used up, consuming
1 mol Cl2 70.906 g Cl2
0.2632 mol F2 * * = 6.221 g Cl2
3 mol F2 1 mol Cl2
The leftover Cl2 is 10.00 g - 6.221 g = 3.78 g.
12.50 g ClF3
(e) * 100% = 77.07%
16.22 g ClF3
9.85 (a) Step 1: 2 Na + H2 S 2 NaH
1 mol Na
(b) Step 2: 10.00 g Na * = 0.4350 mol Na
22.9898 g Na
1 mol H2
0.0235 g H2 * = 0.0117 mol H2
2.0158 g H2
0.4350
Step 2a: Na = 0.2175
2
0.0117
H2 = 0.0117 limiting reactant
1
2 mol NaH 23.998 g NaH
(c) Steps 3 and 4: 0.0117 mol H2 * * = 0.562 g NaH
1 mol H2 1 mol NaH
(d) All of the H2 is used up, consuming
2 mol Na 22.9898 g Na
0.0117 mol H2 * * = 0.538 g Na
1 mol H2 1 mol Na
The leftover Na is therefore: 10.00 g - 0.538 g = 9.46 g.
0.428 g NaH
(e) * 100% = 76.2%
0.562 g NaH
9.86 (a) Step 1: 2C4H10 + 13O2 S 8CO2 + 10H2O
1 mol C4H10
(b) Step 2: 10.00 g C4H10 * = 0.1720 mol C4H10
58.123 g C4H10
1 mol O2
10.00 g O2 * = 0.3125 mol O2
31.998 g O2
0.1720
Step 2a: C4H10 = 0.0860
2
0.3125
O2 = 0.0240 limiting reactant
13

8 mol CO2 44.009 g CO2
(c) 0.3125 mol O2 * * = 8.463 g CO2
13 mol O2 1 mol CO2
10 mol H2O 18.015 g H2O
0.3125 mol O2 * * = 4.331 g H2O
13 mol O2 13 mol H2O
2 mol C4H10 58.123 g C4H10
(d) 0.3125 mol O2 * * = 2.794 g C4H10 consumed
13 mol O2 1 mol C4H10
10.00 g - 2.794 g = 7.21 g C4H10 left over
(e) Find the total number of grams of O2 needed to run the reaction in balanced fashion with
10.00 g of C4H10:
1 mol C4H10 13 mol O2 31.998 g O2
10.00 g C4H10 * * * = 35.78 g O2
58.123 g C4H10 2 mol C4H10 1 mol O2
35.78 g O2 needed - 10.00 g O2 present = 25.78 g additional O2
Molar mass of compound 90 g>mol
9.87 Step 1: = = 2 approximately
Molar mass of empirical formula 44.053 g>mol
Step 2: C2 * 2H2 * 4O2 * 1 S C4H8O2
26 g>mol
9.88 (a) Step 1: = 2 approximately
13.02 g>mol
Step 2: C2 * 1H2 * 1 S C2H2
52 g>mol
(b) Step 1: = 4 approximately
13.02 g>mol
Step 2: C4 * 1H4 * 1 S C4H4
78 g>mol
(c) Step 1: = 6 approximately
13.02 g>mol
Step 2: C6 * 1H6 * 1 S C6H6
9.89 (a)
O = 100% - 46.71% = 53.29%
2. Since the mass of the sample is provided, calculate the mass due to each element:
Mass of C = 0.4000 * 1.540 g = 0.6160 g C
Mass of H = 0.0671 * 1.540 g = 0.103 g H
Mass of O = 0.5329 * 1.540 g = 0.8207 g O
1 mol C
12.011 g C
1 mol H
1.0079 g H
1 mol
15.999 g O

0.05129
0.05129
0.102
0.05129
0.05129
0.05129
The empirical formula is therefore CH2O.
30
= 1
30.026
Because the molar mass is equal to the mass of the empirical formula. The molecular formula is
also CH2O.
9.90 (a)
O = 100% - 82.98% = 17.02%
Mass of C = 0.7659 * 2.230 g = 1.708 g C
Mass of H = 0.0639 * 2.230 g = 0.142 g H
Mass of O = 0.1702 * 2.230 g = 0.3795 g O
1 mol C
Moles of C = 1.708 g C *
= 0.1422 moles C
12.011 g C
1 mol H
Moles of H = 0.142 g H *
= 0.141 moles H
1.0079 g H
1 mol
Moles of O = 0.3795 g O *
= 0.02372 moles O
15.999 g O
0.1422
0.02372
0.141
0.02372
0.02372
0.02372
The empirical formula is therefore C6H6O.

94
= 1
94.112
Because the molar mass is equal to the mass of the empirical formula. The molecular formula is
also C6H6O.
9.91 (a)
1. 92.3% C + 7.7% H = 100.0%. Therefore the sample does not contain any oxygen.
Mass of C = 0.923 * 1.000 g = 0.923 g C
Mass of H = 0.077 * 1.000 g = 0.077 g H
1 mol C
12.011 g C
1 mol H
1.0079 g H
0.0768
0.076
0.076
0.076
The empirical formula is therefore CH.
78
= 6
13.019
The molecular formula is C1 * 6 H1 * 6 = C6H6.
9.92 (a)
The % by mass of H in the sample is
0.2874 g H
* 100% = 14.37% H
2.000 g sample
(b) Since the information was given in grams, not % by mass composition, you need to
somewhat modify your approach. Since the compound is said to contain only C and H, you
can obtain the mass of C from the difference between the mass of sample and the mass of H:
Mass of C = 2.000 g - 0.2874 g = 1.713 g C
Convert grams of each element to moles of each element. This gives you the subscript in the
formula for that element.
1 mol C
Moles of C = 2.713 g C * = 0.1426 mol C
12.011 g C
1 mol H
1.0079 g H

Divide by the smallest number to obtain the subscripts in the empirical formula.
0.1426
Subscript for C:
= 1
0.1426
0.2851
Subscript for H:
= 2
0.1426
The empirical formula is therefore CH2.
(c) To find the molecular (actual) formula of the compound, divide the given molar mass of the
compound by the molar mass of the empirical formula 11 * 12.011 + 2 * 1.0079 = 14.0272
71
= 5
14.027
The molecular formula is therefore: C1 * 5H2 * 5 S C5H10
9.93 (a)
1. 55.55% C + 3.15% H = 58.70%, which is less than 100%. Therefore, the percent
Cl = 100% - 58.70% = 41.30%.
54.65 g of carbon, 3.15 g of hydrogen, 41.3 g of chlorine
1 mol C
12.011 g C
1 mol H
1.0079 g H
1 mol
Moles of Cl = 41.3 g Cl * = 1.165 moles Cl
35.453 g Cl
4.550
Subscript for C: = 3.91 1approximately 42
1.165
3.125
Subscript for H: = 2.67 12 2>3 or 8>32
1.165
1.165
Subscript for Cl: = 1
1.165
The subscripts in the empirical formula are therefore C4H2.67Cl. However, note that the sub-
scripts are not all integral (whole) numbers. To get all whole numbers, we must multiply each
subscript by 3, to obtain the actual empirical formula of C12H8Cl3.
(b) If the empirical formula is one-third the mass of its actual formula, we multiply the subscripts in
the empirical formula by three to get the molecular formula, which is C36H24Cl9.
9.94 (a)
1. 24.78% C + 2.08% H = 26.86%, which is less than 100%. Therefore, the percent
Cl = 100% - 26.86% = 73.14%

24.78 g of carbon, 2.08 g of hydrogen, 73.14 g of chlorine
1 mol C
12.011 g C
1 mol H
1.0079 g H
1 mol
Moles of Cl = 73.14 g Cl * = 2.063 moles Cl
35.453 g Cl
2.063
2.063
2.064
2.063
2.063
Subscript for Cl: = 1
2.063
The empirical formula is therefore CHCl.
(b) If the empirical formula is one-fourth the mass of its actual formula, we multiply the subscripts
in the empirical formula by four to get the molecular formula, which is C4H4Cl4.
9.95 Step 1: To get the empirical formula from percent composition, assume 100 g of compound
(that way, percent values become grams):
1 mol C
66.63% C S 66.63 g C * = 5.547 mol C
12.011 g C
1 mol H
11.18% H S 11.18 g H * = 11.09 mol H
1.0079 g H
1 mol O
22.19% O S 22.19 g O * = 1.387 mol O
15.999 g O
Step 2: Use the calculated numbers of moles as subscripts and divide through by the smallest:
C 5.547 H11.09 O 1.387 S C4.00H8.00O1.00 S C4H8O
1.387 1.387 1.387
9.96 Step 1: Assume 100 g of compound and convert element masses to moles:
1 mol C
58.5% C S 58.5 g C * = 4.87 mol C
12.011 g C
1 mol H
4.91% H S 4.91 g H * = 4.87 mol H
1.0079 g H
1 mol
19.5% O S 19.5 g O * = 1.22 mol O
15.999 g O
1 mol N
17.1% N S 17.1 g N * = 1.22 mol N
14.007 g N
Step 2: C 4.87 H4.87 O 1.22 N 1.22 S C3.99H3.99O1.00N1.00 S C4H4ON
1.22 1.22 1.22 1.22

9.97 First determine the percent by mass oxygen:
100% - 126.4% Na + 36.8% S2 = 36.8% O
Step 1: Assume 100 g of compound and convert masses to moles:
1 mol Na
26.4% Na S 26.4 g Na * = 1.15 mol Na
22.9898 g Na
1 mol S
36.8% S S 36.8 g S * = 1.15 mol S
32.066 g S
1 mol O
36.8% O S 36.8 g O * = 2.30 mol O
15.999 g O
Step 2: Na 1.15 S1.15 O 2.30 S Na 1.00S1.00O2.00 S NaSO2
1.15 1.15 1.15
9.98 First determine the mass percent of oxygen:

100% - 143.2% K + 39.1% Cl2 = 17.7% O
Step 1: Assume 100 g of compound and convert masses to moles:
1 mol K
43.2% K S 43.2 g K * = 1.10 mol K
39.098 g K
1 mol Cl
39.1% Cl S 39.1 g Cl * = 1.10 mol Cl
35.453 g Cl
1 mol O
17.7% O S 17.7 g O * = 1.11 mol O
15.999 g O
Step 2: K 1.10 Cl 1.10 O 1.11 S K1.00Cl1.00O1.01 S KClO
1.10 1.10 1.10
9.99 Step 1: Assume you have 1 mole of C2H6O. That way, the subscripts tell you how many moles you
have of each element in the compound. Use this information to convert element moles to
element masses:
12.011 g C
2 mol C * = 24.022 g C
1 mol C
1.0079 g H
6 mol H * = 6.474 g H
1 mol H
15.999 g O
1 mol O * = 15.999 g O
1 mol O
Step 2: Divide each mass calculated in step 1 by the mass of the 1 mole of C2H6O you are assumed
to have. The mass in grams of that 1 mole is numerically equal to the molar mass. The molar
mass of C2H6 is 46.068 g>mol, which means you are working with 46.068 g of C2H6O.
Multiply each quotient by 100% to get the mass percent of each element:
24.022 g C
* 100% = 52.14% C
46.068 g C2H6O
6.0474 g C
* 100% = 13.13% H
46.068 g C2H6O
15.999 g C
* 100% = 34.73% O
46.068 g C2H6O

9.100 Step 1: Assume you have 1 mole of C2H6O2, so that the subscripts tell you how many moles of each
element you have. Convert moles to masses:
12.011 g C
2 mol C * = 24.022 g C
1 mol C
1.0079 g H
6 mol H * = 6.0474 g H
1 mol H
15.999 g O
2 mol O * = 31.998 g O
1 mol O
Step 2: The molar mass of C2H6O2 is 62.067 g>mol, meaning the assumed 1 mole you are working
with has a mass of 62.067 g. Divide each element mass by this mass and multiply by 100%
to get mass percents:
24.022 g C
* 100% = 38.70% C
62.067 g C2H6O2
6.0474 g H
* 100% = 9.743% H
62.067 g C2H6O2
31.998 g P
* 100% = 51.55% O
62.067 g C2H6O2
9.101 Since P2O5 can be viewed as the empirical formula for P4O10, there is no difference in the % by mass
composition for P and for O between these two formulas.
9.102 Step 1: Assume 1 mole of C15H11NO4I 4, so that the subscripts tell you moles of each element.
Convert moles to masses:
12.011 g C
15 mol C * = 180.17 g C
1 mol C
1.0079 g H
11 mol H * = 11.087 g H
1 mol H
14.007 g N
1 mol N * = 14.007 g N
1 mol N
15.007 g O
4 mol O * = 63.996 g O
1 mol O
126.90 g I
4 mol I * = 507.60 g I
1 mol I
Step 2: The molar mass of C15H11NO4I 4 is 776.86 g>mol, meaning your 1 mole has a mass of
776.86 g. Divide each element mass by this mass and multiply by 100% to get mass
percents:
180.17 g C
* 100% = 23.192% C
776.86 g C15H11NO4I 4
11.087 g H
* 100% = 1.4272% H
776.86 g C15H11NO4I 4
14.007 g N
* 100% = 1.8030% N
776.86 g C15H11NO4I 4

63.996 g O
* 100% = 8.2378% O
776.86 g C15H11NO4I 4
507.60 g I
* 100% = 65.340% I
776.86 g C15H11NO4I 4
9.103 (a) 5 mol C = 5 * 12.011 g>mol = 60.055 g>mol
10 mol H = 10 * 1.0079 g>mol = 10.079 g>mol
5 mol O = 5 * 15.999 g>mol = 79.995 g>mol
1 mol C5H10O5 S 150.129 g>mol
150.129 g
(b) 3.87 mol * = 581 g
1 mol
6.022 * 10 23 molecules
(c) 3.87 mol * = 2.33 * 10 24 molecules
1 mol
5 mol O 6.022 * 1023 atoms O
(d) 3.87 mol ribose * * = 1.16 * 10 25 atoms O
1 mol ribose 1 mol O
15.999 g
(e) 1.16 * 10 25 atoms O * = 309 g
6.022 * 1023 atoms O
Mass of one S atom: 32.064 amu; mass of one O2 molecule: 2 * 15.999 amu = 31.998 amu.
9.104 (a)
The S atom has more mass.
(b) The molar mass of S8 is 8 * 32.064 g>mol = 256.5 g>mol. Therefore:
256.5 g S8
0.125 mol S8 * = 32.06 g S8
1 mol S8
The molar mass of O3 is 3 * 15.999 g>mol = 47.997 g>mol. Therefore:
47.997 g O3
0.670 mol O3 * = 32.16 g O3
1 mol O3
The O3 sample has more mass.
9.105 No, because the theoretical yield is 100% of what you can possibly get.
9.106 (a) 2Na1s2 + 2H2O1l2 S 2NaOH1aq2 + H21g2
1 mol Na
(b) 100.0 g Na * = 4.350 mol Na
22.9898 g Na
Mole-to-coefficient ratios:
4.350
Na = 2.175
2
4.00
H2O = 2.00
2
H2O is the limiting reactant because it has the lower ratio.
9.107 C2H4 molar mass 2 * 12.011 g>mol = 24.022 g>mol
4 * 1.0079 g>mol = 4.032 g>mol
28.054 g>mol

CO molar mass 1 * 12.011 g>mol = 12.011 g>mol
1 * 15.999 g>mol = 15.999 g>mol
28.010 g>mol
N2 molar mass 2 * 14.007 g>mol = 28.014 g>mol
The 1 mole of C2H4 has the greatest mass.
9.108 100%
9.109 (a) 12 * 12.011 g>mol C = 144.13 g>mol
22 * 1.0079 g>mol H = 22.17 g>mol
11 * 15.999 g>mol O = 175.99 g>mol
342.29 g>mol C12H22O11
342.29 g
(b) 1.25 mol * = 428 g
1 mol
6.022 * 1023 molecules
(c) 1.25 mol * = 7.53 * 10 23 molecules
1 mol
22 mol H 6.022 * 10 23 H atoms
(d) 1.25 mol sucrose * * = 1.66 * 10 25 H atoms
1 mol sucrose 1 mol H
1.0079 amu 1.661 * 10 -24 g
(e) 1.66 * 10 25 H atoms * * = 27.8 g
1 H atom 1 amu
9.110 (a) 2Al1s2 + 3Cl21g2 S 2AlCl31s2
1 mol Al
(b) 100.0 g Al * = 3.706 mol Al
26.98 g Al
3.760
Al = 1.853
2
5.00
Cl2 = 1.667 smaller ratio, limiting reactant
3
9.111 (a) 2Cu2O1s2 + C1s2 S 4Cu1s2 + CO21g2
(b) Begin by converting the Cu2O mass from tons to grams:
2000 lb 1 kg 1000 g
1.000 ton * * * = 9.070 * 10 5 g
1 ton 2.205 lb 1 kg
Convert to moles:
1 mol Cu2O
9.070 * 10 5 g Cu2O * = 6339 mol Cu2O
143.08 g Cu2O
Use the equation coefficients to determine the number of moles of C that react with this
much Cu2O, then convert to mass:
1 mol C
6339 mol Cu2O * = 3170 mol C
2 mol Cu2O
12.011 g C
3170 mol C * = 3.807 * 10 4 g C
1 mol C

This is the amount of C you need but you must account for the fact that the coke is only 95% by mass C:
100 g coke 1 kg
3.807 * 10 4 g C * * = 40.07 kg coke
95 g C 1000 g
9.112 For 100 g of sample,
1 mol Na
17.552% Na S 17.552 g Na * = 0.7635 mol Na
22.9898 g Na
1 mol Cr
39.696% Cr S 39.696 g Cr * = 0.7634 mol Cr
51.996 g Cr
1 mol O
42.752% O S 42.752 g O * = 2.672 mol O
15.999 g O
Na 0.7635 Cr 0.7634 O 2.672 S Na 1.00Cr1.00O3.50
0.7635 0.7634 0.7634
To remove the decimal subscript on O, multiply through by 2, to get an empirical formula of Na 2Cr2O7.
1 mol PF3 3 mol CO 28.010 g CO
9.113 (a) 10.0 g PF3 * * * = 4.78 g CO
87.968 g PF3 2 mol PF3 1 mol CO
(b) Determine the limiting reactant:
5.0
Fe1CO25 = 5.0
1
8.0
PF3 = 4.0 smallest ratio, limiting reactant
2
6.0
H2 = 6.0
1
3 mol Co 28.010 g CO
8.0 mol PF3 * * = 3.4 * 10 2 g CO
2 mol PF3 1 mol CO
1 mol Fe1CO25
(c) 25.0 g Fe1Co25 * = 0.128 mol Fe1CO25
195.9 g Fe1CO25
1 mol PF3
10.0 g PF3 * = 0.114 mol PF3
87.968 g PF3
0.128
Fe1CO25 = 0.128
1
0.114
PF3 = 0.057 limiting reactant
2
3 mol CO
0.114 mol PF3 * = 0.171 mol CO
2 mol PF3
0.0820 g H2 1 mol H2
(d) 5.00 L H2 * * = 0.203 mol H2
1 L H2 2.0158 g H2
3 mol CO 28.010 g CO
0.203 mol H2 * * = 17.1 g CO theoretical yield
1 mol H2 1 mol CO
13.5 g
Percent yield = * 100% = 78.9%
17.1 g

9.114 (a) CH41g2 + 2O21g2 S CO21g2 + 2H2O1g2
(b)
(c) The balanced equation tells you one CH4 molecule needs two O2 molecules, meaning that three
CH4 molecules need six O2 molecules. With only four O2 molecules available, O2 is the limiting
reactant. You should have one unreacted CH4 molecule in your “after” drawing.
1 mol AgNO3
9.115 (a) 5.00 g AgNO3 * = 0.0294 mol AgNO3
169.9 g AgNO3
3 mol O
(b) 0.0294 mol AgNO3 * = 0.0882 mol O
1 mol AgNO3
1 mol N 14.007 g N
(c) 0.0294 mol AgNO3 * * = 0.412 g N
1 mol AgNO3 1 mol N
1 mol Ag 6.022 * 10 23 Ag atoms
(d) 0.0294 mol AgNO3 * * = 1.77 * 10 22 Ag atoms
1 mol AgNO3 1 mol Ag
0.50 12.0
9.116 (a) N2 = 0.50 (b) N2 = 12.0
1 1
0.50 20.0
F2 = 0.17 limiting F2 = 6.67 limiting
3 3
2.5 100
(c) N2 = 2.5 (d) N2 = 100 limiting
3 1
t no limiting reactant
7.5 500
F2 = 2.5 F2 = 167
3 3
1 mol N2
(e) 5.00 g N2 * = 0.178 mol N2
28.014 g N2
1 mol F2
15.0 g F2 * = 0.395 mol F2
37.997 g F2
0.178
N2 = 0.178
1
0.395
F2 = 0.132 limiting
3
1 mol N2 1g
(f) 20.0 mg N2 * * = 7.14 * 10 -4 mol N2
28.014 g N2 1000 mg
1 mol F2 1g
70.0 mg F2 * * = 1.84 * 10 -3 mol F2
37.997 g F2 1000 mg

7.14 * 10 -4
N2 = 7.14 * 10 -4
1
1.84 * 10 -3
F2 = 6.13 * 10 -4 limiting reactant
3
1 mol N2
9.117 (a) 0.50 mol F2 * = 0.17 mol N2
3 mol F2
0.50 mol N2 = 0.17 mol N2 = 0.33 mol N2 left over
1 mol N2
(b) 20.0 mol F2 * = 6.67 mol N2 used up
3 mol F2
12.0 mol N2 - 6.67 mol N2 = 5.3 mol N2 left over
(c) The two reactants are present in the needed 3:1 ratio, meaning both are used up completely.
3 molecules F2
(d) 100 molecules N2 * = 300 molecules F2 used up
1 molecule N2
500 molecules F2 - 300 molecules F2 = 200 molecules F2 left over
(e) From the preceding problem, 15.0 g F2 = 0.395 mol F2
1 mol N2
0.395 mol F2 * = 0.132 mol N2 used up
3 mol F2
28.014 g N2
0.132 mol N2 * = 3.69 g N2 used up
1 mol N2
5.00 g N2 - 3.69 g N2 = 1.31 g N2 left over
(f) From the preceding problem, 70.0 mg F2 = 1.84 * 10 -3 mol F2
1 mol N2
1.84 * 10 -3 mol F2 * = 6.13 * 10 -4 mol N2 used up
3 mol F2
28.018 g N2
6.13 * 10 -4 mol N2 * = 0.0172 g N2 = 17.2 mg N2 used up
1 mol N2
20.0 mg N2 - 17.2 mg N2 = 2.8 mg N2 left over
1 penny 1 dollar
9.118 5789.25 g * * = $23.25
2.49 g 100 pennies
9.119 (a) Ca 3P2 + 6H2O S 3Ca1OH22 + 2PH3
1 mol Ca 3P2
(b) 60.0 g Ca 3P2 * = 0.329 mol Ca 3P2
182.2 g Ca 3P2
6 mol H2O 18.015 g H2O
0.329 mol Ca 3P2 * * = 35.6 g H2O
1 mol Ca 3P2 1 mol H2O
(c) Because you calculated the exact amount of H2O needed to react completely with 60.0 g of
Ca 3P2, you may use either reactant to calculate theoretical yield:
2 mol PH3 33.998 g PH3
60.0 g Ca 3P2 = 0.329 mol Ca 3P2 * * = 22.4 g PH3
1 mol PH3 1 mol PH3
1 mol H2O 2 mol PH3 33.998 g PH3
35.6 g H2O * * * = 22.4 g PH3
18.015 g H2O 6 mol H2O 1 mol PH3

9.120 Iron(III) carries a 3+ charge, and the sulfate ion carries a 2- charge. The chemical formula is
therefore: Fe 21SO423.
12 mol O 6.022 * 10 23 O atoms
0.262 mol Fe 21SO423 * * = 1.89 * 10 24 O atoms
1 mol Fe 21SO423 1 mol O
9.121 Assume you have 1 mole of C8H9NO2.
12.011 g C
8 mol C * = 96.088 g C
1 mol C
1.0079 g H
9 mol H * = 9.0711 g H
1 mol H
14.007 g N
1 mol N * = 14.007 g N
1 mol N
15.999 g O
2 mol O * = 31.998 g O
1 mol O
The molar mass of C8H9NO2 is 151.16 g>mol, meaning your 1 mole has a mass of 151.16 g.
96.088 g C
* 100% = 63.57% C
151.16 mol C8H9NO2
9.0711 g H
* 100% = 6.001% H
151.16 mol C8H9NO2
14.007 g N
* 100% = 9.266% N
151.16 mol C8H9NO2
31.998 g O
* 100% = 21.17% g O
151.16 mol C8H9NO2
9.122 The balanced equation is 2KCl + 3O2 S 2KClO3.
1 mol KCl
42.6 g KCI * = 0.571 mol KCl
74.56 g KCl
1 mol O2
36.5 g O2 * = 1.14 mol O2
31.998 g O2
0.571
KCl = 0.286 limiting
2
1.14
O2 = 0.380
3
2 mol KClO3 122.6 g KClO3
0.571 mol KCl * * = 70.0 g KClO3
2 mol KCl 1 mol KClO3
This is the theoretical yield. The amount you actually get is 0.560 * 70.0 g = 39.2 g.
9.123 The balanced equation is C12H22O11 + 12O2 S 12CO2 + 11H2O.
1 mol sucrose
2.00 g sucrose * = 5.84 * 10 -3 mol sucrose
342.3 g sucrose
12 mol CO2 44.009 g CO2
5.84 * 10 -3 mol sucrose * * = 3.08 g CO2
1 mol sucrose 1 mol CO2
11 mol H2O 18.015 g H2O
5.84 * 10 -3 mol sucrose * * = 1.16 g H2O
1 mol sucrose 1 mol H2O

9.124 The name tells you the molecular formula is CCl4.
1 mol CCl4 4 mol Cl 6.022 * 10 23 Cl atoms
44.6 g CCl4 * * * = 6.98 * 10 23 Cl atoms
153.82 g CC14 1 mol CC14 1 mol Cl
9.125 (a) 4BF3 + 3H2O S H3BO3 + 3HBF4

(b) Theoretical yield is
1 mol BF3 3 mol HBF4 87.81 g HBF4
24.2 g BF3 * * * = 23.5 g HBF4
67.81 g BF3 4 mol BF3 1 mol HBF4
14.8 g
% yield = * 100% = 63.0%
23.5 g
1 dozen cupcakes 12 cupcakes
9.126 (a) 5 eggs * * = 30 cupcakes
2 eggs 1 dozen cupcakes
1 cup sugar
(b) 5 eggs * = 2.5 cups sugar
2 eggs
or
1 cup sugar
30 cupcakes * = 2.5 cups sugar
12 cupcakes
9.127 Assume 100 g of chrome yellow.
1 mol Pb
64.11% Pb S 64.11 g Pb * = 0.3094 mol Pb
207.19 g pb
1 mol Cr
16.09% Cr S 16.09 g Cr * = 0.3094 mol Cr
51.996 g Cr
1 mol O
19.80% O S 19.80 g O * = 1.238 mol O
15.999 g O
Pb 0.3094 Cr 0.3094 O 1.238 S Pb 1.00Cr1.00O4.00 S PbCrO4
0.3094 0.3094 0.3094
1 mol H2S 34.08 g H2S

9.128 1.62 * 10 25 molecules H2S * 23 * = 917 g H2S
6.022 * 10 molecules H2S 1 mol H2S
9.129 The balanced equation is 3SiCl4 + 4NH3 S Si3N4 + 12HCl. Find out which reactant is the limiting
one:
1 mol SiCl4
64.2 g SiCl4 * = 0.378 mol SiCl4
169.9 g SiCl4
1 mol NH3
20.0 g NH3 * = 1.17 mol NH3
17.03 g NH3
0.378
SiCl4 = 0.126 limiting reactant
3
1.17
NH3 = 0.293
4

The theoretical yield is
1 mol Si3N4 140.3 g Si3N4
0.378 mol SiCl4 * * = 17.7 g Si3N4
3 mol SiCl4 1 mol Si3N4
Actual yield = 0.960 * 17.7 g = 17.0 g Si3N4
9.130 (a)
O = 100% - 45.51% = 54.49%
Mass of C = 0.4093 * 0.160 g = 0.0655 g C
Mass of H = 0.0458 * 0.160 g = 0.00733 g H
Mass of O = 0.5449 * 0.160 g = 0.0872 g O
1 mol C
12.011 g C
1 mol H
1.0079 g H
1 mol
15.999 g O
0.00545
0.00545
0.00727
Subscript for H: = 1.33
0.00545
0.00545
0.00545
The subscripts in the empirical formula are therefore C1H1.33O1. However, note that the sub-
scripts are not all integral (whole) numbers. To get all whole numbers, we must multiply each
subscript by 3, to obtain the actual empirical formula of C3H4O3.
176
= 2
88.0062
The molecular formula is therefore C3 * 2H4 * 2O3 * 2 S C6H8O6
9.131 The balanced equation is Cr2O3 + 3H2S S Cr2S3 + 3H2O.
1 mol Cr2O3 3 mol H2S 34.080 g H2S
(a) 13.6 g Cr2O3 * * * = 9.15 g H2S
151.99 g Cr2O3 1 mol Cr2O3 1 mol H2S

1 mol Cr2O3 1 mol Cr2S3 200.2 g Cr2S3
(b) 13.6 g Cr2O3 * * * = 17.9 g Cr2S3
151.99 g Cr2O3 1 mol Cr2O3 1 mol Cr2S3
or
1 mol H2S 1 mol Cr2S3 200.2 g Cr2S3
9.15 g H2S * * * = 17.9 g Cr2S3
34.080 g H2S 3 mol H2S 1 mol Cr2S3
9.132 Magnesium is a group IIA metal and therefore forms 2 + cations. The phosphate anion is PO43 -
making the formula for this compound Mg31PO422. Assume 1 mole of the compound, which contains
3 moles of Mg, 2 moles of P, and 8 moles of O.
24.312 g Mg
3 mol Mg * = 72.936 g Mg
1 mol Mg
30.974 g P
2 mol P * = 61.948 g P
1 mol P
15.999 g O
8 mol O * = 127.99 g O
1 mol O
The molar mass of Mg31PO422 is 262.9 g>mol.
72.936 g Mg
* 100% = 27.74% Mg
262.9 g compound
61.948 g P
* 100% = 23.56% P
262.9 g compound
127.99 g O
* 100% = 48.68% O
262.9 g compound
9.133 (a) SiCl4 + 2H2O S SiO2 + 4HCl
1 mol HCl
(b) 120.0 g HCl * = 3.291 mol HCl
36.46 g HCl
1 mol SiCl4 169.9 g SiCl4
3.291 mol HCl * * = 139.8 g SiCl4
4 mol HCl 1 mol SiCl4
2 mol H2O 18.015 g H2O
3.291 mol HCl * * = 29.64 g H2O
4 mol HCl 1 mol H2O
1 mol SiO2 60.08 g SiO2
(c) 3.291 mol HCl * * = 49.44 g SiO2
4 mol HCl 1 mol SiO2
or
1 mol SiCl4 1 mol SiO2 60.08 g SiO2
139.8 g SiCl4 * * * = 49.43 g SiO2
169.9 g SiCl4 1 mol SiCl4 1 mol SiO2
or
1 mol H2O 1 mol SiO2 60.08 g SiO2
29.64 g H2O * * * = 49.42 g SiO2
18.015 g H2O 2 mol H2O 1 mol SiO2
9.134 Assume 100 g of compound.
1 mol Si
91.77% Si S 91.77 g Si * = 3.267 mol Si
28.086 g Si
1 mol H
8.23% H S 8.23 g H * = 8.165 mol H
1.0079 g H

Si 3.267 H8.165 S Si1.00H2.50 S Si2 * 1.00H2 * 2.50 S Si2.00H5.00 S Si2H5 empirical formula
3.267 3.267
122 g>mol compound

= 2 approximately
61.21 g>mol empirical formula
The molecular formula is Si2 * 2H2 * 5 S Si4H10~
9.135 The balanced equation is Fe 2O3 + 3CO S 2Fe + 3CO2.
1 mol Fe 2O3
24.0 g Fe 2O3 * = 0.150 mol Fe 2O3
159.687 g Fe 2O3
1 mol CO
34.0 g CO * = 1.21 mol CO
28.01 g CO
0.150
Fe 2O3 = 0.150 limiting reactant
1
1.21
CO = 0.403
3
Theoretical yield:
3 mol CO2 44.009 g CO2
0.150 mol Fe 2O3 * * = 19.8 g CO2
1 mol Fe 2O3 1 mol CO2
9.136 The balanced equation is 2C13H18O2 + 33O2 S 26CO2 + 18H2O.
1 mol ibuprofen 26 mol CO2 44.009 g CO2
0.250 g ibuprofen * * * = 0.693 g CO2
206.3 g ibuprofen 2 mol ibuprofen 1 mol CO2
1 mol ibuprofen 18 mol H2O 18.015 g H2O
0.250 g ibuprofen * * * = 0.196 g H2O
206.3 g ibuprofen 2 mol ibuprofen 1 mol H2O
1 mol N2O5 2 mol N 6.022 * 10 23 N atoms
9.137 200.0 g N2O5 * * * = 2.230 * 10 24 N atoms
108.0 g N2O5 1 mol N2O5 1 mol N
1 mol N2O5 5 mol O 6.022 * 10 23 O atoms
200.0 g N2O5 * * * = 5.576 * 10 24 O atoms
108.0 g N2O5 1 mol N2O5 1 mol O
9.138 The balanced equation is 4KNO3 S 2K2O + 2N2 + 5O2~
1 mol KNO3 5 mol O2 6.022 * 1023 molecules O2
18.6 g KNO3 * * *
101.1 g KNO3 4 mol KNO3 1 mol O2
23
= 1.38 * 10 molecules O2
9.139 The balanced equation is P4O10 + 6H2O S 4H3PO4.
1 mol P4O10
52.5 g P4O10 * = 1.185 mol P4O10
283.9 g P4O10
1 mol H2O
25.0 g H2O * = 1.39 mol H2O
18.015 g H2O
0.185
P4O10 = 0.185 limiting reactant
1
1.39
H2O = 0.232
6
4 mol H3PO4 97.9 g H3PO4
0.185 mol P4O10 * * = 72.4 g H3PO4
1 mol P4O10 1 mol H3PO4

9.140 The formula is Al21SO423. Assume 1 mole of the compound, which contains 2 moles of Al, 3 moles
of S, and 12 moles of O.
26.98 g Al
2 mol Al * = 53.96 g Al
1 mol Al
32.064 g S
3 mol S * = 96.19 g S
1 mol S
15.999 g O
12 mol O * = 192.0 g O
1 mol O
The molar mass of the compound is 342.2 g/mol.
53.96 g Al
* 100% = 15.77% Al
342.2 g Al21SO42
96.19 g S
* 100% = 28.11% S
342.2 g Al21SO423
192.0 g O
* 100% = 56.11% O
342.2 g Al21SO423
9.141 The balanced equation is Cl2O7 + H2O S 2HClO4.
(a) Rearrange the percent yield equation by solving for theoretical yield:
Actual yield
Percent yield = * 100%
Theoretical yield
Actual yield 52.8 g HClO4
Theoretical yield = * 100% = * 100% = 64.4 g HClO4
Percent yield 82.0%
(b) You must use the theoretical yield in calculating how much of each reactant was used up.
1 mol HClO4 1 mol Cl2O7 182.9 g Cl2O7
64.4 g HClO4 * * * = 58.6 g Cl2O7
100.5 g HClO4 2 mol HClO4 1 mol Cl2O7
1 mol HClO4 1 mol H2O 18.015 g H2O
64.4 g HClO4 * * * = 5.77 g H2O
100.5 g HClO4 2 mol HClO4 1 mol H2O
9.142 Use the four-step procedure for determining empirical formula demonstrated in Problem 9.29 to get
the empirical formula and the molecular formula.
(a) The empirical formula is C5H4.
(b) Because the molar mass (128 g>mole) divided by the empirical formula mass (64 g>mole) is
equal to two, the molecular formula is C10H8.
9.143 The balanced equation is C2H41g2 + 6F21g2 S 2CF41g2 + 4HF1g2.
1 mol C2H4
2.78 g C2H4 * = 0.0991 mol C2H4
28.054 g C2H4
2 mol CF4 88.003 g CF4
0.0991 mol C2H4 * * = 17.4 g CF4
1 mol C2H4 1 mol CF4
4 mol HF 20.006 g HF
0.0991 mol C2H4 * * = 7.93 g HF
1 mol C2H4 1 mol HF

9.144 The name tells you the molecular formula is SF6. Thus:
1 mol F 1 mol SF6 146.05 g SF6
5.25 * 10 24 F atoms * 23 * * = 212 g SF6
6.022 * 10 F atoms 6 mol F 1 mol SF6
9.145 The balanced equation is 2HSbCl4 + 3H2S S Sb 2S3 + 8HCl.
1 mol HSbCl4
118.2 g HSbCl4 * = 0.4467 mol HSbCl4
264.6 g HSbCl4
1 mol H2S
47.9 g H2S * = 1.41 mol H2S
34.080 gH2S
0.4467
HSbCl4 = 0.2234 limiting reactant
2
1.41
H2S = 0.470
3
Theoretical yield:
8 mol HCl 36.46 g HCl
0.4467 mol HSbCl4 * * = 65.15 g HCl
2 mol HSbCl4 1 mol HCl
41.6 g
65.15 g
9.146 Assume 100 g of caffeine.
1 mol C
49.48% C S 49.48 gC * = 4.120 mol C
12.011 g C
1 mol H
5.19% H S 5.19 gH * = 5.15 mol H
1.0079 g H
1 mol N
28.85% N S 28.85 g N * = 2.060 mol N
14.007 g N
1 mol O
16.48% O S 17.1 g O * = 1.030 mol O
15.999 g O
C 4.120 H 5.15 N 2.060 O 1.030 S C4.00H5.00N2.00O1.00 S C4H5N2O empirical formula
1.030 1.030 1.030 1.030
194 g>mol caffeine

= 2 approximately
97.1 g>mol C4H5N2O
C2 * 4H2 * 5N2 * 2O2 * 1 S C8H10N4O2 molecular formula
9.147 (a) 4NH3 + 6NO S 5N2 + 6H2O
1 mol NH3
(b) 15 g NH3 * = 0.881 mol NH3
17.03 g NH3
1 mol NO
22.0 g NO * = 0.733 mol NO
30.01 g NO
0.881
NH3 = 0.220
4
0.733
NO = 0.122 limiting reactant
3

5 mol N2 28.014 g N2
0.733 mol NO * * = 17.1 g N2 theoretical yield
6 mol NO 1 mol N2
13.3 g
* 100% = 77.8% yield
17.1 g
9.148 Assume 1 mole of nicotine, which contains 10 moles of C, 13 moles of H, and 2 moles of N.
12.011 g C
10 mol C * = 120.11 g C
1 mol C
1.0079 g H
13 mol H * = 13.103 g H
1 mol H
14.007 g N
2 mol N * = 28.014 g N
1 mol N
The molar mass of nicotine is 161.23 g>mol.
120.11 g C
* 100% = 74.50% C
161.23 g nicotine
13.103 g H
* 100% = 8.127% H
161.23 g nicotine
28.014 g N
* 100% = 17.38% N
161.23 g nicotine
9.149 The balanced equation is CaC2 + 3CO S 4C + CaCO3. That some CaC2 is left over tells you CO
is the limiting reactant and therefore the one to use to calculate theoretical yield. Determine what
mass of CO was used to get the CaCO3:
1 mol CaCO3 3 mol CO
135.4 g CaCO3 * * *
100.1 g CaCO3 1 mol CaCO3
28.01 g CO
= 113.7 g CO present at beginning of reaction
1 mol CO
Now determine what mass of CaC2 combined with the 113.7 g of CO:
1 mol CO 1 mol CaC2 64.10 g CaC2
113.7 g CO * * * = 86.73 g CaC2 used up
28.01 g CO 3 mol CO 1 mol CaC2
86.73 g CaC2 used
38.5 g CaC2 left over
125.2 g CaC2 present at beginning of reaction
9.150 Assume 100 g of beryl.
1 mol Be
5.03% Be S 5.03 g Be * = 0.558 mol Be
9.012 g Be
1 mol Al
10.04% Al S 10.04 g Al * = 0.3721 mol Al
26.98 g Al
1 mol Si
31.35% Si S 31.35 g Si * = 1.116 mol Si
28.09 g Si

1 mol O
53.58% O S 53.58 g O * = 3.349 mol O
15.990 g O
Be 0.558 Al 0.3721 Si 1.116 O 3.349 S Be 1.50Al1.00Si3.00O9.00
0.3721 0.3721 0.3721 0.3721
Multiplying through by 2 to get a whole number for the Be subscript gives Be 3Al2Si6O18 for the
empirical formula, the molar mass of which is 537.5 g>mol. Because the molar mass of the mineral
is given as 538 g>mol, the molecular formula is the same as the empirical formula.
9.151 (a) S + 2H2SO4 S 3SO2 + 2H2O
1 mol S
(b) 4.80 g S * = 0.150 mol S
32.06 g S
1 mol H2SO4
16.20 g H2SO4 * = 0.1652 mol H2SO4
98.07 g H2SO4
0.150
S = 0.150
1
0.1652
H2SO4 = 0.0826 limiting reactant
2
3 mol SO2 64.06 g SO2
0.1652 mol H2SO4 * * = 15.87 g SO2
2 mol H2SO4 1 mol SO2
9.152 Assume 1 mole of AZT, which contains 10 moles of C, 13 moles of H, 5 moles of N, and 5 moles of O.
12.011 g C
10 mol C * = 120.11 g C
1 mol C
1.0079 g H
13 mol H * = 13.103 g H
1 mol H
14.007 g N
5 mol N * = 70.035 g N
1 mol N
15.999 g O
5 mol O * = 79.995 g O
1 mol O
The molar mass of AZT is 283.2 g>mol.
120.11 g C
* 100% = 42.41% C
283.2 g AZT
13.103 g H
* 100% = 4.627% H
283.2 g AZT
70.035 g N
* 100% = 24.73% N
283.2 g AZT
79.995 g O
* 100% = 28.24% O
283.2 g AZT
9.153 No. The number of moles is proportional to the number of product and reactant particles, which can
change during a reaction. For example, in the reaction 2H2 + O2 S 2H2O, you begin with 3 moles
of reactants and end up with 2 moles of product.

9.154 (a) N2O4 + 2N2H4 S 3N2 + 4H2O
(b) Work back from actual yield to theoretical yield and then use theoretical yield to find out how
many grams of reactants were needed to form the theoretical amount of product. (Even though
this amount of product was not recovered because of the low yield, it was created.)
Theoretical yield = * 100% = * 100% = 62.70 g N2 theoretically possible
% yield 67.5%
1 mol N2 1 mol N2O4 92.01 g N2O4
62.70 g N2 * * * = 68.64 g N2O4
28.014 g N2 3 mol N2 1 mol N2O4
1 mol N2 2 mol N2H4 32.046 g N2H4
62.70 g N2 * * * = 47.82 g N2H4
28.014 g N2 3 mol N2 1 mol N2H4
9.155 The balanced equation is 2NH4F + Ca1NO322 S CaF2 + 2N2O + 4H2O.
1 mol NH4F
22.8 g NH4F * = 0.616 mol NH4F
37.04 g NH4F
1 mol Ca1NO322
38.2 g Ca1NO322 * = 0.0233 mol Ca1NO322
164.1 g Ca1NO322
0.616
NH4F = 0.308
2
0.233
Ca1NO322 = 0.233 limiting reactant
1
1 mol CaF2 78.08 g CaF2
0.233 mol Ca1NO322 * * = 18.2 g CaF2
1 mol Ca1NO322 1 mol CaF2
2 mol N2O 44.01 g N2O
0.233 mol Ca1NO322 * * = 20.5 g N2O
1 mol Ca1NO322 1 mol N2O
4 mol H2O 18.015 g H2O
0.233 mol Ca1NO322 * * = 16.8 g H2O
1 mol Ca1NO322 1 mol H2O
9.156 As usual, assume 1 mole of compound.
Calcium citrate, molar mass 498.3 g>mol:
40.08 g Ca
3 mol Ca * = 120 g Ca in 1 mol Ca 31C6H5O722
1 mol Ca
120 g Ca
* 100% = 24.1% Ca
498.3 g calcium citrate
Calcium carbonate, molar mass 100.0 g>mol:
40.08 g Ca
1 mol Ca * = 40.08 g Ca in 1 mol CaCO3
1 mol Ca
40.08 g Ca
* 100% = 40.1% Ca
100.0 g calcium carbonate
The carbonate form contains a higher percentage of Ca.

9.157 The balanced equation is PbS + 4H2O2 S PbSO4 + 4H2O.
1 mol PbS
(a) 63.2 g PbS * = 0.264 mol PbS
239.3 g PbS
1 mol H2O2
48.0 g H2O2 * = 1.41 mol H2O2
34.01 g H2O2
0.264
PbS = 0.264 limiting reactant
1
1.41
H2O2 = 0.352
4
4 mol H2O2 34.01 g H2O2
(b) 0.264 mol PbS * * = 35.9 g H2O2 used up
1 mol PbS 1 mol H2O2
Because the reaction began with 48.0 g of H2O2, the amount remaining is
48.0 g - 35.9 g = 12.1 g.
(a) The empirical formula is C9H12O.
(b) Because the molar mass (272 g>mole) divided by the empirical formula mass (136 g>mole) is 2,
the molecular formula is C18H24O2.
9.159 The balanced equation is CaCN2 + 3H2O S CaCO3 + 2NH3~
1 mol CaCN2
5.65 g CaCN2 * = 0.0705 mol CaCN2
80.11 g CaCN2
1 mol H2O
12.2 g H2O * = 0.677 mol H2O
18.015 g H2O
0.0705
CaCN2 = 0.0705 limiting reactant
1
0.667
H2O = 0.226
3
2 mol NH3 17.03 g NH3
0.0705 mol CaCN2 * * = 2.40 g NH3 theoretical yield
1 mol CaCN2 1 mol NH3
Actual yield = 0.860 * 2.40 g = 2.06 g NH3
9.160 Assume 100 g of saccharin.
1 mol C
45.90% C S 45.90 g C * = 3.821 mol C
12.011 g C
1 mol H
2.75% H S 2.75 g H * = 2.728 mol H
1.0079 g H
1 mol O
26.20% O S 26.20 g O * = 1.638 mol O
15.999 g O
1 mol N
7.65% N S 7.65 g N * = 0.546 mol N
14.007 g N

1 mol S
17.50% S S 17.50 g S * = 0.546 mol S
32.064 g S
C 3.821 H2.728 O 1.638 N 0.546 S0.546 S C7.00H5.00O3.00N1.00S1.00 S C7H5O3NS empirical formula
0.546 0.546 0.546 0.546 0.546
183.19 g>mol saccharin

= 1
183.2 g>mol C7H5O3NS
The molecular formula is the same as the empirical formula.
47.90 amu 1.66 * 10 -24 g
9.161 5.00 * 10 11 Ti atoms * * = 3.98 * 10 -11 g
1 Ti atom 1 amu
9.162 The theoretical yield of NO is
1 mol Cu 2 mol NO 30.01 g NO
25.0 g Cu * * * = 7.87 g NO
63.54 g Cu 3 mol Cu 1 mol NO
7.24 g
7.87 g
9.163 Assume 100 g of arginine.
1 mol C
41.37% C S 41.37 g C * = 3.444 mol C
12.011 g C
1 mol H
8.10% H S 8.10 g H * = 8.037 mol H
1.0079 g H
1 mol N
32.16% N S 32.16 g N * = 2.296 mol N
14.007 g N
1 mol O
18.37% O S 18.37 g O * = 1.148 mol O
15.999 g O
C 3.444 H8.037 N 2.296 O 1.148 S C3.00H7.00N2.00O1.00 S C3H7O2N empirical formula
1.148 1.148 1.148 1.148
174 g>mol arginine

= 2 approximately
87.1 g>mol C3H7N2O
C2 * 3H2 * 7N2 * 2O2 * 1 S C6H14N4O2 molecular formula
9.164 The balanced equation is As4S6 + 9O2 S As4O6 + 6SO2.
1 mol As4S6 9 mol O2 31.998 g O2
(a) 58.9 g As4S6 * * * = 34.5 g O2
492.1 g As4S6 1 mol As4S6 1 mol O2
1 mol As4S6 6 mol SO2 64.06 g SO2
(b) 58.9 g As4S6 * * * = 46.0 g SO2 theoretical yield
492.1 g As4S6 1 mol As4S6 1 mol SO2
41.2 g
46.0 g
1 mol Cu2O 2 mol Cu 63.546 g Cu
9.165 11.0 g Cu2O * * * = 9.77 g Cu
143.09 g Cu2O 1 mol Cu2O 1 mol Cu
1 mol Cu2S 2 mol Cu 63.546 g Cu
12.6 g Cu2S * * * = 10.06 g Cu
159.16 g Cu2S 1 mol Cu2S 1 mol Cu
The Cu2S sample contains more Cu.

9.166 (a) In the reaction, the number of moles of A equals the number of moles of C, meaning every
1 mole of A used up forms 1 mole of C. This relationship holds for any number of moles
-0.3 mol A S 0.3 mol C, 0.278 mol A S 0.278 mol C, and so on. So even though you don’t
know what the mole number is for these particular reactant and product masses, you do know it is
the same for A and C. Thus 8.0 g of A and 10.0 g of C represent the same number of moles. Say
that number is 1, for simplicity: 8.0 g>mol A, 10.0 g>mol C, giving C the greater molar mass.
(b) The number of moles of B consumed is half the number of moles of A consumed. Because the
6.0 g of B consumed is more than half the 8.0 g of A consumed, the molar mass of B must be
greater than that of A.
(c) The number of moles of A consumed is twice the number of moles of D produced. The 8.0 g of A
consumed is twice the mass of the 4.0 g of D produced, telling you A and D must have the same
molar mass (even though they are different substances).
(d) For simplicity, begin by saying that the masses given in the problem statement correspond to the
mole numbers indicated by the equation coefficients, so that 8 g is 2 moles of A, 6 g is 1 mole of B,
10 g is 2 moles of C, and 4 g is 1 mole of D. Dividing by the coefficients tells you that:
8>2 = 4 g>mol is the molar mass of A
6>1 = 6 g>mol is the molar mass of B
10>2 = 5 g>mol is the molar mass of C
4>1 = 4 g>mol is the molar mass of D
Because the stated molar mass of A, 24 g/mol, tells you your hypothetical value of 4 g/mol was
multiplied by 6, multiply the other hypothetical values to get true values:
B 6 * 6 = 36 g>mol
C 6 * 5 = 30 g>mol
D 6 * 4 = 24 g>mol
1 mol S
9.167 4.25 * 10 22 atoms S * = 0.0706 mol S
6.022 * 1023 atoms S
1 mol Al2S3
0.0706 mol S * = 0.0235 mol Al2S3
3 mol S
150.2 mol Al2S3
0.0235 mol Al2S3 * = 3.53 g Al2S3
1 mol Al2S3
9.168 The balanced equation is 2Al2O3 + 3C S 3CO2 + 4Al. First get theoretical yield of Al:
284 kg Al
Theoretical yield = * 100% = 300. kg Al
94.7%
Now figure out how much of each reactant was needed to form this mass of Al. Because masses are
in kilograms, you can save yourself a conversion step by working in kilomoles.
1 kmol Al 2 kmol Al2O3 102.0 kg Al2O3
300. kg Al * * * = 567 kg Al2O3
26.98 kg Al 4 kmol Al 1 kmol Al2O3
1 kmol Al 3 kmol C 12.011 kg C
300. kg Al * * * = 100. kg C
26.98 kg Al 4 kmol Al 1 kmol C

1g 1 mol C9H8O4 6.022 * 1023 molecules C9H8O4
9.169 250 mg * * *
1000 mg 180.2 g C9H8O4 1 mol C9H8O4
20
= 8.35 * 10 molecules C9H8O4
There are nine C atoms in each molecule:
9 atoms C
8.35 * 10 20 molecules C9H8O4 * = 7.52 * 10 21 atoms C
1 molecule C9H8O4
9.170 The balanced equation is 3Ca + N2 S Ca 3N2.
1 mol Ca
(a) 33.8 g Ca * = 0.834 mol Ca
40.08 g Ca
1 mol N2
20.4 g N2 * = 0.728 mol N2
28.014 g N2
0.843
Ca = 0.281 limiting reactant
3
0.728
N2 = 0.728
1
1 mol Ca 3N2 148.3 g Ca 3N2
(b) 0.843 mol Ca * * = 41.7 g Ca 3N2 theoretical yield
3 mol Ca 1 mol Ca 3N2
Actual yield = 0.724 * 41.7 g Ca 3N2 = 30.2 g Ca 3N2
(a) The empirical formula is C8H8O3.
(b) Because the molar mass (152 g>mole) divided by the empirical formula mass (152 g>mole) is 1,
the molecular formula is also C8H8O3.
9.172 The balanced equation is 3Ca1OH22 + 2H3PO4 S Ca 31PO422 + 6H2O.
1 mol Ca 1OH22 2 mol H3PO4 97.99 g H3PO4
(a) 34.6 g Ca1OH22 * * * = 30.5 g H3PO4
74.09 g Ca1OH22 3 mol Ca1OH22 1 mol H3PO4
1 mol Ca1OH22 1 mol Ca 31PO422 310.2 g Ca 31PO422
(b) 34.6 g Ca1OH22 * * *
74.09 g Ca1OH22 3 mol Ca1OH22 1 mol Ca 31PO422
= 48.3 g Ca 31PO422
or
1 mol H3 PO4 1 mol Ca 31PO422 310.2 g Ca 31PO422
30.5 g H3PO4 * * *
97.99 g H3PO4 2 mol H3PO4 1 mol Ca 31PO422
= 48.3 g Ca 31PO422
9.173 The balanced equation is 16Cr + 3S8 S 8Cr2S3. First determine the theoretical yield:
Actual yield 235.0 g Cr2S3
Theoretical yield = * 100% = * 100% = 368.3 g Cr2S3
Percent yield 63.80%
1 mol Cr2S3 16 mol Cr 52.00 g Cr
368.3 g Cr2S3 * * * = 191.3 g Cr
200.2 g Cr2S3 8 mol Cr2S3 1 mol Cr

1 mol Cr2S3 3 mol S8 256.5 g S8
368.3 g Cr2S3 * * * = 177.0 g S8
200.2 g Cr2S3 8 mol Cr2S3 1 mol S8
9.174 The balanced equation is Al2S3 + 6H2O S Al1OH23 + 3H2S.
1 mol Al2S3
(a) 56.0 g Al2S3 * = 0.373 mol Al2S3
150.2 g Al2S3
1 mol H2O
48.2 g H2O * = 2.68 mol H2O
18.015 g H2O
0.373
Al2S3 = 0.373 limiting reactant
1
2.68
H2O = 0.447
6
Because Al2S3 is the limiting reactant, the H2O is the excess reactant.
6 mol H2O 18.015 g H2O
(b) 0.373 mol Al2S3 * * = 40.3 g H2O used up
1 mol Al2S3 1 mol H2O
48.2 g - 40.3 g = 7.9 g H2O left over
9.175 (a)
(b) 2H21g2 + C2H21g2 S C2H61g2

(c) Three moles of hydrogen gas and one mole of acetylene 1C2H22 gas react to give one mole of
ethane 1C2H62 gas.
mole C2H6 2 mole H2 2.0158 g H2
(d) 110.0 g C2H62a b * a ba b = 1.34 g H2
30.0694 g C2H6 mole C2H6 mole H2
9.176 (a) 118.88 g C>47.20 g2 * 100% = 40.00% C; 125.15 g O>47.20 g2 * 100% = 53.28% O;
13.17 g H>47.20 g2 * 100% = 6.72% H
(b) Subscript on C = 40.00 g C>12.011 g>mol = 3.33
Subscript on O = 53.28 g O>15.999 g>mol = 3.33
Subscript on H = 6.72 g H>1.0079 g>mol = 6.67
Empirical formula is COH2 1or CH2O2.
(c) The MM of the empirical formula is 30.02 g>mol, which is half the reported MM of the
compound. Therefore, the actual formula is C2O2H41or C2H4O22.
9.177 (a) 1 cup sugar + 3 pkgs cream cheese + 4 eggs S 12 dessert squares
(b) Still only 12 dessert squares
(c) The sugar

(d) 637 cups sugar>1 = 637
2498 pkgs cream cheese>3 = 832.7
4024 eggs>4 = 1006
The limiting reagent is sugar.
637 cup sugar * 112 dessert squares>1 cup sugar2 = 7644 dessert squares.
637 cups sugar * 13 pkgs cream cheese>1 cup sugar2 = 1911 pkgs cream cheese used,
leaving 2498 - 1911 = 587 pkgs cream cheese left over.
637 cups sugar * 14 eggs>1 cup sugar2
= 2548 eggs used, leaving 4024 - 2548 = 1476 eggs left over.
9.178 (a)
The mass percent tires is 25.0%, so the mass percent of each tire is 12.5%.
Weight of frame = 0.750 * 88.0 lbs = 66.0 lbs
Weight of tire = 0.125 * 88.0 lbs = 11.0 lbs
(b) 0.5 moles of bicycles yield 1 mole of tires.
(c) CO2
(d) This would be the mass of 1 mole of bicycles, or
6.022 * 10 23 >mole * 88.0 lbs = 5.30 * 10 25 lbs>mole.
9.179 (a) CH41g2 + 2O21g2 S 2H2O1g2 + CO21g2
(b) 5 moles O2 * 11 mole CO2 >2 moles O22 = 2.5 moles CO2
(c) 5 g O2 * 11 mole O2 >31.998 g O22 * 11 mole CO2 >2 mole O22 * 16.022 * 10 23
molecules CO2 >mole CO22 = 4.70 * 10 22 molecules CO2.
55.85
9.180 % iron in iron(II) bromide is 1FeBr22 is = 25.90%
215.65
55.85
% iron in iron(III) bromide is 1FeBr32 is = 18.90%
295.55
25.90% of 35.5% = 9.914%. So 9.194% of the total mixture is iron(II) ion.
18.90% of 64.5% = 12.189%. So 12.189% of the total mixture is iron(III) ion.
Therefore, 21.383% of the total mixture is iron.
0.21383 x = 490 mg (where x is the total weight of the iron compounds in the mixture)
x = 2292 mg = 2.29 g of the FeBr2 >FeBr3 mixture.
9.181 The percents of methane and ethane are 25.6% methane, 74.4% ethane
The % carbon in methane is
mass of carbon 12.011
* 100% = * 100% = 74.868% C
Molar mass of CH4 16.043
The % carbon in ethane is
* 100% = * 100% = 79.889% C
Molar mass of C2H6 30.069

The % carbon in carbon dioxide is
* 100% = * 100% = 27.292% C
Molar mass of CO2 44.009
To determine the grams of methane and ethane:
(a) 25.6% of 1.50 g = 0.384 g methane
(b) 1.50 - 0.384 = 1.12 g ethane
To determine the grams of C from methane and ethane
(a) 74.868% of 0.384 = 0.287 g C from methane
(b) 79.889% of 1.12 = 0.895 g C from ethane
Hence, there is 1.182 g C total.
If 27.292% of the total mass of CO2 due to C is 1.182 g, then the total mass of CO2 = 4.330 g
Alternatively, the stoichiometry of the combustion reactions can be used:
a) Methane combustion: CH4 + 2O2 S CO2 + 2H2O
0.384 g methane = 0.0239 mol methane = 0.0239 mol CO2 = 1.05 g CO2
b) Ethane combustion: 2C2H6 + 7O2 S 4CO2 + 6H2O
1.12 g ethane = 0.0372 mol ethane = 0.0745 mol CO2 = 3.28 g CO2
1.05 + 3.28 = 4.33 g CO2
9.182 First calculate the moles of succinic acid:
Moles of HxSuc acid = 1.926 g>118.1 g>mole = 0.01631 mol HxSuc
Next, calculate the moles of NaOH:
Moles of NaOH = 1.25 g>40.00 mole = 0.03125 mol NaOH
To determine the ratio of NaOH to HxSuc: 0.3125>0.01631 = 1.916, which is approximately 2.
Therefore, the value of x is 2.
9.183 (a)
1. 40.92% C + 4.58% H + 54.40 g O = 100% = 100.00%
2. Assume 100 g of compound (percentages then become grams). 40.92 of carbon; 4.58 g of
hydrogen, 54.40 g of oxygen.
1 mol C
12.011 g C
1 mol H
1.0079 g H
1 mol O
15.999 g O

4. Divide by the smallest number to obtain the subscripts in the empirical formula. The smallest
number is 3.400.
3.407
3.400
4.544
3.400
3.400
3.400
Multiplying each calculated subscript by three to make the subscripts whole numbers, the
empirical formula is determined to be C3H4O3.
Upon examining the ball and stick picture, we see that the molecular formula is C6H8O6.
9.184 (a)
1. 1.61.5% C + 8.97% H + 8.93% N + 20.6% O = 100%
2. Assume 100 g of compound (percentages then become grams). 61.5 g of carbon; 8.97 g of
hydrogen, 8.93 g of nitrogen, and 20.6 g of oxygen
1 mol C
12.011 g C
1 mol H
1.0079 g H
1 mol
Moles of N = 8.93 g N * = 0.638 moles N
14.007 g N
1 mol
15.999 g O
4. Divide by the smallest number to obtain the subscripts in the empirical formula. The smallest
number is 0.638.
5.12
Subscript for C: = 8.03
0.638
8.90
0.638
0.638
Subscript for N: = 1.00
0.638
1.29
Subscript for O: = 2.02
0.638
The empirical formula is therefore: C8H14NO2.
Upon examining the ball and stick picture, we see that the molecular formula is C16H28N2O4.
9.185 (a)
Determining the mass percents.
First calculate the moles of hydrogen from the moles of water:
1.284 g H2O
Moles of water = = 0.0713 moles of H2O
18.01 g>mole

Moles of hydrogen = 2 * moles of H2O = 2 * 0.0713 = 0.1426 moles of H
1.0079 g H
Grams of hydrogen = 0.1426 moles * = 0.1437 g H
mole H
Grams of carbon = 1.000 g sample - 0.1426 g H = 0.85714 g C
To get mass percents:
0.1437 g H
%H = * 100% = 14.37% H
1.000 g compound
0.85714 g H
%C = * 100% = 85.714% C
1.000 compound
(b) Determining the empirical formula.
Using the steps to calculate empirical formula from percent composition:
1. 85.71% C + 14.37% H = 100.1% (100% considering inaccuracies of measurement.)
2. Assume 100 g of compound; percentages then become grams: 85.71 g C; 14.37 g H.
3. Calculate the mole of each element 1moles = grams>atomic mass2.
1 mol C
12.011 g C
1 mol H
1.0079 g
7.142
Subscript for C: = 1.00
7.142
14.26
7.142
The empirical formula is therefore: CH2.
(c) To determine the molecular formula:
Divide the given molar mass of the compound by the molar mass of the empirical
formula to determine the number that the subscripts in the empirical formula should be
multiplied by:
71 g>mol
= 5; The molecular formula is therefore C1 * 5 H2 * 5 S C5H10.
14 g>mol
9.186 (a)
If x = 0.05, then the formula of the semiconductor is Ni0.95Li0.05O. In other words, 1 mole of
the semiconductor contains 0.050 moles of lithium in it. The number of atoms in 0.050 moles of
lithium is
6.022 * 10 23 Li atoms
0.050 moles Li atoms * = 3.0 * 10 22 Li atoms
1 mol Li atoms
(b) This is a nonstoichiometric compound.

(c) Typically, Ni forms 2+ ions, but since Li forms only 1 + ions, some Ni ions must adopt higher
charges to make up for the positive charge deficit and maintain overall charge neutrality.
(d) Molar mass of Ni0.95Li0.05O = 0.95158.692 + 0.0516.9412 + 1115.9992 = 72.10 g>mol
1 mole Ni0.95Li0.05O 0.050 moles Li atoms 6.022 * 10 23 Li atoms
10.0 g * * *
72.10 g 1 mole Ni0.95Li0.05O 1 mol Li atoms
= 4.2 * 10 21 Li atoms
Answers to Concept Questions:

1. (b), 2. (d), 3. (d), 4. (d), 5. (c), 6. (d), 7. (d), 8. (d), 9. (b), 10. (b)

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Saint
saints
Saionji
saith
sak
sake
SAKHALIN
Sala
salaamed
Salaga
Salamon
Salaria
salaried
salaries
salary
sale
saleable
Salem
sales
salesmen
Salic
salient
Salim
Salinas
Salisbury
salivary
Salles
sallow
Salonica
Saloon
saloons
salt
Salter
saltpeter
salutary
Salutations
salute
saluted
salutes
saluting
Salvador
Salvadorean
salvage
Salvago
Salvation
Sam
Samal
Samar
Samara
Samaria
same
Samekh
Sammun
SAMOA
SAMOAN
Samoans
Samos
samples
SAMPSON
Samuel
San
sanatorium
Sanciano
Sancta
Sancti
sanction
sanctioned
sanctity
sanctuaries
sanctuary
SAND
Sandaken
sandbags
sandbank
Sandeco
Sandherr
sands
sandstone
Sandusky
Sandwith
sandy
Sanford
SANG
sanguinary
sanguine
sanguinis
Sanial
Sanitary
sanitation
sank
Sannikoff
Sans
Sansing
Sant
Santa
Santandar
Santiago
Santo
Santos
Saracco
Sarajevo
Saranguani
Sarawakian
Sarcey
Sargent
Sargon
Sargonic
sarra
Sartain
Sartinski
Sarzec
Sassaks
Sassoun
Sassun
sat
satin
satins
satire
satirical
satirically
satisfaction
satisfactorily
satisfactory
satisfied
satisfy
satisfying
Satolli
Satow
Satrustegui
Satsuma
saturated
Saturday
saturnalia
sauntering
sausage
sausages
Sauter
sauve
savage
savagely
savagery
savages
Save
saved
Savile
saving
Savings
Saviour
Savornin
savour
Savoy
saw
sawed
Sawyer
Saxe
Saxon
Saxony
say
Sayce
saying
sayings
says
Scadding
scaffolding
scale
scaled
scaling
scalping
scamped
Scandal
scandalized
scandalous
scandals
Scandinavia
Scandinavian
scant
scanty
scar
scarce
scarcely
scarcity
scare
scarlatina
scarlet
scathing
scats
scatter
scattered
scattereth
scattering
scatters
scene
scenery
scenes
scenic
scent
scepticism
sceptics
sceptre
Schaeffer
Schalk
Schedule
schedules
Scheil
scheme
schemes
scheming
Schenectady
Scheurer
Schillingsfürst
Schleswig
Schley
Schliemann
scholar
scholarly
scholars
scholarship
scholastic
Schomburgk
Schonborn
school
schoolboys
schoolfellows
schoolhouse
schoolhouses
schooling
schoolmaster
schoolroom
schoolrooms
schools
schooner
Schrader
SCHREINER
Schumann
Schurman
Schuur
Schwan
Schwarzkoppen
Schwerin
Schönerer
sciemment
science
sciences
SCIENTIFIC
scientifically
Scientifique
scientist
scientists
Scimetar
Scoble
scoldings
Scope
scorching
score
scores
scorn
scorned
Scotch
scotched
Scotia
Scotland
Scott
Scottish
scoured
scourge
scourged
scouring
scouts
scramble
scrambling
scrap
scraper
scratch
screen
screened
screw
Scribner
script
scripts
scrolls
scrupled
scrupulous
scrupulously
scrutinize
sculptor
sculptors
sculptural
sculpture
sculptures
scum
scuttered
Scythian
Se
sea
seaboard
seaboards
seacoast
seacoasts
Seagoing
seal
sealed
sealer
sealers
sealing
seals
sealskins
seamed
Seamen
seams
seaport
seaports
sear
search
searched
searches
searching
seas
seashore
season
seasons
Seat
seated
seating
seats
Seattle
Seaver
seaward
seawards
Sebastian
seceded
Secession
secessions
seclusion
Second
secondary
seconder
Secondly
secrecy
Secret
Secretariate
secretaries
Secretary
Secretaryship
secretion
secretly
secrets
secrète
sect
sectarian
sectarianism
Section
sectional
Sectionalism
Sections
sects
secular
Secularist
Secularists
secundus
secure
secured
securely
secures
securing
securities
security
Sedalia
Sedan
Seddon
sedentary
Sedition
seditionary
seditious
seduce
seduction
seductive
sedulously
see
Seebohm
seed
seeds
Seeing
seek
seekers
seeking
seeks
Seeley
seem
seemed
seeming
seems
seen
sees
seething
Segan
segment
segregated
segregation
Seguin
Seidl
Seine
seised
Seiyu
Seiyukai
seize
seized
seizing
seizure
seizures
Selborne
seldom
select
Selected
selecting
selection
selections
selector
selects
self
selfish
selfishness
Selkirk
sell
seller
Sellers
selling
sells
semblance
Semerara
semi
semibarbarous
semicircle
seminaries
seminary
Seminole
SEMINOLES
Semite
SEMITES
Semitic
Semitised
Semitism
senate
senator
senatorial
Senators
sence
send
sending
sends
Seneca
Senefern
SENEGAL
Senegalese
Senegambia
Senior
seniority
Sennacherib
Senor
SENOUSSI
sensation
Sensational
sensations
sense
senseless
sensibilities
sensible
sensibly
sensitive
sensitiveness
sent
sentence
sentenced
sentences
sentiment
sentimental
sentimentality
sentiments
sentinel
sentinelled
sentinels
sentries
sentry
Seoul
separate
separated
separately
separates
Separating
Separation
Sephardists
September
sepulchers
sepulchre
sequel
sequence
sequences
Sequeros
Serapeion
Serbs
Serene
serenity
serfdom
serfs
Sergeant
sergeants
series
Serious
seriously
seriousness
Serjeant
Serjeants
sermon
Serpa
serried
serum
servant
servants
serve
served
serves
Servia
Servian
SERVICE
serviceable
services
serving
servir
servitude
servitudes
serviçal
Seslien
session
Sessions
set
Seth
Sethos
Seti
sets
setting
settings
settle
settled
settlement
settlements
settler
settlers
settles
settling
Seven
seventeen
seventeenth
Seventh
Seventhly
seventies
seventieth
seventy
sever
Several
severally
SEVERALTY
severance
Severe
severed
severely
severest
severing
severity
Sevilla
Seville
sewage
Sewall
Seward
sewed
Sewerage
sewered
sewers
sewing
sex
Sexennate
sexes
Sextant
Sexton
sexually
Seymour
Seyyidieh
Señor
Señorita
Señors
Sfax
sha
shabbiness
shackle
shade
shades
shadow
shadowed
shadows
shaft
Shafter
shafts
Shah
Shahuo
shake
shaken
Shakespeare
shaking
Shakir
shall
shallow
shallowness
shallows
shalt
sham
shambles
shame
shamed
Shameful
shamefully
Shamrock
Shan
Shang
Shanghae
Shanghai
Shanghaikuan
Shanhai
Shanhaikuan
Shanhaikwan
Shankaikuan
Shansi
Shantung
Shao
shape
shaped
shaping
sharaki
share
shared
shareholders
shares
sharing
Sharon
sharp
Sharpe
sharper
sharpest
sharply
sharpshooters
Shashih
Shatt
shattered
Shattuck
Shaw
Shawneetown
shaykhs
She
shear
shed
shedding
sheds
sheep
sheer
sheet
sheets
Sheik
Sheikh
Sheiks
Shelby
Sheldon
Shell
Shelled
shelling
shells
shelter
sheltered
shelters
shelved
shelves
shelving
Shen
Sheng
Shenking
Shensi
shepherds
Sher
Sheriff
sheriffs
Sherman

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Introductory Chemistry Atoms First 5th

Edition Russo Solutions Manual

Introductory Chemistry Atoms First 5th Edition Russo

Introductory Chemistry An Atoms First Approach 1st

Introductory Chemistry An Atoms First Approach 1st

Chemistry Atoms First 2nd Edition Burdge Solutions

Chemistry An Atoms First Approach 2nd Edition Zumdahl

Chemistry Atoms First 2nd Edition Burdge Test Bank

General Chemistry Atoms First 2nd Edition McMurry Test

Chemistry An Atoms First Approach 2nd Edition Zumdahl

9.1 See solution in textbook.

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288 Complete Solutions

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Chapter 9: Stoichiometry and the Mole 289

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290 Complete Solutions

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(b) CH4 + 2O2 S 2H2O + CO2

Chapter 9: Stoichiometry and the Mole 291

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(b) C2H6O + 3O2 S 2CO2 + 3H2O

292 Complete Solutions

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Chapter 9: Stoichiometry and the Mole 293

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294 Complete Solutions

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Molar mass of compound 88.106 g>mol

Chapter 9: Stoichiometry and the Mole 295

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296 Complete Solutions

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Chapter 9: Stoichiometry and the Mole 297

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9.62 (a) 2Na + Cl2 S 2NaCl

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Chapter 9: Stoichiometry and the Mole 299

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300 Complete Solutions

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Chapter 9: Stoichiometry and the Mole 301

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302 Complete Solutions

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Chapter 9: Stoichiometry and the Mole 303

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304 Complete Solutions

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Chapter 9: Stoichiometry and the Mole 305

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306 Complete Solutions

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308 Complete Solutions

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Chapter 9: Stoichiometry and the Mole 309

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9.98 First determine the mass percent of oxygen:

310 Complete Solutions

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Chapter 9: Stoichiometry and the Mole 311

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(b) CH4 + 2O2 S 2H2O + CO2

(b) C2H6O + 3O2 S 2CO2 + 3H2O

9.62 (a) 2Na + Cl2 S 2NaCl

9.125 (a) 4BF3 + 3H2O S H3BO3 + 3HBF4

(b) 2H21g2 + C2H21g2 S C2H61g2