Presentation on

SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

[WORKING AND EMF. EQUATION]

By: Er. Gopal Sapkota

A s s is tent L e c tu re r
MANMOHAN MEMORIAL POLYTECHNIC
Bu d h iganga -04,Morang . Ne pal
s a p k o t a g g o p a l 0 5 1 @ g m a i l . co m
 CONTENTS

 BASIC INTRODUCTION ON TRANSFORMER

OPERATING PRINCIPLE

EMF. EQUATION OF TRANSFORMER

QUESTION ANSWER SESSION

HOMEWORK SESSION

REFERENCES

October 4, 2023 BY: ER.GOPAL SAPKOTA. ASSISTENT LECTURER,MMP. 2

 BASIC INTRODUCTION ON TRANSFORMER
Transformer is a static electrical machine which transfers electrical power from one circuit to another
circuit.

The two circuits are electrically isolated from each other, but they are magnetically linked.

It transfers the electrical power from primary circuit to secondary circuit, at different voltage and current
levels keeping the frequency and apparent power of both circuits same.

Figure aside represents the block diagram of a transformer.

October 4, 2023 BY: ER.GOPAL SAPKOTA. ASSISTENT LECTURER,MMP. 3

 OPERATING PRINCIPLE ……Continue.
The iron core gets magnetized and magnetic flux will circulate through the iron core. The magnitude of
magnetic flux is given by:
MMF N .i
φ  1 0 ; same as current  Voltage
Reluctance Reluctance Resistance

Where, N1 = Number of turns in the coil a-a’ (Primary winding,PW)

i0 = Instantaneous value of current through the coil a-a’
Reluctance = Resistance provided by magnetic core to set magnetic flux in it.
Since the applied voltage v1 is alternating in nature, the current i0 also will be alternating in nature. Hence,
the magnetic flux () also will be alternating in nature and in phase with i0 as shown in waveform below.

October 4, 2023 BY: ER.GOPAL SAPKOTA. ASSISTENT LECTURER,MMP. 5

OPERATING PRINCIPLE ……Continue.
The magnitude of magnetic flux in the core is changing with respect to time and it is linking
with the second coil on the another limb. Hence, according to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic
induction, emf (e2) will induce in the second coil b-b’.
If the load is connected across the second coil, electric current will circulate through the load
thus by transferring the electrical power from coil a-a’ to coil b-b’.
Fig. Waveform of voltage and current

October 4, 2023 BY: ER.GOPAL SAPKOTA. ASSISTENT LECTURER,MMP. 6

EMF. EQUATION OF TRANSFORMER
When the flux links with primary windings, it induces an emf. in it ,called self induced emf. E1
Flux links with secondary windings, it induces emf.E2 in it, which is called mutually induced emf.
As per Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, average emf. Induced in each turn is proportional to
the average rate of change of flux.
d
E   rate of change of flux
(avg ) dt
dφ φ m  0 4.φm 1
Magnetic flux changes from 0 to m in T/4 sec. Hence,    4 f φm (Because, f  )
dt T T T
RMS Value 4
For sinewave, form factor   1.11
Average Value

Rms. value of induced emf. per turn  4.44 f 

m

October 4, 2023 BY: ER.GOPAL SAPKOTA. ASSISTENT LECTURER,MMP. 7

EMF. EQUATION OF TRANSFORMER ……..Continue
There are 𝑁1 turns in primary windings and 𝑁2 turns in secondary windings.
Rms. Value of Emf. Induced in primary windings is , E  4.44 N f φ
1 1 m
Rms. Value of Emf. Induced in secondary windings is , E 2  4.44 N 2 f φ m
E 4.44 N f φ N
The ratio of two voltages are 1  1 m  1
E 4.44 N f φ N
2 2 m 2
E N
0r, 2  2  k , called transformation ratio.
E N
1 1
If K>1,it is called step up transformer and if K<1,it is called step down transformer.
The direction of E1 and E2 are give by Lenz’s law, accordingly they are in phase opposition to the source
voltage,V1.

October 4, 2023 BY: ER.GOPAL SAPKOTA. ASSISTENT LECTURER,MMP. 8

QUESTION ANSWER SESSION

Question-1….?
Answer Question-2….?
Answer

October 4, 2023 BY: ER.GOPAL SAPKOTA. ASSISTENT LECTURER,MMP. 9

HOMEWORK SESSION
Explain the operating principle of T/F

What is Self induced emf?

What is mutually induced emf?

What is step up transformer?Explain with necessary derivation.

October 4, 2023 BY: ER.GOPAL SAPKOTA. ASSISTENT LECTURER,MMP. 10

REFERENCES
A TEXT BOOK OF ELECTRICAL TECHNOLOGY by BL.Theraja and AK. Theraja.S. Chand Publications.
Electrical Machines-I By Prof. Uday A. Bakshi,Dr. M.V Bakshi.Technical Publications.
Theory and Performance of ELECTRICAL MACHINES By J.B Gupta.S.K KATARIA & SONS
ELECTRICAL MACHINES By Ashfaq Husain and Haroon Husain.DHANPAT RAI & C0.(P) LTD.
Electrical Machines By Professor Indraman Tamrakar, Tribhuvan University.Department of Electrical
Engineering

October 4, 2023 BY: ER.GOPAL SAPKOTA. ASSISTENT LECTURER,MMP. 11

October 4, 2023 BY: ER.GOPAL SAPKOTA. ASSISTENT LECTURER,MMP. 12