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CHAPTER 7
Naturalistic Methods

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Define naturalistic research and understand why it is important.
2. Determine ecological validity and understand why naturalistic designs have it.
3. Understand the advantages and disadvantages of being an acknowledged or unacknowledged participant or
observer in observational research.
4. Understand case studies and determine their benefits and drawbacks.
5. Demonstrate how behaviors are systematically coded to assess their reliability and validity.
6. Understand archival research and what types of questions archival research is used to answer.

ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. Describe the goals and techniques of naturalistic research. What are its advantages and disadvantages over
other research methods?
2. Discuss the advantages of approaches of observing versus participating, and of being acknowledged versus
unacknowledged in naturalistic observation.
3. Define ecological validity, and indicate why it is important in research. What types of research designs are
most likely to have it?
4. Define systematic observation. What makes systematic observation different from other types of
observational research?
5. What are archival research methods and when are they likely to be used?

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS
Ans: a 1. Research that is conducted in situations that are similar to the everyday life
Page: 129 experiences of the participants is said to have
Type: F a. ecological validity.
LO: 2 b. observational realism.
c. systematic validity.
d. construct validity.

Ans: a 2. A study investigating learning that examines how children teach each other in
Page: 129 their classroom is likely to have high
Type: A a. ecological validity.
LO: 2 b. descriptive validity.
c. reactivity.
d. construct validity.
 Chapter 7: Naturalistic Methods 53

Ans: c 3. Which of the following are most likely to be used in naturalistic research?
Page: 128 a. Interviews
Type: C b. Questionnaires
LO: 1 c. Observations
d. Surveys

Ans: d 4. Which of the following is most likely to be a problem in naturalistic research

Page: 128 methods?
Type: F a. High ecological validity
LO: 1 b. Low reactivity
c. High construct validity
d. Ethical concerns

Ans: d 5. Which of the following research approaches is most likely to have ethical
Page: 130 problems?
Type: F a. The acknowledged participant
LO: 3 b. The case study
c. The acknowledged observer
d. The unacknowledged observer

Ans: b 6. A scientist wants to study the behaviors of factory workers under stressful
Page: 130 working conditions. She takes a job in a factory where no one knows her true
Type: A identity. Which research approach is being used?
LO: 3 a. Acknowledged participant
b. Unacknowledged participant
c. Acknowledged observer
d. Unacknowledged observer

Ans: b 7. Which of the following research approaches is most likely to allow the
Page: 130 researcher to develop close friendships with the people being studied?
Type: F a. Archival participant
LO: 3 b. Unacknowledged participant
c. Acknowledged observer
d. Unacknowledged observer

Ans: a 8. A researcher who simply watches behavior on the subway in a large city to learn
Page: 132 about helping behavior is using which of the following techniques?
Type: A a. Unacknowledged observer
LO: 3 b. Behavioral categorization
c. Acknowledged observer
d. Archival analysis

Ans: d 9. Case studies are frequently based on a descriptive record of

Page: 132-133 a. a large group who have normal experiences.
Type: F b. a large group who have abnormal experiences.
LO: 4 c. one or two individuals who have normal experiences.
d. one or two individuals who have abnormal experiences.

Ans: c 10. Relying upon detailed descriptions of a single individual is known as the
Page: 132-133 __________ method.
Type: F a. systematic
LO: 4 b. simple sampling
c. case study
d. self-report
54 Chapter 7: Naturalistic Methods

Ans: c 11. A researcher who plans ahead of time exactly what observations he is going to
Page: 134 be looking for is using
Type: F a. categorical observation.
LO: 5 b. individual observation.
c. systematic observation.
d. behavioral categorization.

Ans: d 12. Tim wants to study aggression in children on a school playground. He decides
Page: 134 to look for hitting, kicking, and biting. In this design, hitting, kicking, and biting
Type: A can be considered as
LO: 5 a. aggressive categories.
b. sampled categories.
c. person categories.
d. behavioral categories.

Ans: a 13. Event sampling, individual sampling, and time sampling are all used in
Page: 135 a. systematic observation.
Type: F b. behavioral categorization.
LO: 5 c. case studies.
d. archival research.

Ans: a 14. Which of the following is the best method of increasing the reliability of
Page: 134 naturalistic observations ?
Type: F a. Increase the number of raters
LO: 1 b. Increase the time period under study
c. Increase the number of individuals who are sampled
d. Reduce the number of events that are sampled

Ans: c 15. Joe decides to study how insects behave in their everyday life. He watches
Page: 134 some ladybugs in his back yard, and codes whether they are either living alone,
Type: A living in groups, or living in pairs. Joe’s observational system is based on the
LO: 5 use of which of the following?
a. Archival data
b. Content coding
c. Behavioral categories
d. Case analysis

Ans: d 16. Which of the following three approaches are used to reduce the amount of data
Page: 135 that needs to be recorded in naturalistic observation?
Type: F a. Time, event, and behavioral sampling
LO: 1 b. Time, behavioral, and individual sampling
c. Behavioral, event, and time sampling
d. Time, individual, and event sampling

Ans: c 17. On what data is archival research based?

Page: 135-136 a. Historical descriptions
Type: F b. Existing reports of experiments
LO: 6 c. Any type of existing records of public behavior
d. Descriptions of problems found in research
 Chapter 7: Naturalistic Methods 55

Ans: a 18. Content analysis refers to

Page: 137 a. the systematic coding of data, such as in archival research.
Type: F b. the systematic coding of behavioral categories in observational research.
LO: 6 c. a method for increasing the reliability of observational research.
d. a method for increasing the amount of data that can be collected in
naturalistic observations.

Ans: a 19. Coding large amounts of information into systematic categories is known as
Page: 137 a. content analysis.
Type: F b. a case study.
LO: 6 c. observational research.
d. archival research.

Ans: b 20. Systematic observation and content coding of archival data both normally make
Page: 136 use of which of the following techniques?
Type: F a. Case sampling
LO: 6 b. Interrater reliability
c. Behavioral categorization
d. Participant observation

Ans: c 21. Jamal decides to compare the lyrics of rock and roll songs in the 1950s and the
Page: 135-136 1990s. He selects from the top 10 lists for each time period, and compares the
Type: A lyrics. Jamal’s research method is based upon
LO: 6 a. Individual sampling
b. Lyrical sampling
c. Archival data
d. Ecological sampling

Ans: d 22. One of the advantages of naturalistic research is its

Page: 128-129 a. ability to simulate natural environments in lab settings.
Type: F b. ability to predict unusual or abnormal behavior.
LO: 1 c. high test-restest reliability.
d. high ecological validity.

Ans: a 23. The oldest method of conducting research is

Page: 129 a. observational research.
Type: F b. ANOVA.
LO: 1 c. experimental designs.
d. regression analysis.

Ans: b 24. Which of the following observational research methods is most likely to create
Page: 130-131 ethical problems?
Type: F a. Acknowledged participant
LO: 3 b. Unacknowledged participant
c. Unacknowledged experimenter
d. Acknowledged experimenter
56 Chapter 7: Naturalistic Methods

Ans: c 25. Alex is interested in studying aggressive driving patterns. He gets in his car,
Page: 130-131 cuts some people off on the highway and has his passenger code how the other
Type: A drivers react. Alex is using which of the following types of observational
LO: 3 research?
a. Acknowledged participant
b. Acknowledged observer
c. Unacknowledged participant
d. Unacknowledged observer

Ans: c 26. Case studies differ from observational research because they
Page: 132-133 a. assess people in a natural setting.
Type: F b. make use of the Chi-square analysis.
LO: 4 c. may assess the behavior of only one person.
d. are more useful in creating valid samples.

Ans: a 27. Which of the following is not an example of a case study as described in your
Page: 132-133 textbook?
Type: C a. Stanley Milgram’s research on obedience
LO: 4 b. The study of Phineas Gage’s behavior after a railroad accident
c. The developmental work of Jean Piaget
d. The psychoanalytic studies of Sigmund Freud

Ans: c 28. In order to reduce observer bias in an observational research design, a researcher
Page: 129-130 might
Type: C a. set the alpha level prior to observing.
LO: 5 b. use field notes or brief reports to record data.
c. specify ahead of time who will be observed and for how long.
d. use a stratified random sample.

Ans: a 29. In a study involving altruism in restaurants, Elena focused only on the helping
Page: 135 behaviors that each restaurant employee demonstrated (and not on any other
Type: A types of behaviors). This is an example of which of the following?
LO: 5 a. Event sampling
b. Time sampling
c. Individual sampling
d. Snowball sampling

Ans: d 30. One of the advantages of archival research is that the researcher can
Page: 135-136 a. expect honest answers from respondents.
Type: F b. have access to more valid information.
LO: 6 c. easily give informed consent to the participants.
d. use existing data that has been collected by others.

Ans: c 31. Fowler, Lilienfield, and Patrick (2009) studied the extent to which observers
Page: 137-138 agreed on judgments of psychopathy after viewing “thin slices” (short glimpses)
Type: C of the behavior of prisoners. The researchers based their findings on which of
LO: the following?
a. Content analysis.
b. Ecological validity
c. Inter-rater reliability
d. Inter-rater validity
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HOVIHERRA

Minä mietin, että mitähän te nyt mietitte.

HOVIROUVA

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HOVIHERRA

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HOVIROUVA

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minun kanta-äitini oli Stultus suuren veljenpojan puoliso. Siis minä
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PRINSSI (tulee perältä metsänvartijaksi puettuna, kädessään

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HOVIHERRA

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HOVIROUVA
 Hyi, te herjaatte! Hahhaa, minä olin teitä viisaampi. Nyt te toivoitte
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HOVIROUVA (pirskoittaen hajuvettä kasvoilleen)

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Te olette kuollut jo niin monta kertaa, etten enään usko näihin

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Oo, prinssi, kuulitteko, minä…

PRINSSI

Olen kuullut keskustelunne ja siitä huomaan, että olette osaksi

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HOVIHERRA

Ei syy ole minussa.

HOVIROUVA

Eikä minussa.

PRINSSI

Te makeilette, matelette ja imartelette imelyyttänne. Teillä on

hunajaa huulilla mutta myrkkyä mielessä!

HOVIHERRA

Oi, nöyrimmästi nöyrin palvelijanne!

HOVIROUVA

Teidän korkeutenne alamaisin palvelija!

PRINSSI

Te olette nöyriä isoisille, pöyhkeitä pienemmillenne. Te halveksitte

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HOVIHERRA ja HOVIROUVA

Me, me kii-kiitämme.

PRINSSI
 Ja rangaistukseksi saa hovirouva nyt viimeisen kerran luvan
käskeä prinsessan tänne. Ja te, hoviherra, saatte viittauksestani
lukea tämän käärön sisällyksen. (Antaa käärön hoviherralle.)

HOVIROUVA

Minä menen heti. Varmaankin prinsessa ikävöi. (Aikoo mennä.)

PRINSSI

Älkää vielä menkö! Rohkenitte panna päähänne morsiuskruunun

ja luulitte taikapeilillä saavuttavanne pienet pyyteenne. Katsokaa
vielä kerran peiliin, niin näette siinä oman sisäisen irvikuvanne!

HOVIROUVA

Pitääkö minun katsoa? Minä pelkään tätä peiliä. Ei, ei, ei, minä en
katso, en katso! (Kääntää päänsä poispäin.) — Minä en tahdo
nähdä! Viekää se pois, se on paholaisen keksintö! (Purskahtaa
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PRINSSI

Ja nyt on teidän vuoronne, hoviherra!

HOVIHERRA

Säästäkää minua prinssi! Ei, ei, minä en voi katsoa, minä en

tahdo, minä en näe, olen likinäköinen, minä olen heikko, vanha mies,
heikko, heikko.

PRINSSI
 Minä arvasin tämän. Te pelkäätte itseänne.

(Kaksi keihäsmiestä tulee vasemmalta, he sytyttävät

kynttilät ja asettuvat oven kummallekin puolelle.)

HOVIHERRA

Prinssi, mitä te aiotte? Enhän minä…

PRINSSI

Sen saatte pian nähdä.

IMANDRA (tulee vasemmalta katse lattiaan luotuna)

Prinssi, te käskitte!

PRINSSI

Imandra!

IMANDRA (yhä tuijottaen lattiaan)

Tässä minä seison kuin turvaton leski.

PRINSSI

Morsioksi puettuna!

IMANDRA (katsellen pukuaan)

Minäkö morsian? Kuolema on nyt ylkäni!

PRINSSI
 Kuule!

(Kuuluu morsiuspiikaisten laulua.)

Nyt morsiuspiiat laulaa käy kisaan ylkämies, ei

puutu meiltä pitoja, nyt ruusut täyttää ties!

PRINSSI

Imandra, eivät ne laula minulle! Sinä olet pettänyt minut, minun

olisi pitänyt ymmärtää, että prinsessat ovat prinssejä varten!

IMANDRA (kohottaen katseensa)

Mitä! Metsä-Matti? Luulin sinua prinssiksi. (Rientää prinssin luo.)

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HOVIHERRA

"Kuninkaallinen korkea neuvosto on tarkoin tutkittuaan tuominnut

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(Keihäsmiehet sitovat prinssin kädet.)

IMANDRA

Mitä, näenkö unta, ei, tämä ei ole mahdollista!

PRINSSI

Imandra, kuulithan!

IMANDRA

Ei, ei, tämä ei saa tapahtua, te ette saa tappaa Metsä-Mattia, hän
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kuolla! Kuulitteko! Hoviherra! Puhukaa hänen puolestaan prinssille!
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PRINSSI

Imandra! Säästä sanojasi! Kaikki on turhaa!

IMANDRA

Ei, ei, ei ole vielä myöhäistä! Te olette tuominnut väärin, teillä ei

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HOVIHERRA

Prinssi on omakätisesti vahvistanut tuomion.

 IMANDRA (ponnahtaa pystyyn, sieppaa käärön ja repii sen
kappakiksi)

Kas, näin teen minä tyhjäksi teidän tuomionne!

HOVIHERRA

Prinsessa, mitä te teitte!

(Keihäsmiehet astuvat prinssin luokse, pihalta kuuluu torven ääni.)

IMANDRA

Ei, te ette saa viedä häntä, kuunnelkaa sisäistä luontonne lakia!

Minä suojelen häntä. Tässä seison minä, Suvikunnan ruhtinatar,
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kanssansa! (Syleillen prinssiä.) Voi, kuinka minä nyt sinua rakastan
niinkuin voi syntyä vain kerran, elää vain kerran, kuolla vain kerran.

(Hoviherra päästää salaa prinssin siteistä.)

PRINSSI

Niin, nyt minä näen, että sinä rakastat minua! (Syleilee Imandraa,
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IMANDRA

Mitä, taikapeilin sirut! Nyt suomut putoavat silmiltäni. Minä näen.

Oi, jos sinä olet kuninkaanpoika, niin älä enään koettele minua!

PRINSSI
 Sinä olet koetuksen kestänyt. Tunnetko nyt minut?

IMANDRA

Tunnen, tunnen! Oi, tämä onni tuli kuin taivaasta, oi, tätä riemun
runsautta ja loppumatonta lepoa!

(Hoviväkeä, hovipoikia ja hovineitejä tulee vasemmalta,

jälessä hovirouva, joka yhtyy hoviherran seuraan, mukana
myös Otro ja Inkeri. Kaikki asettuvat kujaksi pää-oven
kummallekin puolelle.)

PRINSSI

Pannaan nyt prinsessan pieneen päähän valkea harsohuntu ja

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laulellen.)

MORSIUSPIIKAISET

Nyt morsian anna kättä ja sormet sormiin lyö, ja

helykruunus kullassa nyt tanssi koko yö!

PRINSSI (asettaen kätensä Imandran käteen)

Tule, Imandra!

IMANDRA (nipistäen prinssiä korvasta)

Mutta kuules sinä, Metsä-Matti! Entä taikapeili?

PRINSSI
 Se oli vain naurupeili, minkä minä kerran ostin markkinoilta
matkoillani kaukaisilla mailla.

IMANDRA

Sinä silmänkääntäjä, uuspeili!

PRINSSI

Jokaisella on taikapeilin siru silmässään. Kuule hääsoitto kutsuu!

(Perä-ovet avautuvat selkosen selälleen, näkyy valaistu

valta-istuinsali, jonne prinssi, Imandra ja koko hääsaattue
kulkee.)

HOVIROUVA (jättäytyen jälkeen)

Hoviherra, te olette vain narrinpeili!

HOVIHERRA

Ja te juorupeili!

HOVIROUVA

Ja minä kuvastun teissä.

HOVIHERRA

Ja te minussa.

(Hoviherra ja hovirouva tekevät hullunkurisia liikkeitä.)

HOVIROUVA

Oo, oo!

HOVIHERRA

Oo, oo!

(Salista kuuluu hääsoittoa, kansa huutaa linnanpihalla: eläköön!)

Esirippu.
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