ConsTech - Assignment After Edit

COLLEGE OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA
BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONS) (AP224)

CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY II
(BQS 452)
TITLE: PROPOSAL FOR BUILDING A DOUBLE STOREY TIMBER HOUSE IN

CHERATING, TERENGGANU
GROUP : AP224 2B
YouTube Link : https://youtu.be/9qJmd_AcCq0
PREPARED FOR :
DR. SITI NOR AZNIZA AHMAD SEKAK
PREPARED BY:
BIL NAME MATRICS NO

1. AHMAD NAZHAN ZHARIF BIN MOHD ZURAIDI 2022836004
2. SYAKIR AIMAN DANISH BIN SULAIMAN 2022452636
3. JERRELIAN JEFFRY 2022610982
4. WAN AIMAN SALAHUDDIN BIN W AHMAD AZLAN 2022477986
5. MUHAMMAD FARIS BIN MUSA 2022470396
6. SHAMIR ZARUL BIN SHAMSOL 2022490684
TABLE OF CONTENT
NO CONTENT PAGE
1 INTRODUCTION 1
2 EXTERNAL WALLS 2-8

2.1 Properties
2.2 Types
2.3 Selections and suitability
2.4 Advantages and disadvantages
2.5 Suitable external wall structures
2.6 Manufacture and installation
3 DOORS 9-16
3.1 Properties
3.2 Types
3.3 Selections and suitability
3.5 Suitable doors
4 WINDOWS 17 - 27
4.1 Properties
4.2 Type
4.3 Selection and suitability
4.5 Suitable doors
5 ROOF STRUCTURE AND FINISHES 28-36
5.1 Properties
5.2 Type
5.3 Selection and Suitability
5.4 Advantages and Disadvantages
5.5 Suitable Choices
5.6 Manufactured and Installation
6 STAIRCASES 37 - 49
6.1 Properties of staircase
6.2 Type of staircase
6.3 Selection and suitability
6.5 Suitable staircase
7 INTERNAL WALLS 50-60
7.1 Properties
7.2 Types
7.3 Selection and Suitability
7.4 Advantages and Disadvantages
7.5 Suitable Choices
7.6 Manufactured and Installation
8 DOUBLE STOREY TIMBER HOUSE 61 - 77
8.1 Overall layout plans
8.1.1 Front Elevation
8.1.2 Rear Elevation
8.1.3 Right Elevation
8.1.4 Left Elevation
8.1.5 Ground Floor
8.1,6 First Floor
8.2 Timber Flush Doors
8.2.1 Timber Flush Doors Details
8.3 Timber Panelled Doors
8.3.1 Timber Panelled Doors Details
8.4 Windows
8.5 External Wall
8.6 Internal Wall
8.7 Staircase details
8.8 Roof Structure
8.9 Roof Finishes
9 SPECIFICATION JKR STANDARD 78-80
-External walls
-Door
-Windows
-Roof structure and finishes
-Staircase
-Internal walls
10 REFERENCE 81
1. INTRODUCTION
As a professional consultant entrusted with suggesting suitable elements and constructions

for a double-storey timber home in Cherating, Terengganu, this study attempts to give
detailed suggestions for various components of the building. These recommendations will
consider elements such as the qualities, kinds, choices, appropriateness, benefits, and
drawbacks of each material or building. In addition, the report will include information on the
materials' production, surface preparation, installation, and supporting data. We can
guarantee that the suggested timber home satisfies the client's needs and is appropriate for
the Cherating by carefully evaluating these factors.
i) External Wall Structure: The external wall structure plays a crucial role in
providing insulation, weather protection, and aesthetic appeal to the timber
house.
ii) Doors: Doors serve as important access points and contribute to the overall
aesthetics and security of the timber house.
iii) Windows: Windows contribute to natural light, ventilation, and views within the
timber house.
iv) Roof Structure and Finishes: The roof structure and finishes contribute to the
house's durability, weather protection, and architectural style.
v) Staircases: Staircases serve as both functional and decorative elements within
the timber house.
vi) Internal Walls: Internal walls define the layout and functionality of the timber
house, providing privacy and dividing different spaces.
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2. EXTERNAL WALL STRUCTURE
2.1 PROPERTIES
External wall structure is the system or arrangement of components that make up a
building's outer walls. It is the building envelope's outermost layer, and it performs various
important roles, including structural support, shielding the inside from the weather, insulating
against heat transfer, and adding to the structure's aesthetic look. The external wall
construction is often made up of several layers or components, each of which serves a
distinct purpose. Building materials, climate circumstances, municipal restrictions, and
architectural design may all influence the composition and order of these strata. The external
wall structure consists of several key components, which are:
I. Structural Framework: The structural framework of the external wall provides support
and stability to the building. It is typically made of materials such as reinforced
concrete, steel, or timber and forms the skeletal structure that holds the entire wall
assembly together.
II. Insulation: Insulation materials are used to improve the thermal performance of a
building's exterior walls. They aid in minimising energy usage for heating and cooling
by minimising heat movement between the inside and exterior. Fibreglass, mineral
wool, rigid foam boards, and spray foam insulation are all common insulation
materials.
III. Cladding is the visible outer layer of an exterior wall construction. It protects the
structure while also adding aesthetic appeal and architectural individuality. Brick,
stone, stucco, metal panels, timber boards, fibre cement, or composite materials can
all be used as cladding materials. The material used for cladding is determined by
factors such as design choices, climate circumstances, and local construction codes.
IV. Coatings and finishes: Coatings and finishes are applied to the outside wall surface
for protection, durability, and beauty. Paint, sealants, textured coatings, and other
protective treatments may be used to improve the aesthetic, weather resistance, and
longevity of the wall.
V. Studs: Studs are vertical components that comprise the basic framework of the
exterior wall construction. They are usually constructed of wood or metal and are
positioned at regular intervals down the length of the wall.
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2.2 TYPES
There are many types of timber frame walls such as Platform Frame, Balloon Frame,
Modified Frame, and Independent Frame.
I. Platform frame is a sort of timber frame construction technology that is frequently

utilised in residential and small commercial structures. It is a structural system in
which the floors and walls of the structure are built as distinct entities that have no
connection to or dependent on one another for support. Each floor level in a platform
frame is supported by its own platform or floor system.
II. Balloon frame is a standard wooden frame construction method that was used in
residential structures from the mid-nineteenth century to the early twentieth century.
It is distinguished by long continuous vertical elements known as studs that stretch
from the base all the way up to the rooftop, providing structural support for the
building's whole height.
III. The modified frame, also known as the semi-balloon frame or Western platform
frame, is a wood frame building type that includes aspects of both the balloon frame
and platform frame systems. It is widely utilised in residential and light commercial
structures. In comparison to standard balloon frame design, the upgraded frame
delivers improved structural stability and load-bearing capability.
IV. Independent frame is the wall frames that are framed up basically as in the modified
frame, but the upper floor structure is carried by a continuous steel angle or timber
ledger which is fixed to the inner faces of the lower studs so that the floor does not
pass into the thickness of the wall frame to gain support.
2.3 SELECTIONS AND SUITABILITY
Several considerations should be addressed while choosing an appropriate form of exterior

wood wall for a double-story timber home. These considerations include the local climate,
design preferences, maintenance needs, cost, and environmental concerns. Here are some
essential considerations to make throughout the selecting process:
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I. Durability and Maintenance: Analyse the timber wall system's durability and
maintenance needs. Choose timber species with inherent decay resistance, such as
cedar, redwood, or some tropical hardwoods. Consider the long-term care
requirements, such as sealing, staining, or periodic treatments to protect the timber
from deterioration.
II. Cost and Availability: Consider the price and availability of the timber wall system. In
some areas, particular timber species may be more costly or less accessible. To
guarantee that the cost of materials, installation, and long-term maintenance is within
the project budget, evaluate the cost of materials, installation, and long-term
maintenance.
III. Insulation: Assess the thermal characteristics of the timber wall system. Although
timber has natural insulating capabilities, extra insulation materials or procedures can
be used to improve energy efficiency. Ascertain that the timber wall system chosen
satisfies the specified thermal performance parameters.
IV. Construction Process: Assess the level of complexity of the construction process
connected with the specified timber wall system. Some wood wall systems, such as
platform frame or modified frame, are simple and widely utilised in residential
building. They are readily made by expert carpenters or contractors and entail the
assembly of pre-cut timber components.
2.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
i) Platform frame
Advantages:
● Durability and Maintenance: Platform frame structures are durable and require
relatively low maintenance. The individual components can be easily accessed and
replaced if necessary.
● Insulation: The wall cavities in platform frame construction allow for the installation of
insulation materials, enhancing energy efficiency and thermal performance.
● Cost and Availability: Platform frame construction is widely used and has readily
available materials, making it cost-effective and accessible in many regions.
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● Construction Process: The construction process for platform frame structures is
relatively straightforward, allowing for efficient and faster construction.
Disadvantages:
● Durability and Maintenance: Platform frame structures may be more susceptible to
moisture-related issues, such as rot and decay, if not properly protected.
● Insulation: Insulation may need to be carefully installed to minimize thermal bridging
through the framing members.
● Construction Process: Special care and attention are required during the installation
of moisture barriers and weatherproofing to prevent water infiltration.
ii) Ballon frame

Advantages:
● Durability and Maintenance: Balloon frame structures are durable and require
minimal maintenance, similar to platform frame construction.
● Insulation: The wall cavities in balloon frame construction allow for insulation
installation, improving energy efficiency and thermal performance.
● Cost and Availability: Balloon frame construction is cost-effective and has readily
available materials, similar to platform frame construction.
● Construction Process: Balloon frame construction is relatively straightforward,
allowing for efficient and faster construction.
Disadvantages:
● Durability and Maintenance: Balloon frame structures may have limited fire
resistance due to the continuous vertical pathways for fire spread.
● Insulation: Care must be taken to properly insulate the wall cavities to avoid thermal
bridging.
● Construction Process: Special attention is required to install fire stops at each floor
level to prevent vertical fire spread.
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iii) Modified frame
Advantages:
● Durability and Maintenance: Modified frame structures offer durability and require
minimal maintenance, similar to platform frame construction.
● Insulation: The wall cavities in modified frame construction allow for insulation
● Cost and Availability: Modified frame construction uses commonly available
materials, making it cost-effective and accessible.
● Construction Process: The construction process for modified frame structures is
similar to platform frame construction, allowing for efficient construction.
Disadvantages:
● Durability and Maintenance: Similar to platform frame construction, proper protection
against moisture-related issues is necessary.
● Insulation: Attention must be given to proper insulation installation to avoid thermal
bridging.
● Construction Process: Additional steps and detailing are required to modify the
frame, which may add complexity and time to the construction process.
iv) Independent frame

Advantages:
● Durability and Maintenance: Independent frame structures offer durability and require
minimal maintenance, similar to other timber frame systems.
● Insulation: The wall cavities in independent frame construction allow for insulation
● Cost and Availability: Independent frame construction uses commonly available
materials, making it cost-effective and accessible.
● Construction Process: The construction process for independent frame structures is
like platform frame construction, allowing for efficient construction.
Disadvantages:
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● Durability and Maintenance: Like platform frame construction, proper protection
against moisture-related issues is necessary.
● Insulation: Attention must be given to proper insulation installation to avoid thermal
bridging.
● Construction Process: Additional detailing may be required to ensure the
independent framing members are properly connected and structurally sound.
2.5 SUITABLE EXTERNAL WALL STRUCTURES
Considering the specific requirements of a double-storey timber house in Cherating,

Terengganu, the most suitable type of timber frame wall would be the Platform Frame. This
is because of its multiple advantages; the platform frame is chosen as the best wood frame
wall construction for a two-story timber home. For starters, platform frame construction is a
well-known and frequently utilised approach that provides familiarity as well as conformance
to recognised building practises and standards. This makes it easier to obtain competent
labour and resources that are readily available, resulting in cost-effective and efficient
construction. Furthermore, the platform structure provides for design flexibility and changes
during construction, supporting a variety of architectural preferences. The presence of wall
voids allows insulation to be installed, increasing energy efficiency and thermal performance.
To avoid such concerns, effective moisture protection and insulation installation must be
guaranteed. In summary, the platform frame considered an appropriate combination
between durability, maintenance, insulating capabilities, and ease of building, making it a
solid option for a two-story timber house.
2.6 MANUFACTURE AND INSTALLATION
Manufacture of Platform Frame:

Timber studs, plates, headers, and other framing elements are commonly used in the
construction of platform frame components. These components are often manufactured in a
controlled industrial setting, although they can also be pre-cut on-site with specific
machinery. Kiln-drying the timber used for the frame reduces moisture content while
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increasing strength and stability. During the production process, quality control methods are
used to assure the structural integrity and dimensional correctness of the components.
Installation:
Platform frame installation involves the assembling and erection of pre-cut wood
components. It all begins with the installation of the sole plates, which serve as the
foundation for the vertical studs. The studs are then positioned and fastened vertically, often
at 16- or 24-inch intervals. Horizontal plates, also known as top plates, are inserted at the
top of the studs to link the floor and roof systems. Headers and beams are used to support
load-bearing elements like windows and doors. To boost structural stiffness and lateral
stability, bracing and sheathing materials are used.
To protect the wood frame from moisture intrusion, special care is used in the construction of
moisture barriers such as building wraps or vapour barriers. Weatherproofing methods, such
as flashing and sealing, are used to prevent water entry at joints and penetrations. It is
essential to pay attention to local building rules and regulations, as well as manufacturer
requirements, to guarantee structural integrity, safety, and compliance with appropriate
standards.
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3. DOORS
3.1 PROPERTIES
A door is a retractable barrier used for closing an entrance in a wall or partition. It allows
entry to a location, provides seclusion, and acts as a kind of security. Doors may be opened
and closed, and they are often made up of several components that work together to provide
a practical and visually beautiful doorway which is door frame, door shutter, ironmongeries,
painting, and sundries.
i) Door Frame: The door frame is the structural structure that surrounds and supports
the door opening. It is made up of vertical side jambs, a horizontal head jamb, and
occasionally a bottom threshold. The door frame guarantees appropriate alignment
and stability during the installation of the door.
ii) Door Shutter: Also known as the door leaf or panel, the door shutter is the major
component of the door that swings, slides, or folds to open or close the entryway. It is
usually formed of a solid substance like wood, metal, or fibreglass. To reflect the
overall aesthetic of the area, the door shutter can have a variety of designs, styles,
and finishes.
iii) Ironmongery: The hardware and accessories used in combination with doors to
improve their functioning and security are referred to as ironmongery. Hinges, knobs,
locks, latches, door closers, door stops, and other associated components are
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included. Ironmongery contributes to the door's ease of operation, durability, and
overall functionality.
iv) Painting: Painting is the process of adding a protective and decorative coating to the
surface of a door. It improves the look of the door, protects it from moisture, and
increases its longevity. To guarantee a smooth and long-lasting finish, proper surface
preparation, such as sanding and priming, is performed prior to applying the paint.
v) Sundries: Sundries are general items or materials used in the installation and
maintenance of doors. This may include screws, nails, adhesives, weatherstripping,
door seals, and other minor components essential for appropriate door installation
and functioning.
3.2 TYPES
i) Panelled Doors: Panelled doors are made up of many rectangular panels that are
framed together. These doors have a classic and conventional appearance and may
be built of a variety of materials, including wood, composite, or UPVC. They exude
elegance and may be customised with various panel styles.
ii) Glazed Doors: Glazed doors have glass panels embedded inside the door leaf.
These doors let in natural light while also providing visibility across rooms. Glazed
doors come in a variety of forms, including full-length glass panels and smaller
ornamental glass inserts. They are frequently employed where transparency or
aesthetics are sought.
iii) Flush Doors: Flush doors have a smooth and level surface with no raised panels or
elaborate decorations. They have a simple and modern appearance. Flush doors are
usually composed of wood, plywood, or a composite material. They are adaptable,
cost-effective, and simple to maintain. To obtain the required finish, flush doors can
be painted, laminated, or veneered.
iv) Matchboard Doors: Matchboard doors are made of tongue-and-groove boards that
are fitted together to make a consistent surface. These doors have a rustic and
classic look to them. They are typically utilised to enhance the charm and character
of country-style or cottage-style residences.
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v) Steel Doors: Steel doors are renowned for their durability, security, and strength.
They are formed of steel sheets and are frequently used as external doors because
to their resistance to forced entrance, weather, and fire. Steel doors come in a variety
of colours and finishes that may be painted or powder coated.
vi) UPVC Door: UPVC doors are constructed of strong and durable unplasticized
polyvinyl chloride. These doors are very resistant to moisture, termites, and rotting,
making them ideal for humid or coastal environments. UPVC doors are energy-
efficient, low-maintenance, and come in a variety of styles.
vii) Aluminium door: Aluminium doors are strong while being lightweight, resistant to
corrosion, and have a good strength-to-weight ratio. They are frequently utilised for
both internal and external purposes. Aluminium doors come in a variety of styles,
including hinged, sliding, and folding options. They are distinguished by their sleek
and contemporary design.
When choosing doors for a double-story wood home in Cherating, Terengganu, numerous
parameters must be considered to ensure their compatibility and functioning. The quality and
performance of the doors are determined by factors such as strength, shape,
isolation/privacy, appearance, sound barrier, heat barrier, fire resistance, and weather
resistance. By carefully weighing these factors, homeowners may select doors that provide
both aesthetic and functional benefits, such as security, privacy, energy efficiency, and
durability for their living spaces.
i) Strength: A good door should be structurally sturdy and able to endure daily use,
collisions, and attempted forcible entry. It should be constructed of long-lasting
materials such as solid wood, steel, or composite materials that give enough strength
and security.
ii) Shape: The shape of a door depends upon the style of architecture and preferences
for design. While there is no exact form requirement for a beautiful door, it should
complement the overall aesthetics of the property.
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iii) Isolation/Privacy: An excellent door should give appropriate isolation and privacy,
particularly in bedrooms and bathrooms. Sound transmission can be reduced and
seclusion between rooms maintained by using solid core doors or doors with
sufficient sealing.
iv) appearance: A door's look contributes to the overall aesthetics of the house. It should
be aesthetically appealing and fit well with the overall design idea. There are a
variety of designs, finishes, and ornamental possibilities to fit diverse architectural
types and personal tastes.
v) Sound Barrier: Doors can help with sound insulation in the home. Noise transmission
between rooms may be reduced by using solid core doors, doors with adequate
seals and soundproofing materials, ensuring solitude and a tranquil environment.
vi) Heat Barrier: Doors should have sufficient thermal insulation to restrict heat
movement between compartments. Doors with solid cores or insulating materials can
assist maintain temperature separation and enhance energy efficiency within the
home.
vii) Fire Resistant: Fire resistance is critical, especially for doors in high-risk places such
as major entrances or rooms with significant fire threats. Fire-rated doors,
constructed of fire-resistant materials and outfitted with proper hardware, can aid to
slow the spread of fire, and protect inhabitants.
viii) Weather Resistant: External doors should be weather resistant in order to survive
various weather conditions such as rain, wind, and sunshine. They must be
adequately sealed, coated, or finished to prevent moisture penetration and damage,
as well as to ensure durability and lifespan.
Taking these factors into account ensures that the doors chosen for the double-story
timber home in Cherating, Terengganu, satisfy the needed standards of strength,
privacy, appearance, sound and heat insulation, fire protection, and weather
resistance.
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i) Panelled Door
Advantages:
● Classic and elegant appearance.
● Provides a few panel designs for personalization.
● Insulation and soundproofing characteristics are excellent.
● Long-lasting and durable.
Disadvantages:
● Can be more costly than other door kinds.
● To avoid degradation, periodic maintenance such as painting or sealing is required.
ii) Glazed Door

Advantages:
● Allows natural light to enter the space, enhancing brightness.
● Allows for visibility and an air of openness.
● Available in a variety of ornamental styles and glass kinds.
● It has the potential to be an aesthetically beautiful focal point.
Disadvantages:
● Because glass is transparent or translucent, it provides less privacy.
● To keep its clarity, it must be cleaned on a regular basis.
● Solid doors may not provide the same amount of insulation and soundproofing.
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iii) Flush Door
Advantages:
● Modern and sleek appearance.
● Simple to clean and maintain.
● The surface is smooth and flawless.
● When compared to other door kinds, it is less expensive.
Disadvantages:
● Fewer design possibilities than panelled or glazed doors.
● Solid doors may not provide as much insulation or soundproofing.
iv) Matchboard Door

Advantages:
● Rustic and traditional look.
● It gives the room character and charm.
● It has strong insulating characteristics.
● Long-lasting and resistant to wear and tear.
Disadvantages:
● Less design freedom than other door styles.
● Periodic maintenance is required to avoid warping or moisture damage.
v) Steel Door
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Advantages:
● High strength and durability.
● Strong forced entry resistance and excellent security measures.
● both weather- and fire-resistant.
● Long longevity and low maintenance.
Disadvantages:
● Can be more costly than other types of doors.
● Heavyweight that could need hardware and appropriate installation.
● Possibly not as aesthetically pleasing as other door kinds.
vi) UPVC Door

Advantages:
● Excellent resistance to moisture, rot, and termite damage.
● energy-saving and offers effective insulation.
● Low upkeep and simple to clean.
● comparatively inexpensive than some other door kinds.
Disadvantages:
● Limited color and design options compared to other door types.
● Solid doors may provide greater strength and security than hollow doors.
● susceptible to deterioration from UV over time.
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vii) Aluminium Door
Advantages:
● Lightweight and easy to manage.
● corrosion-, weather-, and moisture-resistant.
● vast selection of styles and finishes available.
● provides efficient insulation and insulation.
Disadvantages:
● May not offer the same level of strength and security as solid doors.
● is sometimes more costly than certain other types of doors.
● worse soundproofing capabilities than solid doors.
3.5 SUITABLE DOORS
Considering the specific requirements of a double-storey timber house in Cherating,

Terengganu, the main door, bedroom doors, and bathroom door must be carefully chosen.
Timber panelled doors are the most suitable choice for the main entrance, while timber flush
doors are recommended for the bedroom and bathroom.
Main Door - Timber Panelled Door:

For the main door, timber panelled doors offer a classic elegance and a sense of status.
They provide a visually appealing and prestigious entrance to the house. Timber panelled
doors exhibit natural warmth and beauty, creating a welcoming and inviting atmosphere.
Compared to other door types like steel, UPVC, or aluminum doors, timber panelled doors
excel in terms of aesthetics, providing a timeless charm to the double-storey timber house.
Bedroom and Bathroom Doors - Timber Flush Doors:

For the bedroom doors and bathroom door, timber flush doors are the preferred option.
Timber flush doors offer both privacy and a visually pleasing environment. They provide a
sleek and contemporary appearance, blending seamlessly with the interior design of the
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house. While flush doors may not possess the same warmth and natural beauty as timber
panelled doors, they still offer durability and a clean, modern aesthetic. In terms of privacy
and aesthetics, timber flush doors outshine alternatives like steel, UPVC, or aluminum doors.
Timber doors, whether panelled or flush, provide an aesthetically pleasing, cozy, and
energy-efficient living environment. They offer a combination of strength, insulation, and
customization choices, enhancing the overall appeal of the double-storey timber house.
However, it is important to note that timber doors require regular maintenance to preserve
their beauty and protect them from the weather.
In summary, timber panelled doors are the recommended choice for the main entrance,
providing a sense of elegance and status. For the bedroom doors and bathroom door, timber
flush doors offer privacy, durability, and a sleek contemporary look. By carefully selecting
timber doors for different areas of the house, you can achieve a cohesive and visually
pleasing design while maintaining functionality and privacy.
Manufacturing:
Multiple important steps are included in the manufacturing process for the chosen main door,
toilet door, and bedroom doors of your double-storey wood home in Cherating, Terengganu.
It all starts with the careful selection of high-quality lumber that has been chosen for its
strength, longevity, and aesthetic appeal. The timber is then methodically cut and shaped to
the required door form and proportions, taking into account aspects such as the door frame,
hinges, and hardware needs. Through the art of joinery, skilled artisans carefully install the
door components, assuring accurate alignment and a solid construction. Additional design
elements, such as panelling, mouldings, or glazing, can be included. Multiple layers of high-
quality wood finish or paint are used to enhance the inherent beauty of the timber and give
protection against moisture, UV damage, and damage over time.
Installation:
The installation of the main door, toilet door, and bedroom doors is important to their correct
operation and lifespan in your double-story wood house. To achieve an appropriate fit within
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the door openings, precise measurements are obtained, and the door frames may require
alterations or modifications to meet the unique dimensions of each door. Hinges are
precisely set and aligned with the proper positions on the door frame to ensure smooth
functioning. Locks, handles, and other relevant hardware are integrated to assure operation
and security. The doors are positioned within the door frames during installation to
guarantee smooth opening and shutting, and correct sealing procedures are used to avoid
draughts and improve insulation. Engaging skilled installers with experience dealing with
timber doors is crucial to guarantee the doors are meticulously fitted, aligned, and functional,
resulting in long-lasting durability and functionality for your double-storey timber house in
Cherating, Terengganu.
4. WINDOWS
4.1 PROPERTIES OF WINDOWS
Multiple components make up windows in construction, and each one contributes to the
efficiency and effectiveness of the window system in a certain way.Together, these elements
produce a window system for buildings that is useful, energy-efficient, and visually beautiful.
Depending on the window kind, architectural style, and intended performance qualities, the
precise architecture, materials, and characteristics of these components can change.
I. Frame - The window's structural support system that holds it together and fastens it
to the structure is known as the frame. It gives the window assembly support,
stability, and stiffness. Typically, frames are composed of materials like wood,
aluminum, vinyl, or fiberglass, each of which offers a range of durability, thermal
efficiency, and aesthetic benefits.
II. Sash - The moveable portion of the window which holds the window panes is called
the sash. For ventilation or to regulate airflow, it can be open or closed. Depending
on how they are designed, windows might have a single or several sashes. While
casement windows have multiple sash that open outward on hinges, double-hung
windows possess two vertically sliding sashes.
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III. Glass - The translucent or transparent surface that acts as a barrier between the
interior of the building and the outside world is known as glazing or glass. It can be
constructed with a single pane or multiple pane designs, such as double or triple
glazing, in order which enhance insulation capabilities by securing air or insulation
gasses within the panes.
IV. Spacer - In double- or triple-glazed windows, the spacer is a part that sits in the gap
between the glass panes. It keeps the panes apart while offering structural support
and forming an insulating barrier. In order to lessen the transfer of heat and
condensation between these panes, spacers are often built using substances with
low thermal conductivity.
V. Weatherstripping - To stop air leakage, draughts, and water infiltration, the openings
between the window's sash and frame are sealed with weatherstripping. It increases
energy efficiency and contributes to keeping indoor comfort levels high. Rubber,
foam, or synthetic fibers are just a few examples of the weatherstripping materials
that are frequently used to seal the edges of the window sash or frame.
VI. Hardware - A window's hardware may comprise a number of parts that make it easier
to operate while securing the window. Depending on the kind of window, it may have
handles, locks, hinges, cranks, and rollers. Hardware guarantees the window's
proper operation and adds to its convenience, security, and safety.
VII. Screens - On the outside of windows, screens are made of mesh that enable airflow
while keeping out trash and insects. They are often formed of metal, fiberglass, or
other enduring materials, and they can be retractable or releasable.
VIII. Casing and Trim - On both the inside and outside of the window, casing and trim are
decorative components. They give the window a finished look, improve its aesthetic
appeal, and hide any openings among the frame of the window and the wall. Casing
and trim are available in a variety of materials, such as composites, vinyl, and wood.
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4.2 TYPE OF WINDOWS
There are various types of windows that can be used in construction, each having unique
qualities and functions. The architectural style of the structure, functional needs, energy
efficiency, intended aesthetics, and regional building rules are only a few examples of the
elements that influence the window type selection.Here are a few prevalent window types.
I. Casement Window - Casement windows open outward like doors and have a hinge
on one side. They have a crank mechanism that makes controlling the window
opening simple and accurate. When clear views are required, casement windows are
frequently used because they offer great ventilation.
II. Double-hung windows - Windows with two vertically sliding sashes that can move
separately are referred to as double-hung windows. The ability to open the top and
bottom sashes to let in airflow gives them flexibility in terms of ventilation.
Architecture in the classic and colonial styles frequently uses double-hung windows.
III. Awning Windows - Awning windows have a top hinge that opens outward from the
bottom, giving the appearance of an awning. In order to allow ventilation while
preserving privacy and guarding against rain, they are frequently utilized in
conjunction with other window types or positioned higher on walls.
IV. Sliding Windows - Sliding windows open and close by sliding one or more of their
horizontal sashes. They are perfect for present-day and contemporary designs, are
easy to use, and take up little room. In rooms with little vertical room, such as
restrooms and kitchens, sliding windows are frequently employed.
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V. Picture Windows - Picture windows are closed, non-opening windows. They are
made to offer unrestricted vistas and make the most of natural light. To improve
design and capture scenic views, picture windows are frequently utilized in big
apertures or in conjunction with other window types.
VI. Bay Windows - A bay window is a grouping of a minimum of three windows that
extend outward from a building's main wall. Typically, they have a big fixed center
window that is flanked on either side by two smaller windows. Bay windows expand a
building's internal space, offer expansive views, and add aesthetic character.
VII. Bow windows - Bay windows and bow windows both protrude outwards from the
wall, but bow windows have a curve rather than angular. They often have at least
four windows that have been linked together to form a smooth curve. Extra natural
light and wide-ranging vistas are made possible by bow windows, which also have a
graceful and stylish look.
VIII. Fixed Windows - Non-operable, closed windows are referred to as fixed windows.
They are mostly employed for aesthetic reasons because they let in a lot of natural
light and offer unobstructed views. In order to produce distinctive architectural
designs, fixed windows are frequently paired with other window kinds.
When choosing doors for a double-story wood home in Cherating, Terengganu, numerous
parameters must be considered to ensure their compatibility and functioning. The quality and
performance of the window are determined by factors such as material, size and placement,
ventilation options, security features,climate considerations,noise reduction,budget and
compliance with building codes . By carefully weighing these factors, homeowners may
select windows that provide both aesthetic and functional benefits, such as security, privacy,
energy efficiency, and durability for their living spaces.
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Material : The windows that have been chosen are constructed of materials that are
appropriate for log homes, such as wood, vinyl, or aluminum. Be mindful of each material's
durability, upkeep needs, and aesthetic appeal.
Size and Placement : To maximize natural light, vistas, and ventilation, the windows must
have the proper size and placement. Take into account the architectural style, room
arrangement, and functional needs of each area.
Energy Efficiency : windows must have a low emissivity (Low-E) coatings and double or
triple glazing if you want good insulation. Reduced heat transmission, increased energy
efficiency, and reduced heating and cooling costs are all a result of these attributes.
Style and Aesthetics : The window designs you choose must blend nicely with your timber
house's overall architectural design. Depending on your preferences and the architectural
concept, take into account options like double-hung, casement, awning, sliding, or picture
windows.
Ventilation Options : Certain windows must have enough ventilation. Adjustable airflow is
made possible by operable doors and windows such as double-hung, casement, or awning
windows, which encourages the movement of clean air throughout the home.
Security Features : To improve your home's security, give priority to windows with strong
lock mechanisms and security measures. Seek out windows with reinforced frames,
tempered or laminated glass, and multi-point locks.
Climate Considerations : When selecting windows, keep the local climate in mind. Choose
windows with solar control coatings or tinted glass, for example, if you live in a hot
environment to lessen heat gain. Windows with strong insulation qualities are crucial for
thermal comfort in colder regions.
Noise Reduction : Choose windows with soundproofing characteristics if you live in a noisy
region to reduce outside noise and create a more tranquil internal environment.
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Budget : Establish your window budget and strike a balance between it and the necessary
features and quality. Remember that windows are a long-term investment, and choosing
superior quality windows may result in longer durability and greater energy efficiency.
Compliance with Building Codes : Make sure the chosen windows abide by all applicable
building laws and ordinances in terms of security, emergency exit, and energy efficiency.
I. Single-hung windows
Advantages:
● cost-efficient in comparison to other types of windows.
● Effortless style with a vintage appearance.
● both simple to use and clean.
Disadvantages:
● As there is only one operable sash, there are few possibilities for ventilation.
● fewer possibilities for design and less control over airflow.
II. Double Hung Windows

Advantages:
● Better ventilation and airflow management are possible because to the top
and bottom sashes' operability.
● Both sashes may be tilted inward, making cleaning simple.
● versatile and accessible in a range of sizes and styles.
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Disadvantages:
● greater in cost than single-hung windows.
● If the gaps between the sashes are not adequately sealed, air leakage may
occur.
III. Casement Windows

Advantages:
● Because the sash is completely open, there is excellent ventilation.
● gives views that are not hindered because there is no center mullion.
● When closed, a strong seal provides good energy efficiency.
Disadvantages:
● Over time, a crank mechanism may need to be maintained due to wear and
tear.
● Due to the sash's weight, there are few size alternatives available.
● Cleaning the window's exterior from within the building is challenging.
IV. Awning Windows
● Advantages:
● provides ventilation even in light rain thanks to the sash's outward opening.
● gives greater privacy while preserving airflow.
● can be quickly erected in higher places, including above windows or other

doors.
Disadvantages:
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● Compared to casement windows, the design's limited opening size reduces
airflow.
● Views may be obstructed when the sash is open since it extends outward.
V. Bow and bay window.

Advantages:
● provides a focal point in a room and adds architectural flair.
● enhances natural light and offers panoramic views.
● provides extra room for seats or showcase places.
Disadvantages:
● Due to their intricate design and installation requirements, they are more
expensive than ordinary windows.
● During installation, additional structural support might be needed.
VI. Sliding Windows

Advantages:
● Simple action and effortless sliding.
● brings forth a modern, sleek appearance.
● allows for expansive views and greater window sizes.
Disadvantages:
● Ventilation is limited because the window can only be opened partially at

once.
● Sliding tracks may gather dirt and need to be cleaned and maintained from
time to time.
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VII. Fixed Windows
Advantages:
● offering exceptional energy efficiency and being completely sealed.
● maximizes natural light while maintaining thermal performance.
● Since they can't be unlocked from the outside, increased security.
Disadvantages:
● absence of airflow unless paired with windows that can be opened.
● It could be necessary to enter the building from outside to clean the exterior
side.
VIII. Picture windows

Advantages:
● Give an abundant amount of natural light
● Give immense amount of views
● Required a small consumption of energy
Disadvantages:
● Inadequate amount of ventilation
● Give a small amount of privacy
● Is Difficult to maintain properly
● Limited amount of emergency exits
4.5 SUITABLE WINDOWS
For a double-storey timber house, picking the right windows is essential because they have
a big impact on the property's functioning and visual appeal.Double-hung windows stand out
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as the best option when taking into account the unique requirements of a double-storey
timber house in Cherating, Terengganu.
The versatility of double-hung windows makes them an excellent choice for a two-story
timber house, which is one of the main reasons. They harmoniously mix with both traditional
and modern architecture, enhancing a variety of architectural styles. Double-hung windows
can blend in with the overall look of a timber house, whether it emanates a rustic charm or
has modern characteristics, giving it a touch of elegance and timeless design.
Any home must have enough ventilation and airflow, and double-hung windows excel in
these areas. These windows have a distinctive design with two sashes that swing vertically,
providing great ventilation choices. Homeowners can choose to open the top and bottom
sashes separately or simultaneously, allowing for individualized airflow and optimum
comfort. This adaptability guarantees that the timber house will continue to have good
ventilation, fostering a clean and healthy inside atmosphere.
The ease of usage of double-hung windows is an additional benefit. Even for windows on
higher floors, they are easily accessible and practical thanks to the vertical sliding
mechanism. The convenience of this operation is especially useful for maintenance duties
like inside-the-house window cleaning. The windows' functionality can be enjoyed by
homeowners without the trouble of challenging maneuvers or any safety issues.
Double-hung windows also enhance the overall aesthetic appeal of a timber building in
addition to being useful. Their divided-light design, which frequently includes grids or
muntins, improves the aesthetics by giving the windows character and depth. This aesthetic
appeal can blend with the timber house's inherent beauty to provide a seamless and
aesthetically beautiful architectural ensemble.
Any homeowner should prioritize energy efficiency, and double-hung windows excel in this
area as well. These windows provide good insulation when they are correctly sealed,
reducing heat loss in the winter and preventing air leaks. Double-hung windows help to
minimize energy consumption and cost savings by reducing the amount of energy used for
heating and cooling, thus promoting sustainability and environmental responsibility.
The best option for a double-storey timber building, in conclusion, is double-hung windows.
They are a perfect fit for such a property because of their adaptability, ventilation capacities,
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simplicity of use, visual appeal, and energy economy. Double-hung windows have all the key
characteristics that are needed for windows in a double-storey timber home, whether it is to
blend in with the architectural style, provide the best airflow, guarantee user-friendly
operation, add visual appeal, or encourage energy efficiency. Homeowners can improve the
practicality and attractiveness of their timber houses while reaping the rewards of a well-
planned and comfortable living area by choosing double-hung windows.
To produce a high-quality and useful product, double-hung windows must go through several
processes in the production process. The following provides a general description of the
manufacturing process, while precise specifics may change based on the manufacturer and
materials used :
I. Planning and Design:

The design and planning stage of the procedure is where the details and
measurements of the double-hung windows are decided. Choosing the materials,
frame design, glass type, hardware, and any other features or customization options
are all included in this.
II. Material Preparation:

The selected materials, like aluminum, vinyl, or wood, are ready for manufacturing. In
order to do this, the frame parts must be cut and shaped in accordance with the
design requirements. The components may be purchased in pre-cut lengths or cut on
site.
III. Frame Assembly:

The process of frame assembly entails attaching the window frame's head, jamb, and
sill parts together. Typically, screws, mortise and tenon joints, or other suitable
fastening techniques are used to attach the components together. In order to
increase strength and stability, this step also involves the installation of
reinforcements or structural components.
IV. Glass Preparation:

The glass panels are made individually if the windows have insulated or double-
glazed glass. To do this, the glass may need to be cut to size, coated (with, for
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example, Low-E coatings for energy efficiency), and the glass layers assembled with
the required spacers and seals.
V. Sash Construction:
The sashes, which support the glass panels and enable vertical sliding, are
produced independently. Typically, the stiles and rails are joined together to create
the sashes using mortise and tenon joints, dowels, or other suitable joinery methods.
At this point, the required hardware is also fitted, such as weights or balancing
systems.
VI. Painting and finishing:

The frame, sashes, and glass go through a finishing procedure after being prepped.
To protect the wood or improve the aesthetic of the windows, this entails sanding,
priming, and painting or applying other finishes. This procedure could entail adding a
protective coating or color finish to vinyl or aluminum windows.
VII. Installation of glass:

To create a tight fit that is weather-tight, the prepared glass panels are fitted into the
sashes. To keep the glass in place and stop air or water intrusion, sealants, glazing
beads, or gaskets are often used.
VIII. Installation of Hardware:

The frame and sashes are equipped with the required hardware, including pulleys,
balances, locks, and handles. These parts make it possible for the double-hung
windows to function smoothly, securely close, and lock.
IX. Quality control:

The manufactured windows go through stringent quality control inspections before
being packaged and shipped. This guarantees that the windows adhere to industry
norms, functional specifications, and aesthetic criteria. At this point, any necessary
modifications or repairs are made.
X. Deliveries and packaging:

Double-hung windows that have been finished are expertly wrapped to keep them
safe during shipping. They are then delivered, prepared for installation in residential
or commercial structures, to distributors, merchants, or directly to the clients.
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5. ROOF
5.1 PROPERTIES
Roofs provide shelter, protection, and structural integrity as the protective covering that tops
our structures. Understanding roof qualities is critical for guaranteeing operation, longevity,
and aesthetic appeal. Here are some properties of roof that can be take into consideration :
I. Roof Slope/Pitch: A roof's slope or pitch refers to its steepness. It is commonly

expressed as a vertical rise to horizontal run ratio. The slope influences the roof's visual
look as well as its capacity to shed water and resist wind loads.
II. Roof Materials: Asphalt shingles, metal sheets, clay or concrete tiles, slate, wood
shakes, thatch, or synthetic materials can all be used to build a roof. Each material has
its unique characteristics in terms of durability, cost, lifespan, maintenance needs, and
weather resistance.
III. Roof Shape: Roofs are available in a variety of shapes, and the shape chosen can
influence both the architectural style and the utility of the roof. Gable (triangular), hip
(slopes on all sides), flat, shed, gambrel (barn-like with two slopes on each side), and
mansard (four sides with two slopes) are all common roof types.
IV. Roof Load Capacity: Roofs must be able to withstand the weight of the roof materials,
snow buildup, and any extra loads such as HVAC systems, solar panels, or equipment.
A roof's load capacity is determined by its structural design, materials utilised, and local
construction requirements.
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V. Insulation: Roof insulation helps to control temperature, minimise energy consumption,
and promote thermal comfort within the structure. It can be put as stiff insulation panels
above the roof deck or as part of the roof assembly.
VI. Waterproofing: Roofs must be adequately waterproofed to avoid water intrusion and
structural damage. This often entails the use of waterproof membranes, sealants, and
flashing at roof penetrations (such as chimneys, vents, and skylights) to provide a
watertight seal.
VII. Ventilation: Proper ventilation in the roof structure prevents moisture buildup, reduces
the danger of mould and damage, and improves interior air quality. Ridge vents, soffit
vents, gable vents, and mechanical ventilation are all examples of ventilation systems.
5.2 TYPES OF ROOFS
Each variety has its own set of benefits and visual appeal. The type of roof structure chosen
will be determined by considerations such as architectural style, climate, personal taste, and
local construction codes.These are just a few examples of roof structures that can be used
on timber houses.
I. Gable Roof: This is one of the most frequent types of roofs. It is formed by two sloping
sides that meet at a ridge to produce a triangle shape. Gable roofs are easy to build and
provide adequate drainage. They are suited for a variety of architectural types and
provide plenty of attic space.
II. Hip Roof: A hip roof has a modest pitch and slopes on both sides. The roof's sides meet
at the hips, resulting in a more compact and robust construction. Hip roofs provide high
wind resistance and can give additional living space in the shape of dormers or attic
rooms.
III. Gambrel Roof: Each side of this roof structure has two slopes, with the bottom slope
being steeper than the upper. Gambrel roofs are typically associated with barns and
give additional headroom and useable attic space. They have an unmistakable barn-like
look.
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IV. Mansard Roof: A mansard roof, also known as a French roof, has two slopes on each
side, with the bottom slope being steeper than the top. This design maximises useable
attic space, making it appropriate for building additional rooms or living areas. Mansard
roofs frequently have a traditional and beautiful appearance.
5.3 SELECTION AND SUITABILITY
A roof structure's viability for a double-story wood home is determined by various aspects,
including structural soundness, architectural aesthetics, utility, and local building codes.
Needless to add, it is important to contact with specialists, such as architects, structural
engineers, or wood building contractors, to verify that the chosen roof structure is
appropriate for a double-story timber home and also relies on the site chosen. Some
consideration are taken such as :
I. Structural Integrity:The roof structure must be strong enough to handle the weight of the
roofing materials, snow buildup, wind pressures, and any extra loads such as solar
panels or HVAC equipment. It should offer appropriate support and adequately
distribute loads to the supporting walls or columns.
II. Space Utilization: Consider how you want to use the space on the second story. The
roof construction should provide for adequate headroom and unobstructed spans with
minimal impediments. It should make the planning and functionality of upper-level
rooms, corridors, staircases, and other elements easier.
III. Architectural Style: The roof structure should suit the double-story timber house's
architectural style. Different roof styles, such as gable, hip, mansard, or combination
roofs, can improve the building's overall aesthetics and visual appeal.
IV. Building Codes and Regulations: Check that the roof structure you choose conforms
with local building standards and regulations. These specifications may include wind
load resistance, fire safety, structural design standards, and any special measures for
timber construction.
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I. GABLE ROOF
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Simple and Cost-Effective: Gable roofs Wind Vulnerability: Gable roofs are
are very simple in design and vulnerable to wind uplift pressures,
construction, making them less particularly in areas prone to severe
expensive than more complicated roof winds or storms.
types.
Excellent Water Drainage: Gable roofs' Snow Accumulation: Snow buildup on

steep slopes provide for effective water slopes can occur due to the design of
drainage, preventing water from gable roofs, particularly at the lower
collecting or gathering on the roof. margins or valleys.
Ample Attic Space: Gable roofs often Limited Space for Windows: Gable roofs'
include a triangular attic space beneath sloping sides may limit the location and
the roof that may be used for storage or size of windows on the upper story.
transformed into extra living space.
Good Ventilation Opportunities: Natural Maintenance Challenges: When

ventilation is possible with gable roofs. compared to other roof styles, the vertical
walls or gable ends of the roof may be
more exposed to weather factors such as
rain and sunshine.
Versatile Design: Gable roofs may be

used in a variety of architectural styles,
from classic to contemporary.
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II. HIP ROOF
Excellent Stability: Hip roofs are well- Increased Construction Complexity: Hip
known for their strength and resilience to roofs demand more sophisticated design
high winds. The roof's slopes on both and construction than simpler roof
sides provide a more aerodynamic designs.
design.
Enhanced Drainage: A hip roof's slopes Limited Headroom: The sloping slopes of
on both sides provide for effective water a hip roof may result in limited headroom
drainage. This helps to avoid water around the top floor's borders.
collecting and lowers the likelihood of
leaks or water damage.
Ample Attic Space: Hip roofs often Reduced Ventilation Opportunities: When
produce a large attic space with a opposed to roof designs with gable ends,
constant height on all sides. hip roofs may offer less options for
natural ventilation.
Aesthetic Appeal: Hip roofs provide a Maintenance Challenges: If not properly

traditional and timeless look that suits a maintained, the valleys and intersections
variety of architectural styles. of a hip roof can be prone to debris
. collection and potential water infiltration.
Increased Energy Efficiency: When

opposed to flat roofs, the sloping sides of
a hip roof provide for improved insulation
and energy efficiency..
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III. GAMBREL ROOF
Increased Interior Space: When Increased Construction Complexity:
compared to other roof designs, gables Gambrel roofs can be more complicated
give more usable internal space. and difficult to design and build than
other types of roofs.
Architectural Aesthetics: Gambrel roofs Wind Vulnerability: A gambrel roof's

provide a distinct architectural style. unusual design, with steep slopes at the
lower and top parts, might render it more
vulnerable to wind uplift pressures.
Improved Headroom: A gambrel roof's Maintenance Challenges: A gambrel

steep bottom slope provides for more roof's angles and intersections can make
headroom on the upper level or in the maintenance and repairs more complex.
attic.
Efficient Roof Drainage: A gambrel roof's Limited Design Flexibility: Gambrel roofs
steep slopes provide for effective water have a distinct architectural style that
drainage, lowering the chance of leaks may not be appropriate for all sorts of
and water damage. structures or architectural projects.
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IV. MANSARD ROOF
Increased Usable Space: One of the key Higher Construction Costs: Mansard
benefits of a mansard roof is the extra roofs can be more difficult and labor-
living space it provides. Increased intensive to build than other types of
Usable Space: One of the most roofs.
significant benefits of a mansard roof is
the increased living space it provides.
Architectural Versatility: Mansard roofs Maintenance Challenges: The

provide architectural adaptability and complicated construction of a mansard
may be adapted to a variety of styles, roof can make maintenance and repairs
such as conventional, historic, or modern difficult.
designs. .
Easy Access and Versatile Use: When Vulnerability to Wind Uplift: The virtually
compared to steep sloped roofs, the vertical top slope of a mansard roof
almost vertical upper slope of a mansard makes it more sensitive to wind uplift
roof makes it easier to reach and utilise pressures.
the attic area.
Energy Efficiency: A mansard roof's Limited Roofing Material Options: The

design provides for good insulation and steep slopes and intricate geometry of a
energy efficiency. mansard roof may limit the roofing
materials available.
5.5 CHOICES AND SUITABILITY (HIP ROOF)
To begin, stability is an important element for any roofing design, and a hip roof shines in
this area. Its design has sloping sides on all four sides, resulting in a more aerodynamic form
and increased resistance against severe winds. This structural stability is critical for a
double-story house since it guarantees the roof can resist wind forces and reduces the
chance of damage during severe weather events..
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Second, a hip roof provides efficient water drainage. Rainwater may readily flow off the roof
due to the slopes on all sides, decreasing the possibility of water gathering or leaks. This is
especially critical for a two-story home, as any water leakage may cause substantial interior
damage, jeopardising structural integrity and necessitating costly repairs.
Another benefit of a hip roof is the additional attic space it gives. The steep roof slopes
produce a more expansive attic space, allowing for additional storage or conversion into
additional living quarters. This is advantageous for a two-story house since it provides extra
space for homeowners to use as they see fit, such as establishing an office, playroom, or
guest bedroom.
Furthermore, a hip roof can improve the overall appearance of a two-story timber building.
Its balanced and aesthetically pleasing profile elevates the architectural design. A hip roof's
classic and timeless appearance compliments a variety of designs, from conventional to
modern, and blends effortlessly with the overall aesthetics of the timber home.
A hip roof also enhances energy efficiency. The regular slopes provide for improved
insulation and ventilation. Adequate insulation inside the roof structure aids in temperature
regulation, minimising the need for heating and cooling equipment. Proper ventilation
maintains proper airflow in the attic space, minimising moisture accumulation and enhancing
overall energy performance.
Finally, because of its stability, effective water drainage, additional attic space, aesthetic
appeal, and energy efficiency, a hip roof is an excellent choice for a double-story wood
house. It not only offers structural stability and weather protection, but it also adds beauty
and utility to the entire design. When it comes to roofing alternatives for a two-story wood
house, a hip roof provides a good mix of practicality, durability, and aesthetic appeal.
5.6 HIP ROOF (MANUFACTURED AND INSTALLATION)
Hip roofs are built using a number of operations that include planning, framing, and
constructing the roof structure. To begin, the manufacturing process begins with design and
planning. Architects or roof designers construct a blueprint or digital model that details the
hip roof's size, angles, slopes, and other parameters. The architectural style, desired roof
pitch, and structural requirements are all considered in this design.
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Once the design is complete, the materials for the hip roof are chosen. Depending on the
project's individual requirements and preferences, common materials include timber, metal,
or engineered trusses. Materials are chosen for their longevity, load-bearing capability, and
compatibility with the overall construction.
The framing procedure include creating the hip roof's main structure. This usually entails
installing hip rafters, ridge boards, and common rafters. The hip rafters link the roof's corners
to form the sloping hips, while the ridge board runs along the roof's top to give support.
Common rafters run between the hips and the ridge board, constituting the roof structure's
framework.
After the structure is finished, the roof sheathing is installed. Sheathing, which is commonly
built of plywood or oriented strand board (OSB), serves as a stable foundation for the roof
covering. The sheathing is secured to the rafters, resulting in a sturdy and secure surface.
The roof covering is put after the sheathing to protect the roof from the elements. Depending
on personal choice, money, and climate circumstances, the type of roof covering utilised
might vary. Asphalt shingles, metal roofing, clay or concrete tiles, and synthetic materials are
all common possibilities. To avoid water penetration, the roof covering is carefully fitted,
providing sufficient overlap and tight attachment.
Finally, the final touches are applied to bring the production process to a close. Flashing
around roof penetrations, such as chimneys or vents, may be installed to ensure water
tightness. Gutters and downspouts can also be installed to properly regulate rainfall runoff.
To maintain the structural integrity and endurance of the hip roof, it is critical to adhere to
building rules, safety requirements, and best practises throughout the production process.
Finally, creating a hip roof entails planning the roof structure, selecting appropriate materials,
framing the roof, installing sheathing, applying the roof covering, and adding the finishing
touches. Each phase is crucial to constructing a well-built, long-lasting, and aesthetically
beautiful hip roof that protects and functions as part of the larger building structure.
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6.0 STAIRCASES
6.1 PROPERTIES OF STAIRCASES
These are the basic parts of a standard staircase in a building. However, depending on the
precise needs, building regulations, style of architecture, and materials employed, staircase
design and construction may differ.The following are usually the fundamental elements of a
staircase in construction :
I. Treads - These are the flat surfaces which you step on when you go up or down
steps. Treads are made to offer a secure and nice walking surface. Typically, they
are constructed out of materials like metal, wood, stone, or concrete.
II. Risers - The vertical elements that join one tread with another are known as risers.
They aid in defining the height of every stride and guard against foot loss from the
tread's front. There may be no risers in some open-style stairways, leaving an empty
area between each tread.
III. Stringers - The structural supports known as stringers run down the sides of the
staircase and help to stabilize it as well as sustain the load of the treads and risers.
Usually, they are made of steel, concrete, or wood. Most staircases have two
stringers—one on each side—but some might only have a single one in the middle.
IV. Balustrade - The protective wall that runs alongside the staircase to offer stability
and prevent falls is referred to as the balustrade, frequently referred to as the railing
39
or handrail system. It is made up of bottom rail, handrail, and vertical balusters or
spindles. Wood, glass, metal, or any combination of these materials are among the
materials used to make balustrades.
V. Newel Posts - Large, solid supports known as newel posts support the railing at the
staircase's beginning, middle, and corners. They support the balustrade structurally
and frequently act as ornamental components as well.
VI. Nosing - The rounded tread edge that extends just past the riser is known as the
nosing. It enhances safety by lowering the possibility of tripping and gives the steps a
polished look.
VII. Landing - Between two flights of staircases or at the top and bottom of a staircase,
there is a level area or platform called a landing. It offers a spot to rest and can also
alter the staircase's orientation.
6.2 TYPE OF STAIRCASES
These are only a handful of examples of the various styles of stairs that are employed in
building. The decision on the type of staircase design is influenced by various elements,
including the amount of space available, the architectural style, utility, safety standards, and
aesthetic preferences.There are several different kinds of stairs used in construction, each
one having its own special features and design. Here are some typical staircase designs :
0. Simple Staircase - The most basic and most typical kind of stairway is this one.
There are only straight steps; there are no twists or shifts in direction.
II. L-shaped Staircase - An L-shaped staircase, as the name implies, has a landing
that completely alters the staircase's orientation. When there is not much room
40
available or when a pleasing design is desired, this kind of staircase is frequently
used.
III. U-shape Staircases - A U-shaped staircase is made up of two flights of stairs which
are connected by a landing. It lends a more opulent and regal appearance and is
frequently used in larger rooms.
IV. Spiral Staircase - Steps on spiral staircases loop around a central pillar in a round or
helical pattern. They are small and attractive, and are frequently used where there is
a lack of room or to provide architectural character to a building.
V. Straight Staircase - Curved stairs often follow a gradual arc and possess a flowing,
curved shape. They can be created specifically to fit the area and add an eye-
catching visual element to architectural designs.
VI. Vertical Staircase - Floating stairs lack regular risers and are frequently supported
by a covert structural support system, giving the appearance that the steps are
floating in midair. They provide a contemporary, clean aesthetic.
VII. Cantilevered Staircase - Cantilevered stairs have one side that is supported by
beams or brackets and an open side. This style lends the structure a feeling of
lightness and provides the steps the appearance of floating.
VIII. Winder Staircase - Without a landing, winder staircases resemble L-shaped

staircases. To adjust the orientation of the stairs, they instead utilize winders, which
are triangular-shaped staircases. In areas with little room, winder staircases are
frequently employed.
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IX. Split Staircase - Split staircases, often referred to as bifurcated staircases, begin as
one flight of stairs before dividing into two distinct flights that face in opposite
directions. They are frequently featured in enormous structures or opulent entrances
to produce a striking and symmetrical impression.
There are many things to think about when choosing and creating staircases for a double-
storey timber house, including safety, utility, aesthetics, and compliance with building
requirements.These are broad concerns, therefore it's crucial to check your location's
individual building codes and regulations. For the precise design and construction of a
staircase for your double-storey timber house, professional advice is also advised.
0. Buildings Codes - Learn about the rules and regulations in your area governing stair
construction. These codes frequently include specifications for railings, balustrades, heights,
and other safety features.
II. Availability of Space - Analyze the staircase's potential space. Choose the best
placement while taking into account the flow of traffic, nearby rooms, and structural
constraints.
III. Design Considerations - Choose the staircase's general layout and design while
taking both its aesthetic and functional aspects into account. Straight stairs, L-shaped
steps, U-shaped stairs, and spiral staircases are all common choices for timber
houses. The design should complement the home's overall architectural style.
IV. Safety - When planning stairs, security should come first. Make sure that the tread
depth and riser height (the vertical space between each step) follow the applicable
municipal construction codes. To avoid tripping dangers, all steps must have uniform
dimensions.
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V. Balustrades and handrails - For support and safety, install strong handrails on
either side of the stairs. To avoid falls, balustrades or guardrails should be built along
the open sides of the staircase and on landings. These are commonly constructed of
wood, glass, or metal.
VI. Materials - Consider both endurance and aesthetic appeal while choosing the right
timber for the stairway. The most frequently used types of wood are oak, maple,
beech, and walnut. Make sure the wood has been polished or treated to withstand
wear and strain.
VII. Maintenance - Think on how much upkeep the chosen staircase design and
materials will demand. To maintain its longevity and look, timber staircases may need
to be refinished or sealed on a regular basis.
VIII. Lighting - To navigate the staircase safely, especially at night, there must be
sufficient lighting. To ensure visibility, incorporate both artificial and natural lighting,
such as strategically positioned windows, skylights or light fixtures.
IX. Contractors or Designer - Hire the assistance of a skilled builder or architect who
specializes in installing and designing staircases. They can guarantee adherence to
building codes and offer insightful ideas.
I. Simple Staircase
Advantages :
● Simple and economical design.
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● Simple to build and requiring little labor and material.
● offers a clear and effective path for ascent and descent.
● enables simple furniture movement and large object transfer.
Disadvantages :
● Compared to other forms of staircases, it requires a greater linear space.
● If the flight is too lengthy without any intermediate landings, climbing could be
exhausting.
● lacks versatility in design and could come off as boring or uninspiring.
II. L-shaped staircase
Advantages :
● enables a shift in direction, a place to stop and rest, or a focal point for a design.
● makes use of a 90-degree bend to conserve space in comparison to a straight
staircase.
● provides an aesthetically pleasing design component that adds interest to the
architecture.
Disadvantages :
● a bigger footprint is needed than with a straight staircase.
● Due to the extra landing and support structure, construction may be more expensive.
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III. U-Shaped Staircase
Advantages :
● frequently employed in huge structures or famous gateways, it produces a
magnificent and regal image.
● enables a natural pause in the ascent by offering a landing at the halfway point.
● intended for people with restricted mobility, safe and comfortable to use.
Disadvantages :
● requires a lot of room and is appropriate for larger places.
● due to the complexity of the design, construction costs could be higher.
● To support the weight, the structure might need to be strengthened further.
IV. Spiral staircase
Advantages :
● Space-saving design is perfect for confined spaces where a traditional staircase will
not fit.
● provides a remarkable and distinctive architectural element.
● can produce a classy, creative focal point in a space or structure.
Disadvantages :
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● Some people, especially the elderly or those with mobility challenges, may find it
difficult to maneuver.
● Having little headroom and/or width can feel constricting or uncomfortable.
● Due to the narrow stairs, it might not be appropriate for frequent usage or lifting
heavy goods.
V. Curved Staircase
Advantages :
● Offers an elegant and luxurious look, making it a popular choice in upscale buildings
and homes.
● Enhances the aesthetics of a space, adding a sense of sophistication.
● Provides a smooth and graceful flow, making the staircase a centerpiece.
Disadvantages :
● Requires skilled craftsmanship and custom fabrication to achieve the desired
curvature.
● Can be expensive to construct due to the specialized design and materials required.
● May require more space compared to other staircase types to accommodate the
curve.
VI. Vertical Staircase
Advantages :
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● A minimalistic and contemporary aesthetic is provided by the design's simplicity and
modernity.
● allows for plenty of light and a feeling of openness around it.
● creates a stunning focal point that is frequently employed in design.
Disadvantages :
● Specialized engineering and installation methods are necessary to guarantee
structural stability.
● fewer alternatives for handrails than on regular staircases.
● Due to the lack of risers, it might not be ideal for people who have mobility issues.
VII. Cantilevered Staircase
Advantages :
● A distinctive and aesthetically pleasing design that makes a statement in
contemporary architecture designs.
● gives the impression of floating steps, adding interest to the architecture.
● permits a clear and open area beneath the stairs.
Disadvantages :
● is stable and safe only with rigorous engineering and structural support.
● Due to the demand for specialized design and materials, construction costs may be
high.
● restricted design options in comparison to other stair kinds.
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VIII. Winder Staircase
Advantages :
● Effective use of space, appropriate for locations with insufficient space for a
conventional straight staircase.
● able to fit into small or oddly shaped spaces, facilitating unusual architectural
designs.
● provides a visually appealing design that adds a layer of intrigue and movement.
Disadvantages :
● can be difficult for some people to navigate, especially for those with mobility
limitations.
● Due to the inclined stairs, they might not offer an appealing tread size or rise-to-run
ratio.
● may not feel as safe as a flight of straight stairs, especially if the winders are narrow
or have an odd shape.
IX. Split Staircase
Advantages:
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● gives way to a magnificent and balanced entrance that is frequently employed in
palatial or distinguished buildings.
● gives users the option of independent entrance to various rooms or floors, boosting
privacy and flow.
● provides a visually attractive and magnificent design that exudes elegance.
Disadvantages :
● need a greater footprint than other types of stairs.
● Costlier design and construction due to complexity.
● Could be viewed as excessive or unworkable in smaller or more modest locations.
6.5 SUITABLE STAIRCASES
Functionality, aesthetics, space efficiency, and safety are all important considerations when
selecting a staircase for a double-story timber house.The L-shaped staircase stands out as
the best option when taking into account the particular requirements of a double-story timber
house in Cherating, Terengganu. Its distinctive design is the perfect fit for timber dwellings
since it combines functionality, architectural interest, and versatility.
The L-shaped staircase's ability to save space is one of its main benefits. For timber
dwellings with limited space, the L-shape of the staircase allows it to fit into corners or up
against walls. Homeowners can optimize the floor plan without sacrificing the overall
functioning and style of their residence by making optimal use of the available space.
An L-shaped staircase's 90-degree turn at the landing gives the home's overall design a little
extra architectural flair. With this design feature, a straight staircase is broken up into
interesting focus points that draw the eye and give the room personality. Further improving
the staircase's visual appeal, the landing can be used as a place to add ornamental accents
or a small seating space.Also ,when choosing a staircase, safety is an important factor to
take into account, and the L-shaped form excels in this area. It is safer and simpler to walk
the staircase thanks to the landing that separates the two flights of stairs. It lowers the
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possibility of accidents, particularly when traveling between floors, and offers a place to rest
if necessary. Additionally, L-shaped staircases are more universally accessible than spiral
staircases, making them more suitable for persons of all ages and abilities.
Homeowners can adapt the L-shaped staircase to their unique requirements and tastes
thanks to its extraordinary versatility. In order to provide a smooth integration with the overall
design of the timber house, it can be customized to meet various floor plans and
architectural styles. Homeowners can design a unified and aesthetically pleasing
environment by selecting the right materials, balustrades, and finishes to further enhance the
staircase's appearance.
The L-shaped staircase turns out to be the best option for double-story timber houses, in the
end. It is the perfect choice for households looking for both usefulness and aesthetic appeal
because of its space efficiency, architectural interest, safety features, and versatility. The L-
shaped staircase is a dependable and adaptable solution for timber homes, serving to
maximize space, provide an unusual design feature, ensure safety, or accommodate various
architectural styles.
L-shaped staircases are made using a multi-step process that includes design, material
selection, manufacture, and installation. An outline of the typical production process is
provided below:
Measurement and Design :
Measurements and design planning are done carefully at the start of the procedure. Based
on the available space and the particular needs of the double-story timber house, the
staircase's size is chosen. During this phase, variables including riser height, tread depth,
and handrail arrangement are taken into account.
II. Material Choice :
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The right materials are selected to build the L-shaped staircase once the design is complete.
Solid wood is frequently used for the treads, risers, and stringers in wooden houses, while
metal or wood is frequently used for the railings and balustrades. The material selection is
influenced by the required durability, aesthetics, and financial constraints.
III. Fabrication :
Cutting and shaping the chosen materials in accordance with the design criteria is part of the
fabrication process. As the stringers are produced to form the staircase's structure, the solid
wood is cut to the lengths needed for the treads and risers. To guarantee precise
measurements and a smooth fit, precision is essential.
IV. Assembly and Joinery :
The numerous parts of the staircase are tightly joined together using joinery methods like
mortise and tenon joints or metal brackets. The main structure is made by connecting the
treads and risers to the stringers. At this time, the handrails and balustrades are also
installed to ensure stability and security.
V. Finishing :
A finishing procedure is used to the staircase to improve its aesthetic appeal and safeguard
the wood. To bring out the natural beauty of the wood and match the desired aesthetic of the
timber house, this usually entails sanding the surfaces to obtain a smooth finish and applying
stains, varnishes, or paints.
VI. Installation :
The L-shaped staircase is built in the double-story timber house after manufacture is
finished. It is precisely set in place and fastened firmly to the wall and floor supports. The
staircase is leveled, stable, and installed according to all safety regulations, including the
right handrail height and balustrade spacing.
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VII. Testing and Quality Assurance :
The staircase is examined to make sure it complies with all quality standards and building
rules prior to the official handover. To make sure the staircase can take the predicted weight
and usage without developing any structural problems, load testing may be done.
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7. INTERNAL WALLS
7.1 PROPERTIES
An internal wall, also known as an interior wall or partition wall, is a structural component
that divides and separates a building's interior space into multiple rooms, regions, or zones.
Internal walls, as opposed to external walls, are located within the building's envelope and
are primarily concerned with establishing functional areas and giving seclusion.
Internal walls are essential in determining the layout and organisation of a building's interior.
They establish the limits of rooms, corridors, and halls, allowing for more effective space
utilisation and enabling a variety of activities. Depending on the individual design needs and
building rules, these walls are often built using materials such as plasterboard, plasterboard,
masonry or metal studs.
Internal wall structure qualities can vary based on factors such as building materials, design,
and intended usage. However, here are some common properties associated with internal
walls:
I. Load-Bearing Capacity: Internal walls are usually built to support the weight of the
structure above them, such as the roof or higher levels. Load-bearing walls are built
using materials such as concrete, masonry (brick or block), or structural steel, which
offer the strength required to support vertical loads.
II. Sound Insulation: Internal walls play an important role in acoustic seclusion and sound
transmission between rooms. Good sound insulation capabilities aid in the reduction of
noise disturbance and the preservation of a comfortable atmosphere. Soundproofing
can be improved by using materials such as gypsum board, acoustic panels, or
insulation.
III. Fire Resistance: Internal walls are frequently required to have fire-resistant qualities in
order to control the spread of fire within a structure and offer safe escape pathways. To
build walls with required fire ratings, fire-resistant materials such as gypsum board, fire-
rated glass, or concrete are typically employed.
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IV. Thermal Insulation: Internal walls can help to keep indoor temperatures tolerable by
providing thermal insulation. To limit heat transmission and promote energy efficiency,
insulating materials such as fibreglass batts or stiff foam boards can be integrated into
wall construction.
V. Durability: Internal walls should be durable enough to endure daily use, including
impacts, dampness, and normal wear and tear. The materials and building procedures
used can have an impact on the endurance of the wall structure.
VI. Surface Finish: Internal wall surface treatment is a significant aesthetic aspect. Walls
can be decorated with paint, wallpaper, tiles, or ornamental panels, depending on the
desired appearance.
VII. Partitioning Flexibility: Internal walls can be built to allow for variable room layouts and
future changes. Non-load-bearing walls, often known as partition walls, can be readily
built, relocated, or removed without impacting the building's overall structural integrity.
7.2 TYPES OF TIMBER INTERNAL WALLS
Timber walls are a wonderful alternative for interior walls because they provide warmth,
natural beauty, and diversity. Here are some common types of timber walls used for internal
wall construction:
I. Timber Frame Walls: Timber frame walls are built consisting of a framework of wood
studs or posts that give structural support for the wall. The timber framing is usually
covered with sheathing, such as gypsum board or plywood, which acts as a finish
surface and adds strength.
II. Timber Clad Walls: Timber clad walls are constructed with timber boards or panels as
the principal surface material. These boards can be put vertically, horizontally, or in a
patterned pattern, providing a variety of aesthetic alternatives. Solid wood or engineered
wood materials such as plywood or oriented strand board (OSB) can be used to make
timber cladding.
III. Timber Paneling: The placement of timber panels on the internal wall surface is known
as timber panelling. These panels can be formed of solid wood or veneered sheets and
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come in a variety of designs, including shiplap, tongue and groove, and board and
batten. Timber panelling gives texture and aesthetic appeal to the wall while also
creating a warm and welcoming environment.
IV. Timber Partition Walls: Non-load-bearing timber partition walls are used to divide
internal areas without carrying any structural weight. These walls are normally built with
timber studs and sheathing or timber panels. Timber partition walls are adaptable
because they can be simply built, relocated, or removed to change the interior
arrangement as needed.
Moisture resistance, fire resistance, and acoustic performance are all essential
considerations when utilising timber for internal walls. Depending on the individual needs
and laws, suitable treatments, finishes, or extra layers may be necessary to improve the
qualities of the timber in these areas.
A good interior wall system for a two-story wood house would normally include a
combination of load-bearing timber frame walls and non-load-bearing timber partition walls.
tThis is an overview of the recommended internal wall options:
I. Load-Bearing Timber Frame Walls: Load-bearing walls give structural support for the
house's higher floors. Load-bearing walls in a wood home are normally built using
timber studs or posts that comprise the wall's structure. These walls can be sheathed
with materials such as gypsum board or plywood to offer strength and a smooth surface
for finishing. The weight of the higher floors is distributed to the base via load-bearing
wood frame walls, guaranteeing structural integrity.
Sheathing materials are applied to load-bearing timber frame walls to increase their
strength and stiffness. Gypsum board (commonly known as plasterboard), plywood, and
oriented strand board (OSB) are also popular alternatives. The sheathing adds stability
and serves as a surface for finishing.
The load-bearing timber frame walls should be strategically arranged so that the loads
are distributed uniformly and effectively. They are often placed along the house's
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perimeter and in specified areas to sustain the weight from the roof, higher levels, and
any important structural features.
II. Non-Load-Bearing Timber Partition Walls: Non-load-bearing partition walls are used to
divide the interior space into rooms or areas but do not carry any structural load. These
walls are often constructed using timber studs and covered with sheathing or timber
panels. Timber partition walls offer flexibility as they can be easily installed, relocated, or
removed to modify the interior layout as needed. They provide privacy and define
distinct spaces within the house without affecting the structural integrity.
non-load-bearing timber partition walls are commonly built using timber studs. The stud
size and spacing may differ based on the desired wall height and the planned usage of
the area. The wooden studs can be covered with sheathing materials such as gypsum
board or plywood, which provides a surface for finishing and strengthens the wall.
The flexibility of non-load-bearing timber partition walls is one of its advantages. They
enable for simple interior layout changes or reconfigurations. If you decide to modify the
size of the rooms or construct an open-plan arrangement in the future, these walls may
be modified or eliminated with no structural impact.
The decision between load-bearing timber frame walls and non-load-bearing timber partition
walls is determined by your wood house's individual structural needs and design factors.
Load-bearing walls sustain the weight of the higher floors, while partition walls allow for
variable interior layouts and room divisions.
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I. TIMBER CLAD WALLS
Natural Aesthetic: Timber coated walls Maintenance Requirements: Timber-clad
provide character and a sense of walls must be maintained on a regular
cosiness to interior spaces by providing a basis to maintain their beauty and
warm and natural look. longevity. They may require cleaning,
refinishing, or resealing on a regular
basis to safeguard against moisture,
scratches, and UV damage.
Versatility in Design: Timber cladding Vulnerability to Moisture: Timber is prone

provides design flexibility. It may be to water absorption and expansion. To
mounted vertically, horizontally, or in prevent moisture-related concerns like
other patterns, allowing for unique mould or decay in locations with high
emotions and aesthetics. humidity or moisture, such as bathrooms
. or kitchens, suitable ventilation, moisture
barriers, and finishes should be carefully
considered.
Durability and Longevity: When properly Cost Considerations: Timber cladding

built and maintained, timber cladding may be more costly than alternative wall
may be extremely long-lasting. treatments such as plasterboard or paint.
Hardwood species and treated timbers
are very resistant to wear and can
survive the rigours of daily usage,
making them appropriate for high-traffic
areas.
Insulation Properties: Wood is a natural Fire Resistance: While timber may be

insulator that has excellent thermal and treated with fire resistant coatings, it is
acoustic qualities. Timber-clad walls can flammable by nature. To achieve building
aid with temperature regulation, energy code standards for fire resistance, timber
efficiency, and noise reduction between clad walls may require extra fire safety
rooms. measures such as fire-resistant coatings
or the incorporation of fire-rated
materials.
Sustainable and Eco-Friendly: Timber is Limited Availability of Unique Species:

a renewable resource, and utilising it for Some timber species may be scarce due
cladding supports environmentally to their distinctive grain patterns or
friendly building practises. desired qualities.
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II. TIMBER FRAME WALLS
Structural Strength: Timber frame walls Moisture and Rot: If not adequately
have a high level of structural strength covered, timber is sensitive to moisture
and stability. Timber is a sturdy and absorption and can decay.
durable material that can bear both
vertical and horizontal stresses, making it
an excellent choice for multi-story
structures.
Design Flexibility: Timber frame walls Fire Resistance: Because timber is
provide you a wide range of design flammable, timber frame walls may
options. They are easily customizable necessitate additional fire safety
and adaptable to many architectural measures in order to fulfil building code
types and room layouts. standards.
Energy Efficiency: Timber has natural Maintenance: Timber frame walls require
insulating characteristics that can help frequent care to keep moisture, pests,
with energy efficiency in buildings. and decay at bay. Sealing, staining, or
Timber frame walls can provide strong painting the wood may be necessary to
thermal insulation, which reduces heat prevent weathering, insect infestation, or
transmission and potentially lowers fungus development.
heating and cooling expenses.
Sustainability: When derived from Cost Considerations: Timber frame

carefully managed forests, timber is a building might be more expensive than
renewable and ecologically favourable standard construction methods at times.
resource. The use of wood in The cost of lumber, as well as
construction can assist minimise the specialised connections and treatments,
carbon footprint of building materials. can all contribute to greater initial prices.
Construction Speed: When compared to Acoustic Insulation: While timber

typical masonry walls, timber frame walls naturally has some sound insulation
may be built in a comparatively short capabilities, further steps may be
period of time. Off-site prefabrication of required to obtain maximum acoustic
timber components allows for speedier performance in timber frame walls.
on-site assembly, which reduces
construction time and costs.
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III. TIMBER PANELING
Natural Aesthetic: Timber panelling adds Maintenance Requirements: To keep its
a warm, natural look to interior spaces. It aesthetic and longevity, timber panelling
adds texture, depth, and visual appeal to must be maintained on a regular basis.
walls, resulting in a warm and inviting To protect against moisture, scratches,
environment. and UV damage, it may require frequent
cleaning, refinishing, or resealing.
Design Versatility: Timber panelling Vulnerability to Moisture: Timber is prone

provides a variety of design alternatives. to moisture absorption and, if exposed to
It may be put in a variety of designs, too much moisture, can distort or decay.
including shiplap, tongue and groove,
and board and batten, allowing for
unique expression and customisation.
Durability and Longevity: When properly Cost Considerations: Timber panelling is

fitted and maintained, timber panelling more costly than conventional wall
may be extremely long-lasting. Panelling treatments such as plasterboard or paint.
made from hardwood species or
engineered wood products can survive
wear and abrasion, making them suited
for high-traffic areas.
Insulation Properties: Wood is a natural Limited Availability of Unique Species:

insulator, both thermally and acoustically. Some timber species with unusual grain
By reducing sound transmission between patterns or desirable qualities may be
rooms, timber panelling can assist scarce, limiting design possibilities and
control temperature, minimise energy increasing prices if finding such species
consumption, and increase acoustic becomes difficult.
seclusion.
Easy Installation and Repairs: Timber Fire Resistance: Timber panelling is

panelling is extremely simple to install, flammable by nature. Depending on local
especially when tongue and groove or building rules and laws, extra fire-
interlocking panels are used. resistant coatings or fire-rated materials
may need to be included into the
panelling system to fulfil fire safety
requirements.
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IV. TIMBER PARTITION WALLS
Flexibility and Customization: Timber Limited Structural Support: Timber
partition walls allow for the creation and partition walls are non-load-bearing
modification of interior areas. They are walls, which means they bear no
simple to install, reposition, or remove to structural load. They are intended to
suit changes in room layouts or to meet separate space and give seclusion, but
changing demands. they make little contribution to the
building's general structural integrity.
Natural Aesthetic: Timber partition walls Moisture and Decay: Timber partition
provide interior areas a warm and natural walls are prone to moisture absorption,
look. They help to the creation of a cosy which can result in rot or mould
and appealing atmosphere, as well as a development.
sense of comfort and connection with
nature.
Sound Insulation: Timber has intrinsic Fire Resistance: Timber is flammable,

sound insulation capabilities that can aid therefore to fulfil building code standards,
in noise reduction between rooms. timber partition walls may require
Acoustic seclusion may be provided by additional fire protection measures.
timber partition walls.
Quick Installation: Timber partition walls Limited Load-Bearing Capacity: While

may be built more quickly than standard timber partition walls may support their
masonry walls. Prefabricated timber own weight and offer some lateral
panels or frames may be simply erected stability, their load-bearing capability is
on-site, saving time and money on limited.
construction.
Sustainability: When derived from Cost Considerations: The cost of wooden

carefully managed forests, timber is a partition walls varies based on the quality
renewable and environmentally of the wood, the complexity of the
favourable resource. design, and the finishing.
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7.5 CHOICES AND SUITABILITY (TIMBER CLAD WALLS)
Timber coated walls are ideal for a double-story timber house for a variety of reasons. Their
applicability arises from the distinct qualities and advantages they provide. To begin with,
timber coated walls have a natural appearance that complements the warm and inviting
environment required in a domestic setting. The use of wood adds character and charm to
the home, resulting in a cosy and pleasant atmosphere. Natural differences in wood texture
and colour help to create a visually appealing interior and exterior design.
Second, timber covered walls provide design flexibility, allowing homeowners to create the
look and style they prefer. Timber may be laid vertically, horizontally, or in other patterns,
providing several creative options for customisation. It can be stained, painted, or left
unpainted to meet a variety of architectural styles and personal tastes.
Another advantage of timber-clad walls is their lifespan and durability. Timber can endure
wear and tear when properly built and maintained, making it suited for the needs of a two-
story house. Hardwood species or engineered wood materials used for cladding are
especially durable and can resist the test of time, assuring the walls' endurance.
Furthermore, timber coated walls contribute to the house's energy efficiency and insulation.
Wood is a natural insulator, with strong thermal qualities that aid in temperature regulation
and energy conservation. Timber cladding may improve the overall insulation of a house,
making it cooler in the summer and warmer in the winter, thereby saving electricity.
Furthermore, timber coated walls adhere to sustainable construction practises. Timber is a

renewable resource that, when supplied from carefully managed forests, contributes to
environmentally responsible building practises. The environmental effect of construction
materials can be lowered by using timber for cladding.
It is crucial to note, however, that timber covered walls require frequent care to maintain their
beauty and longevity. To guard against moisture, UV damage, and probable degradation,
proper cleaning, refinishing, and sealing are required.
Finally, because of their natural beauty, architectural adaptability, durability, energy

efficiency, and sustainability, timber covered walls are an appropriate choice for a double-
story timber house. They provide long-term structural stability while creating a warm and
61
inviting ambiance. Timber covered walls may increase the overall attractiveness and utility of
a double-story timber house with regular upkeep, providing a perfect balance of aesthetics
and functionality.
7.6 TIMBER CLAD WALLS (MANUFACTURED AND INSTALLATION)
Timber clad walls are made using a process that includes timber selection, processing,
surface treatment, cladding assembly, finishing, quality control, and packing. For durability
and weather resistance, timber is carefully chosen, processed, and treated. Tongue and
groove or shiplap methods are used to construct the timber boards. Finishing methods and
quality tests guarantee that the product is of excellent quality. The completed panels are
packed and ready for distribution. For efficiency and consistency, advanced technologies
and machines may be utilised. Overall, the production process produces long-lasting,
aesthetically pleasing timber cladding panels.
The preparation of the underlying structure is the first step in the installation of wood coated
walls. The wall frame, which is usually formed of timber studs or other load-bearing
materials, should be well-built and in good shape. Before the cladding process begins, any
necessary insulation or moisture barriers are erected.
The timber cladding panels are then installed and attached to the wall frame. The panels are
normally fastened together using timber-specific nails or screws. The panels are aligned and
levelled with care, resulting in a smooth and visually pleasing finish.
Depending on the type of timber cladding system chosen, several installation procedures
may be used. Tongue and groove panels, for example, need the boards to be interlocked,
whereas shiplap panels overlap to produce a weather-resistant barrier. Each panel is
attached separately, with special care taken to ensure uniform spacing and alignment.
To address corner details, the timber cladding panels are cut and fitted to create clean and
accurate corners. For a smooth look, the corners may use specialised corner pieces or mitre
cuts. To maintain structural integrity and weather resistance at the corners, proper sealing
and strengthening procedures are used.
Additional elements such as windows, doors, or vents are meticulously fitted into the timber
covered walls during the building process. To minimise water penetration and maintain the
62
general integrity of the cladding system, proper flashing and sealing procedures are used
around these parts.
Following the installation of the cladding panels, a finishing treatment is done to improve the
durability and beauty of the timber. To preserve the timber from moisture, UV damage, and
normal wear, this treatment may include staining, painting, or adding protective coatings.
During the installation, special care is taken to ensure sufficient ventilation behind the
cladding to prevent moisture buildup, which can lead to rot or mould growth. Adequate air
circulation is critical for the life of timber-clad walls.
It is important to remember that the installation method will differ based on the kind of timber
cladding, building codes, and manufacturer recommendations. Following industry best
practises and working with timber construction specialists helps ensure a successful and
long-lasting installation.
Finally, correct preparation of the underlying structure, attaching the cladding panels onto
the wall frame, resolving corner details, integrating extra features, applying finishing
treatments, and ensuring optimum ventilation are all part of the installation of timber clad
walls. Following approved installation procedures and taking individual project needs into
account will result in visually pleasing, long-lasting, and weather-resistant wood covered
walls.
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8. DOUBLE STOREY TIMBER HOUSE
8.1 Overall Layout Plans
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8.1.1 Front Elevation
65
8.1.2 Rear Elevation
66
8.1.3 Right Elevation
67
8.1.4 Left Elevation
68
8.1.5 Ground Floor
69
8.1.6 First Floor
70
8.2 Timber Flush Doors
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8.2.1 Timber Flush Doors Details
72
8.3 Timber Panelled Doors
73
8.3.1 Timber Panelled Doors Details
74
8.4 Windows Details
8.5 External Wall
75
8.6 Internal Wall
76
77
8.7 Staircase Details
78
8.8 Roof Structure
8.9 Roof Finishes
79
80
9.0 SPECIFICATION
ELEMENT OF CONSTRUCTION SUMMARIZE
EXTERNAL WALLS When it comes to the specifications for

external walls in a timber house, there are a
few factors to consider. Here are some
general guidelines:
1. Framing: Timber houses typically use a

structural framework made of wooden studs
or posts that form the skeleton of the walls.
The size and spacing of the framing
members will depend on the design
requirements and local building codes.
2. Sheathing: The exterior walls are usually

covered with sheathing boards or panels,
which provide rigidity and support for the
cladding material. Common sheathing
options for timber houses include plywood
or oriented strand board (OSB).
3. Insulation: Proper insulation is essential

for energy efficiency and comfort. Insulation
materials, such as fiberglass, mineral wool,
or rigid foam boards, are typically installed
within the wall cavities to reduce heat
transfer.
DOOR All double leaf doors with rebated meeting

stiles shall be provided with coordinating
device so as to fit fully within the door
openings with a gap of not more than 3mm
between the frame and the edge of the door
when closed.
Flush doors shall generally comply with MS

1506: Specification for Wooden Door with
plywood facing and strength group 1 and
strength group 2 timber lipping, mitred
around all edges. The plywood and strength
group 1- 4 shall in all respects with the
Specifications mentioned hereinbefore.
The preferred sizes for modular door sets

shall comply with MS 1064: Part 4 and for
modular windows shall comply with MS
1064: Part 5.
Unless otherwise specified, plywood used
81
for interior and exterior purposes other than
for formworks and temporary works shall be
manufactured with Moisture Resistant (MR)
bond and Weather and Boil Proof (WBP)
bond respectively in compliance with MS
228. Boards which are to be painted or
varnished shall be properly sanded down
and holes and crevices filled with approved
wood putty or filler.
WINDOWS a) Timber Casement Window

1) 2 Nos. 400 mm long approved
electro-galvanised steel friction
hinges.
2) 1 No. approved brass with satin
chrome finish combination handle
and fastener
b) Top Hung Casement Timber
Window
1) 2 Nos. 750 mm long approved
electro-galvanised steel friction hinges.
2) 1 No. approved brass with satin
chrome finish automatic locking fastener.
ROOF STRUCTURE AND FINISHES ● General: The pitch and batten gauge
for roof coverings must follow the
manufacturer's recommendation,
and all accessories, including eaves,
hips, ridges, and valleys, must be
the same material.
The installation procedures for
roofing sheets must follow
manufacturer recommendations.
using concealed fixing or pierced
fixing.
● Timber grades and sizes tolerance:

Sawn timber for carpentry work
should be structural grade for roof
truss.
STAIRCASES ● The Contractor shall prepare Shop

Drawings as necessary for the
works, unless otherwise indicated in
the drawings. The Contractor must
get clearance from the S.O.S before
submitting the Shop Drawings for
fabrication and installation work.
● According to MS 1064: Part 3, the

desired sizes for modular stairways
and stair apertures must be
maintained.
82
INTERNAL WALLS ● Timber requirement: All timber used
for the timber stud framings for
partition walls shall be as specified
in SECTION H: timber, joinery and
ironmongery works
● Studs: Timber frames for wall

partitions should be built using
vertical and horizontal studs. Unless
otherwise specified, the studs must
be manufactured of certified
hardwood timber and have a
minimum dimension of 50 mm x 50
mm. The distance between
horizontal and vertical studs should
not exceed 600 mm.
● Head Plate: The topmost horizontal

frame, known as the top plate,
should be securely fixed to the
ceiling using bolts or nails.
Additionally, it should be
continuously erected by employing
timber or metal stiffeners that are
firmly fixed to the slab with a spacing
of a maximum of 1200 mm centres,
subject to the approval of the
supervising officer (5.0.).
● Bottom Plate: The lowest horizontal

frame, referred to as the bottom
plate, should also be firmly fixed
using bolts or nails. When fixing to
slabs, M12 expansion bolts should
be utilised at a maximum spacing of
1200. mm centres, along with a
galvanised mild steel strap to the
floor, as approved by the S.O. For
foxing to timber slabs, the spacing
between fixings should not exceed
600 mm centres.
10. REFERENCE
83
1. JKR Standard Specification for Building Works 2014
2. Mohamed, S., & Abdullah, R. (2014). Timber use Practices in Malaysia's
Construction Industry: Single-family Residential Building Sector. Pertanika Journal of
Tropical Agricultural Science, 37(4).
3. Carusi, U., Riparbelli, F., & Salerno, G. (2014). Open scientific problems about the
Platform Frame constructive system. Energy and buildings, 83, 209-216.
4. Carusi, U., Riparbelli, F., & Salerno, G. (2014). Open scientific problems about the
Platform Frame constructive system. Energy and buildings, 83, 209-216.
5. Vatin, N., & Gamayunova, O. (2014). Choosing the right type of windows to improve
energy efficiency of buildings. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 633, 972-976.
6. H. (2017, March 30). Domestic surveys blog What to look for when buying a property
internal walls. Domestic Surveys.
https://www.domesticsurveys.co.uk/2017/03/30/internal-walls/
7. Roof structure. (n.d.). Roof Structure - Designing Buildings.
https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/Roof_structure
84

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COLLEGE OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT

UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONS) (AP224)

TITLE: PROPOSAL FOR BUILDING A DOUBLE STOREY TIMBER HOUSE IN

YouTube Link : https://youtu.be/9qJmd_AcCq0

BIL NAME MATRICS NO

2 EXTERNAL WALLS 2-8

As a professional consultant entrusted with suggesting suitable elements and constructions

I. Platform frame is a sort of timber frame construction technology that is frequently

2.3 SELECTIONS AND SUITABILITY

Several considerations should be addressed while choosing an appropriate form of exterior

2.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

insulation materials, enhancing energy efficiency and thermal performance.

available materials, making it cost-effective and accessible in many regions.

relatively straightforward, allowing for efficient and faster construction.

● Durability and Maintenance: Platform frame structures may be more susceptible to

moisture-related issues, such as rot and decay, if not properly protected.

● Insulation: Insulation may need to be carefully installed to minimize thermal bridging

through the framing members.

of moisture barriers and weatherproofing to prevent water infiltration.

ii) Ballon frame

minimal maintenance, similar to platform frame construction.

installation, improving energy efficiency and thermal performance.

available materials, similar to platform frame construction.

● Construction Process: Balloon frame construction is relatively straightforward,

allowing for efficient and faster construction.

resistance due to the continuous vertical pathways for fire spread.

level to prevent vertical fire spread.

minimal maintenance, similar to platform frame construction.

installation, improving energy efficiency and thermal performance.

● Cost and Availability: Modified frame construction uses commonly available

materials, making it cost-effective and accessible.

● Construction Process: The construction process for modified frame structures is

similar to platform frame construction, allowing for efficient construction.

● Durability and Maintenance: Similar to platform frame construction, proper protection

against moisture-related issues is necessary.

● Insulation: Attention must be given to proper insulation installation to avoid thermal

iv) Independent frame

minimal maintenance, similar to other timber frame systems.

installation, improving energy efficiency and thermal performance.

● Cost and Availability: Independent frame construction uses commonly available

materials, making it cost-effective and accessible.

● Construction Process: The construction process for independent frame structures is

like platform frame construction, allowing for efficient construction.

against moisture-related issues is necessary.

● Insulation: Attention must be given to proper insulation installation to avoid thermal

● Construction Process: Additional detailing may be required to ensure the

independent framing members are properly connected and structurally sound.

2.5 SUITABLE EXTERNAL WALL STRUCTURES

Considering the specific requirements of a double-storey timber house in Cherating,

2.6 MANUFACTURE AND INSTALLATION

Manufacture of Platform Frame:

3.3 SELECTIONS AND SUITABILITY

3.4 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

● Classic and elegant appearance.

● Provides a few panel designs for personalization.

● Insulation and soundproofing characteristics are excellent.

● Long-lasting and durable.

● Can be more costly than other door kinds.

● To avoid degradation, periodic maintenance such as painting or sealing is required.

ii) Glazed Door

● Allows natural light to enter the space, enhancing brightness.

● Allows for visibility and an air of openness.