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Instant Download PDF Introductory and Intermediate Algebra For College Students 5th Edition Blitzer Solutions Manual Full Chapter
Instant Download PDF Introductory and Intermediate Algebra For College Students 5th Edition Blitzer Solutions Manual Full Chapter
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Chapter 7
Rational Expressions
7.1 Concept and Vocabulary Check
7.1 Check Points
1. polynomials
7 x − 28
1. a. 2. 0
8 x − 40
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x. 3. factoring; common factors
8 x − 40 = 0
8 x = 40 4. 1
x=5
The rational expression is undefined for x = 5. 5. 1
8 x − 40 6. false
b.
x + 3x − 28
2
7. false
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
x 2 + 3x − 28 = 0 8. true
( x + 7 )( x − 4 ) = 0
9. false
x + 7 = 0 or x − 4 = 0
x = −7 x=4
The rational expression is undefined for x = −7
7.1 Exercise Set
and x = 4.
7 x + 28 7( x + 4) x + 4 5
2. = = 1.
21x 7 ⋅ 3x 3x 2x
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
x3 − x 2 x 2 ( x − 1) x 2 2x = 0
3. = =
7x − 7 7( x − 1) 7 x=0
The rational expression is undefined for x = 0 .
x2 − 1 ( x + 1)( x − 1) ( x + 1) ( x − 1) x −1
4. = = = 2.
11
x + 2x +1
2
( x + 1) 2
( x + 1) ( x + 1) x +1 3x
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
9 x 2 − 49 (3x + 7)(3x − 7) 3x = 0
5. =
28 − 12 x 4(7 − 3x) x=0
−1 The rational expression is undefined for x = 0 .
(3x + 7) (3 x − 7)
= x
4 (7 − 3x) 3.
x −8
−(3x + 7) 3x + 7 −3 x − 7
= or − or Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
4 4 4 x −8 = 0
x=8
The rational expression is undefined for x = 8 .
x
4.
x−6
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
x−6 = 0
x=6
The rational expression is undefined for x = 6 .
13 8x
5. 10.
5 x − 20 ( 4 x − 19 )( x + 2 )
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x. Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
5 x − 20 = 0 4 x − 19 = 0 or x + 2 = 0
5 x = 20 4 x = 19 x = −2
x=4 19
The rational expression is undefined for x = 4 . x=
4
19
17 The rational expression is undefined for x = and
6. 4
6 x − 30
x = −2.
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
6 x − 30 = 0 x+5
6 x = 30 11.
x + x − 12
2
x+3
( x + 4 )( x − 3) = 0
7. x + 4 = 0 or x − 3 = 0
( )( x − 2 )
x + 9
x = −4 x=3
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
The rational expression is undefined for x = −4 and
( x + 9)( x − 2) = 0 x = 3.
x + 9 = 0 or x − 2 = 0
x = −9 x=2 7 x − 14
The rational expression is undefined for x = −9 12.
x − 9 x + 20
2
and x = 2 . Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
x+5 x 2 − 9 + 20 = 0
8.
( x + 7 )( x − 9 ) ( x − 4 )( x − 5) = 0
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x. x − 4 = 0 or x − 5 = 0
( x + 7 )( x − 9 ) = 0 x=4 x=5
x + 7 = 0 or x − 9 = 0 The rational expression is undefined for x = 4 and
x = 5.
x = −7 x=9
The rational expression is undefined for x+5
13.
x = −7 and x = 9. 5
Because the denominator, 5, is not zero for any
4x value of x, the rational expression is defined for all
9.
(3x − 17)( x + 3) real numbers.
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
( 3x − 17 )( x + 3) = 0 x+7
14.
7
3x − 17 = 0 or x + 3 = 0
Because the denominator, 7, is not zero for any
3 x = 17 x = −3 value of x, the rational expression is defined for all
17 real numbers.
x=
3
17
The rational expression is undefined for x =
3
and x = −3 .
y+3 5
15. 19.
4y + y − 3
2
x +1
2
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x. The smallest possible value of x 2 is 0, so x 2 + 1 ≥ 1
4 y2 + y − 3 = 0 for all real numbers of x. This means that there is no
( y + 1)( 4 y − 3) = 0 real number x for which x 2 + 1 = 0. Thus, the
rational expression is defined for all real numbers.
y + 1 = 0 or 4y −3 = 0
y = −1 4y = 3 8
20.
3 x +4
2
y=
4 The smallest possible value of x 2 is 0, so
The rational expression is undefined for y = −1 and x 2 + 4 ≥ 4 for all real numbers of x. This means that
3 there is no real number x for which x 2 + 4 = 0.
y= .
4 Thus, the rational expression is defined for all real
numbers.
y +8
16.
6 y2 − y − 2 14 x 2 2 ⋅ 7 ⋅ x ⋅ x 2 x
21. = = = 2x
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x. 7x 7⋅x 1
6 y2 − y − 2 = 0
( 2 y + 1)( 3 y − 2 ) = 0 22.
9 x2 3 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x ⋅ x 3x
= =
2 y + 1 = 0 or 3y − 2 = 0 6x 2 ⋅3⋅ x 2
2 y = −1 3y = 2
5 x − 15 5 ( x − 3) x − 3
1 2 23. = =
y=− y= 25 5⋅5 5
2 3
The rational expression is undefined for y = −
1 7 x + 21 7 ( x + 3) x + 3
2 24. = =
49 7⋅7 7
2
and y = .
3 2x − 8 2 ( x − 4) x − 4
25. = =
y+5 4x 2 ⋅ 2x 2x
17.
y − 25
2
3x − 9 3 ( x − 3) x − 3
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x. 26. = =
6x 3⋅ 2x 2x
y 2 − 25 = 0
( y + 5)( y − 5) = 0 27.
3
=
3
=
1
y + 5 = 0 or y − 5 = 0 3x − 9 3 ( x − 3) x − 3
y = −5 y=5
The rational expression is undefined for y = −5 12 2⋅6 2
28. = =
and y = 5 . 6 x − 18 6 ( x − 3) x − 3
5 x − 10 5 ( x − 2 ) 3x + 7
32. = =5 46.
x−2 x−2 3x + 10
The numerator and denominator have no common
x+5 x+5 1 factor (other than 1), so this rational expression
33. = =
x − 25
2
( x + 5)( x − 5) x − 5 cannot be simplified.
x 2 + 12 x + 36
=
( x + 6 )( x + 6 ) = x + 6
x+4 x+4 1 47.
34. = =
x − 16 ( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) x − 4
2 x − 36
2
( x + 6 )( x − 6 ) x − 6
x 2 − 14 x + 49 ( x − 7 )( x − 7 ) = x − 7
2 y − 10 2 ( y − 5 ) 2 48. =
35. = =
3 y − 15 3 ( y − 5) 3
x − 49
2
( x + 7 )( x − 7 ) x + 7
x 3 − 2 x 2 + x − 2 x ( x − 2 ) + 1( x − 2 )
2
6 y + 18 6 ( y + 3) 6 49. =
36. = = x−2 x−2
11 y + 33 11( y + 3) 11
( x − 2 ) ( x2 + 1)
=
x +1 x +1 1 x−2
37. = =
x2 − 2 x − 3 ( x + 1)( x − 3) x − 3 = x2 + 1
x+2 x+2 1 x3 + 4 x 2 − 3 x − 12 x ( x + 4 ) − 3 ( x + 4 )
2
38. = = =
x − x−6
2
( x + 2 )( x − 3) x − 3 50.
x+4 x+4
4 ( x − 2)
( x + 4 ) ( x2 − 3)
4x − 8 4 =
39. = = x+4
x − 4 x + 4 ( x − 2 )( x − 2 ) x − 2
2
= x2 − 3
x 2 − 12 x + 36 ( x − 6 )( x − 6 ) x − 6
40.
4 x − 24
=
4 ( x − 6)
=
4
51. =
2
(
x3 − 8 ( x − 2 ) x + 2 x + 4 )
x−2 x−2
41.
y2 − 3y + 2
=
( y − 1)( y − 2 ) = y −1 = x2 + 2 x + 4
y 2 + 7 y − 18 ( y + 9 )( y − 2 ) y+9
x3 − 125 ( x − 5) ( x 2 + 5 x + 25)
( y + 1)( y + 4 ) = 52. =
y + 5y + 4
2
y+4 x 2 − 25 ( x + 5)( x − 5)
42. =
y − 4y − 5
2
( y + 1)( y − 5) y −5
x 2 + 5 x + 25
=
x+5
43.
2 y2 − 7 y + 3
=
( 2 y − 1)( y − 3) = y −3
2y − 5y + 2
2
( 2 y − 1)( y − 2 ) y−2 ( x − 4 )2 ( x − 4 )( x − 4 ) x − 4
53. = =
x 2 − 16 ( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) x + 4
44.
3y + 4 y − 4
2
=
( 3 y − 2 )( y + 2 ) = y + 2
6y − y − 2
2
( 3 y − 2 )( 2 y + 1) 2 y + 1 ( x + 5)2 ( x + 5)( x + 5) x + 5
54. = =
2x + 3 x 2 − 25 ( x + 5 )( x − 5) x − 5
45.
2x + 5
The numerator and denominator have no common x
55. ; The numerator and denominator have no
factor (other than 1), so this rational expression x +1
cannot be simplified. common factor (other than 1), so this rational
expression cannot be simplified.
x 4 − 6x 2 ( 2 − 3x )
56. ; The numerator and denominator have no 67. =
x+7 3x − 2 x
2 x ( 3x − 2 )
common factor (other than 1), so this rational
expression cannot be simplified. −2 ( 3 x − 2 )
=
x ( 3x − 2 )
x+4 2
57. ; The numerator and denominator are both =−
x 2 + 16 x
prime polynomials. They have no common factor
(other than 1), so this rational expression cannot be
9 − 15 x 3( 3 − 5x )
simplified. 68. =
5x − 3x
2 x ( 5 x − 3)
x+5 −3 ( 5 x − 3)
58. ; The numerator and denominator are both =
x 2 + 25 x ( 5 x − 3)
prime polynomials. They have no common factor
(other than 1), so this rational expression cannot be −3 3
= =−
simplified. x x
x − 5 −1 ( 5 − x ) x 2 − 1 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
59. = = −1 69. =
5− x 5− x 1− x 1− x
Notice that the numerator and denominator of the
=
( x + 1) ⋅ −1(1 − x )
given rational expression are additive inverses.
1− x
= −1( x + 1) = − x − 1
x − 7 −1( 7 − x )
60. = = −1
7−x 7− x
x 2 − 4 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
Notice that the numerator and denominator of the 70. =
given rational expression are additive inverses. 2− x 2− x
=
( 2 ) ⋅ −1 ( 2 − x )
x +
61. The numerator and denominator of this rational
2− x
2x − 3
expression are additive inverses, so = −1. = −1( x + 2 ) = − x − 2
3 − 2x
4 x − 6 2 ( 2 x − 3 ) −2 ( 3 − 2 x )
65. = = = −2
3 − 2x 3 − 2x 3 − 2x
9 x − 15 3 ( 3x − 5) −3 ( 5 − 3x )
66. = = = −3
5 − 3x 5 − 3x 5 − 3x
x2 y − x 2 x 2 ( y − 1) 16 − y 2 ( 4 − y )( 4 + y )
= 2
73. = 80.
x3 − x3 y x3 (1 − y ) y ( y − 8 ) + 16 y − 8 y + 16
x 2 ⋅ −1(1 − y ) −1 ⋅ ( y − 4 )( 4 + y ) −1 ( 4 + y )
= = =
x (1 − y )
3 ( y − 4 )( y − 4 ) y−4
4+ y 4+ y
=−
1 or =
x −1( y − 4 ) 4 − y
xy − 2 x x ( y − 2 ) x xy + 2 y + 3x + 6 y ( x + 2) + 3( x + 2)
74. = = 81. =
3 y − 6 3( y − 2) 3 x + 5x + 6
2
( x + 2 )( x + 3)
=
( x + 2 )( y + 3) = y+3
x 2 + 2 xy − 3 y 2
=
( x − y )( x + 3 y ) ( x + 2 )( x + 3) x+3
75.
2 x 2 + 5 xy − 3 y 2 ( 2 x − y )( x + 3 y )
x− y xy + 4 y − 7 x − 28 y ( x + 4) − 7 ( x + 4)
= 82. =
2x − y x + 11x + 28
2
( x + 4 )( x + 7 )
( x + 4 )( y − 7 ) = y−7
x 2 + 3xy − 10 y 2 ( x + 5 y )( x − 2 y ) =
76. = ( x + 4 )( x + 7 ) x+7
3x 2 − 7 xy + 2 y 2 ( 3x − y )( x − 2 y )
=
x + 5y
3x − y 83.
8x2 + 4 x + 2
=
(
2 4 x2 + 2 x + 1 )
1 − 8x 3
(1 − 2 x ) (1 + 2 x + 4 x 2 )
x 2 − 9 x + 18
=
( x − 3)( x − 6 ) 2
77. =
x − 27
3
( x − 3) ( x 2 + 3 x + 9 ) 1 − 2x
x−6
=
x + 3x + 9
2
84.
x3 − 3x 2 + 9 x
=
(
x x2 − 3x + 9 )
x + 27
3
( x + 3) ( x 2 − 3x + 9 )
x3 − 8 ( x − 2) ( x + 2x + 4)
2
x
78. = =
x + 2x − 8
2
( x − 2 )( x + 4 ) x+3
x2 + 2 x + 4
= 130 x
x+4 85.
100 − x
79.
9 − y2
=
( 3 + y )( 3 − y ) a. x = 40:
y − 3 ( 2 y − 3)
2
y2 − 6 y + 9 130 x 130 ( 40 )
=
=
( 3 + y )( 3 − y ) = ( 3 + y ) ⋅ −1( y − 3) 100 − x 100 − 40
( y − 3)( y − 3) ( y − 3)( y − 3) =
5200
60
−1 ( 3 + y ) 3+ y 3+ y
= or = ≈ 86.67
y −3 −1 ( y − 3 ) 3 − y
This means it costs about $86.67 million to
inoculate 40% of the population.
x = 80:
130 x 130 ( 80 )
=
100 − x 100 − 80
10, 400
=
20
= 520
115. 2 x − 5 y = −2 x − 5 x2 − 4 x − 5 ( x + 2)( x − 2)
3. ⋅ = ⋅
3x + 4 y = 20 x − 2 9 x − 45 x − 2 9( x − 5)
Multiply the first equation by 3 and the second 1 1
equation by −2; then add the results. x − 5 ( x + 2) ( x − 2)
6 x − 15 y = −6 = ⋅
x−2 9 ( x − 5)
−6 x − 8 y = −40 1 1
− 23 y = −46 x+2
=
y=2 9
Back-substitute to find x.
5x + 5 2 x2 + x − 3
2 x − 5 y = −2 4. ⋅
7x − 7x2 4x2 − 9
2 x − 5 ( 2 ) = −2
5( x + 1) (2 x + 3)( x − 1)
2 x − 10 = −2 = ⋅
7 x (1 − x ) (2 x + 3)(2 x − 3)
2x = 8 −1
x=4 5( x + 1) (2 x + 3) ( x − 1)
= ⋅
The solution set is {( 4, 2 )}. 7 x (1 − x ) (2 x + 3) (2 x − 3)
−5( x + 1) 5( x + 1)
= or −
116.
2 3 6
⋅ = 7 x (2 x − 3) 7 x (2 x − 3)
5 7 35
x−4 x+3 x+7
3 1 3 2 6 2⋅3 3 5. ( x + 3) ÷ = ⋅
117. ÷ = ⋅ = = = x+7 1 x−4
4 2 4 1 4 2⋅2 2 ( x + 3)( x + 7)
=
1 2 x−4
5 15 5 8 5 8 2
118. ÷ = ⋅ = ⋅ =
4 8 4 15 4 15 3 x2 + 5x + 6 x + 2 x2 + 5x + 6 x + 5
6. ÷ = ⋅
1 3 x 2 − 25 x+5 x 2 − 25 x + 2
( x + 3)( x + 2) x + 5
= ⋅
( x + 5)( x − 5) x + 2
7.2 Check Points ( x + 3) ( x + 2) x+5
= ⋅
( x + 5) ( x − 5) x + 2
9 x − 5 9 ( x − 5 ) 9 x − 45
1. ⋅ = = x+3
x+4 2 ( x + 4) 2 2x + 8 =
x −5
x + 4 3x − 21 x + 4 3( x − 7)
2. ⋅ = ⋅ y2 + 3y + 2
x − 7 8 x + 32 x − 7 8( x + 4) 7. (
÷ 5 y 2 + 10 y )
1 1 y +1
2
x + 4 3 ( x − 7) y2 + 3y + 2 5 y 2 + 10 y
= ⋅ = ÷
x − 7 8 ( x + 4) y2 + 1 1
1 1
y2 + 3y + 2 1
=
3 = ⋅
8 y +12
5 y + 10 y 2
( y + 2)( y + 1) 1
= ⋅
y +1
2 5 y ( y + 2)
( y + 2) ( y + 1) 1 y +1
= ⋅ =
y2 + 1 5 y ( y + 2) 5 y ( y 2 + 1)
x 12 3 ⋅ 4x 4x y 2 − 7 y − 30 2 y 2 + 5 y + 2
3. ⋅ = = 15. ⋅
3 x + 5 3 ( x + 5) x + 5 y 2 − 6 y − 40 2 y 2 + 7 y + 3
( y + 3)( y − 10 ) ( 2 y + 1)( y + 2 )
x 30 x 5⋅6 6x = ⋅
4. ⋅ = ⋅ = ( y + 4 )( y − 10 ) ( 2 y + 1)( y + 3)
5 x−4 5 x−4 x−4
y+2
=
3 4x 3 ⋅ 4x 4 y+4
5. ⋅ = =
x 15 3 ⋅ 5 x 5
3 y 2 + 17 y + 10 y 2 − 4 y − 32
16. ⋅
7 5x 7 5 ⋅ x 1 3 y 2 − 22 y − 16 y 2 − 8 y − 48
6. ⋅ = ⋅ = =1
x 35 x 5 ⋅ 7 1
( 3 y + 2 )( y + 5) ( y − 8)( y + 4 )
= ⋅
x − 3 4 x + 20 x − 3 4 ( x + 5 ) 4 ( 3 y + 2 )( y − 8) ( y − 12 )( y + 4 )
7. ⋅ = ⋅ = y+5
x + 5 9 x − 27 x + 5 9 ( x − 3) 9 =
y − 12
x − 2 5 x + 45 x − 2 5 ( x + 9 ) 5
8. ⋅ = ⋅ = y2 − 9 4
x + 9 2x − 4 x + 9 2 ( x − 2) 2 17. (y 2
−9 ⋅) 4
y −3
=
1
⋅
y −3
x 2 + 9 x + 14 1 ( x + 7 )( x + 2 ) ⋅1 = 1 ( y + 3)( y − 3) 4
9. ⋅ = = ⋅
x+7 x+2 ( x + 7 )( x + 2 ) 1 y −3
= 4 ( y + 3) or 4 y + 12
10.
x + 9 x + 18 1
2
⋅ =
( x + 6 )( x + 3) = 1
x+6 x + 3 ( x + 6 )( x + 3)
18. (y 2
− 16 ⋅ ) 3 ( x + 4 )3 x 2 + 4 x + 4
y−4 24. ⋅
( x + 2 )3 x 2 + 8x + 16
y 2 − 16 3
= ⋅
y−4 ( x + 4 )3 ( x + 2 ) 2
1 = ⋅
( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) ⋅
3 ( x + 2 )3 ( x + 4 ) 2
=
1 y−4 x+4
=
= 3 ( y + 4 ) or 3 y + 12 x+2
6x + 2 1− x
x2 − 5x + 6 x2 − 1 25. ⋅
19. ⋅ x − 1 3x 2 + x
2
x2 − 2 x − 3 x2 − 4 2 ( 3 x + 1) (1 − x )
( x − 2 )( x − 3) ( x + 1)( x − 1) = ⋅
( x + 1)( x − 1) x ( 3x + 1)
= ⋅
( x + 1)( x − 3) ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
2 ( 3 x + 1) −1( x − 1)
x −1 = ⋅
=
x+2
( x + 1)( x − 1) x ( 3x + 1)
−2 2
= or −
x + 5x + 6
2
x −92 x ( x + 1) x ( x + 1)
20. ⋅
x + x−6 x − x−6
2 2
( x + 2 )( x + 3) ( x + 3)( x − 3) 26.
8x + 2
⋅
3− x
= ⋅
( x + 3)( x − 2 ) ( x − 3)( x + 2 ) x2 − 9 4 x2 + x
2 ( 4 x + 1) (3 − x)
x+3 = ⋅
= ( x + 3)( x − 3) x ( 4 x + 1)
x−2
2 ( 4 x + 1) −1( x − 3)
x3 − 8 x + 2 = ⋅
21. ⋅ ( x + 3)( x − 3) x ( 4 x + 1)
x 2 − 4 3x −2 2
( x − 2 ) ( x2 + 2 x + 4 ) ( x + 2 ) =
x ( x + 3)
or −
x ( x + 3)
= ⋅
( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) 3x
x2 + 2 x + 4 25 − y 2 y 2 − 8 y − 20
= 27. ⋅
3x y − 2 y − 35 y 2 − 3 y − 10
2
( 5 + y )( 5 − y ) ( y − 10 )( y + 2 )
x2 + 6 x + 9 = ⋅
22. ⋅
1 ( y + 5)( y − 7 ) ( y − 5)( y + 2 )
x3 + 27 x + 3
− ( y − 10 ) y − 10
( x + 3)( x + 3) 1 = or −
= ⋅ y−7 y−7
( x + 3) ( x 2
− 3x + 9 ) ( x + 3)
1 2y 2 y2 − 9 y + 9
= 28. ⋅
x − 3x + 9
2
3y − y 2 8 y − 12
2y ( 2 y − 3)( y − 3)
( x − 2 )3 x 2 − 2 x + 1 = ⋅
23. ⋅ y (3 − y ) 4 ( 2 y − 3)
( x − 1)3 x2 − 4 x + 4 2y ( 2 y − 3)( −1)( 3 − y )
= ⋅
( x − 2 )3 ( x − 1)2 y (3 − y ) 4 ( 2 y − 3)
= ⋅
( x − 1)3 ( x − 2 )2 =−
2
=−
1
x−2 4 2
=
x −1
x 2 − y 2 x 2 + xy x + 1 3x + 3 x + 1 7
29. ⋅ 39. ÷ = ⋅
x x+ y 3 7 3 3x + 3
x +1 7
( x + y )( x − y ) x ( x + y ) = ⋅
= ⋅ 3 3 ( x + 1)
x ( x + y)
7
= ( x − y )( x + y ) or x 2 − y 2 =
9
4 x − 4 y x 2 + xy x + 5 4 x + 20 x + 5 9
30. ⋅ 2 40. ÷ = ⋅
x x − y2 7 9 7 4 x + 20
4( x − y) x( x + y) x+5 9
= ⋅
= ⋅ =4 7 4 ( x + 5)
x ( x + y )( x − y )
9
=
x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 4 x − 4 y 28
31. ⋅
x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 3x + 3 y 7 28 7 3x − 15
41. ÷ = ⋅
( x + y )( x + y ) 4 ( x − y ) x − 5 3x − 15 x − 5 28
= ⋅
( x − y )( x − y ) 3 ( x + y ) 7 3 ( x − 5)
= ⋅
4( x + y) ( x − 5) 7 ⋅ 4
=
3( x − y ) 3
=
4
x2 − y2 x + 2y
32. ⋅ 4 40 4 7 x − 42
x + y 2 x 2 − xy − y 2 42. ÷ = ⋅
x − 6 7 x − 42 x − 6 40
( x + y )( x − y ) ( x + 2 y) 7 ( x − 6)
= ⋅ 4
( x + y) ( 2 x + y )( x − y ) = ⋅
( x − 6 ) 4 ⋅10
x + 2y
= 7
2x + y =
10
x 5 x 3 3x
33. ÷ = ⋅ = x2 − 4 x + 2 x2 − 4 x − 2
7 3 7 5 35 43. ÷ = ⋅
x x−2 x x+2
x 3 x 8 8x ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) x − 2
34. ÷ = ⋅ = = ⋅
3 8 3 3 9 x x+2
( x − 2 )2
3 12 3 x 1 =
35. ÷ = ⋅ = x
x x x 12 4
x2 − 4 x + 2 x2 − 4 4x − 8
x 20 x x x2 44. ÷ = ⋅
36. ÷ = ⋅ = x − 2 4x − 8 x−2 x+2
5 x 5 20 100 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) 4 ( x − 2 )
= ⋅
15 3 15 2 x ( x − 2) ( x + 2)
37. ÷ = ⋅ = 10
x 2x x 3 = 4 ( x − 2 ) or 4 x − 8
9 3 9 4x 3⋅ 3 2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x
38. ÷ = ⋅ = ⋅
x 4x x 3 x 3
3⋅ 2 ⋅ 2
= = 12
1
y2 + 3y − 4 x2 + x x2 − 1
45. (y 2
− 16 ÷ ) y +4
2
50. ÷
x − 4 x + 5x + 6
2 2
y 2 − 16 y2 + 4 x2 + x x2 + 5x + 6
= ⋅ 2 = 2 ⋅
1 y + 3y − 4 x −4 x2 − 1
x ( x + 1) ( x + 2 )( x + 3)
( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) y2 + 4 = ⋅
= ⋅ ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) ( x + 1)( x − 1)
1 ( y + 4 )( y − 1)
x ( x + 3)
( y − 4) ( y2 + 4) =
= ( x − 2 )( x − 1)
y −1
x 2 − 25 x 2 + 10 x + 25
y 2 − 25 ÷ 2
( )
51.
46. y + 4y −5 ÷
2
2x − 2 x + 4x − 5
y+7
x − 25 x 2 + 4 x − 5
2
y2 + 4 y − 5 y + 7 = ⋅
= ⋅ 2 2 x − 2 x 2 + 10 x + 25
1 y − 25 ( x + 5)( x − 5) ⋅ ( x + 5)( x − 1)
=
( y + 5 )( y − 1) ( y + 7) 2 ( x − 1) ( x + 5)( x + 5)
= ⋅
1 ( y + 5 )( y − 5 ) x −5
=
( y − 1)( y + 7 ) 2
=
y −5
x2 − 4 x2 + 5x + 6
52. ÷
y2 − y y −1 y2 − y 5 x 2 + 3x − 10 x 2 + 8 x + 15
47. ÷ = ⋅
15 5 15 y −1 x2 − 4 x 2 + 8 x + 15
= 2 ⋅ 2
y ( y − 1) 5 x + 3 x − 10 x + 5 x + 6
= ⋅
15 ( y − 1) =
( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) ⋅ ( x + 5)( x + 3)
y ( x + 5)( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 )( x + 3)
=
3 =1
y2 − 2 y y − 2 y2 − 2 y 5 y3 + y y3 − y 2
48. ÷ = ⋅ 53. ÷
15 5 15 y−2 y −y2
y − 2 y +1
2
y ( y − 2) 5 y3 + y y2 − 2 y + 1
= ⋅ = ⋅
15 ( y − 2) y2 − y y3 − y2
=
y
3 =
(
y y2 + 1 ) ⋅ ( y − 1)( y − 1)
y ( y − 1) y 2 ( y − 1)
4 x 2 + 10 6 x 2 + 15 y2 +1
49. ÷ 2 =
x −3 x −9 y2
4 x + 10 x − 9
2 2
= ⋅
x − 3 6 x 2 + 15
=
(
2 2 x2 + 5 ) ⋅ ( x + 3)( x − 3)
( x − 3) 3 ( 2 x + 5) 2
2 ( x + 3) 2x + 6
= or
3 3
3 y 2 − 12 y3 − 2 y 2 3 y + 12 y 2 + y − 12
54. ÷ 58. ÷
y + 4y + 4
2
y + 2y
2
y + 3y
2
9 y − y3
3 y 2 − 12 y2 + 2 y 3 y + 12 9 y − y3
= ⋅ = ⋅
y 2 + 4 y + 4 y3 − 2 y 2 y + 3 y y + y − 12
2 2
=
(
3 y −4 2
) ⋅
y ( y + 2)
=
3( y + 4)
⋅
(
y 9 − y2 )
( y + 2 )( y + 2 ) y ( y − 2 ) 2 y ( y + 3) ( y + 4 )( y − 3)
3 ( y + 2 )( y − 2 ) y ( y + 2 ) 3 ( y + 4 ) y ( 3 + y )( 3 − y )
= ⋅ = ⋅
( y + 2 )( y + 2 ) y 2 ( y − 2 ) y ( y + 3) ( y + 4 )( y − 3)
3 3 ( y + 4 ) y ( 3 + y )( −1)( y − 3)
= = ⋅
y y ( y + 3) ( y + 4 )( y − 3)
= −3
y2 + 5 y + 4 y 2 − 12 y + 35
55. ÷
y 2 + 12 y + 32 y 2 + 3 y − 40 2 x + 2 y x2 − y 2
59. ÷
y2 + 5 y + 4 y 2 + 3 y − 40 3 x− y
= ⋅
y 2 + 12 y + 32 y 2 − 12 y + 35 2x + 2 y x − y
= ⋅ 2
( y + 4 )( y + 1) ( y + 8)( y − 5) 3 x − y2
= ⋅ 2( x + y)
( y + 4 )( y + 8) ( y − 7 )( y − 5) = ⋅
x− y
y +1 3 ( x + y )( x − y )
=
y−7 =
2
3
y 2 + 4 y − 21 y 2 + 14 y + 48
56. ÷ 5x + 5 y x2 − y 2
y 2 + 3 y − 28 y 2 + 4 y − 32 60. ÷
7 x− y
y 2 + 4 y − 21 y 2 + 4 y − 32
= ⋅ 5x + 5 y x − y
y 2 + 3 y − 28 y 2 + 14 y + 48 = ⋅ 2
7 x − y2
( y + 7 )( y − 3) ( y + 8)( y − 4 ) 5( x + y) ( x − y)
= ⋅
( y + 7 )( y − 4 ) ( y + 8)( y + 6 ) =
7
⋅
( x + y )( x − y )
y −3
= 5
y+6 =
7
2 y 2 − 128 y 2 − 6 y − 16 x2 − y 2 4x − 4 y
57. ÷ 61. ÷
y + 16 y + 64
2
3 y + 30 y + 48
2
8 x − 16 xy + 8 y
2 2 x+ y
2 y − 128
2
3 y + 30 y + 48
2
x2 − y 2 x+ y
= ⋅ = ⋅
y + 16 y + 64
2
y − 6 y − 16
2
8 x − 16 xy + 8 y
2 2
4x − 4 y
=
(
2 y − 642
) ⋅ 3( y 2
+ 10 y + 16 ) =
( x + y )( x − y )
⋅
x+ y
( y + 8)( y + 8) ( y + 2 )( y − 8) (
8 x − 2 xy + y
2 2
) 4( x − y)
2 ( y + 8 )( y − 8 ) 3 ( y + 2 )( y + 8 ) ( x + y )( x − y ) x + y
= ⋅ = ⋅
( y + 8)( y + 8) ( y + 2 )( y − 8) 8 ( x − y )( x − y ) 4 ( x − y )
=6
( x + y )2
=
32 ( x − y )
2
4 x2 − y2 4x − 2 y
62. ÷
x + 4 xy + 4 y 2
2 3x + 6 y
4 x2 − y 2 3x + 6 y
= ⋅
x + 4 xy + 4 y
2 2
4x − 2 y
( 2 x + y )( 2 x − y ) 3 ( x + 2 y )
= ⋅
( x + 2 y )( x + 2 y ) 2 ( 2 x − y )
3( 2x + y )
=
2( x + 2y)
xy − y 2 2 x 2 + xy − 3 y 2
63. ÷
x 2 + 2 x + 1 2 x 2 + 5 xy + 3 y 2
xy − y 2 2 x 2 + 5 xy + 3 y 2
= ⋅
x 2 + 2 x + 1 2 x 2 + xy − 3 y 2
y ( x − y)
( 2 x + 3 y )( x + y )
= ⋅
( x + 1)( x + 1) ( 2 x + 3 y )( x − y )
y ( x + y)
=
( x + 1)2
x2 − 4 y2 x 2 − 4 xy + 4 y 2
64. ÷
x + 3xy + 2 y
2 2 x+ y
x2 − 4 y2 x+ y
= ⋅
x + 3 xy + 2 y
2 2
x − 4 xy + 4 y 2
2
( x + 2 y )( x − 2 y ) ( x + y)
= ⋅
( x + 2 y )( x + y ) ( x − 2 y )( x − 2 y )
1
=
x − 2y
y−2 y 2 − 4 y − 12 y2 − 4 y−2 y 2 − 4 y − 12 y 2 + 5 y + 6
65. 2 ⋅ ÷ 2 = 2 ⋅ ⋅
y+2 y+2
y − 9 y + 18 y + 5 y + 6 y − 9 y + 18 y2 − 4
y−2 ( y − 6 )( y + 2 ) ( y + 2 )( y + 3) y − 2 y + 3 y + 3
= ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ =
( y − 6 )( y − 3) y+2 ( y + 2 )( y − 2 ) y − 3 y − 2 y − 3
6 y 2 + 31y + 18 2 y 2 − 15 y + 18 2 y 2 − 13 y + 15
66. 2 ⋅ ÷
3 y − 20 y + 12 6 y 2 + 35 y + 36 9 y 2 + 15 y + 4
6 y 2 + 31y + 18 2 y 2 − 15 y + 18 9 y 2 + 15 y + 4
= ⋅ ⋅
3 y 2 − 20 y + 12 6 y 2 + 35 y + 36 2 y 2 − 13 y + 15
( 3 y + 2 )( 2 y + 9 ) ( 2 y − 3)( y − 6 ) ( 3 y + 4 )( 3 y + 1)
= ⋅ ⋅
( 3 y − 2 )( y − 6 ) ( 3 y + 4 )( 2 y + 9 ) ( 2 y − 3)( y − 5)
( 3 y + 2 )( 2 y − 3) ( 3 y + 4 )( 3 y + 1) ( 3 y + 2 )( 3 y + 1)
= ⋅ =
( 3 y − 2 )( 3 y + 4 ) ( 2 y − 3)( y − 5) ( 3 y − 2 )( y − 5)
3x 2 + 3x − 60 30 x 2 x3 + 3 x 2 − 10 x
67. ÷ 2 ⋅
2x − 8 x − 7 x + 10 25 x3
=
3x 2 + 3x − 60
÷
30 x 2
⋅
x x 2 + 3x − 10 ( )
2x − 8 ( x − 2 )( x − 5 ) 25 x3
=
(
3 x 2 + x − 20 ) ÷ 30 x 2
⋅
x ( x + 5)( x − 2 )
2x − 8 ( x − 2 )( x − 5) 25 x3
3 ( x + 5)( x − 4 ) 6 ( x + 5) 3 ( x + 5 )( x − 4 ) 5 ( x − 5 ) 5 ( x − 5 )
= ÷ = ⋅ =
2 ( x − 4) 5 ( x − 5) 2 ( x − 4) 6 ( x + 5) 4
5 x 2 − x 6 x 2 + x − 2 2 x 2 − x − 1 x ( 5 x − 1) ( 2 x − 1)( 3x + 2 ) ( 2 x + 1)( x − 1)
68. ÷ ⋅ = ÷ ⋅
3 x + 2 10 x 2 + 3x − 1 2 x 2 − x 3x + 2 ( 5 x − 1)( 2 x + 1)
x ( 2 x − 1)
x ( 5 x − 1) ( 3x + 2 )( x − 1) x ( 5 x − 1) x ( 5 x − 1) x 2 ( 5 x − 1)
2
= ÷ = ⋅ =
3x + 2 x ( 5 x − 1) 3x + 2 ( 3x + 2 )( x − 1) ( 3x + 2 )2 ( x − 1)
x 2 + xz + xy + yz x + z x ( x + z ) + y ( x + z ) x + y ( x + z )( x + y ) x + y ( x + y )
2
69. ÷ = ⋅ = ⋅ =
x− y x+ y x− y x+z x− y x+ z x− y
x 2 − xz + xy − yz x − z x ( x − z ) + y ( x − z ) y − x ( x − z )( x + y ) −1( x − y )
70. ÷ = ⋅ = ⋅ = −1 ( x + y ) = − x − y
x− y y−x x− y x−z x− y x−z
5 xy − ay − 5 xb + ab y 3 − b3 5 xy − ay − 5 xb + ab 15 x + 3a
72. ÷ = ⋅ 3 3
25 x 2 − a 2 15 x + 3a 25 x 2 − a 2 y −b
y ( 5x − a ) − b ( 5 x − a ) 3 ( 5x + a )
= ⋅
( y − b ) ( y 2 + by + b2 )
( 5 x + a )( 5x − a )
( 5x − a )( y − b ) 3 ( 5x + a )
= ⋅
( 5 x + a )( 5x − a ) ( y − b ) ( y 2 + by + b2 )
3
=
y + by + b 2
2
73. A = l ⋅ w
x +1 x2 − 4
A= ⋅
x 2 + 2 x x2 − 1
x + 1 ( x + 2)( x − 2)
= ⋅
x( x + 2) ( x + 1)( x − 1)
x +1 ( x + 2) ( x − 2)
= ⋅
x ( x + 2) ( x + 1) ( x − 1)
x−2
= in.2
x( x − 1)
74. A = l ⋅ w
x+5 x−6
A= 2 ⋅ 2
x − 36 x + 7 x + 10
x+5 x−6
= ⋅
( x + 6)( x − 6) ( x + 5)( x + 2)
x+5 x−6
= ⋅
( x + 6) ( x − 6) ( x + 5) ( x + 2)
1
= in.2
( x + 6)( x + 2)
1
75. A = ⋅b ⋅h
2
1 18 x x +1
A= ⋅ 2 ⋅
2 x + 3x + 2 3
1 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3x x +1
= ⋅ ⋅
2 ( x + 2)( x + 1) 3
1 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 3x x +1
= ⋅ ⋅
2 ( x + 2) ( x + 1) 3
3x
= in.2
x+2
1
76. A = ⋅b ⋅h
2
1 36 x 2 x 2 − 10 x + 25
A= ⋅ 2 ⋅
2 x − 25 9x
1 2 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 2x2 ( x − 5) 2
= ⋅ ⋅
2 ( x + 5)( x − 5) 9x
1 2 ⋅ 9x ⋅ 2 x ( x − 5) ( x − 5)
= ⋅ ⋅
2 ( x + 5) ( x − 5) 9x
2 x( x − 5) 2
= in.
x+5
82. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. Sample explanation: You should not look to divide common factors until
after you have changed the division to a multiplication by inverting the second fraction.
1
84. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary. A sample change is: x ÷ 5 = ⋅ x.
5
85. true
1
86. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary. A sample change is: The expression’s value is − .
2
87. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary. A sample change is: The quotient of two rational expressions can be
found by inverting the divisor and then multiplying .
? 3x − 12 3
88. ⋅ =
? 2x 2
? 3( x − 4) 3
⋅ =
? 2x 2
The numerator of the unknown rational expression must contain a factor of x. The denominator of the unknown rational
expression must contain a factor of ( x − 4 ) . Therefore, the simplest pair of polynomials that will work are x in the
x
numerator and x – 4 in the denominator, to give the rational expression .
x−4
Check:
x 3x − 12 x 3( x − 4) 3
⋅ = ⋅ =
x−4 2x x−4 2x 2
1 ? 1
89. − ÷ =
2x − 3 ? 3
The numerator of the unknown rational expression must contain a factor of −3 . The denominator of the unknown
rational expression must contain a factor of ( 2 x − 3) . Therefore, the simplest pair of polynomials that will work are −3
−3
in the numerator and 2 x − 3 in the denominator, to give the rational expression .
2x − 3
Check:
1 −3 1 2x − 3 1
− ÷ =− ⋅ =
2x − 3 2x − 3 2 x − 3 −3 3
9 x 2 − y 2 + 15 x − 5 y 3x+y 9 x 2 − y 2 + 15 x − 5 y 9 x3 + 6 x 2 y + xy 2
90. ÷ = ⋅
3 x 2 + xy + 5 x 9 x3 + 6 x 2 y + xy 2 3x 2 + xy + 5 x 3x + y
(3x + y )(3x − y ) + 5(3x − y ) x(9 x 2 + 6 xy + y 2 )
= ⋅
x (3x + y + 5) 3x + y
(3x − y ) [ (3 x + y ) + 5] x(3x + y ) 2
= ⋅
x(3x + y + 5) 3x + y
(3x − y )(3 x + y + 5) x(3x + y )(3x + y )
= ⋅
x(3x + y + 5) 3x + y
= (3x − y )(3x + y )
4x + 5 x 4 x + 5 − x 3x + 5
3. a. − = =
x+7 x+7 x+7 x+7
x+5
y2 + 3y − 6 4 y − 4 − 2 y2 4.
4. − 3
y2 − 5 y + 4 y2 − 5 y + 4
y 2 + 3 y − 6 − (4 y − 4 − 2 y 2 ) x−5
= 5.
y − 5y + 4
2 3
y + 3y − 6 − 4 y + 4 + 2 y2
2
x−5+ y
= 6.
y2 − 5 y + 4 3
3y2 − y − 2
=
y2 − 5 y + 4
(3 y + 2)( y − 1) 7.3 Exercise Set
=
( y − 4)( y − 1)
7 x 2x 9x
3y + 2 1. + =
= 13 13 13
y−4
3x 8 x 11x
x2 4 x + 21 x2 (−1) 4 x + 21 2. + =
5. + = + ⋅ 17 17 17
x−7 7− x x − 7 (−1) 7 − x
x2 −4 x − 21 8 x x 9 x 3x
= + 3. + = =
x−7 x−7 15 15 15 5
x − 4 x − 21
2
= 4.
9 x x 10 x 5 x
+ = =
x−7 24 24 24 12
( x + 3)( x − 7)
=
x−7 x − 3 5 x + 21 6 x + 18
5. + =
= x+3 12 12 12
6 ( x + 3)
7 x − x2 5 x − 3x 2 =
6. − 12
x − 2 x − 9 9 + 2 x − x2
2
x+3
=
7 x − x2 3x 2 − 5 x 2
= 2 − 2
x − 2x − 9 x − 2x − 9
7 x − x 2 − (3x 2 − 5 x) x + 4 2 x − 25 3x − 21 3 ( x − 7 ) x − 7
= 6. + = = =
x − 2x − 9
2 9 9 9 9 3
7 x − x 2 − 3x 2 + 5 x
= 7.
4 2 6
+ =
x2 − 2 x − 9 x x x
−4 x 2 + 12 x
=
x2 − 2x − 9 5 13 18
8. + =
x x x
8 13 21 7 4 y −1 3y + 1 4 y −1 + 3y + 1
9. + = = 19. + =
9 x 9 x 9 x 3x 5 y2 5 y2 5 y2
7y 7
4 11 15 5 = 2 =
10. + = = 5y 5y
9 x 9 x 9 x 3x
y+2 3y − 2 y + 2 + 3y − 2
11.
5
+
4
=
9 20. 3
+ 3
=
x+3 x+3 x+3 6y 6y 6 y3
4y 2
= 3 = 2
8 10 18 6y 3y
12. + =
x+6 x+6 x+6
x2 − 2 2 x − x2
x 4 x + 5 5x + 5 21. +
13. + = x2 + x − 2 x2 + x − 2
x −3 x −3 x −3
x 2 − 2 + 2 x − x2
=
x 9 x + 7 10 x + 7 x2 + x − 2
14. + =
x−4 x−4 x−4 2x − 2 2 ( x − 1) 2
= 2 = =
x + x − 2 ( x + 2 )( x − 1) x + 2
4 x + 1 8 x + 9 12 x + 10
15. + =
6x + 5 6x + 5 6x + 5 x2 + 9 x 3x − 5 x 2
2 ( 6 x + 5) 22. +
= =2 4 x 2 − 11x − 3 4 x 2 − 11x − 3
6x + 5
x2 + 9 x + 3x − 5x2
=
3x + 2 3x + 6 6 x + 8 4 x 2 − 11x − 3
16. + =
3x + 4 3x + 4 3 x + 4 −4 x 2 + 12 x
= 2
2 ( 3x + 4 ) 4 x − 11x − 3
= =2
3x + 4 −4 x ( x − 3 )
=
( 4 x + 1)( x − 3)
y2 + 7 y y2 − 4 y y2 + 7 y + y2 − 4 y −4 x
17. + = = or −
4x
y2 − 5 y y2 − 5 y y2 − 5 y 4x + 1 4x + 1
2 y2 + 3y
=
y2 − 5 y x2 − 4 x 4x − 4
23. +
y ( 2 y + 3) x − x−6 x − x−6
2 2
= x2 − 4 x + 4 x − 4
y ( y − 5) =
x2 − x − 6
2y + 3
=
y −5 = 2
x2 − 4
=
( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) = x − 2
x − x − 6 ( x − 3)( x + 2 ) x − 3
y2 − 2 y y2 + y y2 − 2 y + y2 + y
18. + = x 2 x−2
y2 + 3y y2 + 3y y2 + 3y 24. − =
2x + 7 2x + 7 2x + 7
2 y2 − y
=
y2 + 3y 3x 4 3x − 4
25. − =
y ( 2 y − 1) 5 x − 4 5 x − 4 5x − 4
=
y ( y + 3)
x 1 x −1
2 y −1 26. − = =1
= x −1 x −1 x −1
y+3
4x 3 4x − 3 3y2 −1 6 y2 −1
27. − = =1 33. −
4x − 3 4x − 3 4x − 3 3 y3 3 y3
28.
2 y + 1 y + 8 ( 2 y + 1) − ( y + 8 )
− = =
( 3 y − 1) − ( 6 y − 1)
2 2
3y − 7 3y − 7 3y − 7 3 y3
2y +1− y − 8 3y2 −1− 6 y2 + 1 −3 y 2 1
= = = =−
3y − 7 3y 3
3y 3 y
y−7
=
3y − 7 y2 + 3y y 2 − 12
34. −
y + y − 12
2
y + y − 12
2
7 y − 2 14 y − ( 7 y − 2 )
(y ) ( )
14 y
29. − = 2
+ 3 y − y 2 − 12
7y + 2 7y + 2 7y + 2 =
14 y − 7 y + 2 y + y − 12
2
=
7y + 2 y + 3 y − y 2 + 12
2
3 y + 12
= =
7y + 2 y + y − 12
2
y + y − 12
2
= =1
7y + 2 3( y + 4) 3
= =
( y + 4 )( y − 3) y −3
2 x + 3 3 − x ( 2 x + 3) − ( 3 − x )
30. − =
3x − 6 3x − 6 3x − 6
4 y2 + 5 y 2 − y + 29
2x + 3 − 3 + x 35. −
= 9 y 2 − 64 9 y 2 − 64
3x − 6
=
3x
=
3x
=
(4 y 2
) (
+ 5 − y 2 − y + 29 )
3x − 6 3 ( x − 2 ) 9 y − 64
2
x
= 4 y 2 + 5 − y 2 + y − 29
x−2 =
9 y 2 − 64
3x + 1 x + 1 ( 3x + 1) − ( x + 1) =
3 y 2 + y − 24
31. − =
4x − 2 4x − 2 4x − 2 9 y 2 − 64
=
3x + 1 − x − 1
=
( 3 y − 8)( y + 3) = y + 3
4x − 2 ( 3 y + 8)( 3 y − 8) 3 y + 8
2x
=
4x − 2
2 y2 + 6 y + 8 y 2 − 3 y − 12
2x 36. −
= y − 16
2
y 2 − 16
2 ( 2 x − 1)
=
x
=
(2 y 2
) (
+ 6 y + 8 − y 2 − 3 y − 12 )
2x −1 y − 16
2
2 y + 6 y + 8 − y 2 + 3 y + 12
2
32.
x −3
3
−
7x − 3
3
=
( ) (
x3 − 3 − 7 x3 − 3 ) =
y 2 − 16
4 4 4
2x 2x 2x
=
y 2 + 9 y + 20
=
( y + 4 )( y + 5) = y+5
x3 − 3 − 7 x3 + 3
= y − 16
2
( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) y−4
2 x4
−6 x3 3
= 4
=−
2x x
6 y2 + y 2y + 9 4y − 3 6x + 5 4x 6 x + 5 ( −1) 4 x
37. − − 42. + = + ⋅
2y − 9y + 9
2
2y − 9y + 9
2
2y −9y + 9
2 x−2 2−x x − 2 ( −1) 2 − x
=
(6 y 2
)
+ y − ( 2 y + 9 ) − ( 4 y − 3) =
6 x + 5 −4 x 2 x + 5
+ =
x−2 x−2 x−2
2 y2 − 9 y + 9
=
6 y2 + y − 2 y − 9 − 4 y + 3 5 x − 2 2 x − 3 5 x − 2 ( −1) 2 x − 3
43. + = + ⋅
2y −9y + 9 3x − 4 4 − 3 x 3x − 4 ( −1) 4 − 3x
2
6y − 5y − 6
2
5 x − 2 −2 x + 3
= = +
2y −9y + 9
2 3x − 4 3x − 4
( 2 y − 3)( 3 y + 2 ) 5x − 2 − 2 x + 3
=
= 3x − 4
( 2 y − 3)( y − 3)
3x + 1
3y + 2 =
= 3x − 4
y −3
9 x − 1 6 x − 2 9 x − 1 ( −1) 6 x − 2
3y2 − 2 y + 10 y2 − 6 y 44. + = + ⋅
38. − − 7 x − 3 3 − 7 x 7 x − 3 ( −1) 3 − 7 x
3 y 2 + 10 y − 8 3 y 2 + 10 y − 8 3 y 2 + 10 y − 8
9 x − 1 −6 x + 2 9 x − 1 − 6 x + 2
= + =
=
(3 y 2
)
− 2 − ( y + 10 ) − y − 6 y ( 2
) 7x − 3 7x − 3 7x − 3
3 y + 10 y − 8
2 3x + 1
=
7x − 3
3 y − 2 − y − 10 − y 2 + 6 y
2
=
3 y 2 + 10 y − 8 x2 4 x2 ( −1) ⋅ 4
+ = +
2 y + 5 y − 12
2
( 2 y − 3)( y + 4 ) 45.
x − 2 2 − x x − 2 ( −1) 2 − x
= =
3 y + 10 y − 8
2
( 3 y − 2 )( y + 4 ) x2 −4
2y − 3 = +
= x−2 x−2
3y − 2 x2 − 4
=
x−2
4 2 4 ( −1) ⋅ 2
39. + = + ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
x − 3 3 − x x − 3 ( −1) 3 − x =
x−2
4 −2 = x+2
= +
x −3 x−3
=
2
46.
x2
+
9
=
x2
+
( −1) ⋅ 9
x −3 x − 3 3 − x x − 3 ( −1) 3 − x
40.
6
+
2
=
6
+
( −1) ⋅ 2 =
x2
+
−9
=
x2 − 9
x − 5 5 − x x − 5 ( −1) 5 − x x −3 x−3 x−3
6 −2 4 =
( )( ) = x + 3
x + 3 x − 3
= + =
x −5 x −5 x −5 x −3
6x + 7 3x 6 x + 7 ( −1) 3x
41. + = + ⋅
x−6 6− x x − 6 ( −1) 6 − x
6 x + 7 −3 x
= +
x−6 x−6
3x + 7
=
x−6
47.
y −3
+
y −3
53.
y
−
1
=
y
−
( −1) ⋅ 1
y − 25 25 − y y − 1 1 − y y − 1 ( −1) 1 − y
2 2
y −3 ( −1) y − 3 y −1
= + ⋅ = −
y − 25
2
( −1) 25 − y 2 y −1 y −1
y −3 −y +3 y +1
= + =
y − 25 y 2 − 25
2 y −1
y −3− y +3 0
=
y − 25
2
= 2
y − 25
=0
54.
y
−
4
=
y
−
( −1) ⋅ 4
y − 4 4 − y y − 4 ( −1) 4 − y
y−7 7− y
=
y−7
+
( −1) ⋅ 7 − y =
y
−
−4
=
y+4
48. +
y − 16
2
16 − y 2
y − 16
2
( −1) 16 − y 2 y−4 y−4 y−4
y−7 −7 + y y−7−7+ y
= + = 3 − x 2 x − 5 3 − x ( −1) 2 x − 5
y − 16
2
y − 16
2
y 2 − 16 55. − = − ⋅
x−7 7− x x − 7 ( −1) 7 − x
2 y − 14
= 3 − x −2 x + 5
y 2 − 16 = −
x−7 x−7
( −1) ⋅ 5 ( 3 − x ) − ( −2 x + 5 )
6 5 6 =
49. − = − x−7
x − 1 1 − x x − 1 ( −1) 1 − x
3 − x + 2x − 5
6 −5 =
= − x−7
x −1 x −1 x−2
6+5 11 =
= = x−7
x −1 x −1
4 − x 3 x − 8 4 − x ( −1) 3x − 8
50.
10
−
6
=
10
−
( −1) ⋅ 6 56. −
x −9 9− x
= − ⋅
x − 9 ( −1) 9 − x
x − 2 2 − x x − 2 ( −1) 2 − x
4 − x −3x + 8 ( 4 − x ) − ( −3x + 8 )
10 −6 10 + 6 16 = − =
= − = = x−9 x−9 x −9
x−2 x−2 x−2 x−2
4 − x + 3x − 8 4 − x + 3x − 8 2 x − 4
= = =
10 2 10 ( −1) ⋅ 2 x −9 x −9 x −9
51. − = −
x + 3 − x − 3 x + 3 ( −1) − x − 3 x−2 x−2
57. −
10 −2 x − 25
2
25 − x 2
= −
x+3 x+3 x−2 ( −1) x − 2
10 + 2 12 = 2 − ⋅
= = x − 25 ( −1) 25 − x 2
x+3 x+3
x−2 −x + 2
= −
52.
11
−
5
=
11
−
( −1) ⋅ 5 x − 25 x 2 − 25
2
x + 7 − x − 7 x + 7 ( −1) − x − 7
=
( x − 2) − ( − x + 2)
11 −5 11 + 5 16 x 2 − 25
= − = = x−2+ x−2 2x − 4
x+7 x+7 x+7 x+7 = =
x − 25
2
x 2 − 25
58.
x −8
−
x −8
=
x −8 ( −1) ⋅ x − 8
− 63.
x2 − 2
+
19 − 4 x
x − 16 16 − x
2 2
x − 16 ( −1) 16 − x 2
2
x + 6 x − 7 7 − 6 x − x2
2
x −8 −x + 8 ( x − 8) − ( − x + 8) = 2
x2 − 2
+
( −1) ⋅ 19 − 4 x
= − =
x − 16 x 2 − 16
2
x 2 − 16 x + 6 x − 7 ( −1) 7 − 6 x − x 2
x − 8 + x − 8 2 x − 16 x2 − 2 −19 + 4 x
= = 2 = +
x 2 − 16 x − 16 x + 6x − 7
2
−7 + 6 x + x 2
x2 − 2 −19 + 4 x
x
+
y
=
x
+
( −1) ⋅ y = +
59. x + 6x − 7
2
x2 + 6x − 7
x − y y − x x − y ( −1) y − x
x − 2 − 19 + 4 x
2
x −y =
= + x2 + 6 x − 7
x− y x− y
x 2 + 4 x − 21
x− y =
= =1 x2 + 6 x − 7
x− y
=
( x + 7 )( x − 3) =
x −3
2x − y x − 2 y ( x + 7 )( x − 1) x −1
60. +
x− y y−x
2x + 3 x−2
2 x − y ( −1) x − 2 y 64. +
= + ⋅ x − x − 30 30 + x − x 2
2
x − y ( −1) y − x
2x + 3 ( −1) x − 2
2x − y −x + 2 y = 2 + ⋅
= + x − x − 30 ( −1) 30 + x − x 2
x− y x− y
2x + 3 −x + 2
2x − y − x + 2 y x + y = +
= = x − x − 30 x − x − 30
2 2
x− y x− y
2x + 3 − x + 2 x+5
= 2 = 2
2x 2y x − x − 30 x − x − 30
61. + x+5 1
x −y2 2
y − x2
2
= =
( −1) 2 y ( x + 5)( x − 6 ) x − 6
2x
= + ⋅
x −y2 2
( −1) y 2 − x 2 6b2 − 10b 7b 2 − 20b 6b − 3b2
2x −2 y 65. + −
= + 16b − 48b + 27 16b − 48b + 27 16b − 48b + 27
2 2 2
x2 − y 2 x2 − y2 6b 2 − 10b + 7b 2 − 20b − 6b + 3b 2
2( x − y) =
2x − 2 y 2 16b 2 − 48b + 27
= = =
x −y2 2
( x + y )( x − y ) x+ y 16b2 − 36b 4b ( 4b − 9 )
= =
16b − 48b + 27 ( 4b − 9 )( 4b − 3)
2
62.
2y
+
2x
=
2y
+
( −1) ⋅ 2 x 4b
x −y2 2
y −x2 2
x −y2 2
( −1) y 2 − x 2 =
4b − 3
2y −2 x 2 y − 2x
= + =
x2 − y 2 x2 − y2 x2 − y 2 22b + 15 30b − 20 4 − 2b
66. + −
2( y − x) −2 ( x − y ) 12b2 + 52b − 9 12b 2 + 52b − 9 12b 2 + 52b − 9
= = 22b + 15 + 30b − 20 − 4 + 2b
( x + y )( x − y ) ( x + y )( x − y ) =
12b2 + 52b − 9
2
=− 54b − 9 9 ( 6b − 1)
x+ y = =
12b + 52b − 9 ( 6b − 1)( 2b + 9 )
2
9
=
2b + 9
2y 2 y−2 2y 2+ y−2 2y y y
67. − + = − = − =
y −5 y −5 y −5 y−5 y−5 y −5 y −5 y −5
3x 5x + 1 3x + 2 3x 5 x + 1 − 3x − 2
68. − − = −
( x + 1) 2
( x + 1) 2
( x + 1) 2
( x + 1) 2
( x + 1)2
3x 2x − 1 3x − 2 x + 1
= − =
( x + 1) 2
( x + 1) 2
( x + 1)2
x +1 1
= =
( x + 1) 2 x +1
b a
69. −
ac + ad − bc − bd ac + ad − bc − bd
b−a b−a
= =
ac + ad − bc − bd a ( c + d ) − b ( c + d )
=
b−a
=
( −1) ⋅ b − a =
a−b
=
−1
or −
1
(c + d )(a − b) ( −1) (c + d )(a − b) − (c + d )(a − b ) c + d c+d
y x y−x y−x
70. − = =
ax + bx − ay − by ax + bx − ay − by ax + bx − ay − by x ( a + b) − y ( a + b )
=
y−x
=
( −1) ⋅ y−x
( a + b)( x − y ) ( −1) ( a + b)( x − y )
x− y −1 1
= = or −
− ( a + b )( x − y ) a + b a+b
( y − 3)( y + 2 ) − ( y + 2 )( y + 3) − ( y + 5)( y − 1) = y 2 − y − 6 − y 2 + 5 y + 6 − y 2 + 4 y − 5
71.
( y + 1)( y − 4 ) ( y + 1)( 4 − y ) ( y + 1)( 4 − y ) ( y + 1)( y − 4 ) ( y + 1)( 4 − y ) ( y + 1)( 4 − y )
=
y2 − y − 6
−
( −1) ⋅ y 2 + 5 y + 6 − ( −1) ⋅ y 2 + 4 y − 5
( y + 1)( y − 4 ) ( −1) ( y + 1)( 4 − y ) ( −1) ( y + 1)( 4 − y )
y2 − y − 6 y2 + 5y + 6 y2 + 4 y − 5 y2 − y − 6 + y2 + 5 y + 6 + y2 + 4 y − 5
= + + =
( y + 1)( y − 4 ) ( y + 1)( y − 4 ) ( y + 1)( y − 4 ) ( y + 1)( y − 4 )
3y2 + 8 y − 5
=
( y + 1)( y − 4 )
72.
( y + 1)(2 y − 1) + ( y + 2)( y − 1) − ( y + 5)( 2 y + 1) = 2 y 2 + y − 1 + y 2 + y − 2 − 2 y 2 + 11 y + 5
( y − 2)( y − 3) ( y − 2)( y − 3) (3 − y )(2 − y ) ( y − 2)( y − 3) ( y − 2)( y − 3) −1( y − 3) ⋅ −1( y − 2)
2 y2 + y − 1 y2 + y − 2 2 y 2 + 11 y + 5
= + −
( y − 2)( y − 3) ( y − 2)( y − 3) ( y − 3)( y − 2)
2 y 2 + y − 1 + y 2 + y − 2 − 2 y 2 − 11 y − 5 y2 − 9 y − 8
= =
( y − 2)( y − 3) ( y − 2)( y − 3)
=
10 x + 30
=
10 ( x + 3) = 10
x+3 x+3
The perimeter is 10 meters.
3x − 1 2x − 7 x + 2 3x ? 6 − 17 x
89. 2 − 2 ÷ 92. − =
x + 5x − 6 x + 5x − 6 x2 − 1 x+2 x+2 x+2
The difference of the numerators on the left side
( 3 x − 1) − ( 2 x − 7 ) x + 2
= ÷ 2 must be 6 − 17 x, so the missing expression is
x2 + 5x − 6
x −1 20 x − 6.
3x − 1 − 2 x + 7 x + 2 Check:
= ÷ 2
x2 + 5x − 6 x −1 3x 20 x − 6 3x − ( 20 x − 6 )
− =
x+6 x+2 x+2 x+2 x+2
= 2 ÷
x + 5x − 6 x2 − 1 3x − 20 x + 6
=
x+6 x2 − 1 x+2
= ⋅ −17 x + 6
x2 + 5x − 6 x + 2 =
x+2
=
( x + 6 ) ⋅ ( x + 1)( x − 1) 6 − 17 x
( x + 6 )( x − 1) ( x + 2 ) =
x+2
x +1
=
x+2 6 ? 13
93. + =
x−2 2− x x−2
3x 2 − 4 x + 4
90. 2 −
10 x + 9 x − 5
÷ 6 ( −1) ? 13
3x + 7 x + 2 3x 2 + 7 x + 2 x 2 − 4 + ⋅ =
x − 2 ( −1) 2 − x x − 2
=
( )
3 x 2 − 4 x + 4 − (10 x + 9 )
÷ x −5
6
+
( −1) ? 13
=
x 2 − 4 x−2 x−2 x−2
3x + 7 x + 2
2
Since 6 + 7 = 13, the opposite of the missing
3x 2 − 4 x + 4 − 10 x − 9 x −5 expression must be 7, so the missing expression is
= ÷ −7.
3x 2 + 7 x + 2 x2 − 4 Check:
3x 2 − 14 x − 5 x −5 −7 ( −1) ⋅ −7
= ÷ 6
+ =
6
+
3x + 7 x + 2
2
x2 − 4 x − 2 2 − x x − 2 ( −1)( 2 − x )
3x 2 − 14 x − 5 x 2 − 4
= ⋅ =
6
+
7
=
13
3x 2 + 7 x + 2 x − 5 x−2 x−2 x−2
( 3x + 1)( x − 5) ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
= ⋅
( 3x + 1)( x + 2 ) ( x − 5) 94.
a2
−
?
= a+3
= x−2 a−4 a−4
In order to reduce a + 3 , the difference on the left
91.
2x
+
?
=
4x + 1
must be
( a − 4 )( a + 3) = a 2 − a − 12 .
x+3 x+3 x+3 a−4 a−4
The sum of numerators on the left side must be Since a 2 − ( a + 12 ) = a 2 − a − 12, the missing
4 x + 1, so the missing expression is 2 x + 1.
expression is a + 12.
Check:
Check:
2x 2x + 1 2x + 2x + 1
+ = a + 12 a − ( a + 12 ) a 2 − a − 12
2
a2
x+3 x+3 x+3 − = =
4x + 1 a−4 a−4 a−4 a−4
= ( a − 4 )( )
a − 3
x+3 = = a+3
a−4
95.
3x
+
?
=
7x +1 ( )(
100. 81x 4 − 1 = 9 x 2 + 1 9 x 2 − 1 )
x −5 5− x x−5
( −1) ? 7 x + 1 = ( 9 x + 1) ( 3x + 1)( 3x − 1)
2
3x
+ ⋅ =
x − 5 ( −1) 5 − x x−5
3x2 − 7 x − 5
3x ( −1) ? 7 x + 1 101. x + 3 3x + 2 x 2 − 26 x − 15
3
+ =
x −5 x−5 x−5
Since 3x + ( 4 x + 1) = 7 x + 1, the opposite of the 3x3 + 9 x 2
missing expression must be 4 x + 1 , so the missing − 7 x 2 − 26 x
expression is −4 x − 1.
−7 x 2 − 21x
Check:
3x −4 x − 1 3x 4x + 1 − 5 x − 15
+ = +
x−5 5− x x −5 x −5 −5 x − 15
7x +1 0
=
x −5 3x + 2 x − 26 x − 15
3 2
= 3x2 − 7 x − 5
x+3
96. The graphs coincide.
3x + 6 x
This verifies that − = x + 3. 1 2 3 4 7
2 2 102. + = + =
2 3 6 6 6
97. The graphs do not coincide.
1 5 3 20 17
x2 + 4 x + 3 5x + 9 103. − = − =−
− 8 6 24 24 24
x+2 x+2
=
(x 2
)
+ 4x + 3 − ( 5x + 9)
104.
( y + 2) y − 2 ⋅ 4 y 2 + 2 y − 8
=
x+2 4 y ( y + 4) 4 y ( y + 4)
x + 4 x + 3 − 5x − 9
2 ( y + 4)( y − 2)
= =
x+2 4 y ( y + 4)
x2 − x − 6 y−2
= =
x+2 4y
( x + 2 )( x − 3)
=
x+2
= x−3 7.4 Check Points
Change x − 2 to x − 3.
3 7
1. and
98. The graphs do not coincide. 10 x 2 15 x
x 2 − 13 3 x 2 − 16 List the factors for each denominator.
− =
x+4 x+4 x+4 10 x 2 = 2 ⋅ 5 x 2
( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) 15 x = 3 ⋅ 5 x
=
x+4 LCD = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ x 2 = 30 x 2
= x−4
Change x + 4 to x − 4. 2 4
2. and
x+3 x −3
13 8 13 3 8 List the factors for each denominator.
99. − = ⋅ −
15 45 15 3 45 x + 3 = 1( x + 3)
=
39 8
− =
31 x − 3 = 1( x − 3)
45 45 45 LCD = ( x + 3)( x − 3)
9 11 5 y 5 y
3. and 7. − = −
7 x + 28 x
2
x + 8 x + 16
2
y − 5y
2 5 y − 25 y ( y − 5) 5( y − 5)
List the factors for each denominator. LCD = 5 y ( y − 5)
7 x 2 + 28 x = 7 x( x + 4) 5 y 5 y
− = −
x 2 + 8 x + 16 = ( x + 4)2 y − 5 y 5 y − 25 y ( y − 5) 5( y − 5)
2
LCD = 7 x( x + 4) 2 5 5 y y
= ⋅ − ⋅
5 y ( y − 5) y 5( y − 5)
3 7
4. + 25 y2
10 x 2 15 x = −
5 y ( y − 5) 5 y ( y − 5)
LCD = 30x 2
25 − y 2
3 7 3 3 2x 7 =
2
+ = ⋅ 2
+ ⋅ 5 y ( y − 5)
10 x 15 x 3 10 x 2 x 15 x
(5 + y )(5 − y )
9 14 x =
= 2
+ 5 y ( y − 5)
30 x 30 x 2
−1
9 + 14 x (5 + y ) (5 − y )
=
30 x 2 =
5 y ( y − 5)
1
2 4
5. + 5+ y
x+3 x −3 =−
5y
LCD = ( x + 3)( x − 3)
2 4 x−3 2 x+3 4 4x
+
3
=
4x
+
3
+ = ⋅ + ⋅ 8.
x +3 x −3 x −3 x +3 x +3 x −3 x 2 − 25 5 − x ( x + 5)( x − 5) 5 − x
2x − 6 4 x + 12 LCD = ( x + 5)( x − 5)
= +
( x + 3)( x − 3) ( x + 3)( x − 3) 4x 3 4x 3
+ = +
2 x − 6 + 4 x + 12 x − 25
2 5 − x ( x + 5)( x − 5) 5 − x
=
( x + 3)( x − 3) =
4x
+
−1( x + 5) 3
⋅
6x + 6 ( x + 5)( x − 5) −1( x + 5) 5 − x
=
( x + 3)( x − 3) =
4x
+
−1( x + 5) ⋅ 3
( x + 5)( x − 5) ( x + 5)( x − 5)
x 4x −3x − 15
6. −1 = +
x+5 ( x + 5)( x − 5) ( x + 5)( x − 5)
LCD = x + 5 4 x − 3x − 15
x x x+5 =
−1 = − ( x + 5)( x − 5)
x+5 x+5 x+5 x − 15
x − ( x + 5) =
= ( x + 5)( x − 5)
x+5
x− x −5
=
x+5
7.4 Concept and Vocabulary Check
−5 5
= or −
x+5 x+5 1. factor denominators
3. 3
4. x 5
5. 1
LCD = 5 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 7 ⋅ x 2 = 175 x 2
8 14
11. and
8 5 y2 − 9 y ( y + 3)
3. and
15 x 2
6 x5 y 2 − 9 = ( y + 3)( y − 3)
15 x = 3 ⋅ 5 x 2
2
y ( y + 3) = y ( y + 3)
6 x = 2 ⋅ 3x
5 5
LCD = y ( y + 3)( y − 3)
LCD = 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ x = 30 x 5 5
14 12
12. and
7 11 y − 49
2 y ( y − 7)
4. 2
and 5
15 x 24 x y 2 − 49 = ( y + 7 )( y − 7 )
15 x = 3 ⋅ 5 x 2
2
y ( y − 7) = y ( y − 7)
24 x5 = 23 ⋅ 3x5 LCD = y ( y + 7 )( y − 7 )
LCD = 23 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ x5 = 120 x5
7 y
4 7 13. and
5. and y2 −1 y2 − 2 y +1
x−3 x +1
y 2 − 1 = ( y + 1)( y − 1)
LCD = ( x − 3)( x + 1)
y 2 − 2 y + 1 = ( y − 1)( y − 1)
6.
2
and
3 LCD = ( y + 1)( y − 1)( y − 1)
x−5 x+7
LCD = ( x − 5 )( x + 7 ) 9 y
14. and
y − 25
2
y − 10 y + 25
2
5 10
7. and y − 25 = ( y + 5)( y − 5 )
2
7 ( y + 2) y
y 2 − 10 y + 25 = ( y − 5 )( y − 5 )
LCD = 7 y ( y + 2 )
LCD = ( y + 5 )( y − 5 )( y − 5 )
8 12
8. and
11( y + 5 ) y 15.
3
and
x
x 2 − x − 20 2 x2 + 7 x − 4
LCD = 11y ( y + 5 )
x 2 − x − 20 = ( x − 5 )( x + 4 )
2 x 2 + 7 x − 4 = ( 2 x − 1)( x + 4 )
LCD = ( x − 5)( x + 4 )( 2 x − 1)
7 x 1
16. and 23. 6 +
x − 5x − 6
2
x − 4x − 5
2 x
x 2 − 5 x − 6 = ( x − 6 )( x + 1) LCD = x
1 6 x 1 6x 1 6x + 1
x 2 − 4 x − 5 = ( x + 1)( x − 5 ) 6+ = ⋅ + = + =
x 1 x x x x x
LCD = ( x − 6 )( x + 1)( x − 5 )
1
24. 3 +
3 5 x
17. +
x x2 LCD = x
LCD = x 2 1 3 ⋅ x 1 3x + 1
3+ = + =
3 5 3 x 5 3x + 5 x x x x
+ 2 = ⋅ + 2 =
x x x x x x2
2
25. +9
4 8 x
18. + LCD = x
x x2
2 2 9 x 2 9x 2 + 9x
LCD = x 2 +9 = + ⋅ = + =
x x 1 x x x x
4 8 4 x 8 4x + 8
+ = ⋅ + =
x x2 x x x 2 x2 7
26. +4
x
2 11
19. + LCD = x
9x 6x
7 7 4 ⋅ x 7 + 4x
LCD = 18x +4 = + =
x x x x
2 11 2 2 11 3
+ = ⋅ + ⋅
9x 6x 9x 2 6x 3 x −1 x + 2
4 33 37 27. +
= + = 6 3
18 x 18 x 18 x LCD = 6
x − 1 x + 2 x −1 ( x + 2) 2
5 7 + = + ⋅
20. + 6 3 6 3 2
6x 8x
LCD = 24x x − 1 2 x + 4 3x + 3 3 ( x + 1)
= + = =
5 7 5⋅ 4 7⋅3 6 6 6 6
+ = + x +1
6 x 8x 6 x ⋅ 4 8x ⋅ 3 =
20 21 41 2
= + =
24 x 24 x 24 x
x+3 x+5
28. +
4 7 2 4
21. + LCD = 4
x 2 x2
x+3 x+5
LCD = 2x 2 +
2 4
4
+
7
= ⋅
4 2x
+
7
=
8x
+
7
=
( x + 3)( 2 ) + x + 5
x 2 x2 x 2 x 2 x 2 2 x 2 2 x 2
2 ( 2) 4
8x + 7
= 2 x + 6 + x + 5 3x + 11
2 x2 = =
4 4
10 3
22. + 2
x 5x
LCD = 5x 2
10 3 10 ⋅ 5 x 3 50 x + 3
+ 2 = + 2 =
x 5x x ⋅ 5x 5x 5x2
4 3 3 4
29. + 32. +
x x−5 x−2 x+3
LCD = x ( x − 5 ) LCD = ( x − 2 )( x + 3)
4 3 4 ( x − 5) 3 x 3 4
+ = + ⋅ +
x x − 5 x ( x − 5) x − 5 x x−2 x+3
3 ( x + 3) 4 ( x − 2)
4 ( x − 5) 3x = +
=
x ( x − 5)
+
x ( x − 5) ( x − 2 )( x + 3) ( x − 2 )( x + 3)
4 x − 20 + 3 x 3 ( x + 3) + 4 ( x − 2 )
= =
x ( x − 5) ( x − 2 )( x + 3)
7 x − 20 3x + 9 + 4 x − 8 7x +1
= = =
x ( x − 5) ( x − 2 )( x + 3) ( x − 2 )( x + 3)
3 4 2 3
30. + 33. +
x x−6 y + 5 4y
LCD = x ( x − 6 ) LCD = 4 y ( y + 5 )
3 4 3( x − 6) 4x 2 3 2(4 y) 3 ( y + 5)
+ = + + = +
x x − 6 x ( x − 6) x ( x − 6) y + 5 4 y ( 4 y )( y + 5) 4 y ( y + 5 )
3( x − 6) + 4x 2 ( 4 y ) + 3 ( y + 5)
= =
x ( x − 6) 4 y ( y + 5)
3 x − 18 + 4 x 8 y + 3 y + 15
= =
x ( x − 6) 4 y ( y + 5)
7 x − 18 11y + 15
= =
x ( x − 6) 4 y ( y + 5)
2 3 3 2
31. + 34. +
x −1 x + 2 y +1 3y
LCD = ( x − 1)( x + 2 ) LCD = 3 y ( y + 1)
2 3 3 2
+ +
x −1 x + 2 y +1 3y
2 ( x + 2) 3 ( x − 1) 3(3 y ) 2 ( y + 1)
= + = +
( x − 1)( x + 2 ) ( x − 1)( x + 2 ) 3 y ( y + 1) 3 y ( y + 1)
2 x + 4 + 3x − 3 3 ( 3 y ) + 2 ( y + 1) 9y + 2y + 2
= = =
( x − 1)( x + 2 ) 3 y ( y + 1) 3 y ( y + 1)
5x + 1 11y + 2
= =
( x − 1)( x + 2 ) 3 y ( y + 1)
x 8 2
35. −1 38. −
x+7 x+6 x−6
LCD = x + 7 LCD = ( x + 6 )( x − 6 )
x x x+7
−1 = − 8
−
2
x+7 x+7 x+7 x+6 x−6
x − ( x + 7)
= 8 ( x − 6) 2 ( x + 6)
x+7 = −
x− x−7
( x + 6 )( x − 6 ) ( 6 )( x − 6 )
x +
= 8 ( x − 6) − 2 ( x + 6)
x+7 =
−7 7 ( x + 6 )( x − 6 )
= or −
x+7 x+7 8 x − 48 − 2 x − 12
=
( x + 6 )( x − 6 )
x
36. −1 6 x − 60
x+6 =
LCD = x + 6 ( x + 6 )( x − 6 )
x x x+6
−1 = − 2x x
x+6 x+6 x+6 39. +
x − ( x + 6) x 2 − 16 x − 4
= x 2 − 16 = ( x + 4 )( x − 4 )
x+6
x− x−6 x − 4 = 1( x − 4 )
=
x+6 LCD = ( x + 4 )( x − 4 )
−6 6 2x x
= or − +
x+6 x+6 x − 16 x − 4
2
2x x
7 4 = +
37. −
x+5 x −5
( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) x − 4
LCD = ( x + 5)( x − 5 ) 2x x ( x + 4)
= +
7 4 ( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) ( x + 4 )( x − 4 )
−
x+5 x −5 2x + x ( x + 4)
=
7 ( x − 5) 4 ( x + 5) ( x + 4 )( x − 4 )
= −
( x + 5)( x − 5) ( x + 5)( x − 5) =
2 x + x2 + 4 x
7 ( x − 5) − 4 ( x + 5 ) ( x + 4 )( x − 4 )
=
( x + 5)( x − 5) =
x2 + 6 x
=
7 x − 35 − 4 x − 20 ( x + 4 )( x − 4 )
( x + 5)( x − 5)
3x − 55
=
( x + 5)( x − 5)
4x x 8y 5
40. + 42. −
x − 25
2 x+5 y − 16
2 y+4
x 2 − 25 = ( x + 5 )( x − 5 ) LCD = ( y + 4 )( y − 4 )
x + 5 = 1( x + 5 ) 8y 5
−
LCD = ( x + 5)( x − 5 ) y − 16
2 y+4
4x x 8y 5
+ = −
x 2 − 25 x+5 ( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) y + 4
=
4x
+
x
8y 5 ( y − 4)
( x + 5)( x − 5) x + 5 = −
( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) ( y + 4 )( y − 4 )
x ( x − 5)
=
4x
+ 8 y − 5 ( y − 4)
( x + 5)( x − 5) ( x + 5)( x − 5) =
( y + 4 )( y − 4 )
4 x + x ( x − 5) 8 y − 5 y + 20
= =
( x + 5)( x − 5) ( y + 4 )( y − 4 )
4x + x2 − 5x 3 y + 20
= =
( x + 5)( x − 5) ( y + 4 )( y − 4 )
x2 − x
=
( x + 5)( x − 5) 43.
7
−
3
x − 1 ( x − 1)( x − 1)
5y 4 LCD = ( x − 1)( x − 1)
41. −
y −9
2 y+3 7 3
−
LCD = ( y + 3)( y − 3) x − 1 ( x − 1)( x − 1)
5y 4 7 ( x − 1) 3
− = −
y −9
2 y+3 ( x − 1)( x − 1) ( )( x − 1)
x − 1
=
5y
−
4 7x − 7 − 3
=
( y + 3)( y − 3) y + 3 ( x − 1)( x − 1)
5y 4 ( y − 3) 7 x − 10 7 x − 10
= − = or
( y + 3)( y − 3) ( y + 3)( y − 3) ( x − 1)( x − 1) ( x − 1)2
5 y − 4 ( y − 3)
=
( y + 3)( y − 3) 44.
5
−
2
x + 3 ( x + 3 )2
5 y − 4 y + 12
=
( y + 3)( y − 3) LCD = ( x + 3)( x + 3)
y + 12 5 2
= −
( y + 3)( y − 3) x + 3 ( x + 3 )2
5 ( x + 3) 2
= −
( x + 3)( x + 3) ( x + 3)( x + 3)
5 x + 15 − 2
=
( x + 3)( x + 3)
5 x + 13
=
( x + 3)( x + 3)
3y 9y y+4 y
45. + 47. −
4 y − 20 6 y − 30 y y+4
4 y − 20 = 4 ( y − 5 ) LCD = y ( y + 4 )
6 y − 30 = 6 ( y − 5 ) y+4 y
−
LCD = 12 ( y − 5) y y+4
3y 9y =
( y + 4 )( y + 4 ) − y ⋅ y
+
4 y − 20 6 y − 30 y ( y + 4) y ( y + 4)
4y 9y y 2 + 8 y + 16 − y 2
= + =
4 ( y − 5) 6 ( y − 5 ) y ( y + 4)
4y 3 9y 2 8 y + 16
= ⋅ + ⋅ =
4 ( y − 5) 3 6 ( y − 5 ) 2 y ( y + 4)
12 y 18 y
= +
12 ( y − 5 ) 12 ( y − 5 ) 48.
y
−
y −5
9 y + 18 y 27 y y −5 y
= =
12 ( y − 5 ) 12 ( y − 5) LCD = y ( y − 5)
9y y y −5
= −
4 ( y − 5) y −5 y
y⋅ y ( y − 5)( y − 5)
= −
46.
4y
+
3y y ( y − 5) y ( y − 5)
5 y − 10 10 y − 20
y 2 − ( y − 5 )( y − 5 )
5 y − 10 = 5 ( y − 2 ) =
y ( y − 5)
10 y − 20 = 10 ( y − 2 )
LCD = 10 ( y − 2 ) =
2
(
y − y 2 − 10 y + 25 )
y ( y − 5)
4y 3y
+
5 y − 10 10 y − 20 y − y 2 + 10 y − 25
2
=
4y 3y y ( y − 5)
= +
5 ( y − 2 ) 10 ( y − 2 ) 10 y − 25
=
4y ⋅ 2 3y y ( y − 5)
= +
5 ( y − 2 ) ⋅ 2 10 ( y − 2 )
8 y + 3y
=
10 ( y − 2 )
11 y
=
10 ( y − 2 )
2x + 9 2 3 4
49. − 51. +
x − 7 x + 12
2 x−3 x −12
( x + 1)2
x 2 − 7 x + 12 = ( x − 3)( x − 4 )
x 2 − 1 = ( x + 1)( x − 1)
x − 3 = 1( x − 3)
LCD = ( x − 3)( x − 4 )
( x + 1)2 = ( x + 1)( x + 1)
LCD = ( x + 1)( x + 1)( x − 1)
2x + 9 2
− 3 4
x 2 − 7 x + 12 x − 3 +
=
2x + 9
−
2 x −12
( x + 1)2
( x − 3)( x − 4 ) x − 3 3 4
= +
2x + 9 2 ( x − 4) ( x + 1)( x − 1) ( x + 1)( x + 1)
= −
( x − 3)( x − 4 ) ( x − 3)( x − 4 ) 3 ( x + 1) 4 ( x − 1)
= +
2x + 9 − 2 ( x − 4) ( x + 1)( x + 1)( x − 1) ( x + 1)( x + 1)( x − 1)
=
( x − 3)( x − 4 ) 3 ( x + 1) + 4 ( x − 1)
=
=
2x + 9 − 2x + 8 ( x + 1)( x + 1)( x − 1)
( x − 3)( x − 4 ) 3x + 3 + 4 x − 4
=
=
17 ( x + 1)( x + 1)( x − 1)
( x − 3)( x − 4 ) 7x −1
=
( x + 1)( x + 1)( x − 1)
3x + 7 3
50. −
x − 5x + 6
2 x −3 6 2
52. +
x 2 − 5 x + 6 = ( x − 3)( x − 2 ) x −42
( x + 2 )2
x − 3 = 1( x − 3 )
x 2 − 4 = ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
LCD = ( x − 3)( x − 2 )
3x + 7 3
( x + 2 )2 = ( x + 2 )( x + 2 )
= LCD = ( x + 2 )( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
x − 5x + 6
2 x−3
3x + 7 3 6 2
= − +
( )(
x − 3 x − 2 ) −3
x x2 − 4 ( x + 2 )2
3x + 7 3( x − 2) 6 2
= − = +
( x − 3)( x − 2 ) ( x − 3)( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 )( x + 2 )
3x + 7 − 3 ( x − 2 ) 6 ( x + 2) 2 ( x − 2)
= = +
( x − 3)( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 )( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 )( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
3x + 7 − 3 x + 6 6 ( x + 2) + 2 ( x − 2)
= =
( x − 3)( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 )( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
=
13 6 x + 12 + 2 x − 4
=
( x − 3)( x − 2 ) ( + 2 )( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
x
8x + 8
=
( x + 2 )( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
3x 2x y 4
53. − 55. +
x + 3x − 10 x + x − 6
2 2
y + 2y +1
2
y + 5y + 4
2
x 2 + 3 x − 10 = ( x − 2 )( x + 5 ) y + 2 y + 1 = ( y + 1)( y + 1)
2
x + x − 6 = ( x + 3)( x − 2 )
2
y 2 + 5 y + 4 = ( y + 4 )( y + 1)
LCD = ( x + 3)( x − 2 )( x + 5 ) LCD = ( y + 4 )( y + 1)( y + 1)
3x 2x y 4
− +
x 2 + 3x − 10 x 2 + x − 6 y + 2y +1 y + 5y + 4
2 2
3x 2x
= − y 4
( x − 2 )( x + 5) ( x + 3)( x − 2 ) = +
( y + 1)( y + 1) ( y + 4 )( y + 1)
3 x ( x + 3) 2 x ( x + 5)
= − y ( y + 4) 4 ( y + 1)
( x + 3)( x − 2 )( x + 5) ( x + 3)( x − 2 )( x + 5) = +
( y + 4 )( y + 1)( y + 1) ( y + 4 )( y + 1)( y + 1)
3x ( x + 3) − 2 x ( x + 5)
= y ( y + 4 ) + 4 ( y + 1)
( x + 3)( x − 2 )( x + 5) =
( y + 4 )( y + 1)( y + 1)
3x 2 + 9 x − 2 x 2 − 10 x
= y2 + 4 y + 4 y + 4
( x + 3)( x − 2 )( x + 5) =
( y + 4 )( y + 1)( y + 1)
x2 − x
= y2 + 8 y + 4
( x + 3)( x − 2 )( x + 5) =
( y + 4 )( y + 1)( y + 1)
x x
54. − y 4
x − 2 x − 24 x − 7 x + 6
2 2 56. +
y + 5y + 6
2
y − y−6
2
x 2 − 2 x − 24 = ( x − 6 )( x + 4 )
y + 5 y + 6 = ( y + 2 )( y + 3)
2
x 2 − 7 x + 6 = ( x − 6 )( x − 1)
y 2 − y − 6 = ( y − 3)( y + 2 )
LCD = ( x − 6 )( x + 4 )( x − 1)
LCD = ( y + 2 )( y + 3)( y − 3)
x x
− y 4
x 2 − 2 x − 24 x 2 − 7 x + 6 +
x x y + 5y + 6
2
y − y−6
2
= −
( )(
x − 6 x + 4 ) ( )( x − 1)
x − 6 =
y
+
4
x ( x − 1) x ( x + 4) ( y + 2 )( y + 3) ( y − 3)( y + 2 )
= − y ( y − 3) 4 ( y + 3)
( x − 6 )( x + 4 )( x − 1) ( x − 6 )( x − 1)( x + 4 ) = +
x ( x − 1) − x ( x + 4 ) ( y + )( y + )( y − ) ( y − )( y + 2 )( y + 3)
2 3 3 3
= y ( y − 3 ) + 4 ( y + 3)
( x − 6 )( x + 4 )( x − 1) =
x2 − x − x2 − 4 x
( y + 2 )( y + 3)( y − 3)
=
( x − 6 )( x + 4 )( x − 1) =
y 2 − 3 y + 4 y + 12
−5 x ( y + 2 )( y + 3)( y − 3)
=
( )( + 4 )( x − 1)
x − 6 x
=
y 2 + y + 12
( y + 2 )( y + 3)( y − 3)
x−5 x +3 7 2
57. + 60. −
x+3 x −5 5y − 5y 2 5y − 5
LCD = ( x + 3)( x − 5 ) 5 y 2 − 5 y = 5 y ( y − 1)
x−5 x +3
+ 5 y − 5 = 5 ( y − 1)
x+3 x −5
LCD = 5 y ( y − 1)
( x − 5)( x − 5) ( x + 3)( x + 3)
= + 7 2 7 2
( x + 3)( x − 5) ( x − 5)( x + 3) 5y − 5y 2
− = −
5 y − 5 5 y ( y − 1) 5 ( y − 1)
( x − 5)( x − 5) + ( x + 3)( x + 3) 7 2⋅ y
= = −
( x + 3)( x − 5) 5 y ( y − 1) 5 ( y − 1) ⋅ y
=
(x 2
) (
− 10 x + 25 + x 2 + 6 x + 9 ) =
7 − 2y
( x + 3)( x − 5) 5 y ( y − 1)
2 x − 4 x + 34
2
4x + 3 x +1
= 61. −
( x + 3)( x − 5) x2 − 9 x − 3
LCD = ( x + 3)( x − 3)
x−7 x+4
58. + 4x + 3
−
x +1
=
4x + 3
−
( x + 1)( x + 3)
x+4 x−7
x −92 x − 3 ( x + 3)( x − 3) ( x + 3)( x − 3)
LCD = ( x + 4 )( x − 7 )
=
(4 x + 3) − ( x + 1)( x + 3)
x−7 x+4
x+4 x−7
+ ( x + 3)( x − 3)
( x − 7 )( x − 7 ) ( x + 4 )( x + 4 ) (4 x + 3) − ( x 2 + 4 x + 3)
= + =
( x + 4 )( x − 7 ) ( x + 4 )( x − 7 ) ( x + 3)( x − 3)
( x − 7 )( x − 7 ) + ( x + 4 )( x + 4 ) 4 x + 3 − x2 − 4 x − 3
= =
( x + 4 )( x − 7 ) ( x + 3)( x − 3)
(x 2
) (
− 14 x + 49 + x 2 + 8 x + 16 ) =
− x2
=−
x2
=
( x + 4 )( x − 7 ) ( x + 3)( x − 3) ( x + 3)( x − 3)
2 x 2 − 6 x + 65 2 x − 1 6 − 5x
= 62. −
( x + 4 )( x − 7 ) x + 6 x 2 − 36
LCD = ( x + 6 )( x − 6 )
5 3 2 x − 1 6 − 5x
59. − −
2y − 2y
2 2y − 2 x + 6 x 2 − 36
2 y 2 − 2 y = 2 y ( y − 1) =
2x − 1
−
6 − 5x
2 y − 2 = 2 ( y − 1) x + 6 ( x + 6)( x − 6)
LCD = 2 y ( y − 1) =
(2 x − 1)( x − 6) − 6 − 5x
5 3 ( x + 6)( x − 6) ( x + 6)( x − 6)
−
2y − 2y
2 2y − 2
=
(2 x − 1)( x − 6) − (6 − 5x )
5 3 ( x + 6)( x − 6)
= −
2 y ( y − 1) 2 ( y − 1) 2 x 2 − 13x + 6 − 6 + 5 x
=
=
5
−
3⋅ y ( x + 6)( x − 6)
2 y ( y − 1) 2 y ( y − 1) 2 x2 − 8x
=
=
5 − 3y ( x + 6)( x − 6)
2 y ( y − 1)
y 2 − 39 y−7 y 2 − 6 − ( y − 4 )( y + 3)
63. − =
y 2 + 3 y − 10 y−2 ( y + 3)( y + 6 )
y 2 + 3 y − 10 = ( y − 2 )( y + 5 )
=
(
y 2 − 6 − y 2 − y − 12 )
y − 2 = 1( y − 2 )
( y + 3)( y + 6 )
LCD = ( y − 2 )( y + 5 )
y − 6 − y 2 + y + 12
2
=
y − 39 y−7 ( y + 3)( y + 6 )
2
−
y + 3 y − 10
2
y−2 y+6 1
= =
=
y 2 − 39
−
y−7 ( y + 3)( y + 6 ) y + 3
( y − 2 )( y + 5) y − 2
y 2 − 39 ( y − 7 )( y + 5) 65. 4 +
1
= − x−3
( y − 2 )( y + 5) ( y − 2 )( y + 5) LCD = x − 3
=
(y 2
)
− 39 − ( y − 7 )( y + 5 )
4+
1
=
4 ( x − 3)
+
1
( y − 2 )( y + 5) x−3 x−3 x−3
4 ( x − 3) + 1
=
(y 2
) (
− 39 − y 2 − 2 y − 35 ) =
x −3
( y − 2 )( y + 5) 4 x − 12 + 1
=
y − 39 − y 2 + 2 y + 35
2
x −3
=
( y − 2 )( y + 5) =
4 x − 11
2y − 4 2 ( y − 2) x −3
= =
( y − 2 )( y + 5) ( y − 2 )( y + 5) 1
2 66. 7 +
= x−5
y+5 LCD = x − 5
1 7 ( x − 5) 1
y2 − 6 y−4 7+ = +
64. − x−5 x −5 x−5
y + 9 y + 18
2 y+6 7 ( x − 5) + 1
=
y 2 + 9 y − 18 = ( y + 3)( y + 6 ) x −5
y + 6 = 1( y + 6 ) 7 x − 35 + 1
=
LCD = ( y + 3)( y + 6 ) x−5
7 x − 34
y2 − 6 y−4 =
− x−5
y + 9 y + 18
2 y+6
y2 − 6 y−4 3y
= − 67. 3 −
( y + 3)( y + 6 ) y + 6 y +1
LCD = y + 1
y2 − 6 ( y − 4 )( y + 3)
= − 3 ( y + 1) 3 y
( y + 3)( y + 6 ) ( y + 6 )( y + 3) 3−
3y
= −
y +1 y +1 y +1
3 ( y + 1) − 3 y
=
y +1
3y + 3 − 3y
=
y +1
3
=
y +1
68. 7 −
4y x2 + 9 x 5
70. +
y+5 x − 2x − 3 3 − x
2
LCD = y + 5 x 2 − 2 x − 3 = ( x − 3)( x + 1)
4y 7 ( y + 5) 4y Note that −1( 3 − x ) = x − 3
7− = −
y+5 y+5 y+5 LCD = ( x − 3)( x + 1)
7 ( y + 5) − 4 y
= x2 + 9 x 5
y+5 +
x − 2x − 3
2 3− x
7 y + 35 − 4 y
= x2 + 9 x 5
y+5 = 2 +
x − 2x − 3 3 − x
3 y + 35
= x2 + 9x −5
y+5 = +
( x − 3)( x + 1) x − 3
9x + 3 x x2 + 9x −5 ( x + 1)
69. + = +
x2 − x − 6 3− x ( x − 3)( x + 1) ( x − 3)( x + 1)
x 2 − x − 6 = ( x − 3)( x + 2 ) x 2 + 9 x − 5 ( x + 1)
3 − x = −1 ( x − 3 ) =
( x − 3)( x + 1)
LCD = ( x − 3)( x + 2 )
x2 + 9 x − 5x − 5
9x + 3 =
+
x
( x − 3)( x + 1)
x − x −6 3− x
2
x2 + 4 x − 5
9x + 3 ( −1) x =
= + ⋅ ( x − 3)( x + 1)
( x − 3)( x + 2 ) ( −1) 3 − x
9x + 3 −x x+3 2
= + −
( x − 3)( x + 2 ) x−3 71.
x + x − 2 x −1
2 2
9x + 3 − x ( x + 2) x 2 + x − 2 = ( x − 1)( x + 2 )
= +
( )(
x − 3 x + 2 ) ( − 3)( x + 2 )
x x 2 − 1 = ( x + 1)( x − 1)
9x + 3 − x ( x + 2) LCD = ( x + 1)( x − 1)( x + 2 )
=
( x − 3)( x + 2 ) x+3 2
−
9x + 3 − x − 2x
2
x + x − 2 x −1
2 2
=
( x − 3)( x + 2 ) =
x+3
−
2
− x2 + 7 x + 3 ( x − 1)( x + 2 ) ( x + 1)( x − 1)
=
( x − 3)( x + 2 ) ( x + 3)( x + 1)
=
( x + 1)( x − 1)( x + 2 )
2 ( x + 2)
−
( x + 1)( x − 1)( x + 2 )
( x + 3)( x + 1) − 2 ( x + 2 )
=
( x + 1)( x − 1)( x + 2 )
x2 + 4 x + 3 − 2 x − 4
=
( x + 1)( x − 1)( x + 2 )
x2 + 2x − 1
=
( x + 1)( x − 1)( x + 2 )
x+7 x y⋅ y −2 y ( y + 1)
76. + = +
4 x + 12 9 − x 2 y ( y + 1)( y − 1) y ( y + 1)( y − 1)
4 x + 12 = 4 ( x + 3)
y 2 − 2 y ( y + 1) y2 − 2 y2 − 2 y
9 − x = ( 3 + x )( 3 − x )
2 = =
y ( y + 1)( y − 1) y ( y + 1)( y − 1)
Note that −1( 3 − x ) = x − 3 − y ( y + 2)
− y2 − 2 y
= =
LCD = 4 ( x + 3)( x − 3) y ( y + 1)( y − 1) y ( y + 1)( y − 1)
x+7 x −1( y + 2 ) −y − 2
+ = =
4 x + 12 9 − x 2
( y + 1)( y − 1) ( y + 1)( y − 1)
x+7 x
= +
4 ( x + 3) ( 3 + x )( 3 − x ) y 5y
78. +
x+7 ( −1) x y2 −1 y − y2
= + ⋅
4 ( x + 3) ( −1) ( 3 + x )( 3 − x ) y 2 − 1 = ( y + 1)( y − 1)
x+7 −x y − y 2 = y (1 − y )
= +
4 ( x + 3) ( x + 3)( x − 3)
Note that −1(1 − y ) = y − 1
( x + 7 )( x − 3) − x ( 4)
LCD = y ( y + 1)( y − 1)
= +
4 ( x + 3)( x − 3) 4 ( x + 3)( x − 3)
y 5y
x 2 + 4 x − 21 − 4 x +
= y2 −1 y − y2
4 ( x + 3)( x − 3)
y 5y
= +
=
x 2 − 21 ( y + 1)( y − 1) y (1 − y )
4 ( x + 3)( x − 3) ( −1) 5 y
y
= + ⋅
y 2y
( y + 1)( y − 1) ( −1) y (1 − y )
77. + y −5 y
y2 −1 y − y2 = +
( y + 1)( y − 1) y ( y − 1)
y 2 − 1 = ( y + 1)( y − 1)
y⋅ y −5 y ( y + 1)
y − y 2 = y (1 − y ) = +
y ( y + 1)( y − 1) y ( y + 1)( y − 1)
Note that −1(1 − y ) = y − 1
y 2 − 5 y ( y + 1) y2 − 5 y2 − 5 y
LCD = y ( y + 1)( y − 1) = =
y ( y + 1)( y − 1) y ( y + 1)( y − 1)
y 2y
+ −4 y 2 − 5 y − y ( 4 y + 5)
y2 −1 y − y2 = =
y ( y + 1)( y − 1) y ( y + 1)( y − 1)
y 2y
= + −1 ( 4 y + 5 )
( y + 1)( y − 1) y (1 − y ) = =
−4 y − 5
x −1 y + 1
79. +
x y
LCD = xy
x −1 y + 1
+
x y
( x − 1)( y ) ( y + 1)( x )
= +
xy xy
xy − y + xy + x
=
xy
x + 2 xy − y
=
xy
x+2 y−2
80. +
y x
LCD = xy
x+2 y−2
+
y x
( x + 2 )( x ) ( y − 2 )( y )
= +
xy xy
x + 2x − 2 y + y
2 2
=
xy
3x 2
81. −
x2 − y2 y−x
x 2 − y 2 = ( x + y )( x − y )
Note that y − x = −1( x − y )
LCD = ( x + y )( x − y )
3x 2
−
x −y2 2 y−x
3x ( −1) 2
= − ⋅
( x + y )( x − y ) ( −1) y − x
3x −2
= −
( x + y )( x − y ) x − y
3x −2 ( x + y )
= −
( x + y )( x − y ) ( x + y )( x − y )
3x + 2 ( x + y ) 3x + 2 x + 2 y
= =
( x + y )( x − y ) ( x + y )( x − y )
5x + 2 y
=
( x + y )( x − y )
7x 3
82. −
x −y2 2 y−x
x 2 − y 2 = ( x + y )( x − y )
Note that y − x = −1( x − y )
LCD = ( x + y )( x − y )
7x 3
−
x −y2 2 y−x
7x ( −1) 3
= − ⋅
( x + y )( x − y ) ( −1) y − x
7x −3
= −
( x + y )( x − y ) x− y
7x 3( x + y )
= +
( x + y )( x − y ) ( y )( x − y )
x +
7 x + 3( x + y ) 7 x + 3x + 3 y
= =
( x + y )( x − y ) ( x + y )( x − y )
10 x + 3 y
=
( x + y )( x − y )
x+6 x+3 x−3
83. − +
x −4 x+2 x−2
2
LCD = ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
x+6 x+3 x−3 x+6 x+3 x−3
− + = − +
x2 − 4 x + 2 x − 2 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) x + 2 x − 2
x+6 ( x + 3)( x − 2 ) ( x − 3)( x + 2 )
= − +
( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) ( x − 2 )( x + 2 )
=
x + 6 − ( x + 3)( x − 2 ) + ( x − 3)( x + 2 )
=
( ) (
x + 6 − x2 + x − 6 + x2 − x − 6 )
( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
x + 6 − x2 − x + 6 + x2 − x − 6 −x + 6
= =
( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
x +8 x+2 x−2
84. −+
x −9 x +3 x −3
2
LCD = ( x + 3)( x − 3)
x +8 x+2 x−2 x +8 x+2 x−2
− + = − +
x −92 x + 3 x − 3 ( x + 3)( x − 3) x + 3 x − 3
=
x+8
−
( x + 2 )( x − 3) + ( x − 2 )( x + 3)
( x + 3)( x − 3) ( x + 3)( x − 3) ( x − 3)( x + 3)
=
x + 8 − ( x + 2 )( x − 3) + ( x − 2 )( x + 3)
=
( ) (
x + 8 − x2 − x − 6 + x 2 + x − 6 )
( x + 3)( x − 3) ( x + 3)( x − 3)
x + 8 − x2 + x + 6 + x2 + x − 6 3x + 8
= =
( )( )
x + 3 x − 3 ( 3)( x − 3)
x +
5 4 3
85. + −
x − 25 x − 11x + 30
2 2
x − x − 30
2
x 2 − 25 = ( x + 5 )( x − 5 )
x 2 − 11x + 30 = ( x − 6 )( x − 5 )
x 2 − x − 30 = ( x − 6 )( x + 5 )
LCD = ( x + 5)( x − 5 )( x − 6 )
5 4 3
+ −
x − 25
2
x − 11x + 30
2
x − x − 30
2
5 4 3
= + −
( x + 5)( x − 5) ( x − 6 )( x − 5) ( x − 6 )( x + 5)
5 ( x − 6) 4 ( x + 5) 3 ( x − 5)
= + −
( x + 5)( x − 5)( x − 6 ) ( x − 6 )( x − 5)( x + 5) ( x − 6 )( x + 5)( x − 5)
5 ( x − 6 ) + 4 ( x + 5 ) − 3 ( x − 5 ) 5 x − 30 + 4 x + 20 − 3x + 15
= =
( x + 5)( x − 5)( x − 6 ) ( x + 5)( x − 5)( x − 6 )
6x + 5
=
( x + 5)( x − 5)( x − 6 )
3 2 5
86. + −
x 2 − 49 x 2 − 15 x + 56 x 2 − x − 56
x 2 − 49 = ( x + 7 )( x − 7 )
x 2 − 15 x + 56 = ( x − 7 )( x − 8)
x 2 − x − 56 = ( x − 8)( x + 7 )
LCD = ( x + 7 )( x + 7 )( x − 8 )
3 2 5
+ −
x − 49
2
x − 15 x + 56
2
x − x − 56 2
3 2 5
= + −
( x + 7 )( x − 7 ) ( x − 7 )( ) ( )( x + 7 )
x − 8 x − 8
3 ( x − 8) 2( x + 7) 5( x − 7)
= + −
( x + 7 )( x − 7 )( x − 8) ( x − 7 )( x − 8)( x + 7 ) ( x − 8)( x + 7 )( x − 7 )
3 ( x − 8 ) + 2 ( x + 7 ) − 5 ( x − 7 ) 3x − 24 + 2 x + 14 − 5 x + 35 25
= = =
( x + 7 )( x − 7 )( x − 8) ( x + 7 )( x − 7 )( x − 8) ( x + 7 )( x − 7 )( x − 8)
x+6 x
87. −
x3 − 27 x3 + 3 x 2 + 9 x
( )
x3 − 27 = ( x − 3) x 2 + 3 x + 9
x + 3x + 9 x = x ( x + 3x + 9 )
3 2 2
LCD = x ( x − 3) ( x + 3x + 9 )2
x+6 x x+6 x
− = −
x − 27
3
x + 3x + 9 x
3
( x − 3) ( x + 3 x + 9 )
2 2
(
x x + 3x + 9
2
)
( x + 6) x x ( x − 3)
= −
( x − 3) ( x + 3 x + 9 ) x x ( x + 3x + 9 ) ( x − 3)
2 2
x ( x + 6 ) − x ( x − 3) x2 + 6 x − x2 + 3x
= =
x ( x − 3) ( x 2 + 3 x + 9 ) x ( x − 3) ( x 2 + 3 x + 9 )
9x 9
= =
(
x ( x − 3) x + 3 x + 9
2
) ( x − 3) ( x 2 + 3 x + 9 )
x+8 x
88. −
x −83
x + 2x2 + 4 x
3
x − 8 = ( x − 2) x2 + 2 x + 4
3
( )
x3 + 2 x 2 + 4 x = x x 2 + 2 x + 4 ( )
LCD = x ( x − 2 ) x 2 + 2 x + 4 ( )
x+8 x x+8 x
− = −
x −83
x + 2x + 4x
3 2
( x − 2) ( x 2
+ 2x + 4 ) x(x 2
+ 2x + 4 )
( x + 8) x x ( x − 2)
= −
( x − 2) ( x + 2x + 4) x x ( x + 2x + 4) ( x − 2)
2 2
x ( x + 8) − x ( x − 2 ) x2 + 8x − x2 + 2 x
= =
x ( x − 2) ( x2 + 2 x + 4) x ( x − 2) ( x2 + 2 x + 4)
10 x 10
= =
(
x ( x − 2) x + 2x + 42
) ( x − 2 ) ( x2 + 2 x + 4)
9y + 3 y y −1
89. + +
y − y−6
2 3− y y + 2
y 2 − y − 6 = ( y − 3)( y + 2 )
3 − y = −1 ( y − 3 )
y + 2 = 1( y + 2 )
LCD = ( y − 3)( y + 2 )
9y + 3 y y −1 9y + 3 y y −1
+ + = + +
y − y−6
2 3 − y y + 2 ( y − 3)( y + 2 ) −1( y − 3) y + 2
9y + 3 − y ( y + 2) ( y − 1)( y − 3)
= + +
( y − 3)( y + 2 ) ( y − 3)( y + 2 ) ( y + 2 )( y − 3)
9 y + 3 + − y ( y + 2 ) + ( y − 1)( y − 3) 9 y + 3 − y2 − 2 y + y2 − 4 y + 3
= =
( y − 3)( y + 2 ) ( y − 3)( y + 2 )
3y + 6 3( y + 2) 3
= = =
( y − 3)( y + 2 ) ( y − 3)( y + 2 ) y −3
7y − 2 2y y +1
90. + +
y − y − 12
2 4− y y+3
y 2 − y − 12 = ( y − 4 )( y + 3)
4 − y = −1( y − 4 )
y + 3 = 1( y + 3)
LCD = ( y − 4 )( y + 3)
7y − 2 2y y +1 7y − 2 2y y +1
+ + = + +
y − y − 12
2 4 − y y + 3 ( y − 4 )( y + 3) −1( y − 4 ) y + 3
7y − 2 −2 y ( y + 3) ( y + 1)( y − 4 )
= + +
( y − 4 )( y + 3) ( y − 4 )( y + 3) ( y + 3)( y − 4 )
7 y − 2 + −2 y ( y + 3) + ( y + 1)( y − 4 ) 7 y − 2 − 2 y2 − 6 y + y2 − 3y − 4
= =
( y − 4 )( y + 3) ( y − 4 )( y + 3)
− y2 − 2 y − 6 y2 + 2 y + 6
= or −
( y − 4 )( y + 3) ( y − 4 )( y + 3)
3 5 2
91. − +
x + 4 xy + 3 y
2 2
x − 2 xy − 3 y
2 2
x − 9 y2
2
x 2 + 4 xy + 3 y 2 = ( x + y )( x + 3 y )
x 2 − 2 xy − 3 y 2 = ( x − 3 y )( x + y )
x 2 − 9 y 2 = ( x + 3 y )( x − 3 y )
LCD = ( x + y )( x + 3 y )( x − 3 y )
3 5 2
− +
x + 4 xy + 3 y
2 2
x − 2 xy − 3 y
2 2
x − 9 y2
2
3 5 2
= − +
( x + y )( x + 3 y ) ( x − 3 y )( x + y ) ( x + 3 y )( x − 3 y )
3( x − 3 y ) 5( x + 3y) 2( x + y)
= − +
( x + y )( x + 3 y )( x − 3 y ) ( x − 3 y )( x + y )( x + 3 y ) ( x + 3 y )( x − 3 y )( x + y )
3 ( x − 3 y ) − 5 ( x + 3 y ) + 2 ( x + y ) 3 x − 9 y − 5 x − 15 y + 2 x + 2 y
= =
( x + y )( x + 3 y )( x − 3 y ) ( x + y )( x + 3 y )( x − 3 y )
−22 y
=
( x + y )( + 3 y )( x − 3 y )
x
5 7 4
92. − +
x + 3xy + 2 y
2 2
x − xy − 2 y
2 2
x − 4 y2
2
x 2 + 3 xy + 2 y 2 = ( x + y )( x + 2 y )
x 2 − xy − 2 y 2 = ( x + y )( x − 2 y )
x 2 − 4 y 2 = ( x + 2 y )( x − 2 y )
LCD = ( x + y )( x + 2 y )( x − 2 y )
5 7 4
− +
x + 3xy + 2 y
2 2
x − xy − 2 y
2 2
x − 4 y2
2
5 7 4
= − +
( x + y )( x + 2 y ) ( x + y )( x − 2 y ) ( x + 2 y )( x − 2 y )
5( x − 2 y) 7( x + 2y) 4( x + y)
= − +
( x + y )( x + 2 y )( x − 2 y ) ( x + y )( x − 2 y )( x + 2 y ) ( x + 2 y )( x − 2 y )( x + y )
5 ( x − 2 y ) − 7 ( x + 2 y ) + 4 ( x + y ) 5 x − 10 y − 7 x − 14 y + 4 x + 4 y 2 x − 20 y
= = =
( x + y )( x + 2 y )( x − 2 y ) ( x + y )( x + 2 y )( x − 2 y ) ( x + y )( x + 2 y )( x − 2 y )
DA
93. Young’s Rule: C =
A + 12
A = 8;
D ⋅ 8 8D 2 D
C= = =
8 + 12 20 5
A = 3;
D ⋅ 3 3D D
C= = =
3 + 12 15 5
2D D D
Difference: − =
5 5 5
D
The difference in dosages for an 8-year-old child and a 3-year-old child is .This means that an 8-year-old should be
5
1
given of the adult dosage more than a 3-year-old.
5
DA
94. Young’s Rule: C =
A + 12
A = 10;
D ⋅10 10 D 5D
C= = =
10 + 12 22 11
A = 3;
D ⋅ 3 3D D
C= = =
3 + 12 15 5
5D D 25 D 11D 14 D
Difference: − = − =
11 5 55 55 55
14 D
The difference in dosages for a 10-year- old child and a 3-year-old child is . This means that a 10-year-old should
55
14
be given of the adult dosage more than a 3-year-old.
55
DA 101. P = 2 L + 2W
95. Young’s Rule: C =
A + 12 x x
= 2 + 2
D ( A + 1) x+3 x−4
Cowling’s Rule: C =
24 2x 2x
= +
For A = 12, Young’s Rule gives x+3 x+4
D ⋅12 12 D D 2x ( x + 4) 2 x ( x + 3)
C= = = and Cowling’s Rule gives = +
12 + 12 24 2 ( x + 3)( x + 4 ) ( x + 3)( x + 4 )
D (12 + 1) 13D
C= = . 2 x2 + 8x + 2 x2 + 6 x
24 24 =
The difference between the dosages given by ( x + 3)( x + 4 )
Cowling’s Rule and Young’s Rule is 4 x 2 + 14 x
=
13D 12 D D
− = . ( x + 3)( x + 4 )
24 24 24
This means that Cowling’s Rule says to give a 12- 102. P = 2 L + 2W
1
year-old of the adult dose more than Young’s x x
24 = 2 + 2
x+5 x−6
Rule says the dosage should be.
2x 2x
= +
D ( A + 1) x+5 x+6
96. Cowling’s Rule: C = 2x ( x + 6) 2 x ( x + 5)
24 = +
A = 12 : ( x + 5)( x + 6 ) ( x + 5)( x + 6 )
D (12 + 1) 13D
C= = 2 x 2 + 12 x + 2 x 2 + 10 x
=
A = 10 :
24 24
( x + 5)( x + 6 )
D (10 + 1) 11D 4 x 2 + 22 x
C= = =
24 24 ( x + 5)( x + 6 )
Difference:
13D 11D 2 D D 103. Answers will vary.
− = =
24 24 24 12 104. Answers will vary.
The difference in dosages for a 12-year-old child
D 105. Explanations will vary. The right side of the
and a 10-year-old child is This means that a
12. 3 5 + 2x
equation should be charged from to .
1 x+5 5x
12-year-old should be given of the adult dosage
12
more than a 10-year-old. 106. Explanations will vary. The right side of the
1 1+ 7x
equation should be changed from to .
97. No, because the graphs cross, neither formula gives x+7 x
a consistently smaller dosage.
107. Answers will vary.
98. Yes, the dosage given by Cowling’s Rule becomes
greater at about 10 years. 108. makes sense
99. The difference in dosage is greatest at 5 years. This 109. makes sense
is where the graphs are farthest apart.
110. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.
100. The age over 11 at which the difference in dosage is Sample explanation: The denominators are
greatest is 13 years. opposites. The fastest method is to multiply both the
numerator and denominator of the second fraction
by –1.
120. ( 3x + 5)( 2 x − 7 ) b.
1 1 1 1 y+x
÷ + = ÷
= 6 x 2 − 21x + 10 x − 35 xy x y xy xy
1 xy
= 6 x 2 − 11x − 35 = ⋅
xy y + x
121. 3x − y = 3 1
=
Find the x-intercept. y+x
3x − y = 3
3x − 0 = 3 1 1 xy xy
125. xy + = + = y+x
3x = 3 x y x y
x =1
Find the y-intercept.
3x − y = 3
Mid-Chapter Check Point - Chapter 7
3(0) − y = 3
−y = 3 x2 − 4
1.
y = −3 x2 − 2 x − 8
x2 − 2 x − 8 = 0
( x − 4 )( x + 2 ) = 0
x−4 = 0 or x+2 =0
x=4 x = −2
The rational expression is undefined for x = 4 and
x = −2.
0 − ( −4 ) 4 3x 2 − 7 x + 2
=
( 3x − 1)( x − 2 )
122. First find the slope m = = =1 2.
1 − ( −3 ) 4 6x + x −12
( 3x − 1)( 2 x + 1)
Use m = 1 and ( x1 , y1 ) = (1, 0 ) in the point-slope =
x−2
form and simplify to find the slope-intercept form. 2x +1
y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )
9 − 3y 3(3 − y )
y − 0 = 1( x − 1) 3. =
y = x −1
y − 5y + 6
2
( y − 3)( y − 2 )
−3 ( y − 3) −3
= =
123. a.
1 2 1 ⋅ 5 2 ⋅ 3 5 6 11
+ = + = + = ( y − 3)( y − 2 ) y−2
3 5 3 ⋅ 5 5 ⋅ 3 15 15 15
16 w3 − 24w2 8 w2 ( 2 w − 3 ) 2
2 1 2 ⋅ 3 1⋅ 5 6 5 1 4. = =
b. − = − = − = 8w − 12w 4 3
4w ( 2w − 3)
3
w
5 3 5 ⋅ 3 3 ⋅ 5 15 15 15
1 2 2 1 11 1 11 15 7x − 3 3x + 1 7 x − 3 − 3x − 1
c. + ÷ − = ÷ = ⋅ = 11 5. − =
3 5 5 3 15 15 15 1 x + 3x − 4
2
x + 3x − 4
2
( x − 1)( x + 4 )
4x − 4 4 ( x − 1)
1 1 1⋅ y 1⋅ x y+x = =
124. a. + = + =
y
+
x
= ( )(
x − 1 x + 4 ) ( 1)( x + 4 )
x −
x y x ⋅ y y ⋅ x xy xy xy
4
=
x+4
x+2 8
6. ⋅ 2
2x − 4 x − 4
x+2 8
= ⋅
2 ( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
4 4
= or
( )( x − 2 )
x − 2 ( x − 2 )2
7 x−2 7 x+5
7. 1 + = + =
x−2 x−2 x−2 x−2
2x2 + x − 1 x 2 − 3x − 4
8. ÷
2x − 7x + 3
2
x2 − x − 6
2 x2 + x − 1 x2 − x − 6
= ⋅
2 x 2 − 7 x + 3 x 2 − 3x − 4
( 2 x − 1)( x + 1) ( x − 3)( x + 2 )
= ⋅
( 2 x − 1)( x − 3) ( x − 4 )( x + 1)
x+2
=
x−4
1 1
9. +
x + 2x − 3
2
x + 5x + 6
2
x 2 + 2 x − 3 = ( x + 3)( x − 1)
x 2 + 5 x + 6 = ( x + 2 )( x + 3)
LCD = ( x + 3)( x − 1)( x + 2 )
1 1 1 1
+ = +
x + 2x − 3
2
( x + 3)( x − 1) ( x + 2 )( x + 3)
x + 5x + 6
2
1( x + 2 ) 1( x − 1)
= +
( x + 3)( x − 1)( x + 2 ) ( x + 2 )( x + 3)( x − 1)
x + 2 + x −1 2x +1
= =
( x + 3)( x − 1)( x + 2 ) ( x + 3)( x − 1)( x + 2 )
17 x +8
10. +
x−5 5− x
Note: 5 − x = −1( x − 5 )
LCD = x − 5
17 −1 ( x + 8 ) 17 − x − 8 17 − x − 8 9 − x
+ = + = =
x − 5 −1 ( 5 − x ) x − 5 x − 5 x −5 x−5
11.
4 y2 −1
⋅
( 2 y + 1)( 2 y − 1) ⋅ ( y − 4 )( y − 3)
y 2 − 7 y + 12
=
9 y − 3y 2 y − 7 y − 4
2 2
3 y (3 − y ) ( 2 y + 1)( y − 4 )
−1( 2 y + 1)( 2 y − 1) ( y − 4 )( y − 3) −1( 2 y + 1)( 2 y − 1) ( y − 4 )( y − 3)
= ⋅ = ⋅
−1 ⋅ 3 y ( 3 − y ) ( 2 y + 1)( y − 4 ) 3 y ( y − 3) ( 2 y + 1)( y − 4 )
− ( 2 y − 1) −2 y + 1
= =
3y 3y
y 2y
12. −
y +1 y + 2
LCD = ( y + 1)( y + 2 )
y ( y + 2) 2 y ( y + 1) y2 + 2 y − 2 y2 − 2 y − y2
− = =
( y + 1)( y + 2 ) ( y + 2 )( y + 1) ( y + 1)( y + 2 ) ( y + 1)( y + 2 )
w2 + 6 w + 5 w2 + 10w + 25 w2 + 6 w + 5 7 w + 21
13. ÷ = ⋅ 2
7 w − 63
2
7 w + 21 7 w − 63 w + 10w + 25
2
( w + 5)( w + 1) 7 ( w + 3) ( w + 5)( w + 1) 7 ( w + 3) w +1
= ⋅ = ⋅ =
(
7 w −9
2
)
( w + 5)( w + 5) 7 ( w + 3)( w − 3) ( w + 5)( w + 5) ( w − 3)( w + 5)
2z 5
14. −
z −92
z + 4z + 3
2
z − 9 = ( z + 3)( z − 3)
2
z 2 + 4 z + 3 = ( z + 3)( z + 1)
LCD = ( z + 3)( z − 3)( z + 1)
2z 5 2z 5
− = −
z2 − 9 ( z + 3)( z − 3) ( z + 3)( z + 1)
z2 + 4z + 3
2 z ( z + 1) 5 ( z − 3) 2 z 2 + 2 z − 5 z + 15 2 z 2 − 3 z + 15
= − = =
( z + 3)( z − 3)( z + 1) ( z + 3)( z + 1)( z − 3) ( z + 3)( z − 3)( z + 1) ( z + 3)( z − 3)( z + 1)
z+2 5
15. +
3z − 1 ( 3z − 1)2
LCD = ( 3z − 1)( 3z − 1)
( z + 2 )( 3z − 1) 5 3z 2 + 5 z − 2 + 5 3z 2 + 5z + 3
+ = =
( 3z − 1)( 3z − 1) ( 3z − 1)2 ( 3z − 1)2 ( 3z − 1)2
8
+
3 x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 x 2 − xy
16. 19. ÷
x + 4 x − 21
2 x+7 x+ y 5x + 5 y
x 2 + 4 x − 21 = ( x + 7 )( x − 3) x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 5 x + 5 y
= ⋅ 2
x + 7 = 1( x + 7 ) x+ y x − xy
LCD = ( x + 7 )( x − 3) ( x − y )( x − y ) 5 ( x + y )
= ⋅
8 3 x+ y x( x − y)
+
x + 4 x − 21
2 x+7 5 ( x − y ) 5x − 5 y
8 3 = =
= + x x
( x + 7 )( x − 3) x + 7
5 x 11x − 8
8 3 ( x − 3) 20. + − 2
= + x + 5 x − 4 x + x − 20
( x + 7 )( x − 3) ( x + 7 )( x − 3)
x 2 + x − 20 = ( x + 5 )( x − 4 )
8 + 3x − 9 3x − 1
= = LCD = ( x + 5)( x − 4 )
( x + 7 )( x − 3) ( x + 7 )( x − 3)
5 x 11x − 8
+ − 2
x − 27 x
4
x+3 x + 5 x − 4 x + x − 20
17. ⋅
x −92
x + 3x + 9
2 5 x 11x − 8
= + −
x + 5 x − 4 ( x + 5)( x − 4 )
=
(
x x − 27
3
) ⋅
x+3
5 ( x − 4) x ( x + 5)
( x + 3)( x − 3) x 2 + 3x + 9 = +
( x + 5)( x − 4 ) ( x − 4 )( x + 5)
x ( x − 3) ( x 2 + 3 x + 9 ) x+3
= ⋅ 2 11x − 8
( x + 3)( x − 3) x + 3x + 9 −
( x + 5)( x − 4 )
x
= =x 5 x − 20 + x 2 + 5 x − 11x + 8
1 =
( x + 5)( x − 4 )
x −1 x+2 x 2 − x − 12 ( x + 3)( x − 4 )
18. − = =
x −x−2
2
x + 4x + 3
2
( x + 5)( x − 4 ) ( x + 5)( x − 4 )
x − x − 2 = ( x − 2 )( x + 1)
2
x+3
=
x 2 + 4 x + 3 = ( x + 3)( x + 1) x+5
LCD = ( x − 2 )( x + 1)( x + 3)
x −1 x+2
−
x2 − x − 2 x2 + 4 x + 3
x −1 x+2
= −
( x − 2 )( x + 1) ( x + 1)( x + 3)
( x − 1)( x + 3) ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
= −
( x − 2 )( x + 1)( x + 3) ( x + 1)( x + 3)( x − 2 )
=
x2 + 2 x − 3 − x2 − 4 ( )
( x − 2 )( x + 1)( x + 3)
x2 + 2 x − 3 − x2 + 4
=
( x − 2 )( x + 1)( x + 3)
2x +1
=
( x − 2 )( x + 1)( x + 3)
3. 30; 2 x 2 ; 24; x 2 5+
2 25 2
+
3. 5 = 5 5
4. 2x; 3; 5x; x 2 1 70 1
7− −
10 10 10
27
27 10 9 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 5 18
7.5 Exercise Set = 5 = ⋅ = =
69 5 69 5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 23 23
1 1 10
+
1. 2 4 3 5 3 8
1 1 1+ +
+ 5 = 5 5 = 5 = 8 ⋅ 4 = 32
2 3 4.
1 8 1 7 5 7 35
Add to get a single rational expression in the 2− −
numerator. 4 4 4 4
1 1 2 1 3
+ = + = 2 1
2 4 4 4 4 −
Add to get a single rational expression in the 5. 5 3
2 3
denominator. −
3 4
1 1 3 2 5
+ = + = LCD = 60
2 3 6 6 6
2 1 60 ⋅ 2 − 1
Perform the division indicated by the fraction bar. − 5 3
Invert and multiply. 5 3 =
1 1 3 2 3
− 2 3
+ 60 ⋅ −
2 4 = 4 = 3⋅6 = 9 3 4 3 4
1 1 5 4 5 10 2 1
+ 60 ⋅ − 60 ⋅
2 3 6 = 5 3
2 3
1 1 60 ⋅ − 60 ⋅
+ 3 4
2. 3 4 24 − 20 4 4
1 1 = = =−
+ 40 − 45 −5 5
3 6
Add to get a single rational expression in the 1 1
numerator. −
1 1 4 3 7 6. 2 4
+ = + = 3 1
+
3 4 12 12 12 8 16
Add to get a single rational expression in the LCD = 16
denominator. 1 1
1 1 2 1 3 1 16 ⋅ − 16 ⋅ 1 − 16 ⋅ 1
+ = + = = 2 4 = 2 4
3 6 6 6 6 2 3 1 16 ⋅ 3 + 16 ⋅ 1
Perform the division indicated by the fraction bar. 16 ⋅ +
Invert and multiply. 8 16 8 16
1 1 7 8−4 4
+ = =
3 4 = 12 = 7 ⋅ 2 = 14 = 7 6 +1 7
1 1 1 12 1 12 6
+
3 6 2
3 3 4x 1 3 2 − 3y
−x − −
4 = 4 4 y 2 2y
7. 13. =
3
+x
3 4x
+ 1 3 4 + 3y
+
4 4 4 y 4 4y
3 − 4x 2 − 3y 4 y
= ⋅
= 4 2 y 4 + 3y
3 + 4x
4 2 (2 − 3y) 4 − 6y
= =
3 − 4x 4 3 − 4x 4 + 3y 4 + 3y
= ⋅ =
4 3 + 4x 3 + 4x
1 3
−
2 y 4
−x 14.
1 2
8. 3 +
2 y 3
+x
3 LCD = 12 y
LCD = 3
1 3 1 3
2 12 y − 12 y ⋅ − 12 y ⋅
3⋅ − x 3⋅ 2 − 3⋅ x y 4 = y 4
3 = 3 2 − 3x
= 1 2 12 y ⋅ 1 + 12 y ⋅ 2
2 2 2 + 3x 12 y +
3⋅ + x 3⋅ + 3⋅ x y 3
3 3 y 3
12 − 9 y
=
2 7x − 2 12 + 8 y
7−
9. x = x = 7x − 2 ⋅ x = 7x − 2
1 5x + 1 x 5x + 1 5x + 1 x 5
5+ −
x x 15. 5 x
1 1
+
3 8x 3 8x + 3 5 x
8+ +
x = x x = x LCD = 5x
10.
7 x 7 x−7 x 5 5x ⋅ x − 5
1− − − 5 x
x x x x 5 x =
8x + 3 x 8x + 3 1 1 1 1
= ⋅ = + 5x ⋅ +
x x−7 x−7 5 x 5 x
x 5
3 2y + 3 5x ⋅ − 5x ⋅
2+ 5 x
y y =
11. = 1 1
7 y−7 5 x ⋅ + 5x ⋅
1− 5 x
y y
x 2 − 25
2y + 3 y 2y + 3 =
= ⋅ = x+5
y y−7 y−7
( + 5)( x − 5)
x
= = x−5
7 x+5
4−
y
12. 3 x 9 x2 9 + x2
2 + +
3− x 3 = 3x 3 x = 3 x
y 16.
x 3
− x2 9 x2 − 9
LCD = y −
3 x 3x 3x 3x
7 7
y4 − y⋅4 − y⋅ 9 + x2 3x 9 + x2
y = y 4y − 7 = ⋅ =
= 3x x2 − 9 x 2 − 9
2 y ⋅3 − y ⋅ 2 3y − 2
y3−
y y
1 x +1 1 1 y 9 y −9
1+ − −
x = x 9 y 9y 9y 9y
17. 20. = =
1
1− 2 x2 − 1 9− y 9− y 9− y
x x2 9 9 9
y −9 9 y −9 9
x + 1 x2 = ⋅ = ⋅
= ⋅ 9y 9 − y 9 y −1 ( y − 9 )
x x2 − 1
−1 1
x +1 x2 = =−
= ⋅ y y
x ( x + 1)( x − 1)
=
x 2 xy + 2
x+
x −1 y y xy + 2 y xy + 2
21. = = ⋅ =
x x y x x
2
1+ y y
18. x
4
1− 2 2
x x−
y
22.
LCD = x 2 x
2 2 y
x 2 1 + x 2 ⋅1 + x 2 ⋅
x = x LCD = y
4 2 2 4 2
x 2 1 − 2 x ⋅1 − x ⋅ 2 y x −
x x y xy − 2
=
x2 + 2x x ( x + 2) x x x
= = = y
2
x −4 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) x−2 y
1 1 1 1
− +
7 y x y
19. 23.
7− y xy
7 LCD = xy
LCD = 7y
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 + xy +
x y y+x
=
− 7y − x y
7 y =
7 y
= xy xy ( xy ) x2 y2
7− y 7− y
7y
7 7 1 1 y x y+x
+ +
1 1 x y xy xy xy
7y − 7y 24. = =
7 y x+ y x+ y x+ y
=
7− y y+x 1 1
7y = ⋅ =
7 xy x + y xy
y−7
=
y (7 − y ) x 1 x2 + y
+
−1 ( 7 − y ) y x xy x2 + y x
1 25. = = ⋅
= =− y 1 y +1 xy y +1
y (7 − y ) y +
x x x
x2 + y
=
y ( y + 1)
1 1 2 8 8 2x 8 − 2x
+ − − 2
2 2
26.
x y
30. x
x
= x x = x2
1 1 10 6 10 x 6 10 x − 6
− − − 2
x y x x2 x 2
x x2
LCD = xy 8 − 2x x2 8 − 2x
= ⋅ =
1 1 x2 10 x − 6 10 x − 6
xy +
x y = y+x 2 (4 − x) 4− x
= =
1 1 y−x 2 ( 5 x − 3) 5x − 3
xy −
x y
6
2+
1 2 y
+ 31.
y y2 9
27. 1− 2
2 y
+1
y
LCD = y 2
2
LCD = y
6 6
2+ y2 2 +
1 2 1 2 y y
+ 2 y2 + 2 =
y y
y y 9
1− 2 9
= y 2 1 − 2
2 2 y y
+1 y 2 + 1
y y 2 y2 + 6 y
2 =
1 y2 − 9
y2 + y2 2
y y
= 2 y ( y + 3) 2y
= =
22 ( y + 3)( y − 3) y −3
y + y (1)
2
y
y+2 12
= 3+
2 y
2y + y 32.
16
( y + 2) 1 1− 2
= = y
y (2 + y) y
LCD = y 2
1 3 y 3 y+3 12
+ + y2 3 +
y y2 y2 y 2
y 2
y 3 y 2 + 12 y
28. = = =
3 3 y 3+ y
+1 + 2 16 y 2 − 16
y y y y y 1 − 2
y
y+3 y 1
= ⋅ = 3 y ( y + 4) 3y
y2 3 + y y = =
( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) −4 y
123 12 3x 12 − 3x
2
− 2
− 2 1
29. x
x
= x x = x2
15 9 15 x 9 15 x − 9 33. x + 2
− − 2 1
x x2 x 2
x x2 1+
x+2
12 − 3x x2 12 − 3x LCD = x + 2
= ⋅ =
x2 15 x − 9 15 x − 9
( x + 2 )
1 1
3( 4 − x ) 4− x x+2 = x + 2 1 1
= = = =
3 ( 5 x − 3)
( x + 2 ) 1 +
5x − 3 1 1 x + 2 +1 x + 3
1+
x+2 x + 2
1 2 5
+
34. x −2 x y 3
xy 4
1 38.
1− 5
−
3
x−2 3
x y xy
LCD = x − 2
LCD = x3 y 4
( x − 2 )
1
x−2 = 1
=
1 2 5
1 ( x − 2) −1 x − 3 x3 y 4 3 + 4
( x − 2 ) 1 − x y xy
3
= 2 y + 5x
2
x − 2
5 3 5 y − 3x y
3 2 3
x3 y 4 3 −
3 x y xy
x −5+
35. x
2
x−7+ 3 3
x −
39. x +1 x −1
LCD = x 5
3 x x −5+ 3 x2 − 1
x −5+
x = x x 2 − 5 x + 3
= 3 ( x − 1) − 3 ( x + 1)
2 2 x2 − 7 x + 2
x−7+ x x − 7 + ( x + 1)( x − 1)
x x =
5
7 x −1 2
x+9−
36. x 3x − 3 − 3 x − 3
4
x−6+ ( x + 1)( x − 1)
x =
5
LCD = x
x2 − 1
7
x x + 9 − −6
x x2 + 9 x − 7
4
=
2 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
x x − 6 + x − 6x + 4 =
5
x
x2 − 1
3 2 3x 2y
+ + −6 x2 − 1
xy 2 x2 y x2 y2 x2 y2 = ⋅
37. = ( x + 1)( x − 1) 5
1 2 y2 2x
2
+ 3 + 2 3 −6 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
x y xy 2
x y 3
x y = ⋅
( x + 1)( x − 1) 5
3x + 2 y
6
x2 y 2 =−
= 5
y2 + 2 x
x 2 y3
3x + 2 y x2 y3
= ⋅
x2 y 2 y2 + 2x
3x + 2 y x2 y3
= ⋅
x2 y 2 y2 + 2x
( 3x + 2 y )( y )
=
y2 + 2 x
3xy + 2 y 2
=
y2 + 2x
3 3 3 3
− −
40. x+2 x−2 = x+2 x−2
5 5
2
x −4 ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
LCD = ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
3 3
−
x+2 x−2
5
( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
3( x − 2) − 3( x + 2)
=
5
3x − 6 − 3x − 6 −12
= =
5 5
6 1 6 1
− −
x 2 + 2 x − 15 x−3( x + 5)( x − 3) x−3
41. =
1 1
+1 +1
x+5 x+5
LCD = ( x + 5 )( x − 3)
6 1 6 1
− ( x + 5)( x − 3) −
( x + 5)( x − 3) x −3 ( x + 5 )( x − 3) x − 3
=
( x + 5)( x − 3)
1 1
+1 + 1
x+5 x+5
6 − ( x + 5) 6− x −5 −x +1 1− x
= = = =
x − 3 + ( x + 5 )( x − 3) 2
x − 3 + x + 2 x − 15 2
x + 3x − 18 ( x − 3)( x + 6 )
1 6 1 6
− −
x − 2 x + 3x − 10
2 x − 2 ( x − 2 )( x + 5)
42. =
1 1
1+ 1+
x−2 x−2
LCD = ( x − 2 )( x + 5 )
1 6 1 6
− ( x − 2 )( x + 5) −
x − 2 ( x − 2 )( x + 5 ) x − 2 ( x − 2 )( x + 5 )
=
( x − 2 )( x + 5) 1 +
1 1
1+
x−2 x − 2
x+5−6 x −1 x −1 x −1 1
= = = = =
( x − 2 )( x + 5) + x + 5 x + 3x − 10 + x + 5 x + 4 x − 5 ( x − 1)( x + 5) x + 5
2 2
1 1
−1 −
y −1 − ( y + 5 ) y y+5
43. =
5 5
LCD= y ( y + 5 )
1 1 1 1
− y ( y + 5) −
y y+5 y y +5 y +5− y 5 1
= = = =
5 y ( y + 5 )( 5 ) 5 y ( y + 5 ) 5 y ( y + 5) y ( y + 5 )
1 1
−1 −
y −1 − ( y + 2 ) y y+2
44. =
2 2
LCD = y ( y + 2 )
1 1 1 1
− y ( y + 2) −
y y+2 y y +2 y+2− y 2 1
= = = =
2 y ( y + 2 )( 2 ) 2 y ( y + 2) 2 y ( y + 2) y ( y + 2)
1 x (1) x x x −1 x − x + 1 1
45. −1 = −1 = −1 = − = =
1−
1 1 x −1 x −1 x −1 x −1 x −1
x 1 −
x x
46.
1
−1 =
( x + 1)(1) −1 =
x +1
−1 =
x +1
−1 =
x +1 x
−
( x + 1) 1 −
1 1 x + 1 −1 x x x
1−
x +1 x +1
x +1− x 1
= =
x x
47.
1
=
1
=
1
=
( x + 1)(1) = x + 1 = x + 1
x (1)
( x + 1) 1 +
1 x x x + 1+ x 2x + 1
1+ 1+ 1+
1+
1 1 x + 1 x + 1
x x 1 +
x
1 1
48. =
1+
1
1+
( 2 )1
1
( 2 ) 1 +
1+ 1
2 2
1 1 1
= = =
2 2 3 2
1+ 1+ +
2 +1 3 3 3
1 3 3
= = 1⋅ =
5 5 5
3
2d 10 135 10 135
49. 1+
+ x 2 1 + + 2
d d x 2 x x
+ 52. a. x =
r1 r2 85 525
9− + 2 85 525
x2 9 − + 2
LCD = r1r2 x x x x
2d r r ( 2d ) 10 135
= 12 x 2 ⋅1 + x 2 ⋅ + x 2 ⋅ 2
d d
+ d d =
x x
r1r2 + 2 85 2 525
r1 r2 2
x ⋅9 − x ⋅ + x ⋅ 2
r1 r2
x x
2r1r2 d
= x 2 + 10 x + 135
r2 d + r1d =
2r1r2 d 2r r 9 x 2 − 85 x + 525
= = 12
d ( r2 + r1 ) r2 + r1
3.4
If r1 = 40 and r2 = 30, the value of this expression b. According to the data in the bar graph, or
7.0
2 ⋅ 40 ⋅ 30 2400 2 about 49% was revenue from digital sales in 2010.
will be = = 34 .
30 + 40 70 7
2 x 2 + 10 x + 135 (3)2 + 10(3) + 135
Your average speed will be 34 miles per hour. c. =
7 9 x 2 − 85 x + 525 9(3)2 − 85(3) + 525
174
1 1 1 RR = ≈ 0.50
50. = = = 1 2 351
1 1 R2 R1 R2 + R1 R2 + R1
+ + According to the model about 50% was revenue
R1 R2 R1 R2 R1 R2 R1 R2 from digital sales in 2010.
Let R1 = 10 and R2 = 20, This overestimates the actual percent by 1%.
R1 R2 10 ⋅ 20 200 20
= = = ohms 53. – 55. Answers will vary.
R2 + R1 20 + 10 30 3
56. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.
10 135 10 135 Sample explanation: If you multiply the numerator
1+ + x 2 1 + + 2
51. a.
x 2
x = x x by a particular value, you must also multiply the
85 525
9− + 2 2 85 525 denominator by the same value.
x 9 − + 2
x x x x 57. makes sense
10 135
x 2 ⋅1 + x 2 ⋅ + x 2 ⋅ 2 58. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.
x x
= Sample explanation: You forgot to also multiply the
2 2 85 2 525
x ⋅9 − x ⋅ + x ⋅ 2 constants, 1 and 3, by the LCD.
x x
x 2 + 10 x + 135 59. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.
= Sample explanation: The expression simplifies to
9 x 2 − 85 x + 525
x+ y
.
4.6 x− y
b. According to the data in the bar graph, or
6.9
about 67% was revenue from digital sales in 2013. 60. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary.
A sample change is: It is not complex because it
x 2 + 10 x + 135 (6)2 + 10(6) + 135 does not contain any secondary fractions.
c. =
9 x 2 − 85 x + 525 9(6) 2 − 85(6) + 525
61. true
231
= ≈ 0.68
339 62. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary.
According to the model about 68% was revenue A sample change is: The numerator simplifies to
from digital sales in 2013. 1 1
This overestimates the actual percent by 1%. − . The expression simplifies to − .
12 6
70. 2 x3 − 20 x 2 + 50 x 75. 2 x2 + 2 = 5x
(
= 2 x x 2 − 10 x + 25 ) 2 x2 − 5x + 2 = 0
(2 x − 1)( x − 2) = 0
= 2 x ( x − 5)
2
2x −1 = 0 or x−2= 0
71. 2 − 3 ( x − 2 ) = 5 ( x + 5 ) − 1 2x = 1 x=2
2 − 3x + 6 = 5 x + 25 − 1 1
x=
2
8 − 3x = 5 x + 24
1
8 − 3x − 5 x = 5 x + 24 − 5 x The solution set is , 2 .
2
8 − 8 x = 24
8 − 8 x − 8 = 24 − 8 7.6 Check Points
−8 x = 16
−8 x 16 x 1 x
= 1. = +
−8 −8 6 6 8
x = −2 There are no restrictions on the variable because the
variable does not appear in any denominator.
The solution set is {−2} . The LCD is 24.
x 1 x
72. ( x + y ) ( x 2 − xy + y 2 ) = +
6 6 8
( ) (
= x x 2 − xy + y 2 + y x 2 − xy + y 2 ) x 1 x
24 = 24 +
6 6 8
= x3 − x 2 y + xy 2 + x 2 y − xy 2 + y 3 x 1 x
24 ⋅ = 24 ⋅ + 24 ⋅
= x3 + y 3 6 6 8
4 x = 4 + 3x
x x 5 x=4
73. + = The solution set is {4} .
3 2 6
x x 5 Check:
6 + = 6 x 1 x
3 2 6 = +
6x 6x 6 ⋅ 5 6 6 8
+ = 4 1 4
3 2 6 = +
2 x + 3x = 5 6 6 8
16 4 12
5x = 5 = +
24 24 24
x =1
16 16
The solution set is {1} . =
24 24
2 x 14 x
74. = −
3 3 2
2x 14 x
6 = 6 −
3 3 2
6 ⋅ 2 x 6 ⋅14 6 ⋅ x
= −
3 3 2
4 x = 28 − 3x
7 x = 28
x=4
The solution set is {4} .
5 17 1
2. = −
2 x 18 3x
The restriction is x ≠ 0 .
The LCD is 18 x.
5 17 1
= −
2 x 18 3x
5 17 1
18 x = 18 x −
2x 18 3x
5 17 1
18 x ⋅ = 18 x ⋅ − 18 x ⋅
2x 18 3x
45 = 17 x − 6
51 = 17 x
3= x
The solution set is {3} .
6
3. x + = −5
x
The restriction is x ≠ 0 .
The LCD is x.
6
x + = −5
x
6
x x + = x ( −5 )
x
6
x ⋅ x + x ⋅ = −5 x
x
x 2 + 6 = −5 x
x2 + 5 x + 6 = 0
( x + 3)( x + 2) = 0
x+3 = 0 or x+2=0
x = −3 x = −2
The solution set is {−3, −2} .
11 4 3
4. + =
2
x − 25 x + 5 x −5
11 4 3
+ =
( x + 5)( x − 5) x + 5 x − 5
The restrictions are x ≠ −5 and x ≠ 5.
The LCD is ( x + 5)( x − 5).
11 4 3
+ =
( x + 5)( x − 5) x + 5 x − 5
11 4 3
( x + 5)( x − 5) + = ( x + 5)( x − 5) x − 5
( x + 5)( x − 5) x + 5
11( x + 5)( x − 5) 4( x + 5)( x − 5) 3( x + 5)( x − 5)
+ =
( x + 5)( x − 5) x+5 x−5
11 + 4( x − 5) = 3( x + 5)
11 + 4 x − 20 = 3x + 15
4 x − 9 = 3x + 15
x − 9 = 15
x = 24
The solution set is {24} .
x 3
5. = +9
x−3 x −3
The restriction is x ≠ 3.
The LCD is x − 3.
x 3
= +9
x−3 x −3
( x − 3) x = ( x − 3) 3 + 9
x −3 x−3
x ( x − 3) 3 ( x − 3)
= + 9 ( x − 3)
x −3 x−3
x = 3 + 9( x − 3)
x = 3 + 9 x − 27
x = 9 x − 24
−8 x = −24
x=3
The proposed solution, 3, is not a solution because of the restriction x ≠ 3.
The solution set is { } .
250 x
6. y =
100 − x
The restriction is x ≠ 100.
250 x
750 =
100 − x
250 x
(100 − x)(750) = (100 − x)
100 − x
75, 000 − 750 x = 250 x
75, 000 = 1000 x
75 = x
If government funding is increased to $750 million, then 75% of pollutants can be removed.
8. x ≠ 3; x ≠ 2
9. true
10. false
4x x x 9
18 ⋅ = 18 ⋅ − 18 ⋅ 6. 1 − =4
3 18 6 x
24 x = x − 3x The restriction is x ≠ 0 .
24 x = −2 x The LCD is x.
9
26 x = 0 1− = 4
x
x=0
9
The solution set is {0} . x 1 − = x ⋅ 4
x
5x x x 9
4. = − x ⋅1 − x ⋅ = x ⋅ 4
4 12 2 x
There are no restrictions. x − 9 = 4x
The LCD is 12. −9 = 3x
5x x x −3 = x
= −
4 12 2
The solution set is {−3} .
5x x x
12 = 12 −
4 12 2 2 1 4
5x x x 7. + =
12 ⋅ = 12 ⋅ − 12 ⋅ x 3 x
4 12 2 The restriction is x ≠ 0 .
15 x = x − 6 x The LCD is 3x.
15 x = −5 x 2 1 4
+ =
20 x = 0 x 3 x
x=0 2 1 4
3x + = 3 x
The solution set is {0} . x 3 x
2 1 4
3x ⋅ + 3x ⋅ = 3 x ⋅
8 x 3 x
5. 2 − =6
x 6 + x = 12
The restriction is x ≠ 0 . x=6
The LCD is x.
The solution set is {6} .
8
2− = 6
x 5 1 6
8 8. + =
x2 − = x⋅6 x 3 x
x The restriction is x ≠ 0 .
8 The LCD is 3x.
x⋅2 − x⋅ = x⋅6
x 5 1 6
+ =
2x − 8 = 6x x 3 x
−8 = 4 x 5 1 6
3x + = 3 x
−2 = x x 3 x
The solution set is {−2} . 5 1
3x ⋅ + 3x ⋅ = 3 x ⋅
6
x 3 x
15 + x = 18
x=3
The solution set is {3} .
2 5 13 5 8 1 1
9. +3= + 12. − = −
x 2x 4 2 x 9 18 3x
The restriction is x ≠ 0 The restriction is x ≠ 0 .
The LCD is 4x. The LCD is 18x.
2 5 13 5 8 1 1
+3 = + − = −
x 2x 4 2 x 9 18 3x
2 5 13 5 8 1 1
4x + 3 = 4x + 18 x − = 18 x −
x 2x 4 2x 9 18 3x
8 + 12 x = 10 + 13x 45 − 16 x = x − 6
8 = 10 + x −16 x = x − 51
−2 = x −17 x = −51
The solution set is {−2} . x=3
The solution set is {3} .
7 5 22
10. = +
2 x 3x 3 6 4
13. =
The restriction is x ≠ 0 x+3 x −3
The LCD is 6x. Restrictions: x ≠ −3, x ≠ 3
7
=
5 22
+ LCD = ( x + 3)( x − 3)
2 x 3x 3
6 4
7 5 22 =
6x = 6x + x +3 x −3
2x 3x 3 6 4
21 = 10 + 44 x ( x + 3)( x − 3) ⋅ = ( x + 3)( x − 3) ⋅
x+3 x −3
11 = 44 x
( ) ( )
x − 3 ⋅ 6 = x + 3 ⋅ 4
11 1
x= = 6 x − 18 = 4 x + 12
44 4
2 x − 18 = 12
1
The solution set is . 2 x = 30
4
x = 15
2 1 11 1 The solution set is {15} .
11. + = −
3x 4 6 x 3
The restriction is x ≠ 0 . 7 5
14. =
The LCD is 12x. x +1 x − 3
2 1 11 1 Restrictions: x ≠ −1, x ≠ 3
+ = −
3x 4 6 x 3 LCD = ( x + 1)( x − 3)
2 1 11 1 7 5
12 x + = 12 x − =
3x 4 6x 3 x +1 x − 3
8 + 3x = 22 − 4 x 7 5
( x + 1)( x − 3) ⋅ = ( x + 1)( x − 3) ⋅
8 + 7 x = 22 x +1 x −3
7 x = 14 ( x − 3) ⋅ 7 = ( x + 1) ⋅ 5
x=2 7 x − 21 = 5 x + 5
The solution set is {2} . 2 x − 21 = 5
2 x = 26
x = 13
The solution set is {13} .
x−2 x +1 7
15. +1 = 18. x + = −8
2x x x
Restriction: x ≠ 0 Restriction: x ≠ 0
LCD = 2x. LCD = x
x−2 x +1 7
+1 = x + = −8
2x x x
x−2 x +1 7
2x + 1 = 2 x x x + = x ( −8 )
2x x x
x − 2 + 2 x = 2 ( x + 1) x 2 + 7 = −8 x
3x − 2 = 2 x + 2
x2 + 8x + 7 = 0
x−2 = 2
( x + 7 )( x + 1) = 0
x=4
x + 7 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
The solution set is {4} .
x = −7 x = −1
The solution set is {−7, −1} .
7x − 4 9 4
16. = −
5x 5 x
x 5
Restriction: x ≠ 0 19. − =0
LCD = 5x. 5 x
7x − 4 9 4 Restriction: x ≠ 0
= − LCD = 5x
5x 5 x
x 5
7x − 4 9 4 − =0
5x = 5x − 5 x
5x 5 x
x 5
7 x − 4 = 9 x − 20 5x − = 5x ⋅ 0
5 x
7 x = 9 x − 16
x 5
−2 x = −16 5x ⋅ − 5x ⋅ = 0
5 x
x =8
x 2 − 25 = 0
The solution set is {8} .
( x + 5)( x − 5) = 0
6 x + 5 = 0 or x − 5 = 0
17. x + = −7
x x = −5 x=5
Restriction: x ≠ 0 The solution set is {−5,5} .
LCD = x
6 x 4
x + = −7 20. − =0
x 4 x
6 Restriction: x ≠ 0
x x + = x ( −7 )
x LCD = 4x
x 4
x 2 + 6 = −7 x − =0
4 x
x2 + 7 x + 6 = 0 x 4
4x − = 4x ⋅ 0
( x + 6 )( x + 1) = 0 4 x
x + 6 = 0 or x + 1 = 0
x 2 − 16 = 0
x = −6 x = −1
( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) = 0
The solution set is {−6, −1} .
x + 4 = 0 or x − 4 = 0
x = −4 x=4
The solution set is {−4, 4} .
3 12 4 1
21. x + = 24. − =y
x x 3y 3
Restriction: x ≠ 0 Restrictions: y ≠ 0
LCD = x LCD = 3y
3 12
x+ = 4 1
− =y
x x 3y 3
3 12
x x + = x 4 1
x x 3y − = 3y ⋅ y
3y 3
x 2 + 3 = 12
4 − y = 3y2
x2 − 9 = 0
0 = 3y2 + y − 4
( x + 3)( x − 3) = 0 0 = ( 3 y + 4 )( y − 1)
x + 3 = 0 or x − 3 = 0
3 y + 4 = 0 or y − 1 = 0
x = −3 x=3
3 y = −4 y =1
The solution set is {−3,3} .
4
y=−
3 19 3
22. x + =
x x 4
The solution set is − , 1 .
Restriction: x ≠ 0 3
LCD = x
3 19 x−4 15
x+ = 25. =
x x x x+4
3 19 Restrictions: x ≠ 0, x ≠ −4
x x + = x
x x LCD = x ( x + 4 )
x 2 + 3 = 19 x−4 15
=
x x+4
x 2 − 16 = 0
x−4 15
( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) = 0 x ( x + 4) = x ( x + 4)
x x+4
x + 4 = 0 or x − 4 = 0
( x + 4 )( x − 4 ) = x ⋅15
x = −4 x=4
The solution set is {−4, 4} . x 2 − 16 = 15 x
x 2 − 15 x − 16 = 0
23.
4 y 7
− = ( x + 1)( x − 16 ) = 0
y 2 2 x + 1 = 0 or x − 16 = 0
Restrictions: y ≠ 0 x = −1 x = 16
LCD = 2y
The solution set is {−1,16} .
4 y 7
− =
y 2 2
4 y 7
2y − = 2y
y 2 2
8 − y2 = 7 y
0 = y2 + 7 y − 8
0 = ( y + 8 )( y − 1)
y + 8 = 0 or y − 1 = 0
y = −8 y =1
The solution set is {−8,1} .
x −1 6 3 1
26. = =
2x + 3 x − 2 x + 1 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
3 3 1
Restrictions: x ≠ − , x ≠ 2 ( x + 1)( x − 1) = ( x + 1)( x − 1)
2 x +1 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
LCD = ( 2 x + 3)( x − 2 ) 3( x − 1) = 1
x −1 6 3x − 3 = 1
( 2 x + 3)( x − 2 ) = ( 2 x + 3)( x − 2 )
2x + 3 x−2 3x = 4
( x − 2 )( x − 1) = ( 2 x + 3) ⋅ 6 4
x=
x 2 − 3x + 2 = 12 x + 18 3
x 2 − 15 x − 16 = 0 4
The solution set is .
3
( x + 1)( x − 16 ) = 0
x + 1 = 0 or x − 16 = 0 1 11
x = −1 x = 16 29. +5 =
x −1 x −1
The solution set is {−1,16} . Restriction: x ≠ 1
LCD = x − 1
2 4 1 11
27. = +5 =
2
x −1 x +1 x −1 x −1
2 4 1 11
=
( x + 1)( x − 1) x + 1
( x − 1) + 5 = ( x − 1)
x −1 x −1
Restrictions: x ≠ −1, x ≠ 1 1 + ( x − 1) ⋅ 5 = 11
LCD = ( x + 1)( x − 1) 1 + 5 x − 5 = 11
2 4 5 x − 4 = 11
=
( x + 1)( x − 1) x + 1 5 x = 15
2 4 x=3
( x + 1)( x − 1) = ( x + 1)( x − 1)
( x + 1)( x − 1) x +1
The solution set is {3} .
2 = 4( x − 1)
2 = 4x − 4 3 −4
30. −7 =
6 = 4x x+4 x+4
6 Restrictions: x ≠ −4
=x
4 LCD = x + 4
3 3 −4
=x −7 =
2 x+4 x+4
−4
3 ( x + 4 )
3
The solution set is . − 7 = ( x + 4)
2 x+4 x+4
3 − ( x + 4 ) ⋅ 7 = −4
28.
3
=
1 3 − 7 x − 28 = −4
x + 1 x −1
2
−7 x − 25 = −4
3 1 −7 x = 21
=
x + 1 ( x + 1)( x − 1) x = −3
Restrictions: x ≠ −1, x ≠ 1
The solution set is {−3} .
LCD = ( x + 1)( x − 1)
8y 8 3 8
31. = 4− 33. + =3
y +1 y +1 x −1 x
Restriction: y ≠ −1 Restrictions: x ≠ 1, x ≠ 0
LCD = y + 1 LCD = x ( x − 1)
8y 8 3 8
= 4− + =3
y +1 y +1 x −1 x
8y 8 3 8
( y + 1) x ( x − 1) + = x ( x − 1) ⋅ 3
= ( y + 1) 4 − x −1 x
y +1 y +1
8 y = ( y + 1) ⋅ 4 − 8 3 8
x ( x − 1) + = 3x ( x − 1)
8y = 4y + 4 − 8 x −1 x
8y = 4y − 4 3x + 8 ( x − 1) = 3x 2 − 3 x
4 y = −4 3x + 8 x − 8 = 3x 2 − 3 x
y = −1 11x − 8 = 3x 2 − 3 x
The proposed solution, −1, is not a solution because
of the restriction x ≠ −1. Notice that −1 makes two 0 = 3x 2 − 14 x + 8
of the denominators zero in the original equation. 0 = ( 3 x − 2 )( x − 4 )
Therefore, the equation has no solution. The 3x − 2 = 0 or x − 4 = 0
solution set is { } . 3x = 2 x=4
2
2 y x=
32. = −2 3
y−2 y−2
2
Restriction: y ≠ 2 The solution set is , 4 .
3
LCD = y − 2
2 y 2 4 2
= −2 34. + =2
y−2 y−2 x−2 x 3
2
2 y Restriction: x ≠ 0, x ≠ 2
( y − 2 ) = ( y − 2 ) − 2
( y − 2)
3
y−2
LCD = x ( x − 2 )
2 = y − ( y − 2) ⋅ 2
2 4
2 = y − 2y + 4 + =2
x−2 x
2 = −y + 4
2 4
y+2 = 4 x ( x − 2) + = x ( x − 2) ⋅ 2
x−2 x
y=2
2 4
The proposed solution, 2, is not a solution because x ( x − 2) ⋅ + x ( x − 2) ⋅ = 2x ( x − 2)
x−2 x
of the restriction y ≠ 2 . Notice that 2 makes two of
the denominators zero in the original equation. 2 x + 4 ( x − 2 ) = 2 x2 − 4 x
Therefore, the given equation has no solution. The 2 x + 4 x − 8 = 2 x2 − 4 x
solution set is { } .
6 x − 8 = 2 x2 − 4 x
0 = 2 x 2 − 10 x + 8
(
0 = 2 x2 − 5 x + 4 )
0 = 2 ( x − 1)( x − 4 )
x − 1 = 0 or x − 4 = 0
x =1 x=4
The solution set is {1, 4} .
3y 12 1 1 x−2
35. −5 = 37. + =
y−4 y−4 x x−3 x−3
Restriction: y ≠ 4 Restrictions: x ≠ 0, x ≠ 3
LCD = y − 4 LCD = x ( x − 3)
3y 12 1 1 x−2
−5 = + =
y−4 y−4 x x −3 x −3
3y 12 1 1 x−2
( y − 4) − 5 = ( y − 4) x ( x − 3) + = x ( x − 3) ⋅ x − 3
x x − 3
y−4 y−4
3 y − 5 ( y − 4 ) = 12 x − 3 + x = x ( x − 2)
3 y − 5 y + 20 = 12 2 x − 3 = x2 − 2 x
−2 y + 20 = 12 0 = x2 − 4 x + 3
−2 y = −8 0 = ( x − 3)( x − 1)
y=4 x − 3 = 0 or x − 1 = 0
The proposed solution, 4, is not a solution because x=3 x =1
of the restriction y ≠ 4 .Therefore, this equation has The proposed solution 3 is not a solution because of
no solution. The solution set is { }. the restriction x ≠ 3 .
The solution set is {1} .
10 5y
36. = 3−
y+2 y+2 1 2 x
38. + =
Restrictions: y ≠ −2 x −1 x x −1
LCD = y + 2 Restriction: x ≠ 1, x ≠ 0
10 5y LCD = x ( x − 1)
= 3−
y+2 y+2 1 2 x
+ =
10 5y x −1 x x −1
( y + 2) = ( y + 2) 3 − 1 2 x
y + 2 y +2 x ( x − 1) + = x ( x − 1) ⋅
10 = 3 ( y + 2 ) − 5 y x −1 x x −1
10 = 3 y + 6 − 5 y x + 2 ( x − 1) = x 2
10 = −2 y + 6 x + 2 x − 2 = x2
4 = −2 y 3x − 2 = x 2
−2 = y
0 = x 2 − 3x + 2
The proposed solution, −2, is not a solution because
of the restriction y ≠ −2. Therefore, the equation 0 = ( x − 1)( x − 2 )
x − 1 = 0 or x − 2 = 0
has no solution. The solution set is { }.
x =1 x=2
The proposed solution, 1, is not a solution because
of the restriction x ≠ 1.
The solution set is {2} .
x +1 x 2
39. + =
3x + 9 2 x + 6 4 x + 12
To find any restrictions and the LCD, factor the denominators.
x +1 x 2
+ =
3 ( x + 3) 2 ( x + 3 ) 4 ( x + 3)
Restriction: x ≠ −3
LCD = 12 ( x + 3)
x +1 x 2
12 ( x + 3) + = 12 ( x + 3)
3 ( x + 3) 2 ( x + 3) 4 ( x + 3)
4 ( x + 1) + 6 x = 6
4x + 4 + 6x = 6
10 x + 4 = 6
10 x = 2
2
x=
10
1
x=
5
1
The solution set is . .
5
3 1 2 1
40. + = .
2 y − 2 2 y −1 5
To find any restrictions and the LCD, factor the denominators.
2 y − 2 = 2 ( y − 1)
3 1 2
+ =
2 ( y − 1) 2 y − 1
Restrictions: y ≠ 1
LCD = 2 ( y − 1)
3 1 2
2 ( y − 1) + = 2 ( y − 1) ⋅
2 ( y − 1) 2 y −1
3 + y −1 = 4
2+ y = 4
y=2
The solution set is {2} .
4y 2 1
41. + =
2
y − 25 y −5 y +5
To find any restrictions and the LCD, factor the first denominator.
4y 2 1
+ =
( y + 5)( y − 5) y − 5 y + 5
Restrictions: y ≠ −5, y ≠ 5
LCD = ( y + 5 )( y − 5 )
4y 2 1
( y + 5)( y − 5) + = ( y + 5 )( y − 5 ) ⋅
( y + 5 )( y − 5 ) y − 5 y +5
4 y + 2 ( y + 5) = y − 5
4 y + 2 y + 10 = y − 5
6 y + 10 = y − 5
5 y + 10 = −5
5 y = −15
y = −3
The solution set is {−3} .
1 1 22
42. + =
x+4 x − 4 x 2 − 16
1 1 22
+ =
x+4 x − 4 ( x + 4 )( x − 4 )
Restrictions: x ≠ 4, x ≠ −4
LCD = ( x + 4 )( x − 4 )
( x + 4 )( x − 4 )
1 1 22
+ = ( x + 4 )( x − 4 )
x+4 x−4 ( x + 4 )( x − 4 )
x − 4 + x + 4 = 22
2 x = 22
x = 11
The solution set is {11} .
1 5 6
43. − =
x − 4 x + 2 x2 − 2 x − 8
Factor the last denominator.
1 5 6
− =
x − 4 x + 2 ( x − 4 )( x + 2 )
Restrictions: x ≠ 4, x ≠ −2
LCD = ( x − 4 )( x + 2 )
( x − 4 )( x + 2 )
1 5 6
− = ( x − 4 )( x + 2 )
x −4 x + 2 ( x − 4 )( x + 2 )
( x + 2 ) ⋅1 − ( x − 4 ) ⋅ 5 = 6
x + 2 − 5 x + 20 = 6
−4 x + 22 = 6
−4 x = −16
x=4
The proposed solution 4 is not a solution because of the restriction x ≠ 4 . Therefore, the given equation has no solution.
The solution set is { } .
6 5 −20
44. − =
x+3 x−2 x + x−62
Factor the denominators.
6 5 −20
− =
x + 3 x − 2 ( x + 3)( x − 2 )
Restrictions: x ≠ −3, x ≠ 2
LCD = ( x + 3)( x − 2 )
−20
( x + 3)( x − 2 )
6 5
− = ( x + 3)( x − 2 )
x +3 x −2 ( x + 3)( x − 2 )
( x − 2 )( 6 ) − ( x + 3)( 5) = −20
6 x − 12 − 5 x − 15 = −20
x − 27 = −20
x=7
The solution set is {7} .
2 2x + 3 6x − 5
45. − =
x + 3 x −1 2
x + 2x − 3
Factor the denominators.
2 2x + 3 6x − 5
− =
x + 3 x − 1 ( x + 3)( x − 1)
Restrictions: x ≠ −3, x ≠ 1
LCD = ( x + 3)( x − 1)
2x + 3 6x − 5
( x + 3)( x − 1)
2
− = ( x + 3)( x − 1)
x + 3 x −1 ( x + 3)( x − 1)
( x − 1) ⋅ 2 − ( x + 3)( 2 x + 3) = 6 x − 5
( )
2 x − 2 − 2 x2 + 9 x + 9 = 6 x − 5
2 x − 2 − 2x2 − 9 x − 9 = 6 x − 5
−2 x 2 − 7 x − 11 = 6 x − 5
0 = 2 x 2 + 13x + 6
0 = ( x + 6 )( 2 x + 1)
x + 6 = 0 or 2 x + 1 = 0
x = −6 2 x = −1
1
x=−
2
1
The solution set is −6, − . .
2
x − 3 x + 1 2 x 2 − 15
46. + =
x − 2 x + 3 x2 + x − 6
Factor the last denominator.
x − 3 x +1 2 x 2 − 15
+ =
x − 2 x + 3 ( x + 3)( x − 2 )
Restrictions: x ≠ 2, x ≠ −3
LCD = ( x − 2 )( x + 3)
x − 3 x +1 2 x 2 − 15
( x − 2 )( x + 3) + = ( x − 2 )( x + 3)
x−2 x+3 ( x + 3)( x − 2 )
( x + 3)( x − 3) + ( x − 2 )( x + 1) = 2 x2 − 15
x 2 − 9 + x 2 − x − 2 = 2 x 2 − 15
2 x 2 − x − 11 = 2 x 2 − 15
− x − 11 = −15
− x = −4
x=4
The solution set is {4} .
V1 P2
47. =
V2 P1
V1 P2
1 2
PV = PV1 2
2
V P1
P1 (V1 ) = V2 ( P2 )
1 1 = P2V2
PV
PV PV
1 1
= 2 2
V1 V1
P2V2
P1 =
V1
V1 P2
48. =
V2 P1
V1 P2
1 2
PV = PV
1 2
V2 P1
1 1 = P2V2
PV
PV
V2 = 1 1
P2
1 1 1
49. + =
p q f
1 1 1
fpq + = fpq
p q f
1 1
fpq + fpq = pq
p q
fq + fp = pq
f ( q + p ) = pq
f (q + p) pq
=
q+ p q+ p
pq
f =
q+ p
1 1 1
50. + =
p q f
1 1 1
pqf + = pqf
p q f
qf + pf = pq
pf = pq − qf
pf = q ( p − f )
pf
q=
p− f
A
51. P=
1+ r
(1 + r )( P ) = (1 + r )
A
1+ r
P + Pr = A
Pr = A − P
Pr A − P
=
P P
A− P
r=
P
a
52. S=
1− r
S − Sr = a
− Sr = a − S
a−S S −a
r=− or
S S
Gm1m2
53. F=
d2
Gm1m2
d2 (F ) = d2
d
2
d 2 F = Gm1m2
d 2 F Gm1m2
=
Gm2 Gm2
d 2F
m1 =
Gm2
Gm1m2
54. F=
d2
Fd 2 = Gm1m2
Fd 2
m2 =
Gm1
x−x
55. z=
s
x−x
s(z) = s
s
zs = x − x
x = x + zs
x−x
56. z=
s
sz = x − x
x−x
s=
z
E
57. I=
R+r
( R + r )( I ) = ( R + r )
E
+r
R
IR + Ir = E
IR = E − Ir
IR E − Ir
=
I I
E − Ir
R=
I
E
58. I=
R+r
IR + Ir = E
Ir = E − IR
E − IR
r=
I
f1 f 2
59. f =
f1 + f 2
f1 f 2
( f1 + f 2 )( f ) = ( f1 + f 2 )
f1 + f 2
ff1 + ff 2 = f1 f 2
ff 2 = f1 f 2 − ff1
ff 2 = f1 ( f 2 − f )
ff 2 f1 ( f 2 − f )
=
f2 − f f2 − f
ff 2
f1 =
f2 − f
f1 f 2
60. f =
f1 + f 2
ff1 + ff 2 = f1 f 2
ff1 = f1 f 2 − ff 2
ff1 = f 2 ( f1 − f )
ff1
f2 =
f1 − f
x 2 − 10 7 1
61. Solve = 1+− .
2
x − x − 20 x−5 2
Factor the first denominator.
x 2 − 10 7 1
= 1+ − .
( x − 5)( x + 4 ) x−5 2
Restrictions: x ≠ 5, x ≠ −4
LCD = ( x − 5 )( x + 4 )
x 2 − 10 7
( x − 5)( x + 4 ) = ( x − 5 )( x + 4 ) ⋅1 + ( x − 5)( x + 4 )
( x − 5 )( x + 4 )
x −5
x 2 − 10 = ( x − 5 )( x + 4 ) + ( x + 4 ) ⋅ 7
x 2 − 10 = x 2 − x − 20 + 7 x + 28
x 2 − 10 = x 2 + 6 x + 8
−10 = 6 x + 8
−18 = 6 x
−3 = x
The solution set is {−3} .
x2 + 4 x − 2 4
62. Solve = 1+ .
2
x − 2x − 8 x − 4
Factor the first denominator.
x2 + 4 x − 2 4
= 1+
( x − 4 )( x + 2 ) x−4
Restrictions: x ≠ 4, x ≠ −2
LCD = ( x − 4 )( x + 2 )
x2 + 4 x − 2 4
( x − 4 )( x + 2 ) = ( x − 4 )( x + 2 ) ⋅1 + ( x − 4 )( x + 2 )
2
x − 2x − 8 x−4
x2 + 4 x − 2 = x2 − 2 x − 8 + ( x + 2) ⋅ 4
x2 + 4 x − 2 = x2 − 2 x − 8 + 4 x + 8
x2 + 4 x − 2 = x2 + 2 x
4x − 2 = 2x
2x = 2
x =1
The solution set is {1} .
x 2 − 10 7
63. Simplify −1 −.
2
x − x − 20 x −5
Factor the first denominator.
x 2 − 10 7
−1 −
( x − 5)( x + 4 ) x −5
LCD = ( x − 5 )( x + 4 )
x 2 − 10 ( x − 5)( x + 4 ) 7 ( x + 4) x 2 − 10 − ( x − 5)( x + 4 ) − 7 ( x + 4 )
− − =
( x − 5)( x + 4 ) ( x − 5)( x + 4 ) ( x − 5)( x + 4 ) ( x − 5)( x + 4 )
=
( )
x 2 − 10 − x 2 − x − 20 − 7 x − 28
( x − 5)( x + 4 )
x 2 − 10 − x 2 + x + 20 − 7 x − 28
=
( x − 5)( x + 4 )
−6 x − 18
=
( x − 5)( x + 4 )
x2 + 4 x − 2 4
64. Simplify −1 − .
2
x − 2x − 8 x − 4
Factor the first denominator.
x2 + 4x − 2 4
−1 −
( x − 4 )( x + 2 ) x−4
LCD = ( x − 4 )( x + 2 )
x2 + 4x − 2 ( x − 4 )( x + 2 ) 4 ( x + 2) x 2 + 4 x − 2 − ( x − 4 )( x + 2 ) − 4 ( x + 2 )
− − =
( x − 4 )( x + 2 ) ( x − 4 )( x + 2 ) ( x − 4 )( x + 2 ) ( x − 4 )( x + 2 )
=
( )
x 2 + 4 x − 2 − x2 − 2 x − 8 − 4 x − 8
( x − 4 )( x + 2 )
x2 + 4x − 2 − x2 + 2 x + 8 − 4 x − 8
=
( x − 4 )( x + 2 )
2x − 2
=
( 4 )( x + 2 )
x −
65. Solve 5 y −2 + 1 = 6 y −1
5 6
+1 =
2 y
y
Restrictions: y ≠ 0
LCD = y 2
5 6
y2 + 1 = y 2
y2 y
5
y2 ⋅ + y 2 ⋅1 = 6 y
y2
5 + y2 = 6 y
y2 − 6 y + 5 = 0
( y − 5)( y − 1) = 0
y − 5 = 0 or y − 1 = 0
y=5 y =1
The solution set is {1,5} .
66. Solve 3 y −2 + 1 = 4 y −1
3 4
+1 =
2 y
y
Restrictions: y ≠ 0
LCD = y 2
3 4
y2 + 1 = y 2
y2 y
3
y2 ⋅ + y 2 ⋅1 = 4 y
y2
3 + y2 = 4 y
y2 − 4 y + 3 = 0
( y − 3)( y − 1) = 0
y − 3 = 0 or y − 1 = 0
y=3 y =1
The solution set is {1,3} .
3 1 10
67. Solve − = .
y + 1 1− y y −12
4 1 25
68. Solve − =
y−2 2− y y+6
4 1 25
+ =
y−2 y−2 y+6
Restrictions: y ≠ 2, y ≠ −6
LCD = ( y − 2 )( y + 6 )
4 1 25
( y − 2 )( y + 6 ) + = ( y − 2 )( y + 6 )
y−2 y−2 y+6
( y + 6 ) ⋅ 4 + ( y + 6 ) ⋅1 = ( y − 2 ) ⋅ 25
4 y + 24 + y + 6 = 25 y − 50
5 y + 30 = 25 y − 50
80 = 20 y
4= y
The solution set is {4} .
2x DA
71. C = ;C = 2 74. C = ; C = 500, D = 1000
100 − x A + 12
2x 1000 A
2= 500 =
100 − x A + 12
LCD = 100 − x LCD = A + 12
( A + 12 ) ⋅ 500 = ( A + 12 )
2x 1000 A
(100 − x ) ⋅ 2 = (100 − x ) ⋅
100 − x A + 12
200 − 2 x = 2 x 500 A + 6000 = 1000 A
200 = 4 x 6000 = 500 A
50 = x 12 = A
For $2 million, 50% of the contaminants can be The child’s age is 12 years old.
removed.
10, 000
75. C = + 3x; C = 350
2x x
72. C = ;C = 8
100 − x 10, 000
350 = + 3x
2x x
8=
100 − x LCD = x
LCD = 100 − x 10, 000
x ⋅ 350 = x + 3x
(100 − x ) ⋅ 8 = (100 − x ) ⋅
2x x
100 − x
350 x = 10, 000 + 3 x 2
800 − 8 x = 2 x
800 = 10 x 0 = 3x 2 − 350 x + 10, 000
80 = x 0 = ( 3x − 200 )( x − 50 )
For $8 million, 80% of the contaminants can be 3x − 200 = 0 or x − 50 = 0
removed. 3x = 200 x = 50
200
DA x=
73. C = ; C = 300, D = 1000 3
A + 12
2
1000 A = 66 ≈ 67
300 = 3
A + 12
For yearly inventory costs to be $350, the owner
LCD = A + 12
should order either 50 or approximately 67 cases.
( A + 12 ) ⋅ 300 = ( A + 12 )
1000 A
These solutions correspond to the points ( 50,350 )
A + 12
300 A + 3600 = 1000 A 2
and 66 ,350 on the graph.
3600 = 700 A 3
3600
=A
700
36
A= ≈ 5.14
7
To the nearest year, the child is 5 years old.
10, 000
76. C = + 3x; C = 790
x
10, 000
790 = + 3x
x
LCD = x
10, 000
x ⋅ 790 = x + 3x
x
790 x = 10, 000 + 3 x 2
0 = 3 x 2 − 790 x + 10, 000
0 = ( 3x − 40 )( x − 250 )
3x − 40 = 0 or x − 250 = 0
3x = 40 x = 250
40
x=
3
1
= 13 ≈ 13
3
For yearly inventory costs to be $790, the owner should order either approximately 13 or 250 cases at a time. These
1
solutions correspond to the points 13 , 790 and ( 250, 790 ) on the graph.
3
83. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. Sample explanation: The sum of two rational expressions is an expression
and thus does not have a solution set.
85. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. Sample explanation: If one or both of the solutions of the quadratic
equation make any of the denominators of the rational equation equal to zero, then such a value must be excluded from
the solution set.
86. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. Sample explanation: If all potential solutions make any of the
denominators of the rational equation equal to zero, then the equation will have no solution.
1 1 6 1 x1 6 x 6+ x
87. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary. A sample change is: + = ⋅ + = + = .
x 6 6 x x 6 6x 6x 6x
88. true
89. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary. A sample change is: 0 does not satisfy the equation.
90. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary. A sample change is: You could begin by multiplying both sides by
the LCD, 3x.
x +1 x−7 2x − 6
91. = −
2 x − 11x + 5 2 x + 9 x − 5 x 2 − 25
2 2
x +1 x−7 2x − 6
= −
( 2 x − 1)( x − 5) ( 2 x − 1)( x + 5) ( x + 5)( x − 5)
1
Restrictions: x ≠ , x ≠ 5, x ≠ −5
2
LCD = ( 2 x − 1)( x − 5)( x + 5)
x +1 x−7 2x − 6
( 2 x − 1)( x − 5)( x + 5) = ( 2 x − 1)( x − 5 )( x + 5 ) − ( 2 x − 1)( x − 5)( x + 5)
( 2 x − 1)( x − 5) ( 2 x − 1)( x + 5) ( x + 5)( x − 5)
( x + 5)( x + 1) = ( x − 5)( x − 7 ) − ( 2 x − 1)( 2 x − 6 )
(
x 2 + 6 x + 5 = x 2 − 12 x + 35 − 4 x 2 − 14 x + 6 )
2 2 2
x + 6 x + 5 = x − 12 x + 35 − 4 x + 14 x − 6
x 2 + 6 x + 5 = −3x 2 + 2 x + 29
4 x 2 + 4 x − 24 = 0
(
4 x2 + x − 6 = 0 )
4 ( x + 3)( x − 2 ) = 0
x + 3 = 0 or x − 2 = 0
x = −3 x=2
The solution set is {−3, 2} .
2 4
x +1 x +1
92. ÷ =0
x+7 x+7
2 4
x +1 x + 7
x + 7 ⋅ x +1 = 0
( x + 1)2 ⋅ ( x + 7 )4 =0
( x + 7 )2 ( x + 1)4
Restrictions: x ≠ −7, x ≠ −1
( x + 7 )2 =0
( x + 1)2
Multiply both sides by ( x + 1) .
2
( x + 7 )2
( x + 1)2 = ( x + 1)2 ⋅ 0
( x + 1)2
( x + 7 )2 = 0
x+7 = 0
x = −7
The proposed solution, −7, is not a solution of the original equation because it is on the list of restrictions. Therefore, the
given equation has no solution. The solution set is { } .
7x + 4 97. x 4 + 2 x3 − 3x − 6
93. + 13 = x
b Factor by grouping.
If x = −6, this equation because x 4 + 2 x3 − 3x − 6
7 ( −6 ) + 4
b
+ 13 = −6. ( )
= x 4 + 2 x 3 + ( −3 x − 6 )
Solve this equation for b. = x3 ( x + 2 ) − 3 ( x + 2 )
−38
b
= −19 (
= ( x + 2 ) x3 − 3 )
−38
= b ( −19 )
b
b 98. (3x )( −4 x )
2 −10
−38 = −19b
= ( 3 ⋅ −4 ) ( x ⋅ x ) = −12 x
2 −10 2 +( −10 )
−38
b=
−19 12
= −12 x −8 = −
b=2 x8
x x 99. −5 4 ( x − 2 ) − 3 = −5 [ 4 x − 8 − 3]
94. + =6
2 4 = −5 [ 4 x − 11]
The solution set is {8} .
= −20 x + 55
Check x = 8 :
8 8 15 9
+ =6 100. =
2 4 8+ x 8− x
4+2 = 6 15 9
(8 + x)(8 − x) = (8 + x)(8 − x)
6 = 6 true 8+ x 8− x
15(8 − x) = 9(8 + x)
50
95. = 2x 120 − 15 x = 72 + 9 x
x
−24 x = −48
The solution set is {−5,5} .
x=2
The solution set is {2} .
6
96. x + = −5
x
1
The solution set is {−3, −2} . 101. In 1 hour you can complete of the job.
5
Check −3: Check −2:
3
6 6 In 3 hours you can complete of the job.
x + = −5 x + = −5 5
x x
x
6 6 In x hours you can complete of the job.
−3 + = −5 −2 + = −5 5
−3 −2
−3 + ( −2 ) = −5 −2 + ( −3) = −5 63 7
−5 = −5, true −5 = −5, true 102. =
x 5
2. Let x = the number of hours for both people to paint a house together.
Fractional part Time Fractional part
of job completed working of job completed
in 1 hour together in x hours
1 x
First person x
8 8
1 x
Second person x
4 4
x x
Working together, the two people can complete the whole job, so + = 1.
8 4
Multiply both sides by the LCD, 8.
x x
8 + = 8 ⋅1
8 4
x + 2x = 8
3x = 8
8
x=
3
2
x=2
3
2
It will take 2 hours (or 2 hours 40 minutes) if they work together.
3
3 12
5. =
8 x
3x = 8 ⋅12
3x = 96
x = 32
The missing length is 32 inches.
h 56
6. =
2 3.5
3.5h = 2 ⋅ 56
3.5h = 112
112
h=
3.5
h = 32
The height of the tower is 32 yards.
2. 1
x
3.
5
4. ad = bc
5. similar
10 15
1. The times are equal, so =
x x+3
To solve this equation, multiply both sides by the LCD, x ( x + 3) .
10 15
x ( x + 3) ⋅ = x ( x + 3) ⋅
x x+3
10 ( x + 3) = 15 x
10 x + 30 = 15 x
30 = 5 x
6=x
If x = 6, x + 3 = 9 .
10 15
Note: The equation = is a proportion, so it can also be solved by using the cross-products principle.
x x+3
10 ( x + 3) = 15 x
This allows you to skip the first step of the solution process shown above.
The walking rate is 6 miles per hour and the car’s rate is 9 miles per hour.
40 15
2. The times are equal, so =
x + 20 x
To solve this equation, multiply both sides by the LCD, x ( x + 20 ) .
40 15
x ( x + 20 ) ⋅ = x ( x + 20 ) ⋅
x + 20 x
40 x = 15 ( x + 20 )
40 x = 15 x + 300
25 x = 300
x = 12
If x = 12, x + 20 = 32.
The bicycle’s rate is 12 mph and the motorcycle’s rate is 32 mph.
40 15
Note: The equation = is a proportion, so it can also be solved by using the cross-products principle. This
x + 20 x
allows you to skip the first step of the solution process shown above.
5 3
The times are equal, so = .
x+4 x
Use the cross-products principle to solve this equation.
5x = 3 ( x + 4)
5 x = 3x + 12
2 x = 12
x=6
If x = 6, x + 4 = 10.
The jogger runs 10 miles per hour downhill and 6 miles per hour uphill.
6. Let x = the rate of the current. Then 18 + x = the boat’s rate with the current and 18 − x = the boat’s rate against the
current.
Distance
Distance Rate Time =
Rate
33
With the current 33 18 + x
18 + x
21
Against the current 21 18 − x
18 − x
33 21
The times are equal so, = .
18 + x 18 − x
Use the cross-products principle to solve this equation.
33 (18 − x ) = 21(18 + x )
594 − 33x = 378 + 21x
594 = 378 + 54 x
216 = 54 x
4= x
The rate of the current is 4 mph.
8. Let x = running.
Then 9x = driving rate.
Distance
Distance Rate Time =
Rate
5
Running 5 x
x
90
Driving 90 9x
9x
5 90 5 10
The total time is 3 hours, so + = 3 or + = 3.
x 9x x x
To solve this equation, multiply both sides by the LCD, x.
5 10
x + = x⋅3
x x
5 + 10 = 3x
15 = 3x
5= x
If x = 5, 9x = 45.
The driving rate is 45 mph and the running rate is 5 mph.
10. Let x = the canoe’s average rate in still water. Then x + 2 = the canoe’s rate with the current and x − 2 = the canoe’s
rate against the current.
Distance
Distance Rate Time =
Rate
6
Downstream 6 x+2
x+2
2
Upstream 2 x−2
x−2
6 2
=
x+2 x−2
6 ( x − 2) = 2 ( x + 2)
6 x − 12 = 2 x + 4
4 x − 12 = 4
4 x = 16
x=4
The boat’s average rate in still water is 4 miles per hour.
11. Let x = the time in minutes, for both people to shovel the driveway together.
Fractional part Time Fractional part
of job completed working of job completed
in 1 minute together in x minutes
1 x
You x
20 20
1 x
Your brother x
15 15
x x
Working together, you and your brother complete the whole job, so + = 1.
20 15
Multiply both sides by the LCD, 60.
x x
60 + = 60 ⋅1
20 15
3x + 4 x = 60
7 x = 60
60
x= ≈ 8.6
7
It will take about 8.6 minutes, which is enough time.
12. Let x = the time in minutes, for both people to wash the car together.
Fractional part Time Fractional part
of job completed working of job completed
in 1 minute together in x minutes
1 x
You x
40 40
1 x
Your sister x
30 30
Working together, the two people complete the whole job, so
x x
+ = 1.
40 30
Multiply both sides by the LCD, 120.
x x
120 + = 120 ⋅1
40 30
3x + 4 x = 120
7 x = 120
120
x= ≈ 17.1
7
It will take about 17.1 minutes, which is not enough time.
13. Let x = the time, in hours, for both teams to clean the streets working together.
Fractional part Time Fractional part
of job completed working of job completed
in 1 hour together in x hours
1 x
First team x
400 400
1 x
Second team x
300 300
x x
Working together, the two teams complete one whole job, so + = 1.
400 300
Multiply both sides by the LCD, 1200.
x x
1200 + = 1200 ⋅1
400 300
3 x + 4 x = 1200
7 x = 1200
1200
x= ≈ 171.4
7
It will take about 171.4 hours for both teams to clean the streets working together. One week is 7 ⋅ 24 = 168 hours, so
even if both crews work 24 hours a day, there is not enough time.
14. Let x = the time, in hours, for all three crews to dispense food and water working together.
Fractional part Time Fractional part
of job completed working of job completed
in 1 hour together in x hours
1 x
First team x
10 10
1 x
Second team x
15 15
1 x
Third team x
20 20
x x x
Working together, the two teams complete one whole job, so + + = 1.
10 15 20
Multiply both sides by the LCD, 60.
x x x
60 + + = 60 ⋅1
10 15 20
6 x + 4 x + 3x = 60
13x = 60
60
x= ≈ 4.6
13
It will take about 4.6 hours for all three crews to dispense food and water working together. To express this time in
minutes and seconds, divide 60 by 13 on a calculator, subtract 4, multiply the decimal by 60 and round to the nearest
whole number, 37. It will take 4 hours 37 minutes to complete the job.
15. Let x = the time, in hours, for both pipes to fill in the pool.
Fractional part Time Fractional part
of job completed working of job completed
in 1 hour together in x hours
1 x
First pipe x
4 4
1 x
Second pipe x
6 6
x x
+ =1
4 6
x x
12 + = 12 ⋅1
4 6
3x + 2 x = 12
5 x = 12
12
x= = 2.4
5
Using both pipes, it will take 2.4 hours or 2 hours 24 minutes to fill the pool.
16. Let x = the time, in hours, for both pipes to fill in the pool.
Fractional part Time Fractional part
of job completed working of job completed
in 1 hour together in x hours
1 x
First pipe x
3 3
1 x
Second pipe x
6 6
x x
+ =1
3 6
x x
6 + = 6 ⋅1
3 6
2x + x = 6
3x = 6
x=2
Using both pipes, it will take 2 hours to fill the pool.
18. Let x = the maintenance bill on a store that is 4800 21. Let x = the number of people, in billions, suffering
square feet. from malnutrition (in 2010).
Bill on shopping center Bill on store 28 x
= =
Size of shopping center Size of store 200 6.9
$45, 000 $x 200 x = (28)(6.9)
=
180, 000 ft 2
4800 ft 2 200 x = 193.2
45, 000 x 200 x 193.2
= =
180, 000 4800 200 200
1 x x ≈ 0.97
=
4 4800
0.97 billion people suffered from malnutrition in
4 x = 4800 2010.
x = 1200
The maintenance bill for the store is $1200. 22. Let x = the number of people, in billions, who get
drunk every day (in 2010).
19. Let x = the total number of fur seal pups in the 9 x
rookery. =
200 6.9
Original # tagged # tagged in sample 200 x = (9)(6.9)
=
Total # fur seal pups # in sample 200 x = 62.1
4963 218
= 200 x 62.1
=
x 900 200 200
218 x = (4963)(900) x ≈ 0.31
218 x = 4, 466, 700
218 x 4, 466, 700 0.31 billion people get drunk every day.
=
218 218
23. Let x = the height of the critter.
x ≈ 20, 489
foot length person foot length critter
There were approximately 20,489 fur seal pups in =
the rookery. height of person height of critter
10 inches 23 inches
20. Let x = the total number of bass in the lake. =
67 inches x
Original number Number of tagged 10 23
of tagged bass bass in sample =
= 67 x
Total number Number of bass
of bass in sample 10 x = (67)(23)
50 27 10 x = 1541
=
x 108 x = 154.1
27 x = ( 50 )(108 ) The height of the critter is 154.1 in.
27 x = 5400 24. Let x = the length of Sain’s moustache.
x = 200
8 inches x inches
=
There are about 200 bass in the lake. 2 years 17 years
8 x
=
2 17
2 x = 136
x = 68
18 10 8 x
25. = 31. =
9 x 6 12
18 x = 9 ⋅10 6 x = 8 ⋅12
18 x = 90 6 x = 96
x=5 x = 16
The length of the side marked x is 5 inches. The tree is 16 feet tall.
48. Let x = number of hours to fill the pool with all three pipes working.
Fractional part Time Fractional part
of job completed working of job completed
in 1 hour together in x hours
1 x
First pipe x
2 2
1 x
Second pipe x
3 3
1 x
Third pipe x
4 4
x x x
+ + =1
2 3 4
x x x
12 + + = 12 ⋅1
2 3 4
6 x + 4 x + 3x = 12
13x = 12
12
x=
13
12
It will take hours or approximately 55 minutes to fill the pool.
13
49. Let x = the time, in hours, it takes to prepare one report working together.
Fractional part Time Fractional part
of job completed working of job completed
in 1 hour together in x hours
1 x
Ben x
3 3
1 10 5 5x
Shane = = x
4.2 42 21 21
x 5x
Working together, Ben and Shane prepare one report, so + =1
3 21
To solve this equation, multiply both sides by the LCD, 21.
x 5x
21 ⋅ + = 21⋅1
3 21
7 x + 5 x = 21
12 x = 21
21
x= = 1.75
12
Ben and Shane can prepare one report in 1.75 hours. Multiply this by four to determine how many hours it takes to
prepare four reports. 4 (1.75 ) = 7 . Therefore, working together Ben and Shane can prepare four reports in 7 hours.
50. Let x = the time, in hours, for the experienced carpenter to panel the room.
Then 3x = the time, in hours, for the apprentice to panel the room.
Fractional part Time Fractional part
of job completed working of job completed
in 1 hour together in x hours
Experienced 1 6
6
Carpenter x x
1 6
Apprentice 6
3x 3x
6 6 6 2
Together, the two carpenters complete one whole job, so + = 1 or + =1.
x 3x x x
To solve this equation, multiply both sides by the LCD, x.
6 2
x + = x ⋅1
x x
6+2 = x
8= x
If x = 8, 3x = 24.
Working alone, it would take the experienced carpenter 8 hours and the apprentice 24 hours to panel the room.
53. 25 x 2 − 81 = ( 5 x ) − 92
2
= ( 5 x + 9 )( 5 x − 9 )
54. x 2 − 12 x + 36 = 0
( x − 6 )2 = 0
x−6 = 0
x=6
The solution set is {6}.
2
55. y = − x+4
3
2 −2
slope = − =
3 3
y-intercept = 4
Plot (0,4). From this point, move 2 units down and 3 units to the right to reach the point (3,2). Draw a line through (0,4)
and (3,2).
3. Beginning with y =
k
, we will use l for the length 5. Find k: V = khr 2
x 120π = k ⋅10 ⋅ 62
of the string and f for the frequency.
Use the given values to find k. 120π = k ⋅ 360
k 120π k ⋅ 360
f = =
l 360 360
k π
640 = =k
8 3
k π π hr 2
8 ⋅ 640 = 8 ⋅ Thus, V = hr 2 = .
8 3 3
5120 = k π hr 2
k V=
The equation becomes f = 3
l
π ⋅ 2 ⋅122
5120 V= = 96π
f = 3
l
The volume of a cone having a radius of 12 feet and
Find f when l = 10. a height of 2 feet is 96π cubic feet.
5120
f =
l
5120
f = 7.8 Concept and Vocabulary Check
10
f = 512 1. y = kx ; constant of variation
A string length of 10 inches will vibrate at 512
cycles per second. 2. y = kx n
4. Let m = the number of minutes needed to solve an
k
exercise set. 3. y =
Let p = the number of people working on the x
problems.
Let x = the number of problems in the exercise set. kx
4. y =
kx z
Use m = to find k.
p
5. y = kxz
kx
m=
p 6. directly; inversely
k16
32 = 7. jointly; inversely
4
32 = 4k
k =8
7.8 Exercise Set
8x
Thus, m = .
p 1. Since y varies directly with x, we have y = kx.
Find m when p = 8 and x = 24. Use the given values to find k.
8 ⋅ 24 y = kx
m=
8 65 = k ⋅ 5
m = 24 65 k ⋅ 5
It will take 24 minutes for 8 people to solve 24 =
5 5
problems.
13 = k
The equation becomes y = 13 x.
When x = 12, y = 13 x = 13 ⋅12 = 156.
2. y = kx kb
6. a=
45 = k ⋅ 5 c2
9=k k (9)
7=
y = 9 x = 9 ⋅13 = 117 ( 6 )2
k (9)
7=
k 36
3. Since y varies inversely with x, we have y = .
x k
Use the given values to find k. 7=
4
k 28 = k
y=
x
k 28 ( 4 ) 28 ( 4 ) 7
12 = a= = =
5
(8) 2 64 4
k
5 ⋅12 = 5 ⋅
5 7. Since y varies jointly as x and y, we have y = kxz .
60 = k Use the given values to find k.
60 y = kxz
The equation becomes y = .
x
25 = k ( 2 )( 5 )
60
When x = 2, y = = 30. 25 = k (10 )
2
25 k (10 )
k =
4. y = 10 10
x 5
k =k
6= 2
3 5
18 = k The equation becomes y = xz.
2
When x = 8 and z = 12,
18
y= =2 4
9 y=
5
2
5
2
( )
( 8)(12 ) = 8 (12 ) = 240.
5. Since y varies inversely as x and inversely as the
kx 8. C = kAT
square of z, we have y = 2 .
z 175 = k ( 2100 )( 4 )
Use the given values to find k.
175 = k ( 8400 )
kx
y= 2 1
z =k
k ( 50 ) 48
20 =
52 1 14400
k ( 50 ) C= ( 2400 )( 6 ) = = 300
20 = 48 48
25
20 = 2k
10 = k
10 x
The equation becomes y = .
z2
When x = 3 and z = 6,
10 x 10 ( 3) 10 ( 3) 30 5
y= 2 = 2 = = = .
z 6 36 36 6
11. x = kyz ;
Solving for y:
x = kyz
x kyz
= .
kz yz
x
y=
kz
kyz kz
15. x = ; 19. x = ;
w y−w
Solving for y: Solving for y:
kyz kz
x= x=
w y−w
x ( w ) = ( w ) kyzw ( y − w) x = ( y − w)
kz
y−w
x w = kyz xy − wx = kz
x w kyz xy = kz + wx
=
kz kz xy kz + wx
=
x w x x
y= kz + wx
kz y=
x
kyz
16. x= kz
w2 20. x=
y+w
w2 w2 kyz
x = kz
kz kz w2 ( y + w) x = ( y + w)
y+w
xw2 yx + xw = kz
y=
kz yx = kz − xw
17. x = kz ( y + w) ; yx kz − xw
=
Solving for y: x x
x = kz ( y + w) kz − xw
y=
x = kzy + kzw x
x − kzw = kzy 21. Since T varies directly as B, we have T = kB .
x − kzw kzy Use the given values to find k.
= T = kB
kz kz
x − kzw 3.6 = k (4)
y=
kz 3.6 k (4)
=
4 4
18. x = kz ( y − w) 0.9 = k
x = kzy − kzw The equation becomes T = 0.9 B .
x + kzw = kzy When B = 6 , T = 0.9(6) = 5.4 . The tail length is
x + kzw kzy 5.4 feet.
=
kz kz 22. M = kE
x + kzw
y= 60 = k ( 360 )
kz
60 k ( 360 )
=
360 360
1
=k
6
1
M = (186 ) = 31
6
k 1890
29. a. Use L = to find k. b. L=
R R
k 1890
L= 20 =
R R
k 20 R = 1890
30 =
63 1890
k R=
63 ⋅ 30 = 63 ⋅ 20
63 R ≈ 95
1890 = k The model estimates a mammal with a life span
1890 of 20 years will have a heart rate of about 95
Thus, L = . beats per minute.
R
c. The data for horses is represented on the graph
b. This is an approximate model.
by the point (63,30).
1890
c. L = 32. a. A mammal with a life span of 50 years will have
R a heart rate of about 40 beats per minute.
1890
L= = 70 1890
27 b. L=
The average life span of an elephant is 70 years. R
1890
50 =
k R
30. a. Use L = to find k.
R 50 R = 1890
k 1890
L= R=
R 50
k R ≈ 38
15 =
126 The model estimates a mammal with a life span
k of 50 years will have a heart rate of about 38
126 ⋅15 = 126 ⋅ beats per minute.
126
1890 = k c. The data for lions is represented on the graph by
1890 the point (76, 25).
Thus, L = .
R
33. Since intensity varies inversely as the square of the
b. This is an approximate model. k
distance, we have I = 2 .
d
1890 Use the given values to find k.
c. L =
R k
1890 I= 2.
L= ≈3 d
634 k
The average life span of a mouse is about 3 62.5 = 2
years. 3
k
62.5 =
31. a. A mammal with a life span of 20 years will have 9
a heart rate of about 90 beats per minute. k
9 ( 62.5 ) = 9
9
562.5 = k
562.5
The equation becomes I = .
d2
562.5 562.5
When d = 2.5 , I = = = 90
2.52 6.25
The intensity is 90 milliroentgens per hour.
k km
34. i= 2
36. i=
d c
k k (25)
3.75 = 125 =
402 20
k k (25)
3.75 = 20(125) = (20)
1600 20
k 2500 = 25k
(1600)3.75 = (1600)
1600 2500 25k
=
6000 = k 25 25
100 = k
6000 6000 6000
i= 2
= 2
= = 2.4
d 50 2500 100m
i=
c
The illumination is 2.4 footcandles at a distance of 100(40)
50 feet. 80 =
c
35. Since index varies directly as weight and inversely 4000
80 =
kw c
as the square of one’s height, we have I = 2 .
h 4000
80c = c ⋅
Use the given values to find k. c
kw 80c = 4000
I= 2
h 80c 4000
=
k (180 ) 80 80
35.15 =
602 c = 50
k (180)
35.15 = The chronological age is 50.
3600
k (180) 37. Since heat loss varies jointly as the area and
(3600)35.15 =
3600 temperature difference, we have L = kAD .
126540 = k (180) Use the given values to find k.
L = kAD
126540
k= = 703 1200 = k (3 ⋅ 6)(20)
180
703w 1200 = 360k
The equation becomes I = 2 .
h 1200 360k
=
703(170) 360 360
When w = 170 and h = 70, I = ≈ 24.4.
(70) 2 k= 3
10
This person has a BMI of 24.4 and is not The equation becomes L = 103 AD
overweight.
When A = 6 ⋅ 9 = 54 , D = 10 ,
L = 103 ( 9 ⋅ 6 ) (10) = 1800 .
The heat loss is 1800 Btu.
( )
k
k 2.87 × 1012 to find k . 12(0.5) = (0.5)
326, 000 = 0.5
176, 400 k =6
326, 000 = 16, 269,841.27k
6
0.02 ≈ k The equation becomes R = .
I
0.02 P1 P2
The equation becomes C = . 44. – 48. Answers will vary.
d2
49. z varies directly as the square root of x and inversely For the heat to be tripled, the resistance must be
as the square root of y. 1
multiplied by (or divided by 3).
3
50. z varies jointly as the square of x and the square root
59. Since the brightness of a source point varies
of y.
inversely as the square of its distance from an
51. Answers will vary. k
observer, we have B = 2 . We can now see things
d
52. Answers will vary. 1
that are only as bright.
53. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. 50
Sample explanation: This would cause division by
0. Division by zero is undefined. 1 k k
B= ⋅ 2 =
50 d 50d 2
54. does not make sense; Explanations will vary. k k
Sample explanation: With a positive constant of = =
variation, both variables will increase. ( 7.07 ) d ( 7.07d )2
2 2
55. makes sense The distance that can be seen is about 7.07 times
farther with the space telescope.
56. makes sense
60. 8 ( 2 − x ) = −5 x
57. Since wind pressure varies directly as the square of
the wind velocity, we have P = kv 2 . If the wind 16 − 8 x = −5 x
speed doubles then the value of v has been 16 = 3x
multiplied by two. In the formula, 16
=x
P = k (2v)2 = k (4v 2 ) = 4kv 2 . Then the wind 3
pressure will be multiplied by a factor of 4. So if 16
the wind speed doubles, the wind pressure is 4 times The solution set is .
3
more destructive.
kv 2
H= . To triple the amount of heat generated 27 x3 + 18 x 2
r
while voltage remains constant, we must change the − 18 x 2 + 0 x
resistance.
kv 2 −18 x 2 − 12 x
H= 12 x − 8
r
kv 2 12 x + 8
3( H ) = 3
r − 16
3
27 x + 8 16
3kv 2 = 9 x2 − 6 x + 4 −
3H = 3x + 2 3x + 2
r
1
3
(
3kv 2 ) (
62. 6 x3 − 6 x 2 − 120 x = 6 x x 2 − x − 20 )
3H =
1
(r) = 6 x ( x − 5 )( x + 4 )
3
kv 2
3H = 63. Set 1 has each x-coordinate paired with only one y-
1 coordinate.
r
3
8.
x 2 + 3x − 18
=
( x + 6 )( x − 3)
Chapter 7 Review Exercises
x − 36
2
( x + 6 )( x − 6 )
5x x −3
1. =
6 x − 24 x−6
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x.
6 x − 24 = 0
9.
x2 − 4 x − 5
=
( x + 1)( x − 5)
6 x = 24 x + 8x + 7
2
( x + 1)( x + 7 )
x=4 x−5
=
The rational expression is undefined for x = 4. x+7
y2 + 2 y y ( y + 2)
10. =
x+3 y + 4y + 4
2
( y + 2 )( y + 2 )
2.
( x − 2 )( x + 5) =
y
Set the denominator equal to 0 and solve for x. y+2
( x − 2 )( x + 5) = 0
x − 2 = 0 or x + 5 = 0 x2
11.
x=2 x = −5 x2 + 4
The numerator and denominator have no common
The rational expression is undefined for
factor, so this rational expression cannot be
x = 2 and x = −5 .
simplified.
3.
x2 + 3
x − 3x + 2
2
12.
2 x 2 − 18 y 2 2 x − 9 y
=
2 2
( )
3y − x 3y − x
x 2 − 3x + 2 = 0
2 ( x + 3 y )( x − 3 y )
( x − 1)( x − 2 ) = 0 =
x − 1 = 0 or x − 2 = 0
(3 y − x )
2 ( x + 3 y )( −1)( 3 y − x )
x =1 x=2 =
The rational expression is undefined for x = 1 and (3 y − x)
x = 2. = −2 ( x + 3 y ) or − 2 x − 6 y
4.
7
13.
x 2 − 4 3x
⋅ =
( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) ⋅ 3x
x + 81
2
12 x x + 2 12 x ( x + 2)
The smallest possible value of x 2 is 0, so
x−2
x 2 + 81 ≥ 81 for all real numbers x. This means that =
4
there is no real number for x for which
x 2 + 81 = 0. Thus, the rational expression is defined
for all real numbers.
5 x + 5 3x 5 ( x + 1) 3x 1 7
14. ⋅ 2 = ⋅ 20. ÷
x ( x + 1) y + 8 y + 15 y+5
2
6 x +x 6
5 y+5
1
= = ⋅
2 y + 8 y + 15 7
2
1 ( y + 5)
x2 + 6 x + 9 x − 2 = ⋅
15. ⋅ ( y + 3 )( y + 5 ) 7
x2 − 4 x+3
1
( x + 3)( x + 3) x − 2 =
= ⋅ 7 ( y + 3)
( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) x + 3
x+3
= y 2 + y − 42 y+7
x+2 21. ÷
y −3 ( y − 3)2
y2 − 2 y + 1 2 y2 + y −1 y 2 + y − 42 ( y − 3)
2
16. ⋅ = ⋅
y2 −1 5y − 5 y −3 y+7
( y − 1)( y − 1) ( 2 y − 1)( y + 1) ( y + 7 )( y − 6 ) ⋅ ( y − 3)( y − 3)
= ⋅ =
( y + 1)( y − 1) 5 ( y − 1) ( y − 3) y+7
2 y −1 = ( y − 6 )( y − 3) or y 2 − 9 y + 18
=
5
8x + 8 y x2 − y2
2 y2 + y − 3 3y + 3 22. ÷
17. ⋅ x2 x2
4 y2 − 9 5 y − 5 y2
8x + 8 y x2
( 2 y + 3)( y − 1) 3 ( y + 1) = ⋅
= ⋅ x2 x2 − y2
( 2 y + 3)( 2 y − 3) 5 y (1 − y )
8( x + y) x2
−3 ( y + 1) 3 ( y + 1) = ⋅
= or − x2 ( x + y )( x − y )
5 y ( 2 y − 3) 5 y ( 2 y − 3)
8
=
x− y
x2 + x − 2 2 x + 4
18. ÷
4 x + 20 4 ( x + 5 )
10 5
4x 20
x2 + x − 2 5 23. + = = =4
= ⋅ x+5 x+5 x+5 x+5
10 2x + 4
( x − 1)( x + 2 ) 5 8x − 5 4 x + 1 8x − 5 + 4 x + 1
+ =
= ⋅ 24.
10 2 ( x + 2) 3x − 1 3x − 1 3x − 1
x −1 12 x − 4
= =
4 3x − 1
4 ( 3x − 1)
= =4
6x + 2 3x 2 + x 3x − 1
19. ÷
x −12 x −1
6x + 2 x −1
= 2 ⋅
x − 1 3x2 + x
2 ( 3x + 1) ( x − 1)
= ⋅
( x + 1)( x − 1) x ( 3x + 1)
2
=
x ( x + 1)
3x 2 + 2 x 10 x − 5 3 11
25. − 30. and
x −1 x −1 x 2
( x − 1) x ( x − 1)
2
=
( 3x 2
)
+ 2 x − (10 x − 5) LCD = x 2 ( x − 1)
2
x −1
3x + 2 x − 10 x + 5
2 x 17
= 31. and
x −1 x + 4x + 3
2
x + 10 x + 21 2
3x − 8 x + 5
2 x 2 + 4 x + 3 = ( x + 3)( x + 1)
=
x −1 x 2 + 10 x + 21 = ( x + 3)( x + 7 )
( 3x − 5)( x − 1) LCD = ( x + 3)( x + 1)( x + 7 )
=
x −1
= 3x − 5 7 5
32. + 2
3x 2 x
6 y 2 − 4 y 12 − 3 y LCD = 6x 2
26. −
2y − 3 2y − 3 7 6 7 2x 5 3
+ 2 = ⋅ + 2⋅
=
(6 y 2
)
− 4 y − (12 − 3 y ) 3x 2 x 3x 2 x 2 x 3
14 x + 15
2y − 3 =
6 x2
6 y − 4 y − 12 + 3 y
2
=
2y − 3 5 2
33. +
6 y − y − 12
2
x +1 x
=
2y − 3 LCD = x ( x + 1)
=
( 2 y − 3)( 3 y + 4 ) 5 2 5x 2 ( x + 1)
+ = +
2y − 3 x + 1 x x ( x + 1) x ( x + 1)
= 3y + 4 5 x + 2 ( x + 1) 5x + 2x + 2
= =
x ( x + 1) x ( x + 1)
x
+
x−4
=
x
+
( −1) ⋅ x − 4
27. 7x + 2
x − 2 2 − x x − 2 ( −1) x − 2 =
x ( x + 1)
x −x + 4
= +
x−2 x−2 7 4
x−x+4 4 34. +
= = x + 3 ( x + 3 )2
x−2 x−2
LCD = ( x + 3) or ( x + 3)( x + 3)
2
x+5 x x + 5 ( −1) x
28. − = − ⋅ 7
+
4
x − 3 3 − x x − 3 ( −1) 3 − x x + 3 ( x + 3 )2
x+5 x
= + 7 4
x−3 x −3 = +
x + 3 ( x + 3)( x + 3)
x + 5 + x 2x + 5
= = 7 ( x + 3)
x −3 x −5 = +
4
( x + 3)( x + 3) ( x + 3)( x + 3)
7 5
29. and 7 ( x + 3) + 4 7 x + 21 + 4
9 x3 12 x = =
( x + 3)( x + 3) ( x + 3)( x + 3)
9 x3 = 32 x3
7 x + 25 7 x + 25
12 x = 22 ⋅ 3x = or
( x + 3)( x + 3) ( x + 3)2
LCD = 22 ⋅ 32 ⋅ x3 = 36 x3
6y 3 2x x
35. − 38. +
y −4
2 y+2 x + 2x +1 x −1
2 2
y − 4 = ( y + 2 )( y − 2 )
2 x 2 + 2 x + 1 = ( x + 1)( x + 1)
y + 2 = 1( y + 2 ) x 2 − 1 = ( x + 1)( x − 1)
LCD = ( y + 2 )( y − 2 ) LCD = ( x + 1)( x + 1)( x − 1)
6y 3 2x x
− +
y2 − 4 y+2 x + 2x + 1 x −1
2 2
2x x
6y 3 = +
= −
( y + 2 )( y − 2 ) y + 2 ( x + 1)( x + 1) ( x + 1)( x − 1)
2 x ( x − 1) x ( x + 1)
6y 3( y − 2) = +
= −
( y + 2 )( y − 2 ) ( y + 2 )( y − 2 ) ( x + 1)( x + 1)( x − 1) ( x + 1)( x − 1)( x + 1)
2 x ( x − 1) + x ( x + 1)
6 y − 3( y − 2) 6 y − 3y + 6 =
=
( y + 2 )( y − 2 )
=
( + 2 )( y − 2 )
y ( x + 1)( x + 1)( x − 1)
3( y + 2) 2 x2 − 2x + x2 + x
3y + 6 =
= =
( y + 2 )( y − 2 ) ( y + 2 )( y − 2 ) ( x + 1)( x + 1)( x − 1)
3 3x 2 − x
= =
y−2 ( x + 1)( x + 1)( x − 1)
y −1 y +1 5x
−
2x
36. − 39.
y − 2y +1
2 y −1 x + 1 1 − x2
y −1 y +1 x + 1 = 1( x + 1)
= −
( )( ) y − 1
y − 1 y − 1 ( )
1 − x 2 = −1 x 2 − 1 = − ( x + 1)( x − 1)
1 y +1 LCD = ( x + 1)( x − 1)
= −
y −1 y −1
5x 2x
1 − ( y + 1) −
1− y −1 x + 1 1 − x2
= =
y −1 y −1 5 x ( −1) 2 x 5x −2 x
= − ⋅ = −
−y y x + 1 ( −1) 1 − x 2 x + 1 x 2 − 1
= or −
y −1 y −1
5 x ( x − 1) −2 x
= −
x+ y y−x ( x + 1)( x − 1) ( x + 1)( x − 1)
37. −
y x 5 x ( x − 1) + 2 x 5 x 2 − 5 x + 2 x
= =
LCD = xy ( x + 1)( x − 1) ( x + 1)( x − 1)
x + y y − x ( x + y) x ( x − y) y 5 x 2 − 3x
− = ⋅ − ⋅ =
y x y x x y ( x + 1)( x − 1)
x 2 + xy xy − y 2
= −
xy xy
=
(x 2
) (
+ xy − xy − y 2 )
xy
x + xy − xy + y 2
2
=
xy
x2 + y2
=
xy
4 4 2y − 5 4
40. − − 2
x −x−6 x −4
2 2 6y + 9 2y + 3y
x 2 − x − 6 = ( x + 2 )( x − 3) 2y − 5 4
= −
x − 4 = ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
2 3 ( 2 y + 3) y ( 2 y + 3 )
LCD = ( x + 2 )( x − 3)( x − 2 )
=
( 2 y − 5)( y ) − 4 ( 3)
4 4 3 ( 2 y + 3)( y ) y ( 2 y + 3)( 3)
−
x −x−6 x −4 2 y 2 − 5 y − 12 ( 2 y + 3)( y − 4 )
2 2
= =
=
4
−
4 3 y ( 2 y + 3) 3 y ( 2 y + 3)
( x + 2 )( x − 3) ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) y−4
=
4 ( x − 2) 4 ( x − 3) 3y
= −
( x + 2 )( x − 3)( x − 2 ) ( x + 2 )( x − 3)( x − 2 )
1 3 4 3 7
4 ( x − 2 ) − 4 ( x − 3) + +
= 2 8 = 8 8 = 8 = 7⋅4 = 7
( x + 2 )( x − 3)( x − 2 ) 43.
3 1 3 2 1 8 1 2
− −
4 x − 8 − 4 x + 12 4 2 4 4 4
=
( x + 2 )( x − 3)( x − 2 )
1
4
= x
( x + 2 )( − 3)( x − 2 )
x 44.
1
1−
x
7 LCD = x
41. +2
x+3 1 1
LCD = x + 3 x x x
= ⋅
7 7 2 ( x + 3) 1 x 1
+2 = + 1− 1 − x
x+3 x+3 x+3 x
7 + 2 ( x + 3) 1
= x⋅
x+3 x 1
= =
7 + 2x + 6 1 x −1
= x ⋅1 − x ⋅
x+3 x
2 x + 13
= 1 1
x+3 +
x y
45.
2y − 5 4 1
42. − 2 xy
6y + 9 2y + 3y
LCD = xy
6 y + 9 = 3 ( 2 y + 3)
1 1 1 1
2 y 2 + 3 y = y ( 2 y + 3) + +
x y xy x y
= ⋅
LCD = 3 y ( 2 y + 3) 1 xy 1
xy
xy
1 1
xy ⋅ + xy ⋅
x y
=
1
xy ⋅
xy
y+x
= = y + x or x + y
1
1 1 2 x 2−x 3 1 1
− − 49. = +
46. x 2 = 2x 2x = 2x 4x x 4
1 x 2 x 2−x The restriction is x ≠ 0.
− −
3 6 6 6 6 The LCD is 4x.
2− x 6 3 3 1 1
= ⋅ = = +
2x 2 − x x 4x x 4
3 1 1
12 4x = 4x +
3+ 4x x 4
47. x
16 3= 4+ x
1− 2
x −1 = x
LCD = x 2 The solution set is {−1}.
12 12
3+ 2 3+ x 50. x + 5 =
6
x =x ⋅ x
16 x 2
1− 2 16 The restriction is x ≠ 0.
1 − 2
x x The LCD is x.
12 6
x2 ⋅ 3 + x2 ⋅ x+5 =
x = 3x + 12 x
2
= x
16 x 2 − 16 6
x 2 ⋅1 − x 2 ⋅ 2 x ( x + 5) = x
x x
3x ( x + 4 ) 3x x2 + 5x = 6
= =
( x + 4 )( ) − 4
x − 4 x
x2 + 5x − 6 = 0
( x + 6 )( x − 1) = 0
x + 6 = 0 or x − 1 = 0
3 1 1 x = −6 x =1
48. − =
x 6 x The solution set is {−6,1} .
The restriction is x ≠ 0.
The LCD is 6x.
x 5
3 1 1 51. 4 − =
− = x+5 x+5
x 6 x
The restriction is x ≠ −5.
3 1 1 The LCD is x + 5 .
6x − = 6x
x 6 x
( x + 5) 4 −
x 5
3 1 1 = ( x + 5)
6x ⋅ − 6x ⋅ = 6x ⋅ x+5 x+5
x 6 x
( x + 5) ⋅ 4 − ( x + 5)
x 5
18 − x = 6
+ = ( x + 5) x + 5
x 5
− x = −12
4 x + 20 − x = 5
x = 12
3x + 20 = 5
The solution set is {12}.
3x = −15
x = −5
The only proposed solution, −5, is not a solution
because of the restriction x ≠ −5 . Notice that −5
makes two of the denominators zero in the original
equation. The solution set is { } .
2 4 8
52. = + 2
x−3 x +3 x −9
To find any restrictions and the LCD, all denominators should be written in factored form.
2 4 8
= +
x − 3 x + 3 ( x + 3)( x − 3)
Restrictions: x ≠ 3, x ≠ −3
LCD = ( x + 3)( x − 3)
2 4 8
( x + 3)( x − 3) ⋅ = ( x + 3)( x − 3)
+
x−3 x + 3 ( x + 3)( x − 3)
2 ( x + 3) = 4 ( x − 3 ) + 8
2 x + 6 = 4 x − 12 + 8
2x + 6 = 4x − 4
6 = 2x − 4
10 = 2 x
5= x
The solution set is {5}.
2 2 x
53. = +
x 3 6
Restriction: x ≠ 0
LCD = 6x
2 2 x
6x = 6x +
x 3 6
12 = 4 x + x 2
0 = x 2 + 4 x − 12
0 = ( x + 6 )( x − 2 )
x + 6 = 0 or x − 2 = 0
x = −6 x=2
The solution set is {−6, 2} .
13 1
54. −3 =
y −1 y −1
Restriction: y ≠ 1
LCD = y − 1
13 1
( y − 1) − 3 = ( y − 1)
y −1 y −1
13 − 3 ( y − 1) = 1
13 − 3 y + 3 = 1
16 − 3 y = 1
−3 y = −15
y=5
The solution set is {5} .
1 1 x +1
55. − = 2
x+3 x −1 x + 2x − 3
1 1 x +1
− =
x+3 x − 1 ( x + 3)( x − 1)
Restrictions: x ≠ −3, x ≠ 1
LCD = ( x + 3)( x − 1)
x +1
( x + 3)( x − 1)
1 1
− = ( x + 3)( x − 1) ⋅
x + 3 x −1 ( x + 3)( x − 1)
( x − 1) − ( x + 3) = x + 1
x −1− x − 3 = x +1
−4 = x + 1
−5 = x
The solution set is {−5} .
250 ( 3t + 5 )
56. P=
t + 25
250 ( 3t + 5)
125 =
t + 25
250 ( 3t + 5)
125 ( t + 25 ) = ⋅ ( t + 25 )
t + 25
125t + 3125 = 250 ( 3t + 5 )
125t + 3125 = 750t + 1250
3125 = 625t + 1250
1875 = 625t
3=t
It will take 3 years for the population to reach 125 elk.
C
57. S=
1− r
140
200 =
1− r
140
200 (1 − r ) = ⋅1 − r
1− r
200 − 200r = 140
−200r = −60
−60 3
r= = = 30%
−200 10
The markup is 30%.
R −C
58. P=
n
R −C
n ( P) = n
n
nP = R − C
nP + C = R
C = R − nP
PV
1 1 PV
59. = 2 2
T1 T2
PV PV
T1T2 1 1 = T1T2 2 2
T1 T2
1 2V1 = P2T1V2
PT
PT
1 2V1 P TV
= 2 1 2
P2V2 P2V2
PT
1 2V1
T1 =
P2V2
A− P
60. T =
Pr
A− P
Pr (T ) = Pr
Pr
PrT = A − P
PrT + P = A
P ( rT + 1) = A
P ( rT + 1) A
=
rT + 1 rT + 1
A
P=
rT + 1
1 1 1
61. = +
R R1 R2
1 1 1
RR1 R2 = RR1R2 +
R R1 R2
1 1
R1 R2 = RR1 R2 + RR1 R2
1
R R2
R1 R2 = RR2 + RR1
R1 R2 = R ( R2 + R1 )
R1 R2 R ( R2 + R1 )
=
R2 + R1 R2 + R1
R1 R2
R=
R2 + R1
nE
62. I =
R + nr
( R + nr )( I ) = ( R + nr )
nE
R + nr
IR + Inr = nE
IR = nE − Inr
IR = n ( E − Ir )
IR n ( E − Ir )
=
E − Ir E − Ir
IR
n=
E − Ir
63. Let x = the rate of the current. Then 20 + x = the rate of the boat with the current and 20 − x = the rate of the boat
against the current.
Distance
Distance Rate Time =
Rate
72
Downstream 72 20 + x
20 + x
48
Upstream 48 20 − x
20 − x
72 48
The times are equal, so =
20 + x 20 − x
72 ( 20 − x ) = 48 ( 20 + x )
1440 − 72 x = 960 + 48 x
1440 = 960 + 120 x
480 = 120 x
4=x
The rate of the current is 4 miles per hour
64. Let x = the rate of the slower car. Then x + 10 = the rate of the faster car.
Distance
Distance Rate Time =
Rate
60
Slow car 60 x
x
90
Faster Car 90 x + 10
x + 10
60 90
=
x x + 10
60 ( x + 10 ) = 90 x
60 x + 600 = 90 x
600 = 30 x
20 = x
If x = 20, x + 10 = 30.
The rate of the slower car is 20 miles per hour and the rate of the faster car is 30 miles per hour.
65. Let x = the time, in hours, for both people to paint the fence together.
Fractional part Time Fractional part
of job completed working of job completed
in 1 hour together in x hours
1 x
Painter x
6 6
1 x
Apprentice x
12 12
x x
Working together, the two people complete one whole job, so + = 1.
6 12
Multiply both sides by the LCD, 12.
x x
12 + = 12 ⋅1
6 12
2 x + x = 12
3 x = 12
x=4
It would take them 4 hours to paint the fence working together.
8 10
68. =
4 x
8 x = 40
x=5
The length of the side marked with an x is 5 feet.
69. Write a proportion relating the corresponding sides 72. Since the pitch of a musical tone varies inversely as
of the large and small triangle. Notice that the k
length of the base of the larger triangle is its wavelength, we have p = .
w
9 ft + 6 ft = 15 ft. Use the given values to find k.
x 15 k
= p=
5 6 w
6 x = 5 ⋅15 k
660 =
6 x = 75 1.6
75 k
x= = 12.5 660 (1.6 ) = 1.6
6 1.6
The height of the lamppost is 12.5 feet. 1056 = k
1056
70. Since the profit varies directly as the number of The equation becomes p = .
products sold, we have p = kn. Use the given w
values to find k. 1056
When w = 2.4 , p = = 440.
p = kn. 2.4
1175 = k ( 25) The tone’s pitch is 440 vibrations per second.
2 y2 + 5 6 y − 5 2
+
6
8. + 11.
y+3 y+3 x − 4x + 3 x + x − 2
2 2
x 2 − 4 x + 3 = ( x − 1)( x − 3)
(2 y 2
)
+ 5 + ( 6 y − 5)
= x 2 + x − 2 = ( x − 1)( x + 2 )
y+3
LCD = ( x − 1)( x − 3)( x + 2 )
2 y2 + 5 + 6 y − 5
= 2 6
y+3 +
x − 4x + 3 x + x − 2
2 2
2 y2 + 6 y
= 2 6
y+3 = +
( x − 1)( x − 3) ( x − 1)( x + 2 )
2 y ( y + 3)
= = 2y 2 ( x + 2)
y+3 =
( x − 1)( x − 3)( x + 2 )
y − 2y + 3
2
y − 4y −5
2 6 ( x − 3)
9. − +
y + 7 y + 12
2
y 2 + 7 y + 12 ( x − 1)( x − 3)( x + 2 )
=
(y 2
) (
− 2 y + 3 − y2 − 4 y − 5 ) =
2 ( x + 2 ) + 6 ( x − 3)
y + 7 y + 12
2 ( x − 1)( x − 3)( x + 2 )
2 x + 4 + 6 x − 18
y2 − 2 y + 3 − y2 + 4 y + 5 =
=
y 2 + 7 y + 12
( x − 1)( x − 3)( x + 2 )
8 x − 14
2y + 8 =
=
y 2 + 7 y + 12
( x − 1)( x − 3)( x + 2 )
2 ( y + 4) 4 x+5
= 12. +
( y + 3)( y + 4 ) x −3 3− x
2 3 − x = −1 ( x − 3 )
=
y+3 LCD = x − 3
4 x+5
+
x −3 3− x
10.
x
+
5 4 ( −1) ( x + 5)
x+3 x −3 = + ⋅
x − 3 ( −1) ( 3 − x )
LCD = ( x + 3)( x − 3)
4 −x − 5
x 5 = +
+ x −3 x −3
x+3 x −3 4 − x − 5 −x −1
x ( x − 3) 5 ( x + 3) = =
= + x−3 x−3
( x + 3)( x − 3) ( x + 3)( x − 3)
3
x ( x − 3) + 5 ( x + 3) 13. 1 +
= x −1
( x + 3)( x − 3) LCD = x − 1
x − 3x + 5 x + 15 1( x − 1)
2
= 3 3
1+ = +
( x + 3)( x − 3) x −1 x −1 x −1
x 2 + 2 x + 15 x −1 + 3 x + 2
= = =
( x + 3)( x − 3) x −1 x −1
2x + 3 2 ( x − y )2 x 2 − xy
14. − 16. ÷
x − 7 x + 12
2 x−3 x+ y 3x + 3 y
x 2 − 7 x + 12 = ( x − 3)( x − 4 )
x − 3 = 1( x − 3)
( x − y )2 3x + 3 y
= ⋅
x+ y x 2 − xy
LCD = ( x − 3)( x − 4 )
( x − y )( x − y ) 3 ( x + y )
2x + 3 2 = ⋅
−
x−3
( x + y) x( x − y)
x 2 − 7 x + 12
2 ( x − 4) 3 ( x − y ) 3x − 3 y
2x + 3 = =
= −
( x − 3)( x − 4 ) ( x − 3)( x − 4 ) x x
2x + 3 − 2 ( x − 4) 5 5x 5 5x + 5
= 5+ +
( x − 3)( x − 4 ) 17. x = x x = x
1 2x 1 2x + 1
2x + 3 − 2x + 8 2+ +
= x x x x
( x − 3)( x − 4 ) 5x + 5 x 5x + 5
11 = ⋅ =
= x 2x + 1 2x + 1
( x − 3)( x − 4 )
1 1
8y 4 −
15. − 18.
x y
y − 16
2 y −4 1
y 2 − 16 = ( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) x
y − 4 = 1( y − 4 ) LCD = xy
LCD = ( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) 1 1
−
1 1
−
x y xy x y
8y 4 = ⋅
− 1 xy 1
y − 16
2 y−4
x x
8y 4
= − 1 1
( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) y − 4 xy ⋅ − xy ⋅
x y y−x
4 ( y + 4) = =
8y 1 y
= − xy ⋅
( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) ( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) x
8 y − 4 ( y + 4)
=
( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) 19.
5 2
+ = 2− −
2 1
x 3 x 6
8 y − 4 y − 16
= Restriction: x ≠ 0
( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) LCD = 6x
4 y − 16 5 2 2 1
= 6x + = 6x 2 − −
( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) x 3 x 6
4 ( y − 4) 5 2 2 1
= 6x ⋅ + 6x ⋅ = 6x ⋅ 2 − 6x ⋅ − 6x ⋅
( y + 4 )( y − 4 ) x 3 x 6
4 30 + 4 x = 12 x − 12 − x
=
y+4 30 + 4 x = 11x − 12
30 = 7 x − 12
42 = 7 x
6= x
The solution set is {6}.
3 4− y
20. −1 =
y+5 2 y + 10
3 4− y
−1 =
y+5 2 ( y + 5)
Restriction: y ≠ −5
LCD = 2 ( y + 5 )
3 4− y
2 ( y + 5) − 1 = 2 ( y + 5 )
y+5 2 ( y + 5 )
6 − 2 ( y + 5) = 4 − y
6 − 2 y − 10 = 4 − y
−4 − 2 y = 4 − y
−4 = 4 + y
−8 = y
The solution set is {−8}.
2 3
21. = +1
x − 1 x2 − 1
2 3
= +1
x − 1 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
Restrictions: x ≠ 1, x ≠ −1
LCD = ( x + 1)( x − 1)
2 3
( x + 1)( x − 1) = ( x + 1)( x − 1) +1
x −1 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
2 ( x + 1) = 3 + ( x + 1)( x − 1)
2x + 2 = 3 + x2 − 1
2x + 2 = 2 + x2
0 = x2 − 2x
0 = x ( x − 2)
x = 0 or x − 2 = 0
x=2
The solution set is {0, 2} .
as
22. R =
a+s
as
(a + s ) R = (a + s )
a+s
aR + Rs = as
aR = as − Rs
aR − as = − Rs
a ( R − s ) = − Rs
a ( R − s) Rs
=−
R−s R−s
Rs Rs
a=− or
R−s s−R
24. Let x = the time (in minutes) for both pipes to fill the hot tub.
x x
+ =1
20 30
LCD = 60
x x
60 + = 60 ⋅1
20 30
3x + 2 x = 60
5 x = 60
x = 12
It will take 12 minutes for both pipes to fill the hot tub.
10 8
26. =
4 x
10 x = 8 ⋅ 4
10 x = 32
x = 3.2
The length of the side marked with an x is 3.2 inches.
1. 2 ( x − 3) + 5 x = 8 ( x − 1)
2x − 6 + 5x = 8x − 8
7 x − 6 = 8x − 8
−6 = x − 8
2= x
The solution set is {2} .
2. −3 ( 2 x − 4 ) > 2 ( 6 x − 12 )
−6 x + 12 > 12 x − 24
−18 x + 12 > −24
−18 x > −36
−18 x −36
<
−18 −18
x<2
( −∞, 2 )
3. x 2 + 3x = 18
x 2 + 3x − 18 = 0
( x + 6 )( x − 3) = 0
x + 6 = 0 or x − 3 = 0
x = −6 x=3
The solution set is {−6,3} .
2x 1 2
4. + =
x −4
2 x−2 x+2
x 2 − 4 = ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
Restrictions: x ≠ 2, x ≠ −2
LCD = ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
2x 1 2
( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) + = ( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) ⋅
( x + 2 )( x − 2 ) x − 2 x+2
2x + ( x + 2) = 2 ( x − 2)
3x + 2 = 2 x − 4
x = −6
The solution set is {−6} .
5. y = 2 x − 3
x + 2y = 9
To solve this system by the substitution method, substitute 2 x − 3 for y in the second equation.
x + 2y = 9
x + 2 ( 2 x − 3) = 9
x + 4x − 6 = 9
5x − 6 = 9
5 x = 15
x=3
Back-substitute 3 for x into the first equation.
y = 2x − 3
y = 2⋅3− 3 = 3
The solution set is {( 3,3)}.
6. 3x + 2 y = −2
−4 x + 5 y = 18
To solve this system by the addition method, multiply the first equation by 4 and the second equation by 3.
Then add the equations.
12 x + 8 y = −8
−12 x + 15 y = 54
23 y = 46
y=2
Back-substitute 2 for y in the first equation of the original system.
3 x + 2 y = −2
3 x + 2 ( 2 ) = −2
3 x + 4 = −2
3 x = −6
x = −2
The solution set is {( −2, 2 )}.
7. 3 x − 2 y = 6 1
−2
x-intercept: 2 12. x
y-intercept: −3 1
4−
checkpoint: (4,3) x
Draw a line through (2,0), (0, −3) and (4,3). LCD = x
1 1
− 2 x − 2
=
x x
4−
1 1
x4 −
x x
1
x⋅ − x⋅2
= x
1
−2 x⋅4 − x⋅
8. Graph y = −2 x + 3 by using its slope, −2 = , and x
1
1 − 2x
its y-intercept, 3. =
4x −1
13. 4 x 2 − 13 x + 3 = ( 4 x − 1)( x − 3)
14. 4 x 2 − 20 x + 25 = ( 2 x ) − 2 ( 2 x ⋅ 5 ) + 52
2
= ( 2 x − 5)
2
9. y = −3
The graph is a horizontal line with y-intercept −3.
(
15. 3x 2 − 75 = 3 x 2 − 25 )
= 3 ( x + 5 )( x − 5 )
16. ( 4 x − 3x + 2 ) − ( 5 x − 7 x − 6 )
2 2
= ( 4 x − 3x + 2 ) + ( −5 x + 7 x + 6 )
2 2
= − x2 + 4 x + 8
4. 2 x + 3 y = 6
x + 2y = 5
Multiply the second equation by −2 and add the
result to the first equation.
2x + 3y = 6
−2 x − 4 y = −10
− y = −4
y=4
3 4− x 11. ( 7 x + 4 )( 3x − 5)
6. −1 =
x+5 2 x + 10 = 7 x ( 3x ) − 7 x ( 5 ) + 4 ( 3x ) − 4 ( 5 )
3 4− x
−1 = = 21x 2 − 35 x + 12 x − 20
x+5 2 ( x + 5)
Multiply both sides of the equation by the LCD, = 21x 2 − 23x − 20
2 ( x + 5) .
12. ( 5x − 2 )2 = ( 5 x )2 − 2 ( 5x )( 2 ) + 22
3 4− x
2 ( x + 5) − 1 = 2 ( x + 5 )
x+5 2 ( x + 5 ) = 25 x 2 − 20 x + 4
2 ( 3) − 2 ( x + 5)(1) = 4 − x 13. ( x + y ) ( x2 − xy + y 2 )
6 − 2 x − 10 = 4 − x
−2 x − 4 = 4 − x ( )
= x x 2 − x ( xy ) + x y 2 ( )
−x − 4 = 4
−x = 8
( )
+ y x 2 − y ( xy ) + y y 2 ( )
x = −8 = x3 − x 2 y + xy 2 + x 2 y − xy 2 + y 3
This proposed solution checks, so the solution set is = x3 + y 3
{−8} .
18. x3 + 3x 2 − x − 3 = x 2 ( x + 3) − 1( x + 3)
14.
x2 + 6 x + 8
(
÷ 3x2 + 6 x )
2
x2
x + 6x + 8 1
= ( x + 3) x 2 − 1 ( )
= ⋅ = ( x + 3)( x + 1)( x − 1)
x2 3x 2 + 6 x
( x + 4 )( x + 2 )
( )
1
= ⋅ 19. 2 x 2 + 8 x − 42 = 2 x 2 + 4 x − 21
x 2 3x ( x + 2 )
( x + 4) ( x + 2) = 2 ( x − 3)( x + 7 )
1
= ⋅
x2 3x ( x + 2 )
x+4
(
20. x5 − 16 x = x x 4 − 16 )
= x(x + 4 )( x − 4 )
= 2 2
3x3
x x = x(x 2
+ 4 ) ( x + 2 )( x − 2 )
15. −
x2 + 2 x − 3 x2 − 5 x + 4
=
x
−
x (
21. x3 − 10 x 2 + 25 x = x x 2 − 10 x + 25 )
( x + 3)( x − 1) ( x − 4 )( x − 1)
= x ( x − 5)
2
The LCD is ( x + 3)( x − 1)( x − 4 )
x ( x − 4) x ( x + 3) 22. x3 − 8 = x3 − 23
−
( x + 3)( x − 1)( x − 4 ) ( x − 4 )( x − 1)( x + 3)
x ( x − 4 ) − x ( x + 3)
(
= ( x − 2 ) x 2 + x ⋅ 2 + 22 )
= ( x − 2) ( x )
= 2
( x + 3)( x − 1)( x − 4 ) + 2x + 4
x2 − 4 x − x2 − 3x
= 1
( x + 3)( x − 1)( x − 4 ) 23. y = x −1
3
−7 x
= 1
( x + 3)( x − 1)( x − 4 ) The slope is
3
, and the y-intercept is −1 . Plot the
17. 4 x 2 − 49 = (2 x)2 − 7 2
= ( 2 x + 7 )( 2 x − 7 )
(0,-2)
x + y = 20,000
-5 0.07 x + 0.09 y = 1550
Multiply the first equation by −0.07 and add the
y −y −3 − 3 −6 result to the second equation.
26. m = 2 1 = = = −2
x2 − x1 2 − ( −1) 3 −0.07 x − 0.07 y = −1400
0.07 x + 0.09 y = 1550
y −y 6−2 4
27. m = 2 1 = = =2 0.02 y = 150
x2 − x1 3 − 1 2
y = 7500
The point-slope equation is
y − y1 = m ( x − x1 ) Back-substitute 7500 for y into one of the original
y − 2 = 2 ( x − 1) or y − 6 = 2 ( x − 3) equations. We use the first equation.
x + 7500 = 20, 000
The slope-intercept equation is
y − 2 = 2 ( x − 1) x = 12,500
32. Let x = the number of liters of 40% acid solution. 35. Let x = the price of a TV.
y = the number of liters of 70% acid solution. y = the price of a stereo.
No. of Percent Amount
3x + 4 y = 2530
liters of acid of acid
4 x + 3 y = 2510
40% Sol x 40% = 0.4 0.4 x
Multiply the first equation by 4, multiply the second
70% Sol y 70% = 0.7 0.7 y equation by −3 , and add the results.
50% Mix 12 50%=0.5 0.5 (12 ) = 6 12 x + 16 y = 10,120
−12 x − 9 y = −7530
x + y = 12 7 y = 2590
0.4 x + 0.7 y = 6 y = 370
Multiply the first equation by −0.4 and add the
result to the second equation. Back-substitute 370 for y into one of the original
−0.4 x − 0.4 y = −4.8 equations. We use the first equation.
0.4 x + 0.7 y = 6 3x + 4 ( 370 ) = 2530
0.3 y = 1.2 3x + 1480 = 2530
y=4 3x = 1050
x = 350
Back-substitute 4 for y into one of the original
equations. We use the first equation. The price of the TV is $350, and the price of the
x + 4 = 12 stereo is $370.
x=8
36. Let x = the width of the rectangle.
x + 6 = the length of the rectangle.
The chemist should mix 8 liters of 40% acid
solution with 4 liters of 70% acid solution. x ( x + 6 ) = 55
x + ( x + 10 ) + ( 4 x + 20 ) = 180
6 x + 30 = 180
6 x = 150
x = 25
x + 10 = 35
4 x + 20 = 120
Telles étaient les dispositions des généraux ennemis sur les diverses parties de
ce vaste champ de bataille. Les généraux français, aussi
Hésitations et
inquiétudes des vaillants que jadis, mais moins confiants, regardaient avec une
généraux français. sorte d'appréhension ce qui se passait autour d'eux. Ney plein
d'ardeur, mais privé de sang-froid, craignait fort d'avoir sur les
bras l'armée anglaise tout entière, et auprès de lui il ne manquait pas de généraux
qui affirmaient qu'on allait avoir affaire à cent mille Anglais, tandis qu'on ne pourrait
leur opposer que quelques milliers de Français. L'attitude presque offensive du
prince d'Orange ne laissait pas de le lui faire croire, et tantôt il voulait se ruer sur ce
prince avec les quatre mille chevaux dont il disposait, tantôt il écoutait ce qu'on lui
rapportait des forces de l'ennemi, cachées, disait-on, derrière les bois, et de
l'imprudence qu'il y aurait à les attaquer avant d'avoir réuni les quarante-cinq mille
hommes que Napoléon lui avait promis.
Même chose se passait vers la droite. Le général Girard, l'un des plus braves
officiers de l'armée, et des plus dévoués, avait été dirigé avec sa division sur
Wagnelée, pour s'éclairer vers Fleurus, et, par ordre de l'Empereur, il y était resté
afin de servir de lien entre les deux portions de l'armée française. Du point où il
était, il apercevait très-distinctement les Prussiens, et les voyait se déployer en
avant de Sombreffe. Aussi en avait-il fait rapport à son chef
Ney et Reille
croient avoir les direct, le général Reille, en lui affirmant que l'Empereur allait
Anglais devant eux bientôt avoir sur les bras l'armée prussienne entre Sombreffe
et les Prussiens et Fleurus. Ce rapport adressé à Gosselies, avait produit sur le
derrière. général Reille une vive impression. Ce général, dont la
conduite avait été si belle à Vittoria, avait malheureusement
conservé de cette journée un souvenir ineffaçable, et il était de ceux qui se
défiaient trop de la fortune pour agir avec décision et à propos. En ce moment,
avoir les Anglais devant soi, et les Prussiens à dos, lui semblait une position des
plus dangereuses, à laquelle il était bien possible qu'ils fussent exposés par la
témérité accoutumée de Napoléon. Il était tout plein de ces pensées, lorsque passa
le général de Flahault, se rendant auprès du maréchal Ney. Le général de Flahault
lui communiqua les ordres impériaux, et comme le maréchal Ney avait laissé en
partant la recommandation d'exécuter ces ordres dès qu'ils arriveraient, le général
Reille aurait dû acheminer sur-le-champ vers Frasnes son corps tout entier. Ce
corps y aurait été au plus tard à midi, c'est-à-dire bien à temps pour culbuter les
quelques bataillons du prince d'Orange. Loin de là, profitant de
Le général Reille,
par suite des son crédit auprès du maréchal Ney, le général Reille prit sur lui
craintes qu'il a de réunir son corps en avant de Gosselies, mais de l'y retenir
conçues, prend sur jusqu'à ce que de nouveaux rapports du général Girard
lui de ralentir la eussent révélé plus clairement les mouvements des Prussiens.
marche de son Il est toujours très-hasardeux de substituer ses vues à celle du
corps vers les général en chef, mais sous un général en chef tel que
Quatre-Bras.
Napoléon, dont la vaste prévoyance embrassait tout, prendre
sur soi de modifier ses ordres, ou d'en différer l'exécution, était une conduite bien
téméraire, et qui pouvait avoir, comme on le verra bientôt, les plus graves
conséquences. Le général Reille informa le maréchal Ney du
Il en fait part à Ney.
parti qu'il venait de prendre, et se hâta d'envoyer au comte
d'Erlon placé en arrière, les ordres du quartier général, pour qu'il se mît en marche,
Ney communique et vînt se joindre au 2e corps, sur la route des Quatre-Bras.
ses inquiétudes à Ney, que les craintes de ses lieutenants, jointes à ses propres
Napoléon. appréhensions, faisaient hésiter, dépêcha un officier de
lanciers à Charleroy, pour dire à Napoléon qu'il craignait
d'avoir sur son front l'armée anglaise, sur son flanc droit l'armée prussienne, et qu'il
l'en informait, ne sachant pas s'il devait s'engager avec aussi peu de forces qu'il en
avait en ce moment.
La grande chaussée de Namur à Bruxelles, dont nous avons déjà parlé plusieurs
fois, et sur laquelle viennent aboutir les deux embranchements de la route de
Charleroy, l'un aux Quatre-Bras, l'autre à Sombreffe, courait de notre droite à notre
gauche sur une arête de terrain assez élevée, formant partage entre les eaux qui
se rendent vers la Sambre et celles qui se jettent dans la Dyle. L'armée prussienne
s'y portait en masse. À mesure qu'elle parvenait à la hauteur de Sombreffe, elle
faisait demi-tour à gauche, et s'établissant vis-à-vis de Fleurus, venait se joindre
aux divisions qui avaient quitté la veille Charleroy. Le terrain qu'elle occupait sur le
flanc de la route et en face de nous était extrêmement favorable à la défensive.
Les routes ne manquaient pas pour opérer la manœuvre projetée, car outre
beaucoup de bons chemins de traverse aboutissant de Frasnes à Saint-Amand, il
était facile en rétrogradant quelque peu sur la route des Quatre-Bras, de gagner
l'ancienne chaussée dite des Romains, laquelle coupe le triangle que nous venons
de décrire, et passe près de Saint-Amand pour aller rejoindre la chaussée de
Namur à Bruxelles.
Napoléon, descendu du moulin d'où il avait si bien jugé la situation, donna sur-le-
champ les ordres d'attaque. Les chefs de corps rangés autour
Inquiétudes des
généraux français de lui étaient comme la veille fort préoccupés de ce qu'ils
du côté de Fleurus avaient sous les yeux. Tandis que Ney aux Quatre-Bras croyait
comme du côté des avoir toute l'armée anglaise devant lui, eux s'imaginaient avoir
Quatre-Bras. à combattre les Anglais et les Prussiens réunis. Pourtant
l'armée anglaise ne pouvait être à la fois aux Quatre-Bras et à
Saint-Amand. Néanmoins le raisonnement de nos généraux, pour des gens qui
n'avaient pas l'ensemble des choses présent à l'esprit, était spécieux. Suivant eux,
Blucher déjà établi sur la grande chaussée de Namur à Bruxelles, devait s'être relié
aux Anglais qui allaient unir leurs forces aux siennes, car s'il en était autrement sa
droite à Saint-Amand se trouverait sans soutien, et exposée au plus grave péril.
N'admettant pas une telle faute, ils croyaient que Blucher devait avoir l'appui de
l'armée anglaise soit derrière lui, soit sur sa droite. Napoléon
Napoléon les
rassure. leur répondit que Blucher, brave mais irréfléchi, n'y regardait
pas de si près, qu'il s'avançait même avant de pouvoir être
appuyé par les Anglais, dans l'espérance de se relier à eux, que probablement il le
payerait cher, l'arrivée en ce moment de l'armée anglaise sur le prolongement de
Saint-Amand étant absolument impossible. Il leur ordonna d'aller occuper sur-le-
champ leur position d'attaque, sauf à attendre un dernier signal pour ouvrir le feu. Il
dit au général Gérard qu'il affectionnait particulièrement, que si la fortune le
secondait un peu dans cette journée, il comptait sur des résultats qui décideraient
du sort de la guerre. Ses lieutenants partirent pour prendre la position qu'il leur
avait assignée.
D'après ses ordres, Vandamme avec ses trois divisions prenant à gauche de la
route de Charleroy par laquelle nous étions arrivés, vint se déployer devant Saint-
Amand, ayant à son extrême gauche la division Girard qu'il commandait pour la
journée, et un peu au delà la cavalerie du général Domon. Gérard avec le 4e corps,
suivant droit devant lui la grande route, s'avança l'espace d'une demi-lieue, puis
pivotant sur sa gauche la droite en avant, vint se ranger devant le village de Ligny,
de manière à former un angle presque droit avec Vandamme. Grouchy, avec la
cavalerie légère de Pajol et les dragons d'Exelmans, poursuivit au grand trot les
tirailleurs ennemis jusqu'au pied des coteaux que baigne le ruisseau de Ligny en
coulant vers la Sambre. Enfin la garde tout entière s'établit en avant de Fleurus,
entre Vandamme et Gérard, formée en colonnes serrées. Elle avait sur son front la
réserve d'artillerie, sur l'un de ses flancs sa propre cavalerie, et sur l'autre les
superbes cuirassiers de Milhaud.
Tandis que M. de Forbin-Janson portait en toute hâte cet ordre aux Quatre-Bras,
la bataille continuait avec une égale fureur, sans que les Prussiens parvinssent à
nous enlever le cours du ruisseau de Ligny, mais sans que nous pussions le
franchir nous-mêmes. Le vieux général Friant qui commandait les grenadiers à pied
de la garde, et dont une vie entière passée au feu avait exercé le coup d'œil,
s'avança vers Napoléon et lui dit en lui montrant les villages: Sire, nous ne
viendrons jamais à bout de ces gens-là, si vous ne les prenez à revers, au moyen
de l'un des corps dont vous disposez.—Sois tranquille, lui répondit Napoléon; j'ai
ordonné ce mouvement trois fois, et je vais l'ordonner une quatrième.—Il savait en
effet que le corps de d'Erlon, mis en marche le dernier, devait avoir dépassé tout au
plus Gosselies, et qu'un officier dépêché au galop le trouverait assez près de nous
pour qu'il fût facile de le ramener sur Saint-Amand. Il envoya La Bédoyère avec un
billet écrit au crayon, contenant l'ordre formel à d'Erlon de rebrousser chemin s'il
était trop avancé, ou s'il était seulement à hauteur, de se rabattre immédiatement
par la vieille chaussée romaine sur les derrières du moulin de Bry. Cet ordre, dont
l'exécution ne paraissait pas douteuse, devait assurer un résultat égal aux plus
grands triomphes du temps passé. Mais la fortune le voudrait-elle?
Pendant ce temps Blucher, que rien n'arrêtait, avait de nouveau lancé sur Saint-
Amand-le-Hameau et sur Saint-Amand-la-Haye, les bataillons ralliés de Ziethen et
de Pirch II. Attaquée pour la cinquième fois, la ligne de
La jeune garde
porte secours à Vandamme était en retraite, lorsque la jeune garde, conduite
Vandamme, et on par Duhesme, chargeant tête baissée sur le Hameau et la
se rassure au sujet Haye, refoula les Prussiens, et reprit une dernière fois la ligne
du corps ennemi du ruisseau de Ligny. Au moment où elle rétablissait le
aperçu sur nos combat, les aides de camp envoyés en reconnaissance
derrières. revinrent, et dissipèrent l'erreur fâcheuse qu'un officier
dépourvu de sang-froid avait fait naître dans l'esprit de
Vandamme. Ce prétendu corps prussien qu'on avait cru
Ce prétendu corps
ennemi est celui de apercevoir n'était que le corps de d'Erlon lui-même, qui d'après
d'Erlon, duquel on les ordres réitérés de Napoléon se dirigeait sur le moulin de
doit concevoir les Bry, et par conséquent venait prendre à revers la position de
plus grandes l'ennemi. Il n'y avait donc plus rien à craindre de ce côté, il n'y
espérances. avait même que de légitimes espérances à concevoir, si les
ordres déjà donnés tant de fois finissaient par recevoir leur
exécution. Napoléon les renouvela, et néanmoins il se hâta de reprendre la grande
manœuvre interrompue par la fausse nouvelle actuellement éclaircie. Chaque
instant qui s'écoulait en augmentait l'à-propos, car Blucher accumulant ses forces
vers les trois Saint-Amand, laissait un vide entre lui et Thielmann, et un coup
vigoureux frappé au-dessus de Ligny, dans la direction de Sombreffe, devait
séparer les corps de Ziethen et de Pirch Ier de ceux de Thielmann et de Bulow, les
jeter dans un grand désordre, et les rendre prisonniers de d'Erlon, si ce dernier
achevait son mouvement. La manœuvre était dans tous les cas fort opportune, car
elle portait le coup décisif si longtemps attendu, le rendait désastreux pour l'armée
prussienne si d'Erlon était vers Bry, et s'il n'y était pas, ne terminait pas moins la
bataille à notre avantage, en faisant tomber la résistance opiniâtre que nous
rencontrions au delà du ruisseau de Ligny.