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Chapter 7
Social influence
Exam
Name___________________________________
ANSWER: B)
LO 7.1: Compare and contrast types of social influence.
2) Some forms of social influence bring about a surface change in behaviour but no
internal change in attitudes. This is referred to as
A) obedience
B) conformity
C) compliance
D) conversion
ANSWER: C)
LO 7.1: Compare and contrast types of social influence.
3) Public compliance
A) is an outcome of persuasion
B) can be a result of coercion
C) refers to a surface change in behaviour
D) all of the above
ANSWER: D)
LO 7.1: Compare and contrast types of social influence.
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D) rewards for the target
ANSWER: A)
LO 7.1: Compare and contrast types of social influence.
5) Conformity
A) requires constant surveillance
B) is based on the subjective validity of social norms
C) produces true internal change
D) all of the above
ANSWER: B)
LO 7.1: Compare and contrast types of social influence.
6) Stevie only brushes his teeth at night when reminded by his father. Otherwise he
hops straight into bed with a book. Stevie's dental hygiene is an example of
A) true obedience
B) conformity
C) the cause of caries
D) compliance
ANSWER: D)
LO 7.1: Compare and contrast types of social influence.
7) 'Compliance' refers to
A) a private and enduring change of attitudes and behaviour
B) voluntary adherence to the norms of a reference group
C) people's attempts to exhibit their group's prototypical behaviour
D) an external change in behaviour and in expressed attitudes
ANSWER: D)
LO 7.1: Compare and contrast types of social influence.
ANSWER: C)
LO 7.1: Compare and contrast types of social influence.
ANSWER: D)
LO 7.1: Compare and contrast types of social influence.
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B) can also be a membership group
C) is one to which a person conforms
D) all of the above
ANSWER: D)
LO 7.1: Compare and contrast types of social influence.
11) A poster of the Brown Eyed Beans adorns Nicky's bedroom wall. Although
Nicky's voice is not the best, she does sing their songs, and she wears a jacket
modelled on that worn by members of the band. For Nicky, the Brown Eyed Beans
are a(n)
A) ingroup
B) positive reference group
C) membership group
D) outgroup
ANSWER: B)
LO 7.1: Compare and contrast types of social influence.
12) Kelly is a student. However, she does not socialise with fellow students (as she
thinks they are childish) nor does she have lunch at the student cafeteria. Instead,
she dresses in suits and has lunch at a nearby café frequented by executive types.
The category of 'student group' for her is probably a
A) membership group
B) positive reference group
C) negative reference group
A) both A and C
ANSWER: D)
LO 7.1: Compare and contrast types of social influence.
13) As a result of what we know about Kelly from the previous question, she will
_________ to/with student norms but ___________ to/with executive-type norms.
A) conform; comply
B) conform; obey
C) comply; conform
D) obey; comply
ANSWER: C)
LO 7.1: Compare and contrast types of social influence.
14) Edward believes that Raewyn has informational power. This is because
A) Raewyn deliberately withholds information from him
B) he believes Raewyn has more information than he does
C) Raewyn’s information comes from a reliable source
D) Edward’s remaining information comes from an unreliable source
ANSWER: B)
LO 7.1: Compare and contrast types of social influence.
15) Mindy thinks that Marvin knows more than her and is also more skilled. For her,
Marvin holds
A) informational power
B) reward power
C) knowledge power
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D) expert power
ANSWER: D)
LO 7.1: Compare and contrast types of social influence.
16) Mr Swine is the owner of a new shoe factory. He can threaten, or even punish,
his predominantly immigrant and female factory workers if they make mistakes. Mr
Swine's power is
A) delegated
B) coercive
C) referent
D) illegitimate
ANSWER: B)
LO 7.1: Compare and contrast types of social influence.
ANSWER: D)
LO 7.1: Compare and contrast types of social influence.
18) An experimental finding by Bochner and Insko (1966) that information is more
readily accepted when presented by a Nobel Prize-winning personality is an
illustration of
A) indoctrination
B) referent power
C) authoritative power
D) expert power
ANSWER: D)
LO 7.1: Compare and contrast types of social influence.
19) In considering the concepts of leadership and power, research now indicates
that
A) leaders are required to exercise power over followers
B) although both concepts involve social influence, they can still be
differentiated
C) leadership always involves informational power
D) leadership always involves expert power
ANSWER: B)
LO 7.1: Compare and contrast types of social influence.
ANSWER: B)
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LO 7.1: Compare and contrast types of social influence.
ANSWER: A)
LO 7.2: Assess Milgram's study of destructive obedience and its impact on social
psychological experiments.
22) Participants who were assigned the role of administering electric shocks in
Milgram's study were
A) recruited from the community
B) mild-mannered, softly spoken and courteous
C) reluctant to administer shocks beyond the 'moderate' level
D) selected for their violent pre-dispositions
ANSWER: A)
LO 7.2: Assess Milgram's study of destructive obedience and its impact on social
psychological experiments.
ANSWER: D)
LO 7.2: Assess Milgram's study of destructive obedience and its impact on social
psychological experiments.
24) One reason that people continued to administer electric shocks in Milgram’s
study may be that the experiment starts with quite trivial shocks and, once the
participant has committed themselves to giving shocks, it can be difficult for them
to change their mind and not continue their commitment. This process
A) reflects the psychology of ‘sunk costs’
B) is similar to the foot-in-the-door technique of persuasion
C) both A and B
D) neither A nor B
ANSWER: C)
LO 7.2: Assess Milgram's study of destructive obedience and its impact on social
psychological experiments.
25) Which of the following did NOT influence obedience in Milgram's research?
A) Proximity to the victim
B) Immediacy of the authority
C) Dispositional traits
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D) Peer pressure
ANSWER: C)
LO 7.2: Assess Milgram's study of destructive obedience and its impact on social
psychological experiments.
ANSWER: B)
LO 7.2: Assess Milgram's study of destructive obedience and its impact on social
psychological experiments.
ANSWER: A)
LO 7.2: Assess Milgram's study of destructive obedience and its impact on social
psychological experiments.
ANSWER: C)
LO 7.2: Assess Milgram's study of destructive obedience and its impact on social
psychological experiments.
29) Several ethical questions were raised following Milgram's study of obedience to
authority. These included which of the following?
A) Why were the participants paid?
B) Why were most studies carried out at a university?
C) Were the hypotheses underlying the research important?
D) Why was one study carried out in a run-down city office?
ANSWER: C)
LO 7.2: Assess Milgram's study of destructive obedience and its impact on social
psychological experiments.
30) Which of the following was NOT raised as an ethical issue following Milgram's
obedience experiment?
A) Were participants free to terminate the experiment?
B) Were the hypotheses underlying the research important?
C) Were the participants paid an adequate sum?
D) Did participants give their consent freely?
ANSWER: C)
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LO 7.2: Assess Milgram's study of destructive obedience and its impact on social
psychological experiments.
31) In an early study, Allport (1924) noted that, as compared to individuals, people
in groups make decisions that are
A) based on a continuum
B) based on previous decisions
C) less extreme
D) less conservative
ANSWER: C)
LO 7.3: Define and discuss conformity.
ANSWER: D)
LO 7.3: Define and discuss conformity.
33) A context that is relevant for making social comparisons is called a(n)
A) frame of reference
B) group task
C) prototype
D) experimental situation
ANSWER: A)
LO 7.3: Define and discuss conformity.
ANSWER: D)
LO 7.3: Define and discuss conformity.
ANSWER: A)
LO 7.3: Define and discuss conformity.
36) Lewin's study of group meetings of housewives who discussed recipes for
eating offal meat permitted
A) a group norm to be developed
B) a new advertising strategy to be put in place
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C) health consciousness to be expressed
D) women to be creative in their cooking
ANSWER: A)
LO 7.3: Define and discuss conformity.
37) In studying conformity in a group pressure situation, Asch found that people
conformed even when
A) the task was difficult
B) they believed the others were wrong
C) others seemed to know what they were saying
D) there was no basis for thinking anything
ANSWER: B)
LO 7.3: Define and discuss conformity.
38) The findings of Asch’s study on conformity would have led him to reject his
original theory that
A) people can conform even when they do not believe the group is correct
B) housewives will be more persuaded to cook with offal if there is an
established group norm
C) if the object of judgement is unambiguous, people will not be influenced by
the group
D) people may conform because they believe their perceptions must be
inaccurate and the group is correct
ANSWER: C)
LO 7.3: Define and discuss conformity.
ANSWER: D)
LO 7.3: Define and discuss conformity.
40) When comparing the impact of situational and personality factors in accounting
for a tendency to conform, the evidence seems to favour
A) situational factors
B) personality factors
C) neither A nor B
D) both A and B carry the same weight
ANSWER: A)
LO 7.3: Define and discuss conformity.
41) When women conform to a group opinion more than men, the most likely
reason is that
A) the group is too big
B) men talk too much in a group
C) women don't talk enough in a group
D) the topic of discussion is sex-stereotyped
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ANSWER: D)
LO 7.3: Define and discuss conformity.
42) Which of the following factors have only a minor, if any, influence on whether
people conform?
A) Task or topic variables (e.g., sex-stereotypic or not)
B) Dispositional traits (e.g., low or high anxiety)
C) Cultural background (e.g., collectivistic or individualistic)
D) The nature of the group (e.g., same-sex or not)
ANSWER: B)
LO 7.3: Define and discuss conformity.
43) Sistrunk and McDavid (1971) found that men conformed more than women
when
A) there was no positive reference group
B) there were more women than men in the group
C) the task was more familiar to women
D) an attractive female was making a statement
ANSWER: C)
LO 7.3: Define and discuss conformity.
44) Research has found that more ____________ societies are more highly
conformist.
A) collectivist
B) Western
C) individualist
D) male-populated
ANSWER: A)
LO 7.3: Define and discuss conformity.
45) When it comes to matters of taste, and when you are concerned about ‘fitting
in’ with the group, group size will have a ___________ effect on conformity.
A) non-linear
B) linear
C) weak
D) null
ANSWER: B)
LO 7.3: Define and discuss conformity.
46) According to Wilder (1977), who from the following will be more influential?
A) A group of five friends who turned up to the experiment together
B) The University of Sydney indoor soccer team of 4 players
C) Three other independent participants who appear to have the same opinion
D) None of the above
ANSWER: C)
LO 7.3: Define and discuss conformity.
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C) provide a competent viewpoint
D) create cognitive dissonance
ANSWER: B)
LO 7.3: Define and discuss conformity.
48) Thelma and Louise were out of prison at last. It was time to resurrect their
careers and rob a few banks. Thelma said 'Let's just rob one bank at a time; then
we might get away from the cops!' 'Great idea', Louise replied. 'Why didn't we do
that last time?' Thelma's suggestion is
A) an informational influence
B) a stimulus-absent kind of judgement
C) the weapons effect
D) great female logic
ANSWER: A)
LO 7.3: Define and discuss conformity.
49) An influence to comply with others to gain social approval or avoid social
disapproval is termed
A) a stimulus-present kind of judgement
B) illusion of control
C) the rebound effect
D) normative influence
ANSWER: D)
LO 7.3: Define and discuss conformity.
ANSWER: B)
LO 7.3: Define and discuss conformity.
ANSWER: C)
LO 7.3: Define and discuss conformity.
52) Wayne has taken up surfing. Now he spends every free minute at the beach.
He wears long baggy shorts, wrap-around sunglasses and has dyed blonde curls. In
joining a 'world of surfies' he is responding to
A) majority pressure
B) referent informational influence
C) his personal disposition to conform
D) the latest fashion trend
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ANSWER: B)
LO 7.3: Define and discuss conformity.
ANSWER: A)
LO 7.3: Define and discuss conformity.
ANSWER: A)
LO 7.3: Define and discuss conformity.
ANSWER: D)
LO 7.3: Define and discuss conformity.
ANSWER: B)
LO 7.3: Define and discuss conformity.
57) Asch found that a few dissenters, although incorrect, were taken seriously by a
correct majority. This can be viewed as a precursor to later studies on
A) minority influence
B) group conflict
C) reference groups
D) obedience to authority
ANSWER: A)
LO 7.4: Describe the role of minorities in influencing majority opinion and in
bringing about social change.
58) Moscovici criticised the traditional perspective of social influence for its
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'conformity bias'. This bias implies that
A) individuals always conform to majorities
B) social influence works at multiple levels but with the same outcome
C) researchers interpret cultural adaptation as conformity
D) intergroup convergence is interpreted as conformity
ANSWER: A)
LO 7.4: Describe the role of minorities in influencing majority opinion and in
bringing about social change.
59) According to Moscovici and Faucheux (1972), in Asch's study where a lone
individual gives in to a number of incorrect confederates, we are actually dealing
with
A) minority influence
B) the weight-of-numbers bias
C) common sense
D) majority influence
ANSWER: A)
LO 7.4: Describe the role of minorities in influencing majority opinion and in
bringing about social change.
60) According to Moscovici, what is the social influence modality that defines when
a minority creates and accentuates conflict in order to persuade the majority to
adopt the minority viewpoint?
A) Normalisation
B) Persuasion
C) Innovation
D) Conformity
ANSWER: C)
LO 7.4: Describe the role of minorities in influencing majority opinion and in
bringing about social change.
61) Which is NOT a characteristic of a minority that has successfully challenged the
majority viewpoint?
A) Being consistent
B) Being uncompromising on core issues
C) Being unanimous
D) Being numerous
ANSWER: D)
LO 7.4: Describe the role of minorities in influencing majority opinion and in
bringing about social change.
62) For a minority to project certainty that its viewpoint is coherent and a viable
alternative to the conventional viewpoint it needs to be
A) overwhelming
B) creative
C) consistent
D) stubborn
ANSWER: C)
LO 7.4: Describe the role of minorities in influencing majority opinion and in
bringing about social change.
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63) Behavioural style typifies a successful minority. To be effective a minority
needs to characteristically
A) be perceived as principled and not pursuing a hidden agenda
B) demonstrate that it is making some sacrifices
C) disrupt the majority's norm
D) all of the above
ANSWER: D)
LO 7.4: Describe the role of minorities in influencing majority opinion and in
bringing about social change.
64) When a group such as Greenpeace takes persistent and unswerving action it is
demonstrating
A) a consistent behavioural style
B) a majority norm
C) pig-headedness
D) that 'those who laugh last, laugh loudest'
ANSWER: A)
LO 7.4: Describe the role of minorities in influencing majority opinion and in
bringing about social change.
ANSWER: D)
LO 7.4: Describe the role of minorities in influencing majority opinion and in
bringing about social change.
66) In his dual-process model of minority and majority influence, Moscovici (1980)
argued that
A) minorities can induce a conversion effect in majorities
B) majorities restrict the extent to which minorities can be innovative
C) majorities use advantageous situations to drive their point home
D) minorities use contradictory strategies to influence the majority
ANSWER: A)
LO 7.4: Describe the role of minorities in influencing majority opinion and in
bringing about social change.
67) Maass and Clark (1983) studied the influence of the expressed views of both
majority and minority groups towards gay rights. They found that _________
expressed attitudes conformed to the majority, while _________ expressed
attitudes shifted towards the minority.
A) privately; publicly
B) publicly; privately
C) publicly; overtly
D) none of the above
ANSWER: B)
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LO 7.4: Describe the role of minorities in influencing majority opinion and in
bringing about social change.
68) The majority share the attitude that chocolate is the best flavour for ice-cream.
However, I think vanilla ice-cream is the best. According to Nemeth’s ‘convergent-
divergent’ theory, upon discovering that my attitude towards ice-cream flavours is
in disagreement with that of the majority, I should feel _____________. This will
then lead to ____________ thinking.
A) surprise and stress; convergent
B) guilt and shame; divergent
C) surprise and stress; divergent
D) fear and relief; convergent
ANSWER: A)
LO 7.4: Describe the role of minorities in influencing majority opinion and in
bringing about social change.
69) Ben likes soccer. Out of 200 people in his grade at school, 10 people do not like
soccer. According to Nemeth’s theory of majority/minority influential differences,
this allows Ben to have
A) convergent thinking
B) abstract thinking
C) divergent thinking
D) inward thinking
ANSWER: C)
LO 7.4: Describe the role of minorities in influencing majority opinion and in
bringing about social change.
ANSWER: B)
LO 7.4: Describe the role of minorities in influencing majority opinion and in
bringing about social change.
71) One thing a minority established by the majority as an ‘ingroup’ (as opposed to
an ‘outgroup’ minority) can have with the majority is
A) a leniency contract
B) a disagreement
C) social impact
D) a contract of rules and regulations
ANSWER: A)
LO 7.4: Describe the role of minorities in influencing majority opinion and in
bringing about social change.
72) Members of a majority are likely to perceive that the contrary views put
forward by a minority that is consistent, unmotivated by self-interest or other
pressures, and flexible in style, are
A) subversive
B) disastrous
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C) chosen freely
D) externally induced
ANSWER: C)
LO 7.4: Describe the role of minorities in influencing majority opinion and in
bringing about social change.
73) A paradox of minority influence is that the relatively small size of a minority
group can
A) make people more confrontational
B) cause an accentuation effect
C) give it more social impact
D) be tactically less obvious
ANSWER: C)
LO 7.4: Describe the role of minorities in influencing majority opinion and in
bringing about social change.
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Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Volga regions by Mongols.—Batu, grandson of Jinghis Khan.—
Advance on Ryazan by Mongols.—Terror in Russia.—Resistance of
Ryazan.—Capture of Ryazan, and slaughter of the population.—Fury
of Kolovrat.—Attack on Vladimir.—Burning of Kolomna.—Burning of
Moscow.—Capture of Vladimir, 1238.—Slaughter and destruction.—
Struggle on the Siti.—Victory of the Mongols.—Burning of Torjok,
Tver and Yaroslavl.—Advance upon Kief, 1240.—Flight of Michael
from the capital.—Campaign of Batu against Kief.—Defense of Kief.
—Capture of Kief, and slaughter of the inhabitants.—Capture of
Ladyjin.—Assault on Volynia.—Destruction of Brest.—Mongols in
Poland, 1240.—March on Galitch.—Flight of Boleslav of Cracow,
1241.—March of the Mongols on Breslau.—Advance to frontiers of
Bohemia and Austria.—Demand of Batu that King Bela yield
obedience.—March of Hungarian army to meet the Mongols.—Death
of Ogotai.—Terror brought on Europe by Batu.—Mongol law.—
Mongol ceremonies.—Cruelty of Batu.—Questions regarding the
Latin religion.—Daniel crowned, 1253.—Daniel summoned to the
Horde.—Reception of Daniel by the Horde.—Promises of the papal
legate 225 [xv]
CHAPTER XI
CHAPTER XII
CHAPTER XIII
CHAPTER XIV
CHAPTER XV
CHAPTER XVI
CHAPTER XVII
CHAPTER XVIII
CHAPTER XIX
CHAPTER XX
The Mongols retreated from all lands west of the Carpathians and
confined themselves exclusively to that part of Europe which we
know as Russia. The West was too narrow for them, too
mountainous, too much diversified, and contained too little pastoral
land. It had too much culture, and differed too greatly from that
immense open region which stretches from the Dnieper, or more
correctly from the Danube, to that vast ocean of water which was
later called the Pacific.
This region is made up of those spaces lying north of the Great Wall
of China, that largest fence ever reared by man to ward off an
enemy, and farther west by the greatest barrier raised upon [2]earth
through creation, and also used by man as a line of defense, a
fortress of refuge, that unique mountain system extending from
Eastern China to Persia, and then, with a break, to the Caspian.
From the Caspian westward the immense space is bounded by the
Caucasus and the Black Sea, till it reaches the Danube and the
mountains just north of that river.
The width of this region extends from the southern boundary just
given to the Arctic, or Frozen Ocean. The entire southern part,
somewhat less than half of this entire area, was an open, treeless
country, grass-growing land and sand plains. All along on the
northern side of this southern division were great stretches of grass
land, with small groves of trees, from one acre to one hundred in
area. Lands of this kind are seen in Siberia to our day. In the center
were fruitful spots, deserts and oases. In the east, next to the center,
were boundless plains, with a greater proportion of forest toward the
distant east and toward the north, but with clear spaces everywhere.
On the south, from the Danube to the Chinese Sea, the country was
open at all points.
Such was the Mongol careering ground, and after they had overrun
Europe to the Adriatic and north of it they retired to the western part
of this great open country of Eastern Europe, and made their capital
at Sarai, just east of the Volga, and perhaps two hundred miles north
of the Caspian.
The family system in force among the Slavs greatly favored this
process, for a family was not, as in modern times, composed of
parents and children only, but of two, three and even four
generations. The head of this family was the oldest person in it, and
its size was regulated by power of agreement among the members.
There were often forty, fifty, or a hundred persons living in one family,
all obeying a single head. A few such families formed a village, a few
villages a volost, which was sometimes as large as one of our
counties. The tendency of a society like this was altogether toward
expansion. After reaching a certain size the village community
divided, one part remaining in the old place, the other selecting a
new field for its industry. It was only at a few points favorable for
trade that a large number of people lived together—Novgorod near
Lake Ilmen was the most conspicuous example of this kind. It is
evident that people living in this manner had little power of
combination and could offer but slight resistance to invasion.
Novgorod, situated near the confluence of the different rivers, and in
direct communication with the Baltic, became a great trading point,
and was not only the most populous place in the whole country, but
the first in which civil government began. It was a market-place for
the goods of Europe and Asia, and soon rose to a position of wealth
and importance. Its government was an extension of the communal
system of the country, and was in fact a confederation of villages,
held together very loosely. Such a place offered an excellent point of
attack to the Northmen, the most enterprising and rapacious of
mankind, who at that period left no European country in peace.
In the south the Kazars, a powerful Asiatic horde, took tribute and
left the inhabitants to their own devices. This tribute was simply the
price of being let alone. In the north it was different; [4]the
Scandinavians, who made their presence felt wherever they went,
wanted not only profit, but power. They were greedy of rule, and
wished to direct the affairs of Novgorod. This was unendurable; the
citizens rose up, drove out the strangers, and began to govern
themselves as in the old time. Theirs was no easy task, for the place
was divided into parties, or rather factions, neither one of which had
the power to govern. While affairs were in this troubled state,
Gostomyal, the elder or president of the city, rose on a certain
occasion and addressed the assembled multitude. Reminding them
of their previous condition and present peril, he said that being easily
inflamed by passion they were unfit to rule, that if they continued as
they were the stranger would surely come, bringing dishonor to their
wives and daughters and slavery to themselves, that too late they
would shed bitter tears. He closed by advising them to invite from
abroad some wise, strong man to govern according to their laws.
Rurik came that same year, bringing with him his two brothers,
Sineus and Truvor, and a certain force of his own, which was
considerably increased after his arrival by native recruits. Who Rurik
was is still a question among Russian historians, but it is generally
conceded that he was a Scandinavian, though efforts have been
made to show that he was from some Slav tribe on the southern
coast of the Baltic.
Oleg’s men put their craft on the shore, and then used fire and sword
around the city with such vigor that the terrified Emperors were glad
to buy peace dearly. With the peace was concluded a treaty of
commerce, the first Russian treaty known to history. Oleg nailed his
shield to one of the city gates as a mark of victory, and returned
home in triumph, bringing with him such booty as no man had seen
north of the Euxine till that day.
The effect of this exploit was very great. Oleg was surnamed “the
Seer” by his admiring subjects, who felt proud of his, and of their
own fame. He had led many of them across the Black Sea to the
capital of the Cæsars. He had roused the imagination of all. From
being villagers they had become members of a political
commonwealth, able to impose terms on one of the great powers of
the earth. [7]
In 912 Oleg died. The tradition is that some years earlier he had
been warned by a wizard that the horse he was riding would cause
his death. The prince dismounted at once, sent this favorite steed
away to be cared for, and never rode him again. On being told that
the horse was dead and his bones were bleaching in the field, he
resolved to go and look at them, saying: “These wizards are always
lying. The horse is dead, and I am living.” When he came to where
the bones were, he pushed the skull with his foot, and exclaimed:
“This was to be my death!” That instant a serpent sprang out and bit
him in the leg, and straightway he sickened and died.
Igor, son of Rurik, now came to power. In 903 he had married Olga,
a maiden famed for wit and beauty, and said to be the daughter of
that Gostomyal who first proposed the election of Rurik. Igor’s reign
had no such importance as that of his predecessor. In 941, after
twenty-nine years of waiting, he made an attack on the Byzantine
Empire. This attack was a failure; a mere remnant of warriors came
home from it, and those brought no booty with them.
Igor resolved to find a cure for this failure, and set out for Tsargrad in
944, three years later. He went by sea, with a numerous army
collected from all tribes between Lake Ladoga and the Euxine,
including even Petchenegs of the southern steppe land.