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CHAPTER 12: INFERENCE ABOUT A POPULATION
TRUE/FALSE
1. In order to determine the p-value associated with hypothesis testing about the population mean , it is
necessary to know the value of the test statistic.
ANS: T PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: SFME.KELL.15.12.01

NAT: BUSPROG.SFME.KELL.15.03 STA: DISC.SFME.KELL.15.06
KEY: Bloom's: Comprehension
2. In order to interpret the p-value associated with hypothesis testing about the population mean , it is
necessary to know the value of the test statistic.
ANS: F PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: SFME.KELL.15.12.01

3. If a sample has 15 observations and a 95% confidence estimate for  is needed, the appropriate value
of t is 1.753.

KEY: Bloom's: Application
4. If a sample has 18 observations and a 90% confidence estimate for  is needed, the appropriate value
of t is 1.740.

5. The statistic when the sampled population is normal is Student t-distributed with n
degrees of freedom.

KEY: Bloom's: Knowledge
6. If the sampled population is nonnormal, the t-test of the population mean  is still valid, provided that
the condition is not extreme.

7. A race car driver tested his car for time from 0 to 60 mph, and in 20 tests obtained an average of 48.5
seconds with a standard deviation of 1.47 seconds. A 95% confidence interval for the 0 to 60 time is
45.2 seconds to 51.8 seconds.

© 2015 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part, except for use as permitted
in a license distributed with a certain product or service or otherwise on a password-protected website for classroom use.
8. In forming a 95% confidence interval for a population mean from a sample size of 20, the number of
degrees of freedom from the t-distribution equals 20.

9. The t-distribution is used in a confidence interval for a mean when the actual standard error is not
known.

10. The t-distribution allows the calculation of confidence intervals for means for small samples when the
population variance is not known, regardless of the shape of the distribution in the population.

11. The t-distribution is used to develop a confidence interval estimate of the population mean when the
population standard deviation is unknown.

12. The t-distribution assumes that the population is normally distributed.

13. In estimating the population mean with the population standard deviation unknown, if the sample size
is 16, there are 8 degrees of freedom.

MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. For statistical inference about the mean of a single population when the population standard deviation
is unknown, the degrees for freedom for the t-distribution equal n − 1 because we lose one degree of
freedom by using the:
a. sample mean as an estimate of the population mean.
b. sample standard deviation as an estimate of the population standard deviation.
c. sample proportion as an estimate of the population proportion.
d. sample size as an estimate of the population size.
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: SFME.KELL.15.12.01
2. Researchers determined that 60 Puffs tissues is the average number of tissues used during a cold.
Suppose a random sample of 100 Puffs users yielded the following data on the number of tissues used
during a cold: = 52 and s = 22. Suppose the test statistic does not fall in the rejection region at  =
0.05. Which of the following conclusions is correct?
a. At  = 0.05, we do not reject H0. c. At  = 0.05, we accept H0.
b. At  = 0.05, we reject H0. d. Both a and c.
3. A robust estimator is one that is:

a. unbiased and symmetrical about zero. c. efficient and less spread out.
b. consistent and is also mound-shaped. d. not sensitive to moderate nonnormality.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: SFME.KELL.15.12.01
4. A random sample of size 15 taken from a normally distributed population revealed a sample mean of
75 and a sample variance of 25. The upper limit of a 95% confidence interval for the population mean
would equal:
a. 77.77 c. 88.85
b. 72.23 d. 77.27
5. A major electronics store chain is interested in estimating the average amount its credit card customers
spent on their first visit to the chain's new store in the mall. Fifteen credit card accounts were randomly
sampled and analyzed with the following results: = $50.50 and s2 = 400. A 95% confidence interval
for the average amount the credit card customers spent on their first visit to the chain's new store in the
mall is:
a. $50.50  $9.09. c. $50.50  $11.08.
b. $50.50  $10.12. d. None of these choices.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: SFME.KELL.15.12.01
6. Researchers determine that 60 Puffs tissues is the average number of tissues used during a cold.
during a cold: = 52 and s = 22. Using the sample information provided, the value of the test statistic
is:
a. t = (52 − 60) / 22 c. t = (52 − 60) / (22 / 1002)
b. t = (52 − 60) / (22 / 100) d. t = (52 − 60) / (22 / 10)
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: SFME.KELL.15.12.01
7. For a 99% confidence interval of the population mean based on a sample of n = 25 with s = 0.05, the
critical value of t is:
a. 2.7969 c. 2.4922
b. 2.7874 d. 2.4851
8. Based on sample data, the 90% confidence interval limits for the population mean are LCL = 170.86
and UCL = 195.42. If the 10% level of significance were used in testing the hypotheses H0:  = 201
vs. H1:   201, the null hypothesis:
a. would be rejected. c. would fail to be rejected.
b. would be accepted. d. would become H0:   201
9. The degrees of freedom for the test statistic for  when  is unknown is:
a. 1 c. n − 1
b. n d. None of these choices.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: SFME.KELL.15.12.01
10. Researchers determined that 60 Puffs tissues is the average number of tissues used during a cold.
during a cold: = 52 and s = 22. Suppose the alternative we wanted to test was H1:  < 60. The
correct rejection region for  = 0.05 is:
a. reject H0 if t > 1.6604. c. reject H0 if t > 1.9842 or Z < −1.9842.
b. reject H0 if t < −1.6604. d. reject H0 if t < −1.9842.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: SFME.KELL.15.12.01
COMPLETION
1. When the population standard deviation is ____________________ and the population is normal, the
test statistic for testing hypotheses about  is the t-distribution with n − 1 degrees of freedom.
ANS: unknown
PTS: 1 DIF: Easy OBJ: SFME.KELL.15.12.01

2. When the population standard deviation is unknown and the population is ____________________,
the test statistic for testing hypotheses about  is the t-distribution with n − 1 degrees of freedom.
ANS: normal
3. When the population standard deviation is unknown and the population is normal, the test statistic for
testing hypotheses about  is the ____________________-distribution with ____________________
degrees of freedom.
ANS:
t; n − 1
t; n−1

4. The t-test for a population mean is ____________________, meaning that if the population is
nonnormal, the results of the test and confidence interval are still valid as long as the nonnormality is
not extreme.
ANS: robust

5. When a population is small, we must adjust the test statistic and interval estimator using the
____________________ population correction factor.
ANS: finite

6. ____________________ populations allow us to use the confidence interval estimate of a mean to

produce a confidence interval estimate of the population total.
ANS: Finite

7. The t-statistic has two variables: the sample ____________________ and the sample
____________________.
ANS:
mean; standard deviation
standard deviation; mean
8. Because of the greater uncertainty, the t-statistic will display greater ____________________ than the
z-statistic.
ANS:
variability
variation
spread

SHORT ANSWER
Single Mothers’ Ages
A random sample of 10 single mothers was drawn from a Obstetrics Clinic. Their ages are 22, 17, 27,
20, 23, 19, 24, 18, 19, and 24 years.
1. {Single Mothers' Ages Narrative} Estimate the population mean with 90% confidence.
ANS:
. Thus, LCL = 19.446, and UCL = 23.154.

2. {Single Mothers' Ages Narrative} Test to determine if we can infer at the 5% significance level that
the population mean is not equal to 20.
ANS:
H0:  = 20 vs. H1:   20
Rejection region: | t | > t0.025,9 = 2.262
Test statistic: t = 1.285
Conclusion: Don't reject H0. We can't infer at the 5% significance level that the population mean is not
equal to 20.

3. {Single Mothers' Ages Narrative} What is the required condition of the techniques used in the
previous questions? What graphical device can you use to check to see if that required condition is
satisfied?
ANS:
The condition is that ages in the population are normally distributed. A histogram of the data can be
used to check if the normality assumption is satisfied.
Concert Tickets
A simple random sample of 100 concert tickets was drawn from a normal population. The mean and
standard deviation of the sample were $120 and $25, respectively.
4. {Concert Tickets Narrative} Test the hypothesis H0:  = 125 vs. H1:   125 at the 10% significance
level.
ANS:
Rejection region: | t | > t0.05,99 = 1.66
Test statistic: t = −2.0
Conclusion: Reject H0. We can infer that the population mean is not equal to 125. According to our
data, the mean is lower than that.

5. {Concert Tickets Narrative} Estimate the population mean with 90% confidence.
ANS:
. Thus, LCL =115.85, and UCL = 124.15.

6. {Concert Tickets Narrative} Explain how to use the confidence interval to test the hypotheses at  =
0.10.
ANS:
Since the hypothesized value 0 = 125 does not lie in the 90% confidence interval, we reject H0 at  =
0.10.

Hourly Fees
A random sample of 15 hourly fees for car washers (including tips) was drawn from a normal
population. The sample mean and sample standard deviation were = $14.9 and s = $6.75.
7. {Hourly Fees Narrative} Can we infer at the 5% significance level that the mean fee for car washers
(including tips) is greater than 12?
ANS:
H0:  = 12, H1:  > 12
Rejection region: t > t0.05,14 = 1.761
Conclusion: Don't reject H0. We can't infer at the 5% significance level that the mean fee for car
washers (including tips) is greater than 12.

8. {Hourly Fees Narrative} Can we infer at the 5% significance level that the population mean is greater
than 12, assuming that you know the population standard deviation is equal to 6.75?
ANS:
Rejection region: z > z0.05 = 1.645
Test statistic: z = 1.664
Conclusion: Reject H0. (Note this is an unrealistic situation however.)

Tire Rotation
The manager of a service station is in the process of analyzing the number of times car owners rotate
the tires on their cars. She believes that the average motorist rotates his or her car's tires less frequently
than recommended by the owner's manual (two times per year). In a preliminary survey she asked 14
car owners how many times they rotated their cars' tires in the last 12 months. The results are 1, 1, 2, 0,
3, 3, 0, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 3, and 1.
9. {Tire Rotation Narrative} Does this data provide sufficient evidence at the 10% significance level to
indicate that the manager is correct?
ANS:
H0:  = 2, H1:  < 2
Rejection region: t < −t0.10,13 = −1.35
Conclusion: Reject H0. There is sufficient evidence that the manager is correct.

10. {Tire Rotation Narrative} What condition is required in order to analyze this data using a t-test?
ANS:
The number of times car owners change the oil in their cars is normally distributed.

11. The air pumps at service stations come equipped with a gauge to regulate the air pressure of tires. A
mechanic believes that the gauges are in error by at least 3 pounds per square inch. To test his belief he
takes a random example of 50 air pump gauges and determines the difference between the true
pressure (as measured by an accurate measuring device) and the pressure shown on the air pump
gauge. The mean and the standard deviation of the sample are = 3.4 and s = 1.2. Can the mechanic
infer that he is correct at the 5% significance level? Assume tire pressures have a normal distribution.
ANS:
H0:  = 3, H1:  > 3
Test statistics: t = 2.357
Conclusion: Reject H0. Yes, we can infer that the mechanic is correct at the 5% significance level.

12. A life insurance representative believes that the mean age of people who buy their first life insurance
plan is less than 35. To test his belief he takes a random sample of 15 customers who have just
purchased their first life insurance. Their ages are 42, 43,28, 34, 30, 36, 25, 29, 32, 33, 27, 30, 22, 37,
and 40. There is not enough evidence to say the data are nonnormal. Can we conclude at the 1%
significance level that the insurance representative is correct?
ANS:
H0:  = 35, H1:  < 35
Rejection region: t < −t.01,14 = −2.624
Test statistics: t = −1.547
Conclusion: Cannot reject H0. We can't conclude at the 1% significance level that the average age of
people who buy their first life insurance plan is less than 35, according to this data.
PTS: 1 DIF: Moderate OBJ: SFME.KELL.15.12.01

Mystic Pizza
Mystic Pizza in Mystic, Connecticut, advertises that they deliver your pizza within 15 minutes of
placing an order or it is free. A sample of 25 customers is selected at random. The average delivery
time in the sample was 13 minutes with a sample standard deviation of 4 minutes.
13. {Mystic Pizza Narrative} We want to know whether Mystic can make this claim or not. Test to
determine if we can infer at the 5% significance level that the population mean delivery time is less
than 15 minutes.
ANS:
H0:  = 15, H1:  < 15
Rejection region: t < −t0.05,24 = −1.711
Conclusion: Reject the null hypothesis. There is enough evidence to say the mean delivery time is less
than 15 minutes.

14. {Mystic Pizza Narrative} What is the required condition of the technique used in the previous
question?
ANS:
Delivery times are normally distributed.

Energy Drink Consumption
A researcher at the University of Washington medical school believes that energy drink consumption
may increase heart rate. Suppose it is known that heart rate (in beats per minute) is normally
distributed with an average of 70 bpm for adults. A random sample of 25 adults was selected and it
was found that their average heartbeat was 73 bpm after energy drink consumption, with a standard
deviation of 7 bpm.
15. {Energy Drink Consumption Narrative} Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses.
ANS:
H0:  = 70, H1:  > 70

16. {Energy Drink Consumption Narrative} Test the hypotheses in the previous question at the 10%
significance level to determine if we can infer that energy drink consumption increases heart rate.
ANS:
Conclusion: Reject H0. Yes, we can infer that energy drink consumption increases heart rate at the
10% level, according to this data.

17. Employees in a large company are entitled to 15-minute water breaks. A random sample of the
duration of water breaks for 10 employees was taken with the times shown as: 12, 16, 14, 18, 21, 17,
19, 15, 18, and 16. Assuming that the times are normally distributed, is there enough evidence at the
5% significance level to indicate that on average employees are taking longer water breaks than they
are entitled to?
ANS:
H0:  = 15, H1:  > 15
Test statistics: t = 1.953
Conclusion: Reject H0. Yes, there is enough evidence at the 5% significance level to indicate that on
average employees are taking longer water breaks than they are entitled to.

18. During a natural gas shortage, a gas company randomly sampled residential gas meters in order to
monitor daily gas consumption. On a particular day, a sample of 100 meters showed a sample mean of
250 cubic feet and a sample standard deviation of 50 cubic feet. Provide a 90% confidence interval
estimate of the mean gas consumption for the population.
ANS:
. Thus, LCL = 241.7, and UCL = 258.3. We estimate that the mean gas
consumption for the population lies between 241.7 cubic feet and 258.3 cubic feet.

19. The chi-squared distribution can be used in constructing confidence intervals and carrying out
hypothesis tests regarding the value of a population variance.
ANS:
T

20. A condition of using the chi-squared test statistic for testing the variance is that the population random
variable have a normal distribution.
ANS:
T

21. A left-tailed area in the chi-squared distribution equals 0.95. For 6 degrees of freedom the critical
value equals 12.592.
ANS:
T

22. The area to the right of a certain critical value on a chi-squared distribution is 0.025. For 5 degrees of
freedom, the critical value is 11.143.
ANS:
F

23. The test statistic used to test hypotheses about the population variance is given by 2 = (n − 1)s2 / 2,
which is chi-squared distributed with n − 1 degrees of freedom when the population random variable is
normally distributed with variance equal to 2.
ANS:
T

24. A random sample is drawn from a normal distribution with mean  and variance 2. The random
variable (n − 1)S2 / 2 has a chi-squared probability distribution with n degrees of freedom.
ANS:
F

25. Two uses for the population variance are to measure risk and consistency.
ANS:
T

26. The statistic s2 is an unbiased and consistent estimator of 2.
ANS:
T

27. Which of the following is an example illustrating the use of variance?

a. As a measure of risk.
b. As a judge of consistency.
c. To search for and reduce variability in a process.
d. All of these choices are true.
ANS:
D

28. A random sample of 25 observations is selected from a normally distributed population. The sample
variance is 10. In the 95% confidence interval for the population variance, the upper limit is:
a. 19.353
b. 17.331
c. 17.110
d. 6.097
ANS:
A

29. The statistic (n − 1)s2 / 2 has a chi-squared distribution with n − 1 degrees of freedom if:
a. the sample has a Student t-distribution with degrees of freedom equal to n − 1.
b. the sample is normally distributed with variance equal to s2.
c. the population is normally distributed with variance equal to 2.
ANS:
C

30. Which of the following conditions is needed regarding the chi-squared test statistic for the test of
variance?
a. The population random variable must be normal.
b. The test statistic must be a non-negative number.
c. The test statistic must have a chi-squared distribution with n − 1 degrees of freedom.
ANS:
D

31. In a hypothesis test for the population variance, the hypotheses are H0: 2 = 30 vs. H1: 2 < 30. If the
sample size is 20 and the test is being carried out at the 5% level of significance, the null hypothesis is
rejected if:
a. 2 < 30.144.
b. 2 > 10.851.
c. 2 < 10.117.
d. 2 > 31.410.
ANS:
C

32. In a hypothesis test for the population variance, the hypotheses are H0: 2 = 100 vs. H1: 2  100. If the
sample size is 15 and the test is being carried out at the 10% level of significance, the rejection region
is:
a. 2 < 6.571 or 2 > 23.685.
b. 2 < 7.790 or 2 > 21.064.
c. 2 < 8.547 or 2 > 22.307.
d. 2 < 7.261 or 2 < 24.996.
ANS:
A

33. The sum of squared deviations from the mean divided by the population variance has a(n)
____________________ distribution with ____________________ degrees of freedom.
ANS:
chi-squared; n − 1
chi-squared; n−1

34. The test statistic used to test hypotheses about the population variance has a(n)
____________________ distribution with ____________________ degrees of freedom.
ANS:
chi-squared; n − 1
chi-squared; n−1

35. The test statistic to test hypotheses about the population variance has a chi-squared distribution with n
− 1 degrees of freedom when the population random variable has a(n) ____________________
distribution.
ANS:
normal
36. The chi-squared test and estimator of the population variance ____________________(are/are not)
valid if the population is slightly to moderately nonnormal.
ANS:
are

37. The test statistic used to test hypotheses about the population variance has a chi-squared distribution
with ____________________ degrees of freedom.
ANS:
n−1
n−1

38. The ____________________ confidence limit of the confidence interval estimator of the population
variance is .
ANS:
lower

39. The ____________________ confidence limit of the confidence interval estimator of the population
variance is .
ANS:
upper

40. If we are testing for an improvement in the consistency of an operation or the manufacturing of a
product, the alternative hypothesis would have a(n) ____________________ sign in it.
ANS:
less than
<

Science Quiz Scores
Consider the hypotheses H0: 2 = 20 vs. H1: 2 > 20. Assume that Science scores on a 25-point quiz
for a random sample of 5 students were drawn from a normal population. These were: 18, 16, 10, 13,
and 23.
41. {Science Quiz Scores Narrative} Test the hypotheses at the 10% significance level.
ANS:
Rejection region:
Test statistic: 2 = 4.90
Conclusion: Don't reject H0. Cannot conclude the population variance is greater than 20.

42. {Science Quiz Scores Narrative} Estimate the population variance with 90% confidence.
ANS:
We estimate that the population variance lies between 10.327 and 137.834.

43. An investor is concerned with the risk associated with a portfolio of stocks. He draws a random sample
of nine monthly returns (expressed as a percentage of the initial investment). These data follow: 2, 5,
−6, 10, 1, 2, −3, 0, and 7. Find a 95% confidence interval estimate of the population variance.
ANS:
LCL = 10.95
UCL = 88.07

44. A pharmaceutical company has just developed a new capsule to alleviate the symptoms of allergies
and colds. However, they are concerned about the variability in the amount of time until the drug
becomes effective. In a random sample of 10 individuals who suffer from allergies, the amount of time
(in hours) for the capsule to take effect was recorded and listed as follows: 5, 7, 6, 10, 9, 12, 8, 17, 4,
and 16. Estimate with 90% confidence the variance of the time for the drug to become effective.
ANS:
We estimate that the variance of the time for the drug to become effective lies between 10.426 and
52.973.

45. The sales manager of a large multinational corporation is concerned that some salespersons perform
very well and others quite poorly. To help analyze the problem he draws a random sample of 20
salespersons, determines their commission incomes (in thousands of dollars), and calculates the
following statistics: = $37.2, and s = $7.8. Do these statistics provide sufficient evidence at the 5%
significance level to conclude that the population variance exceeds $35 million2?
ANS:
H0: 2 = 35, H1: 2 > 35
Rejection region:
Test statistic: 2 = 33.027
Conclusion: Reject H0. Yes, these statistics provide sufficient evidence at the 5% significance level to
conclude that the population variance exceeds $35 million2.

Applicants’ Grades
The grades of a sample of 10 applicants, selected at random from a large population, are 71, 86, 75, 63,
92, 70, 81, 59, 80, and 90.
46. {Applicants' Grades Narrative} Compute the sample variance.
ANS:
s2 = 123.12

47. {Applicants' Grades Narrative} Construct a 90% confidence interval estimate for the population
variance.
ANS:
48. {Applicants' Grades Narrative} Construct a 90% confidence interval estimate for the population
standard deviation.
ANS:
LCL = = 8.093
UCL = = 18.242

49. In determining the sample size needed to estimate the population proportion p, we let the sample
proportion = 1 if we have no knowledge of even the approximate values of .
ANS:
F

50. The lower limit of the 90% confidence interval for the population proportion p, given that n = 400 and
= 0.10, is 0.0247.
ANS:
F

51. The sampling distribution of is approximately normal if the sample size is more than 30.
ANS:
F

52. In testing a hypothesis about a population proportion p, the z test statistic measures how close the
computed sample proportion has come to the hypothesized population parameter.
ANS:
T

53. If we have some idea about the value of sample proportion , we use that value in determining the
sample size needed to estimate the population proportion p.
ANS:
T

54. The 95% confidence interval would indicate that, for this shipment, the proportion of defective fuses is
between 0 and 0.28.
ANS:
F

55. A professor of statistics refutes the claim that the proportion of Republican voters in Michigan is at
most 44%. To test the claim, the hypotheses: H0: p = 0.44, H1: p  0.44, should be used.
ANS:
F

56. In selecting the sample size to estimate the population proportion p, if we have no knowledge of even
the approximate values of the sample proportion , we:
a. take another sample and estimate .
b. take two more samples and find the average of their .
c. let = 0.50.
d. let = 0.95.
ANS:
C

57. Under what condition(s) does the test statistic for p have an approximate normal distribution?
a. When np > 5.
b. When np and np(1 − p) are both > 5.
c. When n > 30.
d. When np and n(1 − p) are both > 5.
ANS:
D

58. The use of the standard normal distribution for constructing confidence interval estimate for the
population proportion p requires:
a. n and n(1 − ) both greater than 5.
b. np and n(1 − p) both greater than 5.
c. n(1 + ) and n(1 − ) both greater than 5.
d. sample size greater than 5.
ANS:
A

59. After calculating the sample size needed to estimate a population proportion to within 0.04, your
statistics professor told you the maximum allowable error must be reduced to just .01. If the original
calculation led to a sample size of 800, the sample size will now have to be:
a. 800
b. 3,200
c. 6,400
d. 12,800
ANS:
D

60. Assuming that all necessary conditions are met, what needs to be changed in the formula
so that we can use it to construct a (1 − ) confidence interval estimate for the
population proportion p?
a. should be replaced by p.
b. t should be replaced by z.
c. t should be replaced by t / 2.
d. t should be replaced by z / 2.
ANS:
D

61. The width of a confidence interval estimate for a proportion will be:
a. narrower for 90% confidence than for 95% confidence.
b. wider for a sample size of 100 than for a sample size of 50.
c. narrower for 99% confidence than for 95% confidence.
d. narrower when the sample proportion if 0.50 than when the sample proportion is 0.20.
ANS:
A

62. When determining the sample size needed for a proportion for a given level of confidence and
sampling error, the closer to 0.50 that p is estimated to be:
a. the smaller the sample size required.
b. the larger the sample size required.
c. the sample size is not affected.
d. the effect cannot be determined from the information given.
ANS:
B

63. Which of the following would be an appropriate null hypothesis?

a. The population proportion is equal to 0.60.
b. The sample proportion is equal to 0.60.
c. The population proportion is not equal to 0.60.
ANS:
A

64. Which of the following would be an appropriate alternative hypothesis?

a. The population proportion is less than 0.65.
b. The sample proportion is less than 0.65.
c. The population proportion is equal to 0.65.
d. The sample proportion is equal to 0.65.
ANS:
A

65. A survey claims that 9 out of 10 doctors recommend aspirin for their patients with headaches. To test
this claim against the alternative that the actual proportion of doctors who recommend aspirin is less
than 0.90, a random sample of 100 doctors' results in 83 who indicate that they recommend aspirin.
The value of the test statistic in this problem is approximately equal to:
a. −1.67
b. −2.33
c. −1.86
d. −0.14
ANS:
B

66. From a sample of 400 items, 14 are found to be defective. The point estimate of the population
proportion defective will be:
a. 0.035
b. 0.05
c. 14
d. 28.57
ANS:
A

67. Estimating or testing for p is used in situations when the data are ____________________.
ANS:
nominal

68. The test statistic for p is approximately normal when ____________________ and
____________________ are both greater than 5.
ANS:
np; n(1 − p)
n(1 − p); np
np; n(1−p)
n(1−p); np

69. The test statistic for p is approximately normal when np and n(1 − p) are both
____________________.
ANS:
greater than 5
>5

70. To test to see if the majority of the population exhibits a certain characteristic of interest, the
alternative hypothesis of the test is H1: p ____________________.
ANS:
> .5

71. When a population is small, it is necessary to include the ____________________ factor in our
hypothesis tests and confidence interval estimators for p.
ANS:
finite population correction

72. To produce a confidence interval estimator for the total, we multiply the lower and upper confidence
limits of the interval estimator of p by ____________________.
ANS:
N
the population size

73. The formula is used to find the ____________________ to estimate a population
proportion.
ANS:
sample size

74. The formula is used to find the sample size needed to estimate a population
proportion. In this formula, B represents the ____________________ on the error of estimation.
ANS:
bound

Socialist Party Voters
A pollster in Italy wants to challenge a claim that 5% of the registered voters in his country are
Socialists; he thinks the percentage is lower than that. In a test of hypothesis, H0: p = 0.05 vs. H1: p <
0.05, his random sample of size 1,000 registered voters revealed that the number of Socialists was 40.
75. {Socialist Voters Narrative} Test the hypotheses at the 5% significance level.
ANS:
Rejection region: z < −z0.05 = −1.645
Test Statistic: z = −1.451
Conclusion: Don't reject H0. Cannot conclude that the proportion of Socialist voters in the country is
less than 0.05.

76. {Socialist Voters Narrative} Compute the p-value and explain how to use it to test the hypotheses.
ANS:
p-value = 0.0735.
Since p-value = 0.0735 >  = 0.05, don't reject H0.

77. {Socialist Voters Narrative} Construct a 95% confidence interval estimate of the population
proportion and explain how to use it to test the hypotheses.
ANS:
. Thus, LCL = 0.026, and UCL = 0.054.
Since the hypothesized value p0 = 0.05 is included in the 95% confidence interval, we fail to reject H0
at  = 0.05.

Physicians
A random sample of 200 physicians shows that there are 36 of them who make at least $400,000 a
year.
78. {Physicians Narrative} Can we conclude at the 1% significance level that the true proportion of
physicians in the population who make at least $400,000 a year is less than 0.24?
ANS:
H0: p = 0.24, H1: p < 0.24
Rejection region: z < −z0.01 = −2.33
Test statistic: z = −1.99
Conclusion: Don't reject H0. No, we can't conclude at the 1% significance level that the true proportion
of physicians in the population who make at least $400,000 a year is less than 0.24.

79. {Physicians Narrative} Compute the p-value and explain how to use it to test the hypotheses.
ANS:
p-value = 0.0233.
Since p-value = 0.0233 >  = 0.01, don't reject H0.

80. {Physicians Narrative} Construct a 99% confidence interval estimate of the population proportion of
physicians who make at least $400,000 a year, and explain how to use it to test the hypotheses.
ANS:
. Thus, LCL = 0.10, and UCL = 0.26.
Since the hypothesized value p0 = 0.24 is included in the 99% confidence interval, we fail to reject H0
at  = 0.01.

Pilots’ Union Contract
A union composed of several thousand pilots is preparing to vote on a new contract. A random sample
of 500 pilots yielded 320 who planned to vote yes. It is believed that the new contract will receive
more than 60% yes votes.
81. {Pilots’ Union Contract Narrative} State the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses.
ANS:
H0: p = 0.60, H1: p > 0.60
82. {Pilots’ Union Contract Narrative} Can we infer at the 5% significance level that the new contract will
receive more than 60% yes votes?
ANS:
Conclusion: Reject H0. Yes, we can infer at the 5% significance level that the new contract will receive
more than 60% yes votes.

83. {Pilots’ Union Contract Narrative} Compute the p-value for the test.
ANS:
p-value = 0.0336

New Mousetrap
After a financial analysis, the general manager of a large company decided that if more than 8% of
potential buyers of a new mousetrap purchase that product, the company would show a profit. In a
preliminary survey of 500 potential buyers, 56 people say that they will buy the mousetrap.
84. {New Mousetrap Narrative} State the appropriate null and alternative hypotheses.
ANS:
H0: p = 0.08, H1: p > 0.08

85. {New Mousetrap Narrative} Is there sufficient evidence at the 5% significance level that the
mousetrap will produce a profit?
ANS:
Conclusion: Reject H0. Yes, there is sufficient evidence at the 5% significance level that the mousetrap
will produce a profit.

Sinus Drug
A company claims that 10% of the users of a certain sinus drug experience drowsiness. In clinical
studies of this sinus drug, 81 of the 900 subjects experienced drowsiness
86. {Sinus Drug Narrative} We want to test their claim and find out whether the actual percentage is not
10%. State the appropriate null and hypotheses.
ANS:
H0: p = 0.10, H1: p  0.10

87. {Sinus Drug Narrative} Is there enough evidence at the 5% significance level to infer that the
competitor is correct?
ANS:
Rejection region: | z | > z0.025 = 1.96
Test statistic: z = −1.0
Conclusion: Don't reject H0. Not enough evidence at the 5% significance level to infer that the
company is incorrect.

88. {Sinus Drug Narrative} Compute the p-value of the test.
ANS:
p-value = 0.1587

89. {Sinus Drug Narrative} Construct a 95% confidence interval estimate of the population proportion of
the users of this allergy drug who experience drowsiness.
ANS:
. Thus, LCL = 0.070, and UCL = 0.110.

90. {Sinus Drug Narrative} Explain how to use this confidence interval to test the hypotheses.
ANS:
Since the hypothesized value p0 = 0.10 is included in this 95% confidence interval, we fail to reject H0
at  = 0.05.
91. As a manufacturer of guitars, a major corporation wants to estimate the proportion of guitar players
who are right-handed. How many golfers must be surveyed if they want to be within 0.02, with a 95%
confidence?
a. Assume that there is no prior information that could be used as an estimate of .

b. Assume that the manufacturer has an estimate of found from a previous study, which
suggests that 75% of guitar players are right-handed.
ANS:
a. n = 2401
b. n = 1801

92. In market segmentation, if education is the segmentation variable of interest, then possible segments of
the market include: some high school, high school graduates, some college, college or university
graduates.
ANS:
T

93. Market segmentation separates consumers of a product into different groups in such a way that
members of each group are similar to each other and there are differences between groups.
ANS:
T

94. Mass Marketing refers to the mass production and marketing by a company of a single product for the
entire market.
ANS:
T

95. Generally speaking, mass marketing has given way to target marketing, which focuses on satisfying
the demands of a particular segment of the entire market.
ANS:
T

96. Mass marketing refers to the mass production and marketing by a company of all products the
company produces for a single segment of the entire market.
ANS:
F

97. Target marketing focuses on satisfying the demands of all segments of the entire market.
ANS:
F

98. In estimating the total of a population of size N, where N is very large compared to the sample size, the
confidence interval estimator of the total is .
ANS:
T

99. In estimating the population mean  when the population size N is small, the confidence interval
estimator of  is .
ANS:
T

100. When is the finite population correction used?

a. When the population is more than or equal to 20 times the sample size.
b. When the population is less than or equal to 20 times the population size.
c. When the population is equal to 20 times the population size.
d. Whenever the sample size is small, no matter what the population size is.
ANS:
B

101. If the lower and upper confidence limits of the population proportion p, using a sample of size 1500,
are 0.184 and 0.238, respectively, then the lower and upper confidence limits of the total number of
successes in the population, given that the population size is 750,000, are respectively:
a. 276 and 357
b. 137,724 and 178,143
c. 138,000 and 178,500
d. 138,276 and 179,857
ANS:
C

102. Which of the following statements is correct regarding mass marketing?

a. It refers to the mass production and marketing by a company of a single product for the
entire market.
b. It is especially effective for commodity goods such as gasoline, which are very difficult to
differentiate from the competition, except through price and convenience of availability.
c. Generally speaking, mass marketing has given way to target marketing, which focuses on
satisfying the demands of a particular segment of the entire market.
ANS:
D

103. If the lower and upper confidence limits of the population mean , using a sample of size 100, are 225
and 280, respectively, then the lower and upper confidence limits of the total of a population of size
3000 are respectively
a. 652,500 and 812,000
b. 675,000 and 840,000
c. 697,500 and 868,000
d. 652,862 and 812,452
ANS:
B
104. Which of the following statements is false?

a. Because there is one single way to segment a market, managers must consider several
variable or characteristics that could be used to identify segments.
b. Surveys of customers are used to gather data about various aspects of the market.
c. Statistical techniques are applied to the survey data to define the market segments.
d. Market segmentation separates consumers of a product into different groups in such a way
that members of each group are similar to each other and there are differences between
groups.
ANS:
A

105. To estimate the total number of successes in a large finite population of size N, using a sample of size
n, the confidence interval estimator is:
a.
b.
c.
d.
ANS:
B

106. To estimate ____________________ when the population size N is small, the confidence interval
estimator is .
ANS:
the population mean


107. ____________________ refers to the mass production and marketing by a company of a single
product for the entire market.
ANS:
Mass marketing

108. Mass marketing is especially effective for ____________________ goods such as gasoline, which are
difficult to differentiate from the competition except through price and availability.
ANS:
commodity

109. Marketing segmentation separates consumers of a product into different groups in such a way that
members of each group are ____________________ and there are differences between
____________________.
ANS:
similar; groups

110. When a population is small relative to the sample size, we must incorporate the
____________________ factor in the calculation of the standard error of estimate of the mean.
ANS:
finite population correction

111. A population is defined to be small if it is ____________________ than ____________________

times the size of the sample.
ANS:
less; 20
less; twenty

Healthy Foods
In segmenting the frozen meal market in Spain, a food manufacturer uses health and diet
consciousness as the segmentation variable. Four segments are developed and coded as follows:
1: Concerned about eating healthy foods
2: Concerned about weight
3: Concerned about health because of illness
4: Unconcerned
To distinguish between groups, surveys are conducted. On the basis of a questionnaire, people are
categorized as belonging to one of these groups. A recent survey asked a random sample of 1,500
Spanish adults (20 and over) to complete the survey. Out of the 1,500 people surveyed, 360 indicated
that they are concerned about eating healthy foods. The most recent information available reveals that
there are 40,256,000 Spanish adults who are 20 and over.
112. {Healthy Foods Narrative} What is the objective of this problem?
ANS:
The problem objective is to describe the population of Spanish adults in terms of their health and diet
consciousness.

113. {Healthy Foods Narrative} What is the parameter we wish to estimate? Explain.
ANS:
Since the data are nominal, the parameter we wish to estimate is the proportion p of Spanish adults
who classify themselves as concerned about eating healthy.

114. {Healthy Foods Narrative} What is the point estimate of the proportion p of Spanish adults who
classify themselves as concerned about eating healthy?
ANS:
= x / n = 360 / 1500 = 0.24

115. {Healthy Foods Narrative} Estimate with 95% confidence the proportion p of Spanish adults who
classify themselves as concerned about eating healthy.
ANS:
LCL = 0.2184, and UCL = 0.2616.

116. {Healthy Foods Narrative} Interpret the confidence interval of p.
ANS:
We estimate that the proportion of Spanish adults who classify themselves as concerned about eating
healthy lies between 0.2184 and 0.2616.

117. {Healthy Foods Narrative} Estimate with 95% confidence thee number of Spanish adults who
classify themselves as concerned about eating healthy.
ANS:

Tractor Dealership
An accountant was performing an audit for a tractor dealership. An auditor wants to examine the
monetary error made by the purchasing order department in the month of July. He decided to randomly
sample 100 of the 925 purchase orders for the month of July, and found the amount of error in each
one. The statistics for this sample were: = $6.0 and s = $17.012.
118. {Tractor Dealership Narrative} Estimate with 95% confidence the average amount of error per
purchase order for the entire month of July.
ANS:
LCL = $2.81, and UCL = $9.19 error per purchase order.

119. {Tractor Dealership Narrative} Why should the finite population correction factor (FPCF) be used for
this problem? Explain.
ANS:
Because the population is less than 20 times the sample size (N = 925 < 20n = 2,000) the FPCF must
be used in calculating the standard error of estimate of the mean.

120. {Tractor Dealership Narrative} Estimate with 95% confidence the total amount of monetary error for
the month of July.
ANS:
LCL = $2,599.25, and UCL = $8,500.75.

Another random document with
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of Die
Entwicklungsgeschichte der Stile in der
bildenden Kunst. Erster Band.: Vom Altertum bis
zur Gotik
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States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
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or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
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are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.
Title: Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Stile in der bildenden

Kunst. Erster Band.: Vom Altertum bis zur Gotik
Author: Ernst Cohn-Wiener
Release date: June 8, 2022 [eBook #68262]
Language: German
Original publication: Germany: B. G. Teubner, 1917
Credits: the Online Distributed Proofreading Team at

https://www.pgdp.net
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK DIE

ENTWICKLUNGSGESCHICHTE DER STILE IN DER BILDENDEN
KUNST. ERSTER BAND.: VOM ALTERTUM BIS ZUR GOTIK ***
Anmerkungen zur Transkription
Der vorliegende Text wurde anhand der 1917 erschienenen Buchausgabe so weit wie
möglich originalgetreu wiedergegeben. Typographische Fehler wurden stillschweigend
korrigiert. Ungewöhnliche und heute nicht mehr verwendete Schreibweisen bleiben
gegenüber dem Original unverändert; fremdsprachliche Begriffe wurden nicht korrigiert.
Das Original enthielt einen Gesamtkatalog der Buchreihe „Aus Natur und Geisteswelt“,
welcher bereits auf Project Gutenberg veröffentlicht wurde
(https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/53614). Die restlichen Buchanzeigen wurden
zusammengefasst am Ende des Texts wiedergegeben.
Dieses Buch enthält Verweise auf Passagen im zweiten Band, welcher auf Projekt
Gutenberg veröffentlicht wurde und dort eingesehen bzw. heruntergeladen werden kann
(https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/68263).
Die gedruckte Ausgabe wurde in Frakturschrift gesetzt; Passagen in Antiquaschrift
erscheinen im vorliegenden Text kursiv. Abhängig von der im jeweiligen Lesegerät
installierten Schriftart können die im Original g e s p e r r t gedruckten Passagen gesperrt, in
serifenloser Schrift, oder aber sowohl serifenlos als auch gesperrt erscheinen.
Aus Natur und Geisteswelt
Sammlung wissenschaftlich-gemeinverständlicher
Darstellungen
317. Bändchen
Die Entwicklungsgeschichte
der Stile in der bildenden Kunst
Von
Dr. phil. Ernst Cohn-Wiener

Dozent an der Humboldt-Akademie — Freie Hochschule Berlin
Erster Band:
Vom Altertum bis zur Gotik
Zweite Auflage
Mit 66 Abbildungen im Text
Verlag und Druck von B. G. Teubner in Leipzig und
Berlin 1917
Schutzformel für die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika:
C o p y r i g h t 1 9 1 7 b y B . G . Te u b n e r i n L e i p z i g
Alle Rechte, einschließlich des Übersetzungsrechts, vorbehalten.

Frau Gemma
zugeeignet
Vorwort zur zweiten Auflage.
Aus dem Bedürfnis des Unterrichtes und der eigenen Klärung ist
dieses Buch entstanden, mit der Absicht, einen konsequenten
Überblick über die Stile zu geben, der nicht nur, wie die allgemeinen
Kunstgeschichten, Tabelle von Namen und Zahlen oder, wie die
Stilkunde meist, Tabelle von Stilkennzeichen ist. Sie soll vom Wesen
des Stiles ausgehen und die Formen aus der Kultur seines
Geschmackes verstehen lassen. So mußte von einem Register nach
Stichworten abgesehen werden.
Für einzelne Epochen ist über diese Bewegungen bereits Klarheit
geschaffen. Für das Verständnis der Renaissance hat Heinrich
Wölfflin, der römischen Kunst Riegel und Wickhoff uns vieles
gewonnen, für das Verständnis der hellenischen Antike Furtwängler
das letzte Wort gesprochen. Für andere Stilgebiete aber, besonders
für das Mittelalter, fehlen die stilgeschichtlichen Untersuchungen
bisher fast vollkommen. Daran liegt es, daß Quellenangaben für das
Buch kaum möglich sind. Ich habe versucht, die historischen
Tatsachen bis auf die neusten Resultate fortzuführen, soweit die
große Erstreckung des Stoffgebietes das gestattet. So würde das
Zitieren auch nur der wichtigsten Werke Seiten füllen, während für
das, was in diesem Buch das Wesentliche sein soll, nur wenige
Vorarbeiten vorhanden sind.
Gegenüber der ersten Auflage ist diese zweite wesentlich
verändert und namentlich an Abbildungen bereichert worden.
Berlin, im März 1 9 1 7 .
Ernst Cohn-Wiener.
Inhaltsverzeichnis.
Seite
Einleitung 1
Erstes Kapitel. Die ägyptische Kunst 3
Zweites Kapitel. Die prähistorische Kunst des Ägäischen
Meeres 14
Drittes Kapitel. Die hellenische Kunst 22
Viertes Kapitel. Die hellenistische und die römische Kunst 44
Fünftes Kapitel. Die frühchristliche Kunst 60
Sechstes Kapitel. Das frühe Mittelalter in Deutschland und
der sog. romanische Stil 70
Siebentes Kapitel. Die Anfänge der Gotik 87
Achtes Kapitel. Die hohe Gotik 97
Neuntes Kapitel. Die Spätgotik 112
Einleitung.
Jedes Kunstwerk gibt dem Betrachter zwei Genußmöglichkeiten,
je nachdem man es an sich, absolut, oder nur als Glied im
künstlerischen Schaffen seiner Zeit empfindet. Bachs hohe Messe in
H-Moll erschüttert auch im Konzertsaal — aber lebendig ist sie erst
als Glied der Andacht in einer Kirche ihrer Barockzeit, in der das
prachtvolle Pathos ihrer großen Fugen eins wird mit der
pathetischen Bewegung der Pfeilerreihen zum Altar und wieder
zurück, der Jubel ihrer Bekenntnisse und Huldigungen mit dem Licht,
das durch ihre hohe Kuppel strömt, ihre Begleitungen mit den
Stuckranken, die jedes Glied des Baues an jedes andere heften. Ein
Schnitzwerk von Tilman Riemenschneider ist immer schön. Aber es
ist etwas anderes, es im Museum zu sehen, als bloßen
Schaugegenstand, oder in seiner zierlichen Rahmung, die sich in die
Sterngewölbe spätgotischer Kirchen auflösen soll.
Wenn wir daraus die Konsequenz ziehen, so ergibt sich als
Erstes, daß die Geschichte der bildenden Künste kein Recht hat,
den Stil unter Vernachlässigung aller anderen Kunstformen nur als
Baustil zu verstehen. Der Stil ist vielmehr in all seinen
Charakterzügen nur aus der Summe alles von ihm Geschaffenen zu
begreifen. Alle Ausdrucksformen des Zeitgeschmacks, Baukunst und
Kunstgewerbe, Malerei und Plastik, Mode und Theater, sind zugleich
Stilglieder. Und nur, indem man das ihnen Gemeinsame sucht, zeigt
sich jene Einheit, die man eigentlich Stil nennt. Aber selbst dann
erscheint sie nicht gleichbleibend, sondern als Bewegung, als
gemeinsames Streben nach demselben Schönheitsziel. Selbst diese
Einheit besteht nur für gleichzeitig, aber nicht für nacheinander
geschaffene Werke. Denn das ist das Zweite, daß in der Kunst kein
Stil konstant bleibt, daß langsam, aber mit Notwendigkeit, jeder sich
fortbildet, um ganz allmählich seine Kraft zu verlieren und einer
neuen Schönheit, einem neuen Stil Platz zu machen. Und diese
Entwicklung ist die Geschichte der Kunst.
Man hat in der Frühzeit der geologischen Wissenschaft geglaubt,
daß die ungeheure Geschichte der Erde, das Verdrängen jeder
Schicht durch eine andere, unmöglich ohne gewaltsame Prozesse
hätte vor sich gehen können. Heute wissen wir, daß diese
Entwicklungen sich allmählich und mit Notwendigkeit vollzogen. Aber
es ist Zeit, daß dieser Grundsatz der Entwicklungsgeschichte nicht
nur der Naturwissenschaft, sondern auch den anderen
Wissensgebieten die Richtung des Gedankens vorzeichnet. Man
weiß nichts von der Geschichte der Kunst, wenn man nichts als die
Merkmale der Stile kennt, die sich nur auf ganz wenigen
Kunstwerken gleichen, da sie mit dem Geschmack allmählich sich
verändern. Wir dürfen nicht nur diese Merkmale der vollendeten Stile
suchen, denn es liegt kein Grund vor, die feineren Übergänge
zwischen den Epochen, in denen sich die Entwicklungsgeschichte
der Kunst werdend ausspricht, geringer einzuschätzen. Es ist falsch,
von der Frührenaissance zu sprechen, als wäre die Kunst in Italien
von 1420 bis 1500 von einheitlichem Geschmack gewesen, während
doch die allmähliche Abkehr von gotischen Prinzipien und der
Übergang zur Hochrenaissance der eigentliche Inhalt der Epoche
war, an dem Kräfte verschiedener Richtung mitwirkten. Es gibt auch
keinen Begriff „die Antike“; zwischen den Anfängen der klassischen
griechischen Zeit und ihren Werken in der Zeit der Diadochen liegt
ein Weg wie vom Beginne christlicher Kunst bis zur reichsten Gotik.
Wie die schaffenden Kräfte des Volkslebens nicht still stehen, so ist
auch die Kunst nicht einen Augenblick ohne Fortentwicklung. Diese
Fortentwicklung ist das innere Leben des Stils, ist das Wollen und
Suchen aller Kräfte der Zeit. Das Werden des Stiles ist ihr Kampf
gegen den vorhergehenden Stil, den sie auflösen; sie schaffen ihren
eigenen Stil, den Stil ihrer Zeit, und seine Fortentwicklung ist ein
allmähliches Überwinden seines Schönheitsgefühles durch den
Geschmack eines neuen Wollens, eines neuen Stils. Ja, man hat
nicht einmal ein Recht, vom Aufstieg und der Entartung des Stiles zu
sprechen, sondern muß von der Entwicklung der bildenden Kunst
reden wie von einer Wellenbewegung.
Damit ist der Weg vorgezeichnet, den die Geschichte der Stile zu
gehen hat. Die beherrschende Aufgabe ist, die Wege zu zeigen, auf
denen die Kunstentwicklung, die Kunstgeschichte schreitet, von
einem Stil zum anderen, von einer Epoche zur anderen, und die
Fäden bloßzulegen, die die Geschichte über Zeit und Raum
hinwegspinnt, als Gesetze der Entwicklung. Vorbedingung dafür
aber ist die Erkenntnis des Stiles; nicht seiner Kennzeichen, deren
Summe man so oft als Stil bezeichnet, sondern seines schaffenden
Willens und der Einheit seiner künstlerischen Absichten. Es ist der
Unterschied, wie zwischen dem Linnéschen Benennungssystem der
Pflanzen und dem biologischen Studium ihres Lebens. Aus dem
Werden und der Gestalt des Erschaffenen hat man zu schließen auf
das Wesen des Schaffenden, auf das innere Wollen, auf den Geist
des Stiles.
Um aus den Erscheinungen jedesmal diesen „Stil an sich“ zu
erschließen, müssen alle Gebiete bildender Kunst in gleicher Weise
analysiert und beurteilt werden. Indessen sind — und das erleichtert
die Klarlegung — je zwei Kunstübungen den Bedingungen nach,
unter denen sie schaffen, parallel. Architektur und Kunstgewerbe
dienen dem Bedürfnis, sind Zweckkünste; Malerei und Plastik
dagegen sind freie Schöpfungen künstlerischer Phantasie. Wir
werden sehen, daß trotzdem diese freien Künste in stilstrengen
Perioden dem Zweck untergeordnet, die Zweckkünste in formfrohen
Zeiten Schöpfer freier Schönheit werden. Aber man wird von den
Zweckkünsten ausgehen müssen, weil der Grad, in dem ihre Werke
durch die Aufgabe bedingt sind, den annähernd sichersten Maßstab
für eine sachliche Untersuchung gibt. Nirgends aber sprechen die
Zeiten in so großen, klaren Worten zu uns, wie in den Werken der
Baukunst. Nicht nur um des größeren Maßstabes willen, der alles
dem Auge so deutlich entgegenträgt. Aber von allen
Musikinstrumenten ist die Orgel das einzige, das jede leiseste
Untermelodie herauszuführen fähig ist, doch auch den kleinsten
Fehler nicht verschweigt, eben weil ihr musikalischer Stil so gewaltig
ist. Mit derselben Empfindlichkeit prägt die Baukunst die leisesten
Entwicklungen aus und äußert schöpferische Kräfte in Wirkungen,
die den Kraftaufwand zu vervielfachen scheinen.
Erstes Kapitel.
Die ägyptische Kunst.
Es ist die Stärke der ägyptischen Kunst, daß in ihr nichts um des
Menschen, alles um des Werkes willen geschieht. So schafft sie eine
Stileinheit, die keinen Abweg oder Umweg duldet, sondern nur die
vollkommenste Form. Des Königs Untertanen waren Knechte, die
ihm fronen mußten. So konnte er ungeheure Bauten errichten, alle
Künste ihnen dienstbar machen, aber außer den Bauten weniger
Großer sind sie die einzigen Kunstleistungen des Landes gewesen.
Die Lebensanschauung des Ägypters bedingte, daß diese Bauten
fast nur religiösen Zwecken dienten, dem Kult der Götter und dem
Kult der Toten, sogar von den Palästen der Könige ist uns wenig
erhalten. Tempel und Grabbauten waren die architektonischen
Hauptleistungen. Lange Zeit machte die Starrheit dieser Werke
jedes persönliche Verhältnis zu ihnen unmöglich. Man sprach von
ihnen als von rätselhaften Schöpfungen mit äußerster Bewunderung,
aber ohne innerliches Verstehen ihrer fremdartigen Formen. Und
erst unserer Zeit gelingt es, von ägyptischer Kunst allmählich eine
historische Anschauung zu gewinnen.
Abb. 1. Totentempel des Königs Ne-user-re. Säulenhof
(Papyrussäulen mit geschlossenen Dolden). Rekonstruktion von
Borchardt.
Der künstlerische Eindruck beruhte in ihr auf der Einfachheit der
Linien und Formen, deren Steigerung ins ungeheuer Große sie zur
Monumentalität erhob. Eben diese Einfachheit aber erschwerte die
kunsthistorische Erkenntnis in einer Zeit, welche die einfachsten
Formen von vornherein für die frühesten hielt. In Ägypten aber —
und nicht nur hier — ist die Abfolge der Phasen genau umgekehrt.
Der Urmensch, der Wilde, besitzt eine Frische des Auges und ein so
unmittelbares Verhältnis zur Natur, daß die Höhlengemälde der
Steinzeitmenschen reine Impressionen sind, unmittelbar gesehene
und ebenso unmittelbar wiedergegebene Natureindrücke. Der
Gedanke, der den Begriff „Primitivität“ gebildet hat, als müsse jeder
Kunstbeginn unbehilflich sein, ist sicher falsch. Auch im alten Orient,
in Mesopotamien, von dessen Kunst wir uns aber noch kein klares
Stilbild machen können, ebenso wie in Ägypten ist die frühe Kunst
reicher als die Hauptperiode, aber doch durch eingewurzeltes
Stilgefühl so gebändigt, daß kein Impressionismus entsteht. Im alten
Reich Ägyptens (3. Jahrtausend v. Chr.) stehen die Grabanlagen, die
wichtigsten und fast einzigen künstlerischen Zeugnisse, nicht nur
technisch, sondern auch künstlerisch bereits auf einer hohen Stufe
der Entwicklung. Ihre Wurzeln greifen in prähistorische Zeiten
zurück. Es war ägyptischer Glaube, daß beim Tode eines Menschen
ein seelischer Rest von ihm zurückbleibe, der sich frei auf Erden
bewegte, solange sein Körper erhalten blieb, und für dessen
Nahrung und Bequemlichkeit durch wirkliche oder nachgebildete
Speisen und Gerätschaften gesorgt werden mußte. Damit waren die
Erfordernisse eines ägyptischen Grabes bedingt. Aber die Anlage,
die ursprünglich nur aus einem hügelförmigen Grabgebäude
(Mastaba), unter dem in der Erde der Sarkophag bestattet war, und
einem Kultplatz davor bestand, entwickelte sich beim
Königsbegräbnis zu einem reichen Organismus. Die Pyramide war
niemals ein monumentales Einzeldenkmal. Schon in der vierten und
fünften Dynastie des alten Reiches, etwa seit dem Jahr 2800 v. Chr.,
ist die Anlage harmonisch und reich durchgebildet. Von einem
Torbau im Tale des Niles führt ein überdachter Aufweg zum
Kultgebäude vor der Pyramide, in dem hintereinander Säulenhof,
Säulensaal und Kultraum liegen. Das Ganze ist eine
architektonische Anlage von vollkommener Einheitlichkeit, in der
jedes Gebäude für sich von demselben Schönheitswert ist wie als
Teil eines einheitlichen Ganzen. Borchardts Rekonstruktionen des
Grabdenkmals für den König Ne-user-re (Dynastie 5) zeigen, daß
hier eine künstlerische Absicht vollkommen klar durchgeführt wurde.
Für unser Auge, das gewohnt war, die ägyptische Architektur als
Massenwirkung zu empfinden, war die Entdeckung dieser
feingegliederten Anlagen eine erstaunliche Überraschung. Beim
Torbau im Tale ist noch nicht, wie später in ähnlichen Fällen, das
Mauerwerk das ästhetisch Bedingende, sondern dem Zweck
entsprechend die eigentliche Eingangshalle mit ihren logisch und
fein geformten Säulen. Totentempel und Pyramide sind ebenso gut
gegeneinander abgestimmt (Abb. 1). Denn die Zartheit erscheint
noch feiner neben dem Wuchtigen und das Wuchtige noch
energischer durch den Kontrast gegen das Zarte, da jedes dem
Auge als Maß für das andere gilt. Die einheitliche Tendenz des Stiles
aber, eindringliche Klarheit in der ruhenden Form zu finden, läßt
auch so verschiedene Bauformen im Organismus des Ganzen
aufgehen. Zwar ist jedes Formmotiv der lebenden Natur
entnommen. Aus dem Boden wächst eine pflanzenförmige Säule
gegen die als Himmel gedachte Decke empor. Im Säulenhof des Ne-
user-re-Tempels sind vier Papyrusstengel, die aus gemeißelten
Blättern emporsteigen und je in eine geschlossene Dolde auslaufen,
durch steinernen Bast zur Säule zusammengeknüpft. Daneben
kommen Papyrussäulen mit offener Dolde, Lotossäulen (Abb. 2) mit
offenen und geschlossenen Blüten und Palmensäulen vor. Aber das
Gefühl, daß die Säule Stütze ist, ordnet diese Naturformen der
Zweckform unter. Eine runde Basisplatte trennt sie vom Erdboden,
das allmähliche Emporsteigen der Stengel aus der Rundung zur
geraden Senkrechten führt den Säulenschaft der Last entgegen. Der
Bast wirkt als Zusammenschluß dieser Kraft, die gedrungene,
schnell ausbiegende Blüte, in allen Teilen eine Steigerung der
Schaftbewegung, als Kapitell. Eine viereckige Platte (abacus), schon
nicht mehr Natur-, sondern Bauform, ladet ihr die Last auf. Sie ist ein
einfacher Steinbalken, nur in ihrer naturgemäßen Linie entwickelt,
der wagerechten, die dem Erdboden parallel gehend die eigentliche
ruhende Linie ist. Das Kraftverhältnis zwischen Last und Träger ist
für das Auge bis zur völligen Ausgeglichenheit abgestimmt.
Dagegen ist die Pyramide eine bloße Steinmasse, zwischen
einfache Linien in großen Flächen geordnet, wuchtig und lastend.
Wohl war sie gebaut, um den Leichnam des Königs zu schützen,
den in dieser Steinmasse eine versteckte Kammer barg; ein enger
Gang führte zu ihr, durch den man den Sarg hineingeführt hatte, und
den man mit Steinen verstopfte und mit dem Material der
Außenbekleidung verschloß, um ihn unauffindbar zu machen. Aber
darüber hinaus hat sie die künstlerische Absicht, Denkmal zu sein,
sich sofort dem Beschauer einzuprägen in großen, herrschenden
Formen. Die Monumentalität ist vielleicht niemals wieder so
klassisch ausgedrückt worden wie in der Pyramide. Daß die Könige,
die wie alle anderen schon bei Lebzeiten für ihre Grabstätten
sorgten und zunächst einen kleinen Bau aufführten, dessen Art und
Anlage um so mehr ausgestalteten, je länger sie lebten, ist
beweisend dafür, daß hier mehr als nur ein Zweck, daß eine Wirkung
erreicht werden sollte.
Die Klarheit dieses Stilgefühls macht alle Künste der Architektur
untertan, als der eigentlichen Zweckkunst. Selbst die Freiplastik gibt
dem Körper keine Bewegung, sondern hält in den Würfelformen
dieser Räume gefesselt, und die Reliefplastik ist reine Dekoration
der Wand.
Abb. 2. Lotossäule des alten

Reiches. Kapitell in Form der
geschlossenen Blüte.

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Statistics for Management and

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Statistics for Management and Economics Abbreviated

Statistics for Management and Economics 9th Edition

Statistics For Management And Economics 11th Edition

Statistics for Management and Economics 11th Edition

Statistics For Management And Economics 9th Edition

Managerial Statistics 9th Edition Keller Test Bank

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12. The t-distribution assumes that the population is normally distributed.

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3. A robust estimator is one that is:

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6. ____________________ populations allow us to use the confidence interval estimate of a mean to

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Single Mothers’ Ages

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Energy Drink Consumption

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26. The statistic s2 is an unbiased and consistent estimator of 2.

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27. Which of the following is an example illustrating the use of variance?

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