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Sentencing in Australia
To my lovely wife Penny and gorgeous twins, Katya and Dimitri Bagaric, whose
love gave me the inspiration and opportunity to write this book.
Mirko Bagaric
To my father, Ray, for all that he has done.
Theo Alexander
To Karen and our two boys, Luca Don and Eden James: for everything.
Richard Edney
viii
TABLE OF CASES
AB v The Queen (1999) 198 CLR 111; 73 ALJR 1385; [1999] HCA 46 ......... 200.640,
300.120
AH v The Queen [2013] NSWCCA 32 ........................................................... 450.12680
AM v The Queen (2012) 225 A Crim R 481; [2012] NSWCCA 203 ........... 450.12680
AP v The Queen [2019] VSCA 278 .................................................. 570.1520, 570.1560
AWP v The Queen [2012] VSCA 41 .................................................................... 650.920
Aconi v The Queen [2001] WASCA 211 .......................................... 400.1100, 960.2100
Adami and Adami v The Queen (1989) 51 SASR 229; 42 A Crim R 88 ....... 650.960
Adams v The Queen (2008) 234 CLR 143; 183 A Crim R 534; [2008]
HCA 15 .............................................................................................. 300.120, 960.2100
Adams v The Queen [2011] NSWCCA 47 ....................................................... 250.1760
Adams v The Queen [2011] VSCA 77 ............................................................. 1000.2100
Adamson v The Queen [2015] VSCA 194 ........................................................ 450.5900
Advic v The Queen [2012] VSCA 172 ............................................................ 500.15400
Ahmad v The Queen [2006] NSWCCA 177 .................................................... 500.4100
Akoka v The Queen [2017] VSCA 214 ............................................ 500.20900, 650.320
Albert v The Queen [2009] NTCCA 1 .............................................................. 650.4300
Allen v The Queen [1999] SASC 346 ........................................... 500.19700, 500.20900
Allouch v The Queen [2018] VSCA 244 ......................................................... 500.22500
Allred v The Queen (2015) 10 ACTLR 325; [2015] ACTCA 21 .................... 200.1480
Altun v DPP [2014] VSCA 46 ........................................................................... 500.22900
Alvares v The Queen (2011) 209 A Crim R 297; [2011] NSWCCA 33 ....... 500.9500,
500.9700
Amalgamated Society of Engineers v Adelaide Steamship Co Ltd (1920)
28 CLR 129; 26 ALR 337; [1920] HCA 54 ..................................................... 300.120
Amos v Fraser (1906) 4 CLR 78 ........................................................................... 300.600
Anastasiou v The Queen [2010] NSWCCA 100 .............................................. 270.1520
Anderson v Pavic [2005] VSCA 244 .................................................................... 650.920
Anderson v The Queen (1993) 177 CLR 520 ..................................................... 300.120
Anderson v The Queen (1997) 92 A Crim R 348 ............................................ 270.1500
Anderson v The Queen (2008) 187 A Crim R 542; [2008] NSWCCA 211 .... 550.1200
Anderson v The Queen [2010] NSWCCA 287 ................................................ 450.4600
Anderson v The Queen (2013) 230 A Crim R 38; [2013] VSCA 138 ........... 200.1480
Anderson v The Queen [2019] NSWCCA 256 ................................................ 450.5900
Anderson v The Queen [2019] VSCA 42 .......................................................... 500.8400
Anderson v Western Australia [2014] WASCA 167 ...................................... 450.11660
Aouli v The Queen [2012] NSWCCA 104 ........................................................ 450.9700
Apthorpe v The Queen [2012] NSWCCA 100 ................................................. 450.9700
Arbili v The Queen [2012] NSWCCA 48 ....................................................... 500.15400
Arenilla-Cepeda v The Queen [2012] NSWCCA 267 ................................... 500.24500
Armour v The Queen [2012] VSCA 188 ........................................................... 270.1040
Arnautovic v The Queen [2012] VSCA 112 ....................................................... 650.980
Arnold v The King-Emperor [1914] AC 644 ..................................................... 300.600
Arthars v The Queen (2013) 39 VR 613; [2013] VSCA 258 ......................... 500.20100
Ashdown v The Queen (2011) 37 VR 341; 219 A Crim R 454; [2011]
VSCA 408 ........................................................................................ 200.1480, 880.2100
Ashley v Western Australia [2017] WASCA 131 ........................................... 500.22900
Aslett v The Queen [2006] NSWCCA 49 ........................................................ 450.11100
Assi v The Queen [2006] NSWCCA 257 ........................................................ 500.15900
Atanackovic v The Queen (2015) 297 FLR 87; [2015] VSCA 136 ................. 200.1820
ix
Attorney-General (Cth) v Ah Sheung (1906) 4 CLR 949; 12 ALR 432;

[1906] HCA 44 ................................................................................................... 300.120
Attorney-General (NSW), Re (2004) 61 NSWLR 305; 147 A Crim R 546;
[2004] NSWCCA 303 ....................................................................................... 200.1780
Attorney-General (Qld) v Fardon [2013] QCA 64 .......................................... 650.2960
Attorney-General (Qld) v Lawrence [2011] QCA 301 .................................... 650.2960
Attorney-General (Qld) v Lawrence [2011] QCA 347 .................................... 650.2960
Attorney-General (Qld) v Yeo [2008] QCA 115 ............................................... 650.2960
Attorney-General (Tas) v Knight [2003] TASSC 77 ........................................ 450.7700
Attorney-General (Tas) v Saunders [2000] TASSC 22 .................................. 450.10600
Attorney-General (Tas) v Wells [2003] TASSC 78 ........................................... 200.1440
Attorney-General’s Application under s 37 of the Crimes (Sentencing
Procedure) Act 1999 (No 1 of 2002), Re (2002) 56 NSWLR 146; 137 A
Crim R 180; [2002] NSWCCA 518 ................................................................ 200.1780
Australian Competition & Consumer Commission v ABB Transmission
& Distribution Ltd (No 2) (2002) 190 ALR 169; [2002] FCA 559 .......... 1060.2100
Avan v The Queen [2019] VSCA 257 .............................................................. 500.15400
Avdic v The Queen [2012] VSCA 172 ................................................................. 650.940
Azzopardi v The Queen (2011) 35 VR 43; 219 A Crim R 369; [2011]
VSCA 372 ........................................................................................ 250.120, 500.18000
B v Department of Health & Human Services [2003] TASSC 100 .............. 300.3100
B v The Queen [1999] WASCA 202 ................................................................... 920.2600
B v The Queen [2002] WASCA 236 ................................................................... 920.2600
B (a child) v The Queen (1995) 82 A Crim R 234 ......................................... 500.17800
BT v The Queen [2012] NSWCCA 128 ........................................................... 450.12690
BT v The Queen [2019] NSWCCA 147 ............................................................. 550.1200
Baghdadi v The Queen [2012] NSWCCA 212 ................................................... 650.980
Bahar v The Queen (2011) 255 FLR 80; 214 A Crim R 417; [2011]
WASCA 249 ..................................................................................... 200.2200, 500.3500
Bain v The Queen (2006) 161 A Crim R 36; [2006] NSWCCA 79 ................ 250.2260
Bajouri v The Queen [2016] NSWCCA 20 ....................................................... 270.1520
Baleiovalau v The Queen [2009] NSWCCA 153 ........................................... 500.24500
Balthazaar v The Queen [2012] ACTCA 26 ....................................................... 250.520
Banks v Tasmania [2019] TASCCA 1 .............................................................. 500.12700
Banting v The Queen [2006] NSWCCA 53 ...................................................... 900.2100
Barandrecht v Ranford [2001] WASCA 202 ................................................... 500.15900
Barbaro v The Queen (2012) 226 A Crim R 354; [2012] VSCA 288 ............ 500.3500,
500.9700, 650.920, 960.2680
Barbaro v The Queen (2014) 253 CLR 58; 236 A Crim R 116; [2014] HCA
2 .......................................................................... 200.660, 250.520, 450.11780, 650.920
Barbieri v The Queen [2016] NSWCCA 295 .................................................. 500.12700
Barrett v The Queen (2010) 27 VR 522; [2010] VSCA 133 ............................. 820.2100
Barrett v The Queen [2020] NSWCCA 11 ........................................................ 270.1040
Barron v Tasmania (2010) 20 Tas R 114; 202 A Crim R 364; [2010]
TASCCA 3 ........................................................................................................... 200.100
Barton v The Queen (1980) 147 CLR 75; [1980] HCA 48 ................................ 250.520
Barwick v The Queen [2015] VSCA 100 ......................................................... 1040.2100
Bataillard v The King (1907) 4 CLR 1282 .......................................................... 300.600
Baumer v The Queen (1987) 27 A Crim R 143; 87 FLR 193; 48 NTR 1 .... 500.15200,
500.24600
Baumer v The Queen (1988) 166 CLR 51; 35 A Crim R 340; [1988] HCA
67 ........................................................................................................................ 450.4600
Baxter v The Queen (2007) 173 A Crim R 284; [2007] NSWCCA 237 .......... 270.500
Bayley v The Queen [2013] VSCA 295 ............................................................. 820.2100
x
Table of Cases
Bazzi v Western Australia [2007] WASCA 195 ............................................... 500.8400

Beard v Western Australia [2015] WASCA 74 ................................................. 350.1180
Beasley v Western Australia [2012] WASCA 80 .............................................. 960.2680
Beavis v The Queen [2018] NSWCCA 248 .................................................... 500.20100
Beevers v The Queen [2016] VSCA 271 ........................................................... 250.1220
Bekink v The Queen (1999) 107 A Crim R 415; [1999] WASCA 160 ........... 270.1560
Bell v The Queen [2009] NSWCCA 206 ......................................................... 500.24500
Bell v The Queen [2019] NSWCCA 251 ........................................................... 270.1040
Bellizia v The Queen [2016] VSCA 21 .............................................................. 450.4800
Bello v Western Australia [2010] WASCA 181 ................................................ 980.2600
Benbrika v The Queen (2010) 29 VR 593; 204 A Crim R 457; [2010]
VSCA 281 ............................................................................................................ 450.100
Benitez v The Queen (2006) 160 A Crim R 166; [2006] NSWCCA 21 ....... 500.12300
Bernes v The Queen [1998] TASSC 27 .............................................................. 450.5200
Berrier v The Queen [2009] NSWCCA 40 ........................................................ 840.2600
Betts v The Queen (2016) 258 CLR 420; 255 A Crim R 589; [2016] HCA
25 .......................................................................................................................... 300.120
Betts v The Queen (2016) 258 CLR 420; 90 ALJR 758; [2016] HCA 25 ...... 250.1220,
270.1500
Beveridge v The Queen [2011] NSWCCA 249 ................................................ 200.2080
Bifel v The Queen [2013] VSCA 82 ................................................ 200.2200, 1040.2100
Binse v Williams [1998] 1 VR 381 ....................................................................... 650.100
Bishop v The Queen [2003] WASCA 79 ........................................................... 920.2600
Black v The Queen [2010] NSWCCA 321 ........................................................ 200.1800
Bogdanovich v The Queen [2011] VSCA 388 .................................................... 650.980
Bond v The Commonwealth (1903) 1 CLR 13; 9 ALR 254; [1903] HCA 2 .... 300.120
Bonwick v The Queen [2010] NSWCCA 177 ................................................ 500.24300
Borthwick v The Queen [2012] VSCA 180 ..................................... 650.4380, 840.2100
Bosworth v The Queen [2004] WASCA 43 ...................................................... 920.2600
Bosworth v Western Australia (2007) 175 A Crim R 49; [2007] WASCA
144 ...................................................................................................................... 960.2680
Boudville v The Queen [2001] WASCA 133 .................................................... 920.2600
Boulton v The Queen (2014) 46 VR 308; 248 A Crim R 153; [2014] VSCA
342 ...................................................................... 100.620, 200.1820, 350.620, 650.1020
Bourne v The Queen [2011] VSCA 159 ........................................................... 500.20100
Bowden v The Queen [2013] VSCA 382 ............................................................ 650.300
Bowen v The Queen [2011] VSCA 67 ............................................ 500.12900, 550.1200
Boyle v The Queen (1987) 34 A Crim R 202 ..................................................... 650.960
Bradley v The Queen [2017] VSCA 69 ........................................................... 500.18000
Brand v Western Australia [2011] WASCA 269 .............................................. 920.2600
Braslin v Tasmania [2010] TASCCA 1 ...................... 450.11640, 450.11660, 450.11720
Bresnehan v The Queen [1992] TASSC 55; (1992) 1 Tas R 234 ......................... 270.1040
Brewer v Bayens (2002) 26 WAR 510; 133 A Crim R 378; [2002] WASCA
271 .................................................................................................................... 500.22700
Briant v Bessell (1994) 74 A Crim R 204 ............................................................ 750.100
Briggs v The Queen [2010] NSWCCA 250 ..................................................... 500.21300
Bromley v Dawes (1983) 10 A Crim R 98 .......................................................... 650.100
Bromley v The Queen [2018] VSCA 329 ........................................................ 500.24100
Brown v The Queen (2013) 228 A Crim R 298; [2013] NSWCCA 44 ........ 500.19500
Brown v The Queen [2014] NSWCCA 215 ...................................................... 450.4600
Brown v The Queen [2014] NSWCCA 335 .................................................... 500.15400
Brown v The Queen [2018] VSCA 328 ............................................................. 250.1220
Brown v The Queen (2019) 59 VR 462; [2019] VSCA 286, ............................ 200.2170
Brown v The Queen [2020] VSCA 60 ............................................................... 650.1040
Brown v Western Australia (2011) 207 A Crim R 533; [2011] WASCA 111 .... 840.2600
Buckley v The Queen (2006) 164 A Crim R 312; 80 ALJR 605; [2006]
HCA 7 ................................................................................................ 300.120, 650.3000
Buckley v The Queen [2012] NSWCCA 85 ...................................................... 860.2100
xi
Bugmy v The Queen (1990) 169 CLR 525; 47 A Crim R 433; [1990] HCA
18 .................................................................... 300.120, 500.19500, 650.4020, 820.2600
Bugmy v The Queen (2013) 249 CLR 571; 229 A Crim R 337; [2013]
HCA 37 ............................................................. 200.660, 300.120, 550.1200, 570.2020
Buksh v The Queen [2013] NSWCCA 60 ....................................................... 450.12680
Bulga Underground Operations Pty Ltd v Nash [2016] NSWCCA 37 .... 1060.2100
Burgess v The Queen [2017] VSCA 59 ........................................................... 500.19000
Burgess v The Queen [2019] NSWCCA 13 ........................................................ 200.850
Burgoyne v Dixon (2004) 150 A Crim R 1; [2004] NTSC 37 ......................... 450.7700
Burrell v The Queen [2013] VSCA 146 ............................................................. 200.1480
Butler v Western Australia [2010] WASCA 104 ............................................ 500.12500
Butler v Western Australia [2012] WASCA 249 ............................................ 450.11600
Button v The Queen [2010] NSWCCA 264 ...................................................... 250.1260
CD v The Queen [2013] VSCA 95 ..................................... 200.850, 500.3500, 500.9500

CMB v Attorney General (NSW) (2015) 256 CLR 346; 243 A Crim R 282;
[2015] HCA 9 .................................................................................................. 500.11300
CNK v The Queen (2011) 32 VR 641; (2011) 212 A Crim R 173; [2011]
VSCA 228 .......................................................................................................... 570.1520
CNK v The Queen (2011) 32 VR 641; 212 A Crim R 173; [2011] VSCA
228 ...................................................................................................................... 400.1100
Cabezuela v The Queen [2020] NSWCCA 107 ............................................... 650.1040
Cahyadi v The Queen (2007) 168 A Crim R 41; [2007] NSWCCA 1 .......... 500.3700,
650.980
Cajina v The Queen (2009) 3 ACTLR 79; [2009] ACTCA 2 ............................ 350.620
Cameron v The Queen (2002) 209 CLR 339; 76 ALJR 382; [2002] HCA 6 .... 250.520,
300.120, 500.3500, 500.9500, 650.920
Cameron v Western Australia [2016] WASCA 92 ........................................... 350.1180
Campbell v Turner [2001] TASSC 91 .................................................................. 750.100
Cappis v The Queen [2015] NSWCCA 138 .................................................... 500.21100
Capral Aluminium Ltd v WorkCover Authority (NSW) (2000) 49
NSWLR 610; 99 IR 29; [2000] NSWIRComm 71 .................. 1060.2100, 1060.2600
Carew, Ex parte [1897] AC 719 ............................................................................ 300.600
Caristo v The Queen [2011] NSWCCA 7 ......................................................... 650.4280
Carreras v The Queen (1992) 60 A Crim R 402 ............................................ 450.10600
Carroll v The Queen (2009) 83 ALJR 579; 254 ALR 379; [2009] HCA 13 .... 270.1060,
300.120
Carroll v The Queen [2011] VSCA 150 ............................................................... 650.920
Carter v The Queen [2018] NSWCCA 138 ......................................................... 650.960
Carter (a Pseudonym) v The Queen [2018] VSCA 88 ................................. 500.24100
Cavanagh v The Queen [2016] VSCA 305 ....................................................... 270.1520
Channon v The Queen (1978) 33 FLR 433; 20 ALR 1; [1978] FCA 16 ......... 100.100,
350.620, 450.12680, 500.15200
Chaplin v The Queen (2010) 55 MVR 591; [2010] VSCA 145 .................... 500.22900,
860.2600
Charkawi v The Queen [2008] NSWCCA 159 ............................. 400.1100, 1020.2100
Charles v The Queen (2011) 34 VR 41; [2011] VSCA 399 .......... 500.12900, 550.1200
Cherdchoochatri v The Queen (2013) 277 FLR 126; [2013] NSWCCA 118 .... 250.1220
Chester v The Queen (1988) 165 CLR 611; 36 A Crim R 382; [1988] HCA
62 ........................................................................................................... 150.640, 350.620
Cheung v The Queen (2001) 209 CLR 1; 76 ALJR 133; [2001] HCA 67 ...... 250.120,
250.700, 300.120
Child v Western Australia [2007] WASCA 285 .............................. 500.7400, 500.7900
Chiro v The Queen (2017) 91 ALJR 974; [2017] HCA 37 .............................. 250.1760
Chivers v Western Australia [2005] WASCA 97 .............................. 200.800, 500.8400
xii
Table of Cases
Chol v The Queen [2012] VSCA 204 ............................................................... 450.11740

Chol v The Queen (2016) 262 A Crim R 455; [2016] VSCA 252 .................. 550.1200
Christodoulou v The Queen [2008] NSWCCA 102 ...................................... 500.22900
Clarke v The Queen [2009] NTCCA 5 ............................................................ 450.11660
Clarkson v The Queen (2011) 32 VR 361; 212 A Crim R 72; [2011] VSCA
157 ................................................................................................... 500.23100, 920.2100
Clegg v The Queen [2000] WASCA 326 ........................................................... 920.2600
Clinton v The Queen [2009] NSWCCA 276 ................................................... 500.22900
Cobiac v Liddy (1969) 119 CLR 257; 43 ALJR 257; [1969] HCA 26 .......... 500.19900,
650.320
Colwell v Western Australia (No 2) [2012] WASCA 196 ............................ 1040.2600
Commonwealth v Baume (1905) 2 CLR 405; 11 ALR 124; [1905] HCA 11 .... 300.120
Conley v Western Australia [2013] WASCA 95 ............................................. 450.11600
Contin v The Queen [2012] VSCA 247 ............................................................... 650.980
Cook v The Queen (2000) 22 WAR 67; 110 A Crim R 117; [2000] WASCA
78 ........................................................................................................................ 920.2600
Cooley v Western Australia (2005) 155 A Crim R 528; [2005] WASCA
160 .................................................................................................................... 500.12700
Cordwell v Tasmania [2017] TASCCA 14 ........................................................ 270.1040
Corliss v The Queen [2020] NSWCCA 65 ...................................................... 500.24100
Cornwell v The Queen [2015] NSWCCA 269 ................................................. 270.1520
Cotton v The Queen [2015] VSCA 103 ............................................................. 200.1480
Courtney v The Queen (2007) 172 A Crim R 371; [2007] NSWCCA 195 .... 500.12700
Cowling v The Queen [2015] NSWCCA 213 ................................................. 500.19500
Cox v The Queen [2016] VSCA 134 ................................................................ 500.24500
Crawley v The Queen (1981) 55 FLR 463; 5 A Crim R 451; 36 ALR 241 .... 500.20100
Creamer v The Queen (2012) 221 A Crim R 284; [2012] VSCA 182 ............ 820.2100
Croaker v The Queen (2008) 190 A Crim R 15; [2008] NSWCCA 232 ...... 250.1760,
550.1200
Crosswell v Tasmania [2012] TASCCA 1 ......................................................... 980.2600
Crowley v The Queen [2003] TASSC 147 ........................................................ 200.1460
Crugnale v Western Australia [2015] WASCA 147 ......................................... 700.3500
Curtis v Sidik (1999) 9 NTLR 115; 119 A Crim R 1; [1999] NTSC 135 .... 450.11660,
450.11700
Cutajar v The Queen [2016] NSWCCA 222 ..................................................... 250.4840
D v The Queen [2003] WASCA 33 .................................................................... 920.2600

DGM v The Queen [2006] NSWCCA 296 ...................................................... 500.24500
DHC v The Queen [2012] VSCA 52 .................................................................... 650.980
DL v The Queen (2018) 265 CLR 215; (2018) 92 ALJR 764; [2018] HCA
32 .......................................................................................................................... 300.120
DL v The Queen (2018) 92 ALJR 764; [2018] HCA 32 ................................... 250.1220
DPC v The Queen [2011] VSCA 395 ............................................................... 500.11300
DPP v Snell [2005] VSCA 131 .......................................................................... 500.19500
DPP (ACT) v Ka-Hung Ip [2005] ACTCA 24 ................................................ 450.10600
DPP (Cth) v AB (2006) 94 SASR 316; 161 A Crim R 45; [2006] SASC 84 ..... 650.920
DPP (Cth) v Aisbett [2009] VSCA 172 .............................................................. 960.2200
DPP (Cth) v Alateras [2004] VSCA 214 ......................................... 1020.100, 1020.2120
DPP (Cth) v Besim (No 3) [2017] VSCA 180 ................................................. 500.22500
DPP (Cth) v Boyles (a pseudonym) [2016] VSCA 267 .................................. 200.1820
DPP (Cth) v Carter [1998] 1 VR 601 ................................................ 650.320, 1020.2120
DPP (Cth) v Couper (2013) 41 VR 128; 229 A Crim R 115; [2013] VSCA
72 ..................................................................................................... 500.8400, 1040.2100
DPP (Cth) v D’Alessandro (2010) 26 VR 477; [2010] VSCA 60 ................... 400.1100,
500.19900, 940.2600
xiii
DPP (Cth) v De La Rosa (2010) 79 NSWLR 1; 205 A Crim R 1; [2010]

NSWCCA 194 ................................................... 200.800, 270.120, 400.1100, 960.2100
DPP (Cth) v El Karhani (1990) 21 NSWLR 370 ............................... 350.620, 400.1100
DPP (Cth) v Garside [2016] VSCA 74 ................................................................. 650.980
DPP (Cth) v Gow (2015) 298 FLR 397; [2015] NSWCCA 208 ....... 450.2000, 500.900
DPP (Cth) v Ip [2005] ACTCA 24 ........................................................................ 650.960
DPP (Cth) v KMD [2015] VSCA 255 ................................................................... 650.980
DPP (Cth) v Peng [2014] VSCA 128 ............................................. 500.21100, 500.22500
DPP (Cth) v Pratten (No 2) (2017) 94 NSWLR 194; 265 A Crim R 448;
[2017] NSWCCA 42 ........................................................................................... 650.960
DPP (Cth) v Rowson [2007] VSCA 176 ......................................... 400.1100, 1020.2100
DPP (Cth) v Thai [2014] VSCA 122 ............................................. 500.19900, 500.24500
DPP (Cth) v Thomas [2016] VSCA 237 ............................................................ 500.3500
DPP (Cth) v Watson [2016] VSCA 73; (2016) 259 A Crim R 327 ................. 400.4200
DPP (NSW) v Hamman (unreported, NSW Ct of App, Sheller JA, Judge
Levine, Barr J, Nos 60388 and 60457 of 1998, 1 December 1998) .......... 400.1100,
1020.2100
DPP (Tas) v Allen (2017) 27 Tas R 260; [2017] TASCCA 24 ........................ 500.12700
DPP (Tas) v Blyth [2010] TASCCA 10 ............................................................... 450.5900
DPP (Tas) v Broadby (2010) 20 Tas R 399; [2010] TASCCA 13 .................... 450.4800
DPP (Tas) v Burns [2012] TASCCA 11 .............................................................. 450.7500
DPP (Tas) v CSS [2013] TASCCA 10 ............................................................... 450.11660
DPP (Tas) v Chatters (2011) 21 Tas R 26; 218 A Crim R 156; [2011]
TASCCA 8 ........................................................................................................... 270.120
DPP (Tas) v Fletcher-Jones [2018] TASCCA 9 ................................................. 270.1060
DPP (Tas) v Harwood [2019] TASCCA 2 ........................................................... 250.120
DPP (Tas) v Harwood (No 2) [2019] TASCCA 13 ........................................ 500.12700
DPP (Tas) v M (2005) 154 A Crim R 475; [2005] TASSC 14 ........................ 450.10600
DPP (Tas) v NOP [2011] TASCCA 15 ............................................................. 450.12680
DPP (Tas) v Pearce [2015] TASCCA 1 ............................................................... 700.3500
DPP (Tas) v Rogers [2011] TASCCA 17 ............................................................ 880.2100
DPP (Tas) v STU (2012) 21 Tas R 322; [2012] TASCCA 7 ............................ 450.12680
DPP (Tas) v Smithurst [2011] TASCCA 19 ....................................................... 860.2100
DPP (Tas) v Swan [2016] TASCCA 9 .............................................................. 500.24500
DPP (Tas) v T (2012) 21 Tas R 442; [2012] TASCCA 15 ............................... 450.12680
DPP (Tas) v The Queen [2018] TASCCA 10 .................................................. 500.12700
DPP (Tas) v Watson (2004) 146 A Crim R 223; [2004] TASSC 54 ................ 200.1840
DPP (Vic) v Amcor Packaging Australia Pty Ltd (2005) 11 VR 557; 155 A
Crim R 405; [2005] VSCA 219 ..................................................................... 1060.2100
DPP (Vic) v Aparo [2011] VSCA 207 ................................................................. 860.2600
DPP (Vic) v Arney [2007] VSCA 126 ................................................................. 350.1180
DPP (Vic) v Arvanitidis (2008) 202 A Crim R 300; [2008] VSCA 189 .......... 250.520,
500.15400
DPP (Vic) v BDJ [2009] VSCA 298 ................................................................... 450.12680
DPP (Vic) v Beattie [2020] VSC 229 .................................................................. 650.1040
DPP (Vic) v Borg (2016) 258 A Crim R 172 ; (2016) 75 MVR 26; [2016]
VSCA 53 ............................................................................................................ 270.1060
DPP (Vic) v Bourke [2020] VSC 130 .................................................................. 650.1080
DPP (Vic) v Bowden [2016] VSCA 283 ............................................................. 200.1480
DPP (Vic) v Brown (2004) 10 VR 328; [2004] VSCA 133 ............................. 1000.2100
DPP (Vic) v Bryan [2014] VSCA 54 ................................................................... 450.4600
DPP (Vic) v Bulfin (1998) 101 A Crim R 40; [1998] 4 VR 114 ...................... 450.8200,
1040.2100
DPP (Vic) v Burgess (2001) 3 VR 363; 120 A Crim R 277; [2001] VSCA
135 ...................................................................................................................... 270.1520
DPP (Vic) v Byrnes [2005] VSCA 63 ................................................ 450.5900, 450.7500
DPP (Vic) v CPD (2009) 22 VR 533; 196 A Crim R 1; [2009] VSCA 114 .... 450.12600,
500.11300
xiv
Table of Cases
DPP (Vic) v Candaza [2003] VSCA 91 ............................................ 600.1500, 980.2100

DPP (Vic) v Caulfield [2019] VSCA 131 ......................................................... 450.10600
DPP (Vic) v Chambers [2006] VSCA 189 ......................................................... 860.2600
DPP (Vic) v Chatterton [2014] VSCA 1 ............................................................ 270.1060
DPP (Vic) v Chhatre (2014) 69 MVR 1; [2014] VSCA 280 ............ 450.100, 500.19900
DPP (Vic) v Clark [2010] VSCA 64 .................................................................... 860.2600
DPP (Vic) v Clunie [2016] VSCA 216 ................................................................ 270.1060
DPP (Vic) v Coates Hire Operations Pty Ltd (2012) 36 VR 361; [2012]
VSCA 131 ........................................................................................................ 1060.2100
DPP (Vic) v Cooper [2018] VSCA 21 ................................................................ 500.8400
DPP (Vic) v DDJ (2009) 22 VR 444; 196 A Crim R 33; [2009] VSCA 115 .... 350.620,
350.1180
DPP (Vic) v DJK [2003] VSCA 109 .................................................................... 450.7500
DPP (Vic) v Dalgliesh [2017] VSCA 360 ......................................... 200.1480, 450.7500
DPP (Vic) v Dalgliesh (Pseudonym) (2017) 91 ALJR 1063; [2017] HCA 41 .... 200.660,
200.1480
DPP (Vic) v Devaldez (2003) 141 A Crim R 11; [2003] VSCA 29 ................. 900.2100
DPP (Vic) v Dix [2015] VSCA 118 ..................................................................... 880.2600
DPP (Vic) v Doherty (2002) 137 A Crim R 147; [2002] VSCA 213 ............... 980.2100
DPP (Vic) v Drake [2019] VSCA 293 ................................................................. 200.2170
DPP (Vic) v Dupas [2007] VSC 305 ................................................................... 820.2100
DPP (Vic) v Eli [2008] VSCA 209 ....................................................................... 450.5900
DPP (Vic) v Ellis (2005) 11 VR 287; 153 A Crim R 340; [2005] VSCA 105 .... 920.2100
DPP (Vic) v England [1999] 2 VR 258; (1999) 106 A Crim R 99; [1999]
VSCA 95 ......................................................................... 250.1760, 250.4340, 450.3200
DPP (Vic) v Esso Australia Pty Ltd (2001) 124 A Crim R 200; 107 IR 285;
[2001] VSC 263 ............................................................................................... 1060.2100
DPP (Vic) v Faure (2005) 12 VR 115; (2005) 153 A Crim R 316; [2005]
VSCA 91 ............................................................................................................ 650.1080
DPP (Vic) v Faure (2005) 12 VR 115; 153 A Crim R 316; [2005] VSCA 91 .... 650.920
DPP (Vic) v Fevaleaki (2006) 165 A Crim R 524; [2006] VSCA 212 ............ 880.2100
DPP (Vic) v Fucile [2013] VSCA 312 ................................................... 650.300, 750.100
DPP (Vic) v GJL (2004) 7 VR 366; [2004] VSCA 35 ...................................... 450.10600
DPP (Vic) v Grabovac [1998] 1 VR 664 ............................ 450.5900, 450.7300, 650.980
DPP (Vic) v Grech [2016] VSCA 98 ................................................................... 200.1820
DPP (Vic) v Gregory (2011) 34 VR 1; 211 A Crim R 147; [2011] VSCA 145 .... 270.1060,
400.1100, 1020.2100
DPP (Vic) v Haidari (2013) 230 A Crim R 134; [2013] VSCA 149 ................ 200.2200
DPP (Vic) v Heyfron [2019] VSCA 130 ............................................................. 550.1200
DPP (Vic) v Hill (2012) 223 A Crim R 285; [2012] VSCA 144 .................... 450.11640,
860.2100
DPP (Vic) v Hodgson [2019] VSCA 49 ............................................................. 550.1200
DPP (Vic) v Holder (2014) 41 VR 467; [2014] VSCA 61 .................................. 250.520
DPP (Vic) v Janson (2011) 31 VR 222; 208 A Crim R 134; [2011] VSCA 19 .... 450.11740,
860.2100
DPP (Vic) v Johnson (2011) 35 VR 25; 213 A Crim R 262; [2011] VSCA
288 ........................................................................................................................ 650.980
DPP (Vic) v Johnson [2012] VSCA 38 ............................................................... 500.7900
DPP (Vic) v Johnstone (2006) 16 VR 75; 168 A Crim R 223; [2006] VSCA
281 ...................................................................................................................... 860.2600
DPP (Vic) v Josefski (2005) 13 VR 85; 158 A Crim R 185; [2005] VSCA
265 ..................................................................................................... 270.1060, 650.4380
DPP (Vic) v King (2008) 187 A Crim R 219; [2008] VSCA 151 ..................... 860.2600
DPP (Vic) v Koc [2002] VSCA 122 ................................................................... 1000.2100
DPP (Vic) v Lawrence (2004) 10 VR 125 ........................................................ 500.18000
DPP (Vic) v Lawrence (2004) 10 VR 125; [2004] VSCA 154 ...... 400.1100, 450.11640,
880.2100
DPP (Vic) v Lehmann [2005] VSCA 9 ............................................................. 1000.2100
xv
DPP (Vic) vLeveille [2018] VSCA 60 ............................................................... 550.1200

DPP (Vic) vLovett [2008] VSCA 262 ................................................................ 200.1480
DPP (Vic) vMacarthur [2019] VSCA 71 ........................................................... 550.1200
DPP (Vic) vMalikovski [2010] VSCA 130 ........................................................ 980.2100
DPP (Vic) vMann [2006] VSCA 228 ................................................................. 500.7900
DPP (Vic) vMarino [2011] VSCA 133 ............................................... 450.5900, 650.980
DPP (Vic) vMarks [2005] VSCA 277 .............................................................. 450.10600
DPP (Vic) vMartin [2009] VSCA 316 ............................................................. 500.24600
DPP (Vic) vMaxwell (2013) 228 A Crim R 218; [2013] VSCA 50 ................ 960.2100
DPP (Vic) vMeyers [2014] VSCA 314 .............................................................. 200.1480
DPP (Vic) vMunn [2020] VSC 251 ................................................................... 200.2170
DPP (Vic) vNeethling (2009) 22 VR 466; 52 MVR 422; [2009] VSCA 116 .... 200.1840,
350.620, 860.2100
DPP (Vic) v Nguyen [2010] VSCA 31 ............................................................... 820.2600
DPP (Vic) v O’Neill (2015) 47 VR 395; [2015] VSCA 325 .............................. 270.1060
DPP (Vic) v Oates [2007] VSCA 59 ................................................................... 200.1840
DPP (Vic) v Oksuz [2015] VSCA 316 .............................................................. 500.24500
DPP (Vic) v Penny [2012] VSCA 203 .............................................................. 1020.2100
DPP (Vic) v Phillips [2009] VSCA 68 ................................................................ 840.2100
DPP (Vic) v Raddino (2002) 128 A Crim R 437; [2002] VSCA 66 .............. 500.15900
DPP (Vic) v Reid [2004] VSCA 105 .................................................................. 450.11100
DPP (Vic) v Riddle [2002] VSCA 153 .............................................................. 450.10600
DPP (Vic) v Ristevski [2019] VSCA 287 ........................................................... 450.8300
DPP (Vic) v Russell [2014] VSCA 308 ............................................ 400.1100, 450.11640
DPP (Vic) v Smith [2010] VSCA 215 ................................................................. 940.2600
DPP (Vic) v Snell [2005] VSCA 131 ................................................................. 500.19500
DPP (Vic) v Swingler (2017) 269 A Crim R 526; [2017] VSCA 305 ............... 650.980
DPP (Vic) v Taylor [2005] VSCA 222 .................................................................. 550.700
DPP (Vic) v Terrick (2009) 24 VR 457; 197 A Crim R 474; [2009] VSCA
220 ..................................................................................... 200.850, 270.1040, 880.2600
DPP (Vic) v Truong [2004] VSCA 172 ............................................................. 450.10600
DPP (Vic) v VH (2004) 10 VR 234; 149 A Crim R 367; [2004] VSCA 180 .... 450.7500
DPP (Vic) v Vucko [2008] VSCA 270 ............................................. 450.4600, 1000.2100
DPP (Vic) v Walters (2015) 49 VR 356; 255 A Crim R 375; [2015] VSCA
303 ...................................................................................................................... 200.2170
DPP (Vic) v Weidlich [2008] VSCA 203 .......................................................... 500.12700
DPP (Vic) v Werry (2012) 37 VR 524; [2012] VSCA 208 ................................ 200.1480
DPP (Vic) v Weston [2016] VSCA 243 .............................................................. 450.5900
DPP (Vic) v Whiteside (2000) 1 VR 331; 114 A Crim R 234; [2000] VSCA
142 .................................................................................................................... 450.11100
DPP (Vic) v Wilson [2002] VSC 299 .................................................................... 550.160
DPP (Vic) v Yarra Valley Water Ltd (2006) 159 IR 395; [2006] VSCA 279 .... 1060.2100
DPP (Vic) v Yildirim [2011] VSCA 219 ........................................................... 500.22500
DPP (Vic) v Zhuang (2015) 250 A Crim R 282; [2015] VSCA 96 ............... 500.22500
DPP (Vic) v Zullo [2004] VSCA 153 .................................................................. 880.2100
DPP (WA) v “A” (A Child) (2001) 23 WAR 331; 117 A Crim R 551;
[2001] WASC 2 ................................................................................................. 300.3100
Da Costa v The Queen (2016) 258 A Crim R 60; 307 FLR 153; [2016]
VSCA 49 .......................................................................................................... 500.22500
Dadleh v Police (1996) 66 SASR 352 ............................................................... 500.19500
Dagdanasar v The Queen (2010) 57 MVR 230; [2013] ALMD 5573; [2010]
NSWCCA 310 ................................................................................................. 500.24300
Dalton v NSW Crime Commission (2006) 227 CLR 490; 80 ALJR 860;
[2006] HCA 17 ................................................................................................... 450.100
Damiani v Western Australia (2006) 165 A Crim R 358; [2006] WASCA
47 .............................................................. 200.1840, 500.12500, 500.14600, 500.15200
Dan Ning Wang v The Queen [2010] NSWCCA 319 ....................................... 650.920
Dao v DPP [2014] VSCA 93 .............................................................................. 500.19900
xvi
Table of Cases
Darcie v The Queen [2012] VSCA 11 .............................................................. 500.22500

Darmos v The Queen [2015] VSCA 312 ........................................................... 270.1520
Dartnall v Western Australia [2012] WASCA 251 .......................................... 940.1600
Davies v The Queen [1998] WASCA 114 ....................................................... 500.15900
Davies v The Queen [2019] VSCA 66 ............................................................... 550.1200
Davy v The Queen (2011) 207 A Crim R 266; [2011] VSCA 98 .................... 500.9500
Dawson v The Queen [2013] NSWCCA 61 ................................................... 450.12680
Dawson v The Queen [2015] VSCA 166 ......................................................... 500.11300
De Castres v The Queen (2011) 33 VR 493; 216 A Crim R 363; [2011]
VSCA 377 ........................................................................................................ 450.12300
De Gruchy v The Queen (2002) 76 ALJR 1078; [2002] HCA 33 ................. 450.11100
De Rosa v Western Australia (2006) 32 WAR 136; 162 A Crim R 344;
[2006] WASCA 57 ................................................... 450.10200, 450.10400, 450.10600
Deakin v Tasmania [2016] TASCCA 19 .......................................................... 500.15900
Dean v The Queen [2015] NSWCCA 307 ........................................................... 200.800
Delaney v The Queen (2013) 230 A Crim R 581; [2013] NSWCCA 150 ..... 200.2120
Dennison v Tasmania (2005) 15 Tas R 50; [2005] TASSC 54 ........................... 200.800
Des Rosiers v The Queen (2006) 159 A Crim R 549; [2006] NSWCCA 16 .... 200.1460
Devaney v The Queen [2012] NSWCCA 285 ................................................ 450.12690
Devine v Western Australia (2010) 202 A Crim R 1; [2010] WASCA 94 .... 860.2600
Dickens v The Queen (2004) 147 A Crim R 343; [2004] WASCA 179 ......... 920.2600
Dicker v Asherton (1974) 65 LSJS 150 ................................................................ 650.980
Dieguez v The Queen [2008] NSWCCA 147 ................................................... 200.1420
Dimitrovska v Western Australia [2015] WASCA 162 ................................... 350.1180
Dimozantos v The Queen (1992) 174 CLR 504; 63 A Crim R 132; [1992]
HCA 49 ............................................................................................................... 300.120
Dimozantos v The Queen (No 2) (1993) 178 CLR 122; 67 A Crim R 447;
[1993] HCA 52 ................................................................................................... 300.120
Dinsdale v The Queen (2000) 202 CLR 321; 115 A Crim R 558; [2000]
HCA 54 ............................. 200.120, 270.500, 270.1000, 270.1040, 300.120, 300.3100
Director of Public Prosections (Vic) v SL (2016) 263 A Crim R 193; [2016]
VSC 714 ............................................................................................................. 570.1500
Director of Public Prosecutions v CSS [2013] TASCCA 10 ............................... 270.1040
Diver v The Queen [2010] VSCA 254 .............................................. 650.4380, 820.2100
Dixon v The Queen (1975) 22 ACTR 13 ......................................................... 450.12680
Dobson v Tasmania [2017] TASCCA 19 ............................................................. 350.620
Dodds v The Queen [2009] NSWCCA 191 ...................................................... 350.1180
Doe v The Queen [2013] NSWCCA 248 ........................................................... 900.2100
Doherty v The Queen [2017] VSCA 215 ......................................................... 500.23300
Dong v DPP (Cth) [2016] VSCA 51 ..................................................................... 650.940
Doolan v The Queen (2006) 160 A Crim R 54; [2006] NSWCCA 29 .......... 450.7300,
450.8700
Dooling v Western Australia [2012] WASCA 95 ........................................... 500.24510
Douar v The Queen (2005) 159 A Crim R 154; [2005] NSWCCA 455 .......... 650.100
Dougan v The Queen (2006) 160 A Crim R 135; [2006] NSWCCA 34 ....... 200.1460
Dragojlovic v The Queen (2013) 40 VR 71; 230 A Crim R 226; [2013]
VSCA 151 ..................................................................................... 450.11660, 1020.2100
Drew v The Queen (2016) 264 A Crim R 1; [2016] NSWCCA 310 .............. 550.1200
Drew v The Queen [2016] NSWCCA 310 ........................................................ 450.7500
Driscoll v DPP [2013] VSCA 366 ......................................................................... 650.920
Duca v Police (1999) 73 SASR 15; [1999] SASC 40 ......................................... 400.7000
Dughetti v The Queen [2019] VSCA 217 ....................................................... 500.24300
Duncan v The Queen (1983) 9 A Crim R 354; 47 ALR 746 ........................ 500.19500
Duncan v The Queen [2012] NSWCCA 78 .................................................... 500.22300
Dunning v Tasmania [2018] TASCCA 21 ......................................................... 500.3500
Dwayhi v The Queen (2011) 205 A Crim R 274; 84 ATR 750; [2011]
NSWCCA 67 ............................................................................... 450.10200, 500.24500
Dyason v The Queen [2015] VSCA 120 .......................................................... 1040.2100
xvii
ED v The Queen (2011) 216 A Crim R 404; [2011] VSCA 397 ...................... 920.2100
Eather v The King (1914) 19 CLR 409; 21 ALR 113; [1914] HCA 77 ............. 300.600
Edmond v The Queen [2017] NTCCA 9 .......................................................... 450.7500
Efthimiadis v The Queen (No 2) [2016] NSWCCA 9 .................................... 200.1420
Einfeld v The Queen (2010) 200 A Crim R 1; 226 ALR 598; [2010]
NSWCCA 87 ................................................................................... 500.22300, 650.980
El-Ahmad v The Queen [2015] NSWCCA 65 ................................................ 500.15400
El Rakhawy v The Queen (2011) 214 A Crim R 124; [2011] WASCA 209 .... 1020.2620
Eldridge v Bates (1989) 51 SASR 532; 8 MVR 394 ......................................... 200.1800
Eldridge v Western Australia [2020] WASCA 66 ............................................ 200.2200
Elias v The Queen (2013) 248 CLR 483; 87 ALJR 895; [2013] HCA 31 ........ 200.660,
250.520, 350.1180, 500.24000
Elliott v Harris (No 2) (1976) 13 SASR 516 ..................................................... 700.3500
Ellis v The Queen [2015] NSWCCA 262 .......................................................... 250.1220
Elsayed v The Queen [2019] VSCA 113 ........................................................... 250.1760
Elyard v The Queen (2006) 45 MVR 402; [2006] NSWCCA 43 .... 450.300, 500.1100,
500.7400, 500.19500, 500.19700
Emms v Barr (2008) 187 A Crim R 390; [2008] TASSC 49 ......... 400.1100, 1020.2120
Eriha v Western Australia [2011] WASCA 167 .............................................. 450.12680
Eva v DPP (Cth) [1999] SASC 185 .................................................................. 500.15700
Evans v The Queen [2019] SASCFC 145 ........................................................ 500.12700
Everett v The Queen (1994) 181 CLR 295; 74 A Crim R 241; [1994] HCA
49 ........................................................................................................... 270.120, 300.120
Ewan v The Queen [2019] NSWCCA 17 .......................................................... 270.1040
FB v The Queen [2011] NSWCCA 217 ........................................................... 500.22700

FD v The Queen [2011] VSCA 8 ........................................................................ 200.1480
FP v The Queen (2012) 224 A Crim R 82; [2012] NSWCCA 182 ................... 650.960
Farah v The Queen [2019] VSCA 300 ............................................................... 250.1760
Fardon v Attorney-General (Qld) (2004) 223 CLR 575; 78 ALJR 1519;
[2004] HCA 46 ................................................................... 300.120, 350.660, 650.3000
Farkas v The Queen [2014] NSWCCA 141 ..................................................... 450.11100
Faure v The Queen [2011] VSCA 115 ................................................................ 820.2100
Fedele v The Queen [2017] VSCA 363 .............................................................. 270.1520
Federal Capital Commission v Lauriston Building & Investment Co Pty
Ltd (1929) 42 CLR 582; 3 ALJ 278; [1929] HCA 36 ..................................... 300.120
Felicite v The Queen (2011) 37 VR 329; 211 A Crim R 266; [2011] VSCA
274 ..................................................................................................... 650.4380, 820.2100
Fernando v Balchin [2011] NTSC 10 ............................................................... 500.22900
Fernando v The Queen [2017] VSCA 208 ........................................................ 200.1480
Fisher v Samaras Industries Pty Ltd (1996) 82 IR 384 ................................ 1060.2100
Flynn v The King (1949) 79 CLR 1; [1949] ALR 850; [1949] HCA 38 ........... 650.100
Formosa v The Queen (2012) 36 VR 679; [2012] VSCA 298 ............ 250.120, 250.700
Forrest v The Queen [2017] NTCCA 5 ........................................................... 500.15200
Foster v The Queen [2011] NSWCCA 285 ......................................................... 650.300
Freeburn v The Queen (No 2) [2020] VSCA 176 ............................................ 650.1040
Freeman v Harris [1980] VR 267 .................................................... 400.7000, 500.15200
Freeman v The Queen [2011] VSCA 214 ........................................... 200.100, 820.2100
Fuller v The Queen [2013] VSCA 186 ............................................................. 500.22900
Fuller-Cust v The Queen [2003] HCATrans 394 ............................................... 550.140
Fusimalohi v The Queen [2012] ACTCA 49 ................................... 500.3500, 500.9500
xviii
Table of Cases
G v Police (1999) 74 SASR 165 ......................................................................... 500.22700

G v Western Australia [2005] WASCA 150 ...................................................... 920.2600
GAS v The Queen; SJK v The Queen (2004) 217 CLR 198; (2004) 78
ALJR 786; [2004] HCA 22 .............................................................................. 570.1560
GHK v Western Australia (2014) 238 A Crim R 178; [2014] WASCA 19 .... 350.1180
GJ v The Queen [2006] HCATrans 252 ............................................................... 550.140
GJT v Western Australia (2011) 214 A Crim R 272; [2011] WASCA 263 .... 920.2100
GN v The Queen [2012] NSWCCA 96 ........................................................... 500.13100
GPR v The Queen [2007] NTCCA 12 ............................................................. 500.24100
Gallagher v Tasmania [2009] TASSC 84 ........................................................... 200.1840
Gas v The Queen (2004) 217 CLR 198; 78 ALJR 786; [2004] HCA 22 .......... 250.120,
300.120
Gaunt v The Queen [2019] VSCA 241 ................................................................ 650.980
Georgopolous v The Queen [2010] NSWCCA 246 ......................................... 500.9700
Germain v Western Australia [2004] WASCA 293 ......................................... 920.2600
Giles v DPP (NSW) (2009) 198 A Crim R 395; [2009] NSWCCA 308 ....... 450.12600
Gillon v The Queen [2009] NSWCCA 277 ....................................................... 550.1200
Glascott v The Queen [2011] VSCA 109 ........................................................... 400.1100
Gok v The Queen [2010] WASCA 185 ........................................ 500.20100, 500.20300
Goldberg v The Queen [2018] NSWCCA 99 ................................................. 500.19900
Gollan v Samuels (1973) 6 SASR 452 .............................................................. 500.15200
Gonzales v The Queen (2007) 178 A Crim R 232; [2007] NSWCCA 321 .... 820.2600
Gordon v DPP [2013] VSCA 343 ......................................................................... 650.980
Gore v The Queen (2010) 208 A Crim R 353; [2010] NSWCCA 330 .......... 200.2120,
450.2200
Gorladenchearau v The Queen (2011) 34 VR 149; 217 A Crim R 353;
[2011] VSCA 432 .............................................................................................. 860.2100
Goussis v The Queen [2011] VSCA 117 ............................................................ 820.2100
Gower v Roffe (unreported, TASSC, Gibson J, 38 of 1966, 13 May 1966) .... 450.11700
Graham v Bartley (1984) 57 ALR 193 ............................................................... 700.3500
Graham v The Queen [2009] NSWCCA 212 ................................................... 450.4600
Gray v Police (2004) 88 SASR 270; 145 A Crim R 424; [2004] SASC 109 .... 270.1560
Greco v The Queen [2010] NSWCCA 268 ..................................................... 500.22100
Green v The Queen (2011) 244 CLR 462; 214 A Crim R 152; [2011] HCA
49 ....................................................................................... 200.850, 300.120, 500.24500
Green v The Queen [2011] VSCA 311 ............................................................. 500.13300
Griffith v Tasmania [2010] TASCCA 19 ............................................................ 450.4600
Griffiths v The Queen (1977) 137 CLR 293; 51 ALJR 749; [1977] HCA 44 .... 300.120,
400.2200
Groenewege v Tasmania [2013] TASCCA 7 ................................................... 500.12700
Grubb v The Queen [2002] WASCA 158 ........................................................ 450.10600
Guariglia v The Queen (2010) 208 A Crim R 49; [2010] VSCA 343 .............. 250.160
Guden v The Queen (2010) 28 VR 288; [2010] VSCA 196 .......................... 500.22500
Gul v The Queen [2016] VSCA 82 ................................................................... 500.19500
Gulyas v Western Australia (2007) 178 A Crim R 539; [2007] WASCA
263 .................................................................................................................... 500.19000
Gumurdul v Reinke (2006) 161 A Crim R 87; [2006] NTSC 27 .................. 500.19500
HAT v The Queen (2011) 35 VR 109; 216 A Crim R 535; [2011] VSCA
427 ................................................................................................. 500.19200, 500.22100
HJ v The Queen [2014] NSWCCA 21 ................................................................. 650.940
HT v The Queen [2019] HCA 40 ....................................................................... 250.1220
Haines v The Queen [2012] NSWCCA 238 ....................................................... 650.980
xix
Halac v The Queen [2015] NSWCCA 121 ........................................................ 500.9700

Hall v Tasmania [2015] TASCCA 6 ................................................................. 450.11600
Hamzy v The Queen [2014] NSWCCA 223 ..................................................... 500.8400
Hancock v The Queen [2012] NSWCCA 200 .................................................. 650.4280
Hancock v The Queen [2013] VSCA 199 ............................................................ 650.940
Hancock v The Queen [2017] VSCA 239 ........................................................ 500.18000
Hankin v The Queen (2009) 25 NTLR 110; [2009] NTCCA 11 ....................... 650.980
Hardcastle v The Queen [2011] NSWCCA 87 ................................................. 200.1720
Harding v Western Australia [2015] WASCA 27 .......................................... 450.11660
Hards v The Queen [2013] VSCA 119 ............................................................ 450.12680
Hargreaves v Chakley (1903) 9 ALR 78; 24 ALT 184 ................................... 450.11600
Harris v The Queen (1954) 90 CLR 652; 28 ALJ 402; [1954] HCA 51 ......... 300.3100
Harris v The Queen [2019] NSWCCA 236 ....................................................... 250.1220
Harvey v Western Australia [2005] WASCA 117 ............................................ 450.3400
Hawke v The Queen [2019] VSCA 276 .............................................................. 650.980
Hay v The Queen [2013] NSWCCA 22 .............................................................. 650.960
Hayes v The Queen [2010] VSCA 170 .............................................................. 860.2600
He v The Queen [2016] NSWCCA 220 ........................................................... 500.22500
Heard v The Queen [2015] ACTCA 6 ............................................................. 1000.2100
Heath v The Queen [2016] NSWCCA 24 ......................................................... 250.1220
Heathcote v DPP [2014] VSCA 37 ................................................ 450.11640, 500.19900
Hector v The Queen [2003] NSWCCA 196 ...................................................... 250.1760
Hedgecock v The Queen [2008] NTCCA 1 .................................................... 450.11660
Hello v The Queen [2010] NSWCCA 311 ...................................................... 500.20900
Henderson v The Queen [2016] NSWCCA 8 ................................................ 500.24100
Hennessy v The Queen [2012] NSWCCA 241 .................................................. 650.980
Herbert v The Queen [2015] NSWCCA 172 .................................................. 500.11300
Hickling v Western Australia (2016) 260 A Crim R 33; [2016] WASCA
124 .................................................................................................................... 500.22500
Higgins v Fricker (1992) 63 A Crim R 473 ...................................................... 500.3900
Higgins v Western Australia [2019] WASCA 78 ........................................... 500.24500
Hili v The Queen (2010) 242 CLR 520; 204 A Crim R 434; [2010] HCA 45 .... 200.660,
200.1420, 200.1480, 300.120, 650.920, 650.4260, 1020.2100
Hill v The Queen [1999] TASSC 29 ................................................................. 450.10600
Hill v Western Australia [2009] WASCA 4 .................................................... 500.10800
Hill v Western Australia [2014] WASCA 150 ............................... 450.11660, 500.8400
Hinchcliffe v The Queen [2010] NSWCCA 306 ............................................... 960.2100
Hishmeh v Western Australia [2012] WASCA 183 ....................... 270.1040, 840.2600
Hladin v Western Australia (2005) 156 A Crim R 176; [2005] WASCA 50 .... 1040.2600
Hoare v The Queen (1989) 167 CLR 348; 40 A Crim R 391; [1989] HCA
33 ......................................................... 100.620, 150.640, 350.600, 350.1160, 650.1020
Hobby v Western Australia [2011] WASCA 197 ............................................. 880.2100
Hodgetts v Tasmania [2018] TASCCA 15 .......................................................... 200.900
Hogarth v The Queen (2012) 37 VR 658; [2012] VSCA 302 ...... 200.1480, 450.11660,
1000.1100
Holden v Western Australia [2011] WASCA 238 ............................................ 880.2600
Honeysett v The Queen (2018) 56 VR 375; 275 A Crim R 463; [2018]
VSCA 214 .......................................................................................................... 550.1200
Honeysett v The Queen [2018] VSCA 214 ....................................................... 550.2870
Hook v Ralphs (1987) 45 SASR 529; 27 A Crim R 212 ................................ 500.22700
Hooton v Minister for Home Affairs (2018) 264 FCR 517; [2018] FCAFC
142 .................................................................................................................... 500.22500
Hordern v The Queen [2019] NSWCCA 138 ..................................................... 270.500
Horvath v The Queen [2019] NSWCCA 285 ................................................. 500.23700
Hoskins v The Queen [2016] NSWCCA 157 .............................. 500.20900, 500.23700
Houghton v Western Australia (2006) 32 WAR 260; 163 A Crim R 226;
[2006] WASCA 143 ............................................................................................ 650.920
xx
Table of Cases
House v The King (1936) 55 CLR 499; 9 ABC 117; [1936] HCA 40 ............. 300.120,
300.1600, 300.3100, 600.1500
House v The King [1936] HCA 40; (1936) 55 CLR 499 ................................. 270.1040
Hrasky v Boyd (2000) 9 Tas R 144; 113 A Crim R 11; [2000] TASSC 39 .... 400.1100,
1020.2120
Huang v The Queen [2018] NSWCCA 57 ........................................................ 250.1760
Huddart Parker Ltd v Commonwealth (1931) 44 CLR 492; [1931] ALR
22; [1931] HCA 1 ............................................................................................... 300.120
Hudson v The Queen (2010) 30 VR 610; 205 A Crim R 199; [2010] VSCA
332 ..................................................................................... 200.120, 200.1480, 820.2100
Hughes v The Queen [2013] NSWCCA 129 .................................................. 500.20100
Hull v Western Australia (2005) 156 A Crim R 414; [2005] WASCA 194 .... 450.10200
Hunter v DPP [2013] VSCA 385 ........................................................................ 820.1600
Hurd v The Queen (1988) 38 A Crim R 454 .................................................. 500.12300
Huynh v The Queen [2015] NSWCCA 167 ..................................................... 270.1520
IS v The Queen [2017] NSWCCA 116 ............................................................... 550.1200

Ibrahim v The Queen [2013] VSCA 227 ........................................................... 960.2180
Iese v The Queen [2005] NSWCCA 418 ......................................................... 500.12500
Immigration and Border Protection, Minister for v DRP17 [2018] FCAFC
198 .................................................................................................................... 500.22500
Immigration and Ethnic Affairs, Minister for v Teoh (1995) 183 CLR 273;
69 ALJR 423; [1995] HCA 20 ........................................................................... 650.960
Inco Ships Pty Ltd v Barber [2009] TASSC 55 .............................................. 1060.2100
Inge v The Queen (1999) 199 CLR 295; 108 A Crim R 281; [1999] HCA
55 .......................................................................................................................... 300.120
Ingham v The Queen [2011] NSWCCA 88 ...................................................... 650.4280
Inkson v The Queen (1996) 6 Tas R 1; 88 A Crim R 334 ............................ 450.12680
International Finance Trust Co Ltd v New South Wales Crime
Commission (2009) 240 CLR 319; 212 A Crim R 480; [2009] HCA 49 .... 250.1200,
450.11780, 650.3000
Isaac v The Queen [2012] NSWCCA ................................................................ 500.7400
Iskandar v The Queen [2013] NSWCCA 235 ................................................ 500.12700
Ivanov (a pseudonym) v The Queen [2019] VSCA 219 .............................. 500.23700
Ivanovic v The Queen [2009] NSWCCA 28 ..................................................... 400.1100
JBM v The Queen [2013] VSCA 69 .................................................................. 500.11300

JM v The Queen [2008] NSWCCA 254 ............................................................. 270.1540
JNB v The Queen [2011] NTCCA 5 ................................................. 500.3700, 500.3900
JT v The Queen (2012) 218 A Crim R 490; [2012] NSWCCA 280 ................ 500.7900
JWM v Tasmania [2017] TASCCA 22 .............................................................. 500.24100
Jabaltjari v Hamersley (1977) 15 ALR 94 ............................ 550.140, 550.700, 650.300
Jacobs v The Queen [2011] VSCA 238 ............................................................ 500.24500
Jago v District Court (NSW) (1989) 168 CLR 23; 41 A Crim R 307; [1989]
HCA 46 ............................................................................................................... 250.520
Jeans v Commonwealth Bank of Australia [2004] FCA 938 ......................... 300.3100
Jeffries v The Queen (2008) 185 A Crim R 500; [2008] NSWCCA 144 ........ 450.8700
Jenkins v Tasmania [2019] TASCCA 12 .......................................................... 500.24500
Jiang v The Queen [2019] VSCA 126 .............................................................. 500.22900
Jimmy v The Queen (2010) 77 NSWLR 540; 240 FLR 27; [2010]
NSWCCA 60 ................................................................................................... 500.24500
Jinde Huang v The Queen (2018) 272 A Crim R 266; 332 FLR 158; [2018]
NSWCCA 70 ..................................................................................................... 500.3500
xxi
Job v The Queen (2011) 216 A Crim R 521; [2011] NSWCCA 267 ............ 500.22200
Johan v The Queen [2015] NSWCCA 58 ........................................................ 500.15000
Johnson v The Queen (2004) 78 ALJR 616; 205 ALR 346; [2004] HCA 15 .... 300.120,
650.980
Johnston v The Queen [2017] NSWCCA 53 .................................................. 500.15900
Johnstone v Tasmania (2011) 20 Tas R 227; [2011] TASCCA 9 ................... 500.15900
Jones v The Queen [2009] NSWCCA 169 ........................................................ 840.2600
Jopar v The Queen (2013) 44 VR 695; 228 A Crim R 519; [2013] VSCA 83 .... 200.2200
Jordan v The Queen [2002] TASSC 121 .......................................................... 450.10600
Josefski v The Queen (2010) 217 A Crim R 183; [2010] NSWCCA 41 ........ 450.5900
Juli v The Queen (1990) 50 A Crim R 31 ........................................................... 550.160
KAB v The Queen [2015] NSWCCA 55 ......................................................... 500.19900

KAT v Western Australia [2017] WASCA 11 ................................................... 500.3500
KC v Western Australia [2008] WASCA 216 ..................................................... 650.980
KT v The Queen (2008) 182 A Crim R 571; [2008] NSWCCA 51 ................ 840.2100
Kable v DPP (NSW) (1996) 189 CLR 51; 70 ALJR 814; [1996] HCA 24 ..... 650.2980,
650.3000
Kada v The Queen [2017] VSCA 339 .............................................................. 500.23900
Kalala v The Queen [2017] VSCA 223 .............................................................. 200.1480
Kamay v The Queen [2015] VSCA 296 ..... 400.1100, 450.6800, 500.19900, 500.22700
Kapkidis v The Queen [2013] VSCA 35 ........................................................... 960.2180
Katsis v The Queen [2018] NSWCCA 9 ........................................ 450.7500, 500.24100
Kaye v Vagg (No 2) (1984) 11 A Crim R 127 .................................................... 750.100
Keating v Western Australia (2007) 35 WAR 1; [2007] WASCA 98 ............. 500.3500
Kelly v The Queen (2007) NSWCCA 357 ........................................................... 650.300
Kelly v The Queen [2016] NSWCCA 246 ......................................................... 270.1540
Kemp v The Queen [2012] NSWCCA 281 ..................................................... 500.24500
Kendall v The Queen [2015] NSWCCA 13 ...................................................... 250.4840
Kenny v The Queen [2010] NSWCCA 6 ........................................................ 500.22300
Kentwell v The Queen (No 2) [2015] NSWCCA 96 ....................................... 550.1200
Kerr v The Queen [2008] NSWCCA 201 .......................................................... 450.9200
Kerr v The Queen [2016] NSWCCA 218 .......................................................... 450.9200
Khoja v The Queen [2014] VSCA 9 ................................................................. 500.22900
Khoury v The Queen (2011) 209 A Crim R 509; [2011] NSWCCA 118 ...... 270.1500,
270.1540, 500.20100
Kieu Thi Bui v DPP (Cth) (2012) 244 CLR 638; 218 A Crim R 241; [2012]
HCA 1 .................................................................................................. 270.120, 650.960
Kim v The Queen [2016] VSCA 238 .................................................................. 500.3500
Kim v The Queen [2019] NSWCCA 165 ........................................................ 500.24500
King v The Queen [2001] WASCA 103 ............................................................. 920.2600
King v The Queen [2010] NSWCCA 202 ........................................................... 650.960
King v The Queen (2011) 32 VR 233; [2011] VSCA 69 .................................. 860.2600
Kioa v West (1985) 159 CLR 550; 60 ALJR 113; [1985] HCA 81 ..................... 650.960
Kirby v Western Australia [2016] WASCA 199 ............................................... 500.3500
Kite v The Queen [2009] NSWCCA 12 ............................................................. 500.4100
Knight v Victoria (2017) 91 ALJR 824; 345 ALR 560; [2017] HCA 29 ......... 650.4020
Kobeissi v Western Australia [2016] WASCA 188 .......................................... 500.3500
Konamala v The Queen [2016] VSCA 48 ....................................................... 500.22500
Koncurat v Western Australia [2010] WASCA 184 ........................................... 650.980
Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen (1982) 153 CLR 168; 56 ALJR 625; [1982]
HCA 27 ............................................................................................................... 650.960
Kops v The Queen [1894] AC 650 ....................................................................... 300.600
Kovacevic v Mills (2000) 76 SASR 404; 111 A Crim R 131; [2000] SASC
106 ........................................... 450.8200, 500.22700, 1020.100, 1020.2120, 1020.2620
xxii
Table of Cases
Krencej v The Queen [1999] WASCA 20 .......................................................... 450.5900

Krijestorac v Western Australia [2010] WASCA 35 ...................................... 450.11700
Kristensen v The Queen [2018] NSWCCA 189 ............................................. 500.22500
Kuchar v The Queen [2019] SASCFC 127 ...................................................... 500.12700
Kuczynski v The Queen (1994) 72 A Crim R 568 ............................................. 650.100
Kukovec v The Queen [2014] NSWCCA 308 ................................................ 500.14600
Kumantjara v Harris (1992) 109 FLR 400 ......................................................... 400.1100
Kumova v The Queen (2012) 37 VR 538; [2012] VSCA 212 ......................... 650.4000
Kynuna v Attorney-General (Qld) [2016] QCA 172 ....................................... 650.2960
L v Tasmania (2006) 15 Tas R 381; [2006] TASSC 59 ................................... 450.10600

LAB v Attorney-General (Qld) [2011] QCA 230 ............................................. 650.2960
LJH v Western Australia [2016] WASCA 155 .................................................. 500.3500
LJW v Western Australia (No 2) [2007] WASCA 275 ...................................... 250.140
LSC v The Queen [2003] WASCA 303 .............................................................. 920.2600
Lacey v Attorney-General (Qld) (2011) 242 CLR 573; 207 A Crim R 91;
[2011] HCA 10 .................................................................................. 270.1060, 300.120
Lahey v Sanderson [1959] Tas SR 17 .............................................................. 500.17800
Lang v The Queen [2013] NSWCCA 29 ........................................................... 450.4600
Langridge v The Queen (1996) 17 WAR 346 ................................................... 250.2260
Latina v The Queen [2015] VSCA 102 ............................................................ 500.11300
Lauritsen v The Queen (2000) 22 WAR 442; 114 A Crim R 333; [2000]
WASCA 203 .................................................................................................... 500.12700
Lawrence v Western Australia [2005] WASCA 14 .......................................... 920.2600
Lawrenson Diecasting Pty Ltd v WorkCover Authority (NSW) (1999) 90
IR 464 .............................................................................................................. 1060.2100
Le v The Queen (2004) 147 A Crim R 269; [2004] WASCA 214 ................. 500.23900
Le v The Queen [2014] VSCA 283 ..................................................................... 450.4600
Leach v The Queen (2007) 230 CLR 1; 81 ALJR 598; [2007] HCA 3 .......... 250.2260,
300.120
Leach v The Queen (2008) 183 A Crim R 1; [2008] NSWCCA 73 ............. 500.12700
Lee v The Queen [2011] NSWCCA 169 ........................................ 500.17800, 650.4280
Lee v The Queen [2019] NSWCCA 15 .............................................................. 450.6800
Lee Vanit v The Queen (1997) 190 CLR 378; 99 A Crim R 302; [1997]
HCA 51 ............................................................................................................... 300.120
Lennon v The Queen [2017] VSCA 85 .............................................................. 250.1260
Leo v The Queen (2014) 34 NTLR 1; A Crim R 361; [2014] NTCCA 8 .... 500.24100
Lester v Western Australia [2011] WASCA 128 .............................................. 960.2680
Lewins v The Queen (2007) 175 A Crim R 40; [2007] NSWCCA 189 ......... 500.4100
Lewis v The Queen [2011] NSWCCA 206 ...................................................... 500.24300
Liaver v Errington [2003] QCA 5 ........................................................................ 750.700
Liddington v Western Australia (2005) 152 A Crim R 502; [2005]
WASCA 60 ........................................................................................................ 920.2600
Lim v The Queen [2019] VSCA 182 .................................................................. 450.4600
Lindsay v The Queen [2012] NSWCCA 124 .................................................. 500.23500
Lissock v The Queen [2019] NSWCCA 282 ..................................................... 270.1520
Ljuboja v The Queen (2011) 210 A Crim R 274; [2011] WASCA 143 ....... 500.19000,
960.2680
Llavallol v The Queen (2012) 221 A Crim R 25; [2012] NSWCCA 29 ...... 500.24300
Lo Castro v The Queen [2011] NTCCA 1 ........................................................ 270.1520
Lovett v Western Australia [2013] WASCA 78 .............................................. 500.24510
Lowe v The Queen (1984) 154 CLR 606; 12 A Crim R 408; [1984] HCA
46 ...................................................................... 200.850, 300.120, 500.24500, 820.2600
Lowe v Western Australia [2015] WASCA 83 ............................................... 450.11660
xxiii
Lowndes v The Queen (1999) 195 CLR 665; 73 ALJR 1007; [1999] HCA
29 .......................................................................................................................... 300.120
Lowndes v The Queen [1999] HCA 29; (1999) 195 CLR 665 ............................. 270.1040
Luchian v The Queen [2019] VSCA 145 ........................................... 550.1200, 650.100
Luciano v The Queen [2015] VSCA 173 ........................................................... 250.4340
Lugo v The Queen [2020] VSCA 75 ............................................... 200.2170, 450.12600
Ly Dang v DPP [2014] VSCA 49 .......................................................................... 650.980
Lyddy v The Queen [2019] VSCA 35 ................................................................ 500.9700
Lynch v Dixon (2004) 148 A Crim R 472; [2004] NTSC 45 ........................... 570.1520
Lytras v The Queen [2020] VSCA 150 ................................................................ 250.600
MDZ v The Queen [2011] NSWCCA 243 ......................................................... 200.2080

MPB v The Queen (2013) 234 A Crim R 576; [2013] NSWCCA 213 ......... 500.24100
MS2 v The Queen (2005) 158 A Crim R 93; [2005] NSWCCA 397 ............ 500.17800
MSO v Western Australia [2015] WASCA 78 .................................................. 500.8400
MXP v Western Australia (2010) 41 WAR 149; [2010] WASCA 215 ........... 500.7900,
500.8400
Ma and Pham v The Queen [2007] NSWCCA 240 ........................................ 200.1420
Mabo v Queensland (No 2) (1992) 175 CLR 1; 66 ALJR 408; [1992] HCA
23 .......................................................................................................................... 550.120
MC v The Queen [2017] NSWCCA 316 ......................................................... 500.24100
Mack v Western Australia [2014] WASCA 207 ............................................. 500.12700
Madden v The Queen [2011] NSWCCA 254 ................................................... 200.2080
Magaming v The Queen (2013) 252 CLR 381; 87 ALJR 1060; [2013] HCA
40 ......................................................................................................... 200.2200, 300.120
Magnuson v The Queen [2013] NSWCCA 50 ............................................... 500.24100
Maher v The Queen (1987) 163 CLR 221; 25 A Crim R 261; [1987] HCA
31 .......................................................................................................................... 250.120
Mainka v Custodian of Expropriated Property (1924) 34 CLR 297; 31
ALR 1; [1924] HCA 20 ...................................................................................... 300.120
Mallet v Mallet (1984) 156 CLR 605; 58 ALJR 248; [1984] HCA 21 ............. 300.3100
Malvaso v The Queen (1989) 168 CLR 227; 43 A Crim R 451; [1989]
HCA 58 .............................................................................................. 650.920, 700.3500
Mann v Medical Practitioners Board (Vic) (2004) 21 VAR 429; [2004]
VSCA 148 .......................................................................................................... 300.3100
Markarian v The Queen (2005) 228 CLR 357; 79 ALJR 1048; [2005] HCA
25 .......... 100.620, 200.120, 200.660, 200.800, 200.900, 250.4840, 300.120, 350.1180,
500.24000, 650.920
Marker v The Queen (2002) 135 A Crim R 55; [2002] WASCA 282 ........... 250.2260,
450.300, 500.24600
Markovic v The Queen (2010) 30 VR 589; 200 A Crim R 510; [2010]
VSCA 105 .......................................................................................... 650.960, 650.1080
Marrah v The Queen [2014] VSCA 119 ............................................................ 550.1200
Marris v The Queen [2003] WASCA 171 ......................................................... 920.2600
Marsh v The Queen [2011] VSCA 6 ............................................... 500.23300, 860.2100
Marshall v The Queen [2007] NSWCCA 24 .................................................... 200.2060
Martin v The Queen (2007) 20 VR 14; 181 A Crim R 352; [2007] VSCA
291 .................................................................................................................... 500.15200
Martin v The Queen [2016] NSWCCA 273 ...................................................... 450.7500
Mason v Pryce (1988) 34 A Crim R 1 ............................................................... 400.7000
Mason-Stuart v The Queen (1993) 61 SASR 204 ........................................... 500.12500
Mather v The Queen [2009] NTCCA 15 ......................................................... 450.11660
Mattar v The Queen [2012] NSWCCA 98 ........................................................ 650.4280
Matthews v The Queen (2014) 44 VR 280; 246 A Crim R 193; [2014]
VSCA 291 ............................................................................................................ 250.520
xxiv
Table of Cases
Matthews v The Queen [2014] NSWCCA 185 ................................................ 450.4600

Maxwell v The Queen (1996) 184 CLR 501; 87 A Crim R 180; 70 ALJR
324 ......................................................................................... 250.520, 250.700, 300.120
McAree v Barr [2006] TASSC 37 ........................................................................ 450.8200
McCartney v The Queen (2012) 38 VR 1; 226 A Crim R 274; [2012]
VSCA 268 ............................................................................................................ 650.980
McCulloch v Tasmania [2010] TASCCA 21 ................................................... 500.12700
McDonald v The Queen (1994) 48 FCR 555; 71 A Crim R 370 ................. 500.22300,
500.22700
McDougall v Western Australia [2009] WASCA 232 ..................................... 270.1040
McEvoy v Lobban (1988) 35 A Crim R 68 ......................................................... 650.100
McGarry v The Queen (2001) 207 CLR 121; 75 ALJR 1682; [2001] HCA
62 ......................................................................................................... 300.120, 650.3000
McGee v The King (1907) 4 CLR 1453; 13 ALR 296; [1907] HCA 16 ........... 300.600
McKeagg v The Queen (2006) 162 A Crim R 51; [2006] WASCA 26 ........ 500.24510
McL v The Queen (2000) 203 CLR 452; 114 A Crim R 491; [2000] HCA
46 ........................................................................................................... 300.120, 650.980
McLaughlin v The Queen [2013] NSWCCA 152 ............................................ 450.7500
McMahon v The Queen [2011] NSWCCA 147 .............................................. 500.19900
McNally v Western Australia [2019] WASCA 93 .......................................... 500.12700
McNamara v Western Australia [2013] WASCA 63 ..................................... 450.12690
McPherson v Commonwealth Services Delivery Agency (2005) 156 A
Crim R 188; [2005] SASC 187 ........................................................................ 450.8200
McPherson v The Queen [2014] VSCA 59 ....................................................... 270.1040
Medan v The Queen [2011] WASCA 142 ........................................ 250.1240, 500.3900
Melbom v The Queen [2013] NSWCCA 210 ................................................... 450.7800
Melham v The Queen [2011] NSWCCA 121 .................................. 200.120, 500.12700
Melpi v The Queen [2009] NTCCA 13 ........................................................... 500.18000
Mendoza-Cortez v The Queen [2016] VSCA 302 ......................................... 500.20100
Merino v The Queen [2003] WASCA 18 .......................................................... 920.2600
Mezher v The Queen [2019] NSWCCA 76 .................................................... 450.12600
Miceli v The Queen [1998] 4 VR 588; (1997) 94 A Crim R 327 .................. 500.20100
Michael v The Queen [2004] WASCA 4 ............................................ 300.3100, 650.960
Michael v The Queen [2011] NSWCCA 122 .................................................... 960.2180
Mihelic v The Queen [2019] NSWCCA 2 ......................................................... 250.1220
Milenkovski v Western Australia (2014) 46 WAR 324; 238 A Crim R 535;
[2014] WASCA 48 ............................................................................. 650.920, 650.1080
Miles v Police (SA) (2009) 104 SASR 127; [2009] SASC 181 ......................... 600.1500
Miles v Western Australia [2013] WASCA 156 .............................................. 450.11660
Mileto v The Queen [2014] VSCA 161 ............................................................ 500.22100
Mill v The Queen (1988) 166 CLR 59; 36 A Crim R 468; [1988] HCA 70 .... 100.620,
300.120, 500.20100, 650.980
Millard v The King (1906) 3 CLR 827; 6 SR (NSW) 555; [1906] HCA 22 ..... 300.600
Millard v The Queen [2016] ACTCA 14 ........................................................... 450.4600
Miller v Burgoyne (2004) 150 A Crim R 7; [2004] NTSC 47 ....................... 500.19700
Miller v The Queen [1999] WASCA 66 ........................................................... 500.12700
Miller v The Queen [2011] VSCA 143 ............................................................. 500.18500
Milne v The Queen (2012) 219 A Crim R 237; 259 FLR 42; [2012]
NSWCCA 24 ................................................................................................... 1020.2100
Minehan v The Queen (2010) 201 A Crim R 243; [2010] NSWCCA 140 .... 940.2600
Minogue v Victoria (2019) 93 ALJR 1031; [2019] HCA 31 ............................ 650.4020
Mirza v The Queen [2007] NSWCCA 248 ....................................................... 200.2120
Mitchell v The Queen (1996) 184 CLR 333; [1996] HCA 45 ......................... 300.3100
Mogilkoff v The Queen (2010) 240 FLR 95; [2010] NTCCA 10 .................. 500.23700
Mok v The Queen [2011] VSCA 38 ................................................................... 860.2600
Mokbel v The Queen (2013) 40 VR 625; 230 A Crim R 523; [2013] VSCA
118 ..................................................................................................... 250.520, 450.12680
Monfries v The Queen [2014] ACTCA 46 ...................................................... 500.12700
xxv
Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
Elzear might well feel aggrieved. There have been knights even
younger than he, who have carried spurs before they were thirteen.
This reminds me of a paragraph in an article which I contributed to
“Fraser’s Magazine,” in March, 1844, under the title of “A Walk
across Bohemia,” in which, speaking of the Imperial Zeughaus at
Vienna, I noticed “the suit of armor of that little hero, the second
Louis of Hungary, he who came into this breathing world some
months before he was welcome, and who supported his character
for precocity by marrying at twelve, and becoming the legitimate
bearer of all the honors of paternity as soon as he entered his teens;
who moreover maintained his consistency by turning a gray old man
at sixteen, and finally terminated his ephemeral course on the field of
battle before he became of age.” Elzear then was not, perhaps, so
poor a knight as his older lady seemed disposed to count him.
I must be briefer with noticing the remaining individuals who either
flung up chivalry for the Church, or who preferred the latter to
following a knightly career. First, there was St. Anscharius, who after
he had made the change alluded to, was standing near the easy
Olas, King of Sweden, when the latter cast lots to decide whether
Christianity should be the religion of the state, or not. We are told
that the prayers of St. Anscharius caused the king to throw double-
sixes in favor of the better cause.
St. Andrew Cossini made an admirable saint after being the most
riotous of cavaliers. So St. Amandus of Nantes won his saintship by
resigning his lordship over men-at-arms. Like him was that St.
Romuald of the family of the Dukes of Ravenna, who, whether
fighting or hunting, loved to retire from the fray and the chase, to
pray at peace, in shady places. St. John of Malta and St. Stephen of
Grandmont were men of the like kidney. St. Benedict of Anian was
that famous cup-bearer of Charlemagne, who left serving the
Emperor in hall and field, to serve a greater master with less
ostentation. He followed the example of that St. Auxentius, who
threw up his commission in the equestrian guard of Theodosius the
Younger, to take service in a body of monks.
Many of those who renounced arms, or would not assume military
service when opportunity offered itself, profited personally by the
adoption of such a course. Thus St. Porphyrius was a knight till he
was twenty-five years of age, and he died Bishop of Gaza. The
knight St. Wulfran became Bishop of Sens. St. Hugh won the
bishopric of Grenoble, by not only renouncing knighthood himself,
but by inducing his father to follow his example. St. Norbert became
Archbishop of Magdeburg, after leading a jolly life, not only as a
knight but as priest. A fall from his horse brought him to a sense of
decency. A prophecy of a young maiden to St. Ulric gained him his
saintship and the bishopric of Augsburg. Had she not foretold he
would die a bishop, he would have been content to carry a banner.
Examples like these are very numerous, but I have cited enough.
Few in a worldly sense made greater sacrifice than St. Casimir, son
of Casimir III., King of Poland. He so loved his reverend tutor,
Dugloss, that, to be like him, he abandoned even his chance of the
throne, and became a priest. St. Benedict of Umbria took a similar
course, upon a smaller scale; and not all the persuasions of his
nurse, who ran after him when he ran away from home, could induce
him to be anything but a priest. St. Herman Joseph, of Cologne,
showed how completely he had abandoned the knightly character,
when, as monk, he begged the peasants whom he taught, to be
good enough to buffet him well, and cuff him soundly, as it was
impossible for him to have a sufficiency of kicks and contempt. St.
Guthlac, the noble hermit of Croyland, evinced more dignity in his
retirement, and the same may be said of St. Peter Regalati, and St.
Ubaldus of Gabio. The latter was resolute neither to marry nor take
arms. He liked no turmoil, however qualified. St. Vincent of Lerins did
bear arms for years, but he confessed he did not like the attendant
dangers—threatening him spiritually, not bodily, and he took the cowl
and gained a place in the sacred calendar accordingly. St. Aloysius
Gonzaga, whose father was a prince, was another of the young
gentlemen for whom arms had little attraction. The humility of this
young gentleman, however, had a very silly aspect, if it all resembled
what is said of him by Father Caperius. “He never looked on women,
kept his eye strictly guarded, and generally cast down; would never
stay with his mother alone in her chamber, and if she sent in any
message to him by some lady in her company, he received it, and
gave his answer in a few words, with his eyes shut, and his
chamber-door only half open; and when bantered on that score, he
ascribed such behavior to his bashfulness. It was owing to his
original modesty that he did not know by their face many ladies
among his own relations, with whom he had frequently conversed;
and that he was afraid and ashamed to let a footman see so much
as his foot uncovered.” Whatever the soft Aloysius may have been fit
for, it is clear that he was not fit for chivalry. Something akin to him
was St. Theobald of Champagne, who probably would never have
been a saint, if his father had not ordered him to lead a body of
troops to the succor of a beleaguered cousin. Theobald declined,
and at once went into a monastery.
St. Walthen, one of the sons of the Earl of Huntingdon, and Maud,
daughter of Judith, which Judith was the niece of the Conqueror,
only narrowly escaped being a gallant knight. As a boy, indeed, he
used to build churches with his box of bricks, while his brothers built
castles; but at least he gave promise of being a true knight, and,
once, not only accepted the gift of a ring from a lady, but wore the
sparkling diamond on his finger. “Ah! ah!” exclaimed the saucy
courtiers, “Knight Walthen is beginning to have a tender heart for the
ladies!” Poor Walthen! he called this a devil’s chorus, tossed the ring
into the fire, broke the lady’s heart, and went into a monastery for the
remainder of his days. He escaped better than St. Clarus, who had a
deaf ear and stone-blind eyes for the allurements of a lady of quality,
and who only barely escaped assassination, at the hands of two
ruffians hired by the termagant to kill the man who was above
allowing her holy face to win from him a grin of admiration. But
though I could fill a formidable volume with names of ci-devant
knights who have turned saints, I will spare my readers, and
conclude with the great name of St. Bernard. He did not, indeed,
take up arms, but when he adopted a religious profession, he
enjoyed the great triumph of inducing his uncle, all his brothers,
knights, and simple officers, to follow his example. The uncle
Gualdri, a famous swordsman and seigneur of Touillon, was the first
who was convinced that Bernard was right. The two younger
brothers of the latter, Bartholomew and Andrew, next knocked off
their spurs and took to their breviary. Guy, the eldest brother, a
married man, of wealth, broke up his household, sold his armor, sent
his lady to a convent and his daughters to a nunnery, put on the
cowl, and followed St. Bernard. Others of his family and many of his
friends followed his example, with which I conclude my record of
saints who have had any connection with arms. As for St. Bernard, I
will say of him, that had he assumed the sword and been as
merciless to his enemies as he was, in his character of abbot,
without bowels of compassion for an adversary whom he could crush
by wordy argument, he would have been the most terrible cavalier
that ever sat in saddle!
Perhaps the most perfect cavalier who ever changed that dignity for
the cowl, was the Chevalier de Rancé. Of him and his Trappist
followers I will here add a few words.
THE CHEVALIER DE RANCE AND THE TRAPPISTS.
De Rancé was born in 1626. He was of a ducal house, and the great
Cardinal de Richelieu was his godfather. In his youth he was very
sickly and scholastic. He was intended for the Church, held half a
score of livings before he could speak—and when he could express
his will, resolved to live only by his sword. He remained for a while
neither priest nor swordsman, but simply the gayest of libertines. He
projected a plan of knight-errantry, in society with all the young
cavaliers, and abandoned the project to study astrology. For a period
of some duration, he was half-knight, half-priest. He then received
full orders, dressed like the most frivolous of marquises, seduced the
Duchess de Montbazon, and absolved in others the sins which he
himself practised. “Where are you going?” said the Chevalier de
Champvallon to him one day. “I have been preaching all the
morning,” said De Rancé, “like an angel, and I am going this
afternoon to hunt like the very devil.” He may be said to have been
like those Mormons who describe their fervent selves as “Hell-bent
on Heaven!”
Nobody could ever tell whether he was soldier or priest, till death
slew the Duchess de Montbazon. De Rancé unexpectedly beheld
the corpse disfigured by the ravages of small-pox or measles, and
he was so shocked, that it drove him from the world to the cloister,
where, as the reconstructor, rather than the founder, of the order of
Trappists, he spent thirty-seven years—exactly as many as he had
passed in the “world.”
The companions and followers of the chivalrous De Rancé claim a
few words for themselves. The account will show in what strong
contrasts the two portions of their lives consisted. They had learned
obedience in their career of arms, but they submitted to a far more
oppressive rule in their career as monks. Some century and a half
ago there was published in Paris a dreadfully dreary series of
volumes, entitled “Relations de la Vie et de la Mort de quelques
Religieux de l’Abbaye de la Trappe.” They consist chiefly of tracts,
partly biographical and partly theological, uninteresting in the main,
but of interest as showing what noble soldiers or terrible freebooters
asked for shelter in, and endured the austerities of, La Trappe. I
have alluded to the unreserved submission required at the hands of
the brothers. The latter, according to the volumes which I have just
named, were sworn to impart even their thoughts to the Abbot. They
who thus delivered themselves with least reserve appear to have
been commanded in very bad Latin; but their act of obedience was
so dear to Heaven, that their persons became surrounded with a
glory, which their less communicative brethren, says the author
naïvely, could not possibly gaze at for any length of time:—the which
I implicitly believe.
The candidates for admission included, without doubt, many very
pious persons, but with them were degraded priests, with whom we
have little to do, and ex-officers, fugitive men-at-arms, robbers who
had lived by the sword, and murderers, of knightly degree, who had
used their swords to the unrighteous slaying of others, and who
sought safety within the cloisters of La Trappe. All that was asked of
them was obedience. Where this failed it was compelled. Where it
abounded it was praised. Next to it was humility. One brother, an ex-
soldier reeking with blood, is lauded because he lived on baked
apples, when his throat was too sore to admit of his swallowing more
substantial food. Another brother, who had changed arms for the
gown, is most gravely compared with Moses, because he was never
bold enough to enter the pantry with sandals on his feet. Still,
obedience was the first virtue eulogized—so eulogized that I almost
suspect it to have been rare. It was made of so much importance,
that the community were informed that all their faith, and all their
works, without blind obedience to the superior, would fail in securing
their salvation. Practical blindness was as strongly enjoined. He who
used his eyes to least purpose, was accounted the better man. One
ex-military brother did this in so praiseworthy a way, that in eight
years he had never seen a fault in any of his brethren.
It was not, however, this sort of blindness that De Rancé required,
for he encouraged the brethren to bring accusations against each
other. Much praise is awarded to a brother who never looked at the
roof of his own cell. Laudation more unmeasured is poured upon
another faithful knight of the new order of self-negation, who was so
entirely unaccustomed to raise his eyes from the ground, that he was
not aware of the erection of a new chapel in the garden, until he
broke his head against the wall.
On one occasion the Duchess de Guiche and an eminent prelate
visited the monastery together. After they had left, a monk entered
the Abbot’s apartment, threw himself at the feet of his superior, and
begged permission to confess a great crime. He was told to proceed.
“When the lady and the bishop were here just now,” said he, “I dared
to raise my eyes, and they rested upon the face—”
“Not of the lady, thou reprobate!” exclaimed the Abbot.
“Oh no,” calmly rejoined the monk, “but of the old bishop!” A course
of bread and water was needed to work expiation for the crime.
Some of the brethren illustrated what they meant by obedience and
humility, after a strange fashion. For example, there was one who
having expressed an inclination to return to the world, was detained
against his will. His place was in the kitchen, and the devastation he
committed among the crockery was something stupendous—and
probably not altogether unintentional. He was not only continually
fracturing the delf earthenware dishes, but was incessantly running
from the kitchen to the Abbot, from the Abbot to the Prior, from the
Prior to the Sub-Prior, and from the Sub-Prior to the Master of the
Novices to confess his fault. Thence he returned to the kitchen
again, once more to smash whole crates of plates, following up the
act with abundant confessions, and deriving evident enjoyment, alike
in destroying the property, and assailing with noisy apologies the
governing powers whom he was resolved to inspire with a desire of
getting rid of him.
In spite of forced detention there was a mock appearance of liberty
at monthly assemblies. The brethren were asked if there was
anything in the arrangement of the institution and its rules which they
desired to see changed. As an affirmative reply, however, would
have brought “penance” and “discipline” on him who made it, the
encouraging phrase that “They had only to speak,” by no means
rendered them loquacious, and every brother, by his silence,
expressed his content.
If death was the suicidal object of many, the end appears to have
been generally attained with a speedy certainty. The superiors and a
few monks reached an advanced age; only a few of the brethren
died old men. Consumption, inflammation of the lungs, and abscess
(at memory of the minute description of which the very heart turns
sick), carried off the victims with terrible rapidity. Men entered,
voluntarily or otherwise, in good health. If they did so, determined to
achieve suicide, or were driven in by the government with a view of
putting them to death, the end soon came, and was, if we may
believe what we read, welcomed with alacrity. After rapid, painful,
and unresisted decay, the sufferer saw as his last hour approached,
the cinders strewn on the ground in the shape of a cross; a thin
scattering of straw was made upon the cinders, and that was the
death-bed upon which every Trappist expired. The body was buried
in the habit of the order, as some knights have been in panoply,
without coffin or shroud, and was borne to the grave in a cloth
upheld by a few brothers. If it fell into its last receptacle with huddled-
up limbs, De Rancé would leap into the grave and dispose the
unconscious members, so as to make them assume an attitude of
repose.
A good deal of confusion appears to have distinguished the rules of
nomenclature. In many instances, where the original names had
impure or ridiculous significations, the change was advisable. But I
can not see how a brother became more cognisable as a Christian,
by assuming the names of Palemon, Achilles, Moses, or even
Dorothy. Theodore, I can understand; but Dorothy, though it bears
the same meaning, seems to me but an indifferent name for a monk,
even in a century when the male Montmorencies delighted in the
name of “Anne.”
None of the monks were distinguished by superfluous flesh. Some of
these ex-soldiers were so thin-skinned, that when sitting on hard
chairs, their bones fairly rubbed through their very slight epidermis.
They who so suffered, and joyfully, were held up as bright examples
of godliness.
There is matter for many a sigh in these saffron-leaved and worm-
eaten tomes, whose opened pages are now before me. I find a monk
who has passed a sleepless night through excess of pain. To test his
obedience, he is ordered to confess that he has slept well and
suffered nothing. The submissive soldier obeys his general’s
command. Another confesses his readiness, as Dr. Newman has
done, to surrender any of his own deliberately-made convictions at
the bidding of his superior. “I am wax,” he says, “for you to mould me
as you will and his unreserved surrender of himself is commended
with much windiness of phrase. A third, inadvertently remarking that
his scalding broth is over-salted, bursts into tears at the enormity of
the crime he has committed by thus complaining; whereupon praise
falls upon him more thickly than the salt did into his broth: “Yes,”
says the once knight, now abbot, “it is not praying, nor watching, nor
repentance, that is alone asked of you by God, but humility and
obedience therewith; and first obedience.”
To test the fidelity of those professing to have this humility and
obedience, the most outrageous insults were inflicted on such as in
the world had been reckoned the most high-spirited. It is averred that
these never failed. The once testy soldier, now passionless monk,
kissed the sandal raised to kick, and blessed the hand lifted to smite
him. A proud young officer of mousquetaires, of whom I have strong
suspicions that he had embezzled a good deal of his majesty’s
money, acknowledged that he was the greatest criminal that ever
lived; but he stoutly denied the same when the officers of the law
visited the monastery and accused him of fraudulent practices. This
erst young warrior had no greater delight than in being permitted to
clean the spittoons in the chapel, and provide them with fresh
sawdust. Another, a young marquis and chevalier, performed with
ecstacy servile offices of a more disgusting character. This monk
was the flower of the fraternity. He was for ever accusing himself of
the most heinous crimes, not one of which he had committed, or was
capable of committing. “He represented matters so ingeniously,”
says De Rancé, who on this occasion is the biographer, “that without
lying, he made himself pass for the vile wretch which in truth he was
not.” He must have been like that other clever individual who “lied
like truth.”
When I say that he was the flower of the fraternity, I probably do
some wrong to the Chevalier de Santin, who under the name of
Brother Palemon, was undoubtedly the chief pride of La Trappe. He
had been an officer in the army; without love for God, regard for
man, respect for woman, or reverence for law. In consequence of a
rupture between Savoy and France, he lost an annuity on which he
had hitherto lived. As his constitution was considerably shattered, he
at the same time took to reading. He was partially converted by
perusing the history of Joseph; and he was finally perfected by
seeing the dead body of a very old and very ugly monk, assume the
guise and beauty of that of a young man.
This was good ground for conversion; but the count—for the
chevalier of various orders was of that degree by birth—the count
had been so thorough a miscreant in the world, that they who lived in
the latter declined to believe in the godliness of Brother Palemon.
Thereupon he was exhibited to all comers, and he gave ready
replies to all queries put to him by his numerous visiters. All France,
grave and gay, noble and simple, flocked to the spectacle. At the
head of them was that once sovereign head of the Order of the
Garter, James II., with his illegitimate son, from whom is descended
the French ducal family of Fitz-James. The answers of Palemon to
his questioners edified countless crowds. He shared admiration with
another ex-military brother, who guilelessly told the laughing ladies
who flocked to behold him, that he had sought refuge in the
monastery because his sire had wished him to marry a certain lady;
but that his soul revolted at the idea of touching even the finger-tips
of one of a sex by the first of whom the world was lost. The
consequent laughter was immense.
From this it is clear that there were occasionally gay doings at the
monastery, and that those at least who had borne arms, were not
addicted to close their eyes in the presence of ladies. Among the
most remarkable of the knightly members of the brotherhood, was a
certain Robert Graham, whose father, Colonel Graham, was first
cousin to Montrose. Robert was born, we are told, in the “Chateau
de Rostourne,” a short league (it is added by way of help, I suppose,
to perplexed travellers), from Edinburgh. By his mother’s side he was
related to the Earl of Perth, of whom the Trappist biographer says,
that he was even more illustrious for his piety, and for what he
suffered for the sake of religion, than by his knighthood, his
viceroyship, or his offices of High Chancellor of England, and
“Governor of the Prince of Wales, now (1716) rightful king of Great
Britain.” The mother of Robert, a zealous protestant, is spoken of as
having “as much piety as one can have in a false religion.” In spite of
her teaching, however, the young Robert early exhibited an
inclination for the Romish religion; and at ten years of age, the
precocious boy attended mass in the chapel of Holyrood, to the great
displeasure of his mother. On his repeating his visit, she had him
soundly whipped by his tutor; but the young gentleman declared that
the process could not persuade him to embrace Presbyterianism. He
accordingly rushed to the house of Lord Perth, “himself a recent
convert from the Anglican Church,” and claimed his protection. After
some family arrangements had been concluded, the youthful protégé
was formally surrendered to the keeping of Lord Perth, by his
mother, and not without reluctance. His father gave him up with the
unconcern of those Gallios who care little about questions of religion.
Circumstances compelled the earl to leave Scotland, when Robert
sojourned with his mother at the house of her brother, a godly
protestant minister. Here he showed the value of the instructions he
had received at the hands of Lord Perth and his Romish chaplain, by
a conduct which disgusted every honest man, and terrified every
honest maiden, in all the country round. His worthy biographer is
candid enough to say that Robert, in falling off from Popery, did not
become a protestant, but an atheist. The uncle turned him out of his
house. The prodigal repaired to London, where he rioted prodigally;
thence he betook himself to France, and he startled even Paris with
the bad renown of his evil doings. On his way thither through
Flanders, he had had a moment or two of misgiving as to the wisdom
of his career, and he hesitated while one might count twenty,
between the counsel of some good priests, and the bad example of
some Jacobite soldiers, with whom he took service. The latter
prevailed, and when the chevalier Robert appeared at the court of St
Germains, Lord Perth presented to the fugitive king and queen there,
as accomplished a scoundrel as any in Christendom.
There was a show of decency at the exiled court, and respect for
religion. Young Graham adapted himself to the consequent
influences. He studied French, read the lives of the saints, entered
the seminary at Meaux, and finally reprofessed the Romish religion.
He was now seized with a desire to turn hermit, but accident having
taken him to La Trappe, the blasé libertine felt himself reproved by
the stern virtue exhibited there, and, in a moment of enthusiasm, he
enrolled himself a postulant, bade farewell to the world, and devoted
himself to silence, obedience, humility, and austerity, with a
perfectness that surprised alike those who saw and those who heard
of it. Lord Perth opposed the reception of Robert in the monastery.
Thereon arose serious difficulty, and therewith the postulant relapsed
into sin. He blasphemed, reviled his kinsmen, swore oaths that set
the whole brotherhood in speechless terror, and finally wrote a letter
to his old guardian, so crammed with fierce and unclean epithets,
that the abbot refused permission to have it forwarded. The
excitement which followed brought on illness; with the latter, came
reflection and sorrow. At length all difficulties vanished, and
ultimately, on the eve of All Saints, 1699, Robert Graham became a
monk, and changed his name for that of Brother Alexis. King James
visited him, and was much edified by the spiritual instruction
vouchsafed him by the second cousin of the gallant Montrose. The
new monk was so perfect in obedience that he would not in winter
throw a crumb to a half-starved sparrow, without first applying for
leave from his spiritual superior. “Indeed,” says his biographer, “I
could tell you a thousand veritable stories about him; but they are so
extraordinary that I do not suppose the world would believe one of
them.” The biographer adds, that Alexis, after digging and cutting
wood all day; eating little, drinking less, praying incessantly, and
neither washing nor unclothing himself, lay down; but to pass the
night without closing his eyes in sleep! He was truly a brother
Vigilantius.
The renown of his conversion had many influences. The father of
Alexis, Colonel Graham, embraced Romanism, and the colonel and
an elder son, who was already a Capuchin friar, betook themselves
to La Trappe, where the reception of the former into the church was
marked by a double solemnity—De Rancé dying as the service was
proceeding. The wife of Colonel Graham is said to have left Scotland
on the receipt of the above intelligence, to have repaired to France,
and there embrace the form of faith followed by her somewhat facile
husband. There is, however, great doubt on this point.
The fate of young Robert Graham was similar to that of most of the
Trappists. The deadly air, the hard work, the watchings, the scanty
food, and the uncleanliness which prevailed, soon slew a man who
was as useless to his fellow-men in a convent, as he had ever been
in the world. His confinement was, in fact, a swift suicide.
Consumption seized on the poor boy, for he was still but a boy, and
his rigid adherence to the severe discipline of the place, only aided
to develop what a little care might have easily checked. His serge
gown clove to the carious bones which pierced through his diseased
skin. The portions of his body on which he immovably lay, became
gangrened, and nothing appears to have been done by way of
remedy. He endured all with patience, and looked forward to death
with a not unaccountable longing. The “infirmier” bade him be less
eager in pressing forward to the grave.—“I will now pray God,” said
the nursing brother, “that he will be pleased to save you.”—“And I,”
said Alexis, “will ask him not to heed you.” Further detail is hardly
necessary: suffice it to say that Robert Graham died on the 21st
May, 1701, little more than six months after he had entered the
monastery, and at the early age of twenty-two years. The father and
brother also died in France, and so ended the chivalrous cousins of
the chivalrous Montrose.
The great virtue inculcated at La Trappe, was one of the cherished
virtues of old chivalry, obedience to certain rules. But there was no
excitement in carrying it out. Bodily suffering was encountered by a
knight, for mere glory’s sake. At La Trappe it was accounted as the
only means whereby to escape Satan. The knight of the cross
purchased salvation by the sacrifice of his life; the monk of La
Trappe, by an unprofitable suicide. With both there was doubtless
the one great hope common to all Christians; but that great hope, so
fortifying to the knight, seemed not to relieve the Trappist of the fear
that Satan was more powerful than the Redeemer. When once
treating this subject at greater length, I remarked that there was a
good moral touching Satan in Cuvier’s dream, and the application of
which might have been profitable to men like these monks. The great
philosopher just named, once saw, in his sleep, the popular
representative of the great enemy of man. The fiend approached
with a loudly-expressed determination to “eat him.” “Eat me!”
exclaimed Cuvier, examining him the while with the eye of a
naturalist. “Eat me! Horns! Hoofs!” he added, scanning him over.
“Horns? Hoofs? Graminivorous! needn’t be afraid of you!”
And now let us get back from the religious orders of men to
chivalrous orders of ladies. It is quite time to exclaim, Place aux
Dames!
FEMALE KNIGHTS AND JEANNE DARC.
Mein ist der Helm, und mir gehört er zu.— Schiller.
“Orders for ladies” have been favorite matters with both Kings
and Queens, Emperors and Empresses. The Austrian Empress,
Eleanora de Gonzague, founded two orders, which admitted only
ladies as members. The first was in commemoration of the
miraculous preservation of a particle of the true cross, which
escaped the ravages of a fire which nearly destroyed the imperial
residence, in 1668. Besides this Order of the Cross, the same
Empress instituted the Order of the Slaves of Virtue. This was hardly
a complimentary title, for a slave necessarily implies a compulsory
and unwilling servant. The number of members were limited to thirty,
and these were required to be noble, and of the Romish religion. The
motto was, Sole ubique triumphat; which may have implied that she
only who best served virtue, was likely to profit by it. This was not
making a very exalted principle of virtue itself. It was rather placing it
in the point of view wherein it was considered by Pamela, who was
by far too calculating a young lady to deserve all the eulogy that has
been showered upon her.
Another Empress of Germany, Elizabeth Christiana, founded, in the
early part of the last century, at Vienna, an Order of Neighborly Love.
It consisted of persons of both sexes; but nobody was accounted a
neighbor who was not noble. With regard to numbers, it was
unlimited. The motto of the order was Amor Proximi; a motto which
exactly characterized the feelings of Queen Guinever for any
handsome knight who happened to be her neighbor for the nonce.
“Proximus” at the meetings of the order was, of course, of that
convenient gender whereby all the members of the order could profit
by its application. They might have had a particularly applicable
song, if they had only possessed a Béranger to sing as the French
lyrist has done.
There was also in Germany an order for ladies only, that was of a
very sombre character. It was the Order of Death’s Head; and was
founded just two centuries ago, by a Duke of Wirtemburg, who
decreed that a princess of that house should always be at the head
of it. The rules bound ladies to an observance of conduct which they
were not likely to observe, if the rule of Christianity was not strong
enough to bind them; and probably many fair ladies who wore the
double cross, with the death’s head pending from the lower one,
looked on the motto of “Memento Mori,” as a reminder to daring
lovers who dared to look on them.
France had given us, in ladies’ orders, first, the Order of the
Cordelière, founded by that Anne of Brittany who brought her
independent duchy as a dower to Charles VIII. of France, and who
did for the French court what Queen Charlotte effected for that of
England, at a much later period. Another Anne, of Austria, wife of
Louis XIII., and some say of Cardinal Mazarin also, founded, for
ladies, the Order of the Celestial Collar of the Holy Rosary. The
members consisted of fifty young ladies of the first families in
France; and they all wore, appended to other and very charming
insignia hanging from the neck, a portrait of St. Dominic, who found
himself in the best possible position for instilling all sorts of good
principles into a maiden’s bosom.
The Order of the Bee was founded a century and a half ago by
Louisa de Bourbon, Duchess of Maine. The ensign was a medal,
with the portrait of the duchess on one side, and the figure of a bee,
with the motto, Je suis petite, mais mes piqueures sont profondes,
on the other.
In Russia, Peter the Great founded the Order of St. Catherine, in
honor of his wife, and gave as its device, Pour l’amour et la fidélité
envers la patrie. It was at first intended for men, but was ultimately
made a female order exclusively. A similar change was found
necessary in the Spanish Order of the Lady of Mercy, founded in the
thirteenth century by James, King of Aragon. There were other
female orders in Spain, and the whole of them had for their object
the furtherance of religion, order, and virtue. In some cases,
membership was conferred in acknowledgment of merit. Who forgets
Miss Jane Porter in her costume and insignia of a lady of one of the
orders of Polish female chivalry—and who is ignorant that Mrs.
Otway has been recently decorated by the Queen of Spain with the
Order of Maria Louisa?
The Order of St. Ulrica, in Sweden, was founded in 1734, in honor of
a lady, the reigning Queen, and to commemorate the liberty which
Sweden had acquired and enjoyed from the period of her accession.
Two especial qualities were necessary in the candidates for
knighthood in this order. It was necessary that a public tribunal
should declare that they were men of pure public spirit; and it was
further required of them to prove that in serving the country, they had
never been swayed by motives of private interest. When the order
was about to be founded, not less than five hundred candidates
appeared to claim chivalric honor. Of these, only fifty were chosen,
and decree was made that the number of knights should never
exceed that amount. It was an unnecessary decree, if the
qualifications required were to be stringently demanded. But, in the
conferring of honors generally, there has often been little connection
between cause and effect; as, for instance, after Major-General
Simpson had failed to secure the victory which the gallantry of our
troops had put in his power at the Redan, the home government was
so delighted, that they made field-marshals of two very old
gentlemen. The example was not lost on the King of the Belgians.
He, too, commemorated the fall of Sebastopol by enlarging the
number of his knights. He could not well scatter decorations among
his army, for that has been merely a military police, but he made
selection of an equally destructive body, and named eighteen
doctors—Knights of St. Leopold.
These orders of later institution appear to have forgotten one of the
leading principles of knighthood—love for the ladies—but perhaps
this is quite as well. When Louis II., Duke of Bourbon, instituted the
Order of the Golden Shield, he was by no means so forgetful. He
enjoined his knights to honor the ladies above all, and never permit
any one to slander them with impunity; “because,” said the good
duke, “after God, we owe everything to the labors of the ladies, and
all the honor that man can acquire.” One portion of which assertion
may certainly defy contradiction.
The most illustrious of female knights, however, is, without dispute,
the Maid of Orleans. Poor Jeanne Darc seems to me to have been
an illustrious dupe and an innocent victim. Like Charlotte Corday, the
calamities of her country weighed heavily upon her spirits, and her
consequent eager desire to relieve them, caused her to be marked
as a fitting instrument for a desired end. Poor Charlotte Corday
commissioned herself for the execution of the heroic deed which
embellishes her name—Jeanne Darc was evidently commissioned
by others.
The first step taken by Jeanne to obtain access to the Dauphin, was
to solicit the assistance of the proud De Baudricourt, who resided not
far from the maid’s native place, Domremy. However pious the young
girl may have been, De Baudricourt was not the man to give her a
public reception, had not some foregone conclusion accompanied it.
She needed his help to enable her to proceed to Chinon. The
answer of the great chief was that she should not be permitted to go
there. The reply of the maid, who was always uncommonly “smart” in
her answers, was that she would go to Chinon, although she were
forced to crawl the whole way on her knees. She did go, and the
circumstances of a mere young girl, who was in the habit of holding
intercourse with angels and archangels, thus overcoming, as it were,
the most powerful personage in the district, was proof enough to the
common mind, as to whence she derived her strength and authority.
The corps of priests by whom she was followed, as soon as her
divine mission was acknowledged or invented by the court, lent her
additional influence, and sanctified in her own mind, her doubtless
honest enthusiasm. The young girl did all to which she pledged
herself, and in return, was barbarously treated by both friend and
foe, and was most hellishly betrayed by the Church, under whose
benediction she had raised her banner. She engaged to relieve
Orleans from the terrible English army which held it in close siege,
and she nobly kept her engagement. It may be noticed that the first
person slain in this siege, was a young lady named Belle, and the
fair sex thus furnished the first victim, as well as the great conqueror,
in this remarkable conflict.
I pass over general details, in order to have the more space to notice
particular illustrative circumstances touching our female warrior.
Jeanne, it must be allowed, was extremely bold of assertion as well
as smart in reply. She would have delighted a Swedenborgian by the
alacrity with which she protested that she held intercourse with
spirits from Heaven and prophets of old. Nothing was so easy as to
make her believe so; and she was quite as ready to deny the alleged
fact when her clerical accusers, in the day of her adversity, declared
that such belief was a suggestion of the devil. I think there was some
humor and a little reproach in the reply by Jeanne, that she would
maintain or deny nothing but as she was directed by the Church.
Meanwhile, during her short but glorious career, she manifested true
chivalrous spirit. She feared no man, not even the brave Dunois.
“Bastard, bastard!” said she to him on one occasion, “in the name of
God, hear me; I command you to let me know of the arrival of Fastolf
as soon as it takes place; for, hark ye, if he passes without my
knowledge, I give you my word, you shall lose your head.” And
thereon she turned to her dinner of dry bread and wine-and-water—
half a pint of the first to two pints of the last, with the quiet air of a
person able and determined to realize every menace.
It is very clear that her brother knights, while they profited by her
services, and obeyed (with some reluctance) her orders, neither
thought nor spoke over-well of her. Their comments were not
complimentary to a virgin reputation, which a jury of princesses, with
a queen for a forewoman, had pronounced unblemished. She even
risked her prestige over the common rank and file, but generally by
measures which resulted in strengthening it. Thus, on taking the Fort
of the Augustins from the English, she destroyed all the rich things
and lusty wine she found there, lest the men should be corrupted by
indulgence therein. It may be remembered that Gustavus Vasa
highly disgusted his valiant Dalecarlians by a similar exhibition of
healthy discipline.
The Maid undoubtedly placed the work of fighting before the
pleasure of feasting. When she was about to issue from her
lodgings, to head the attack against the bastion of the Tourelles,
where she prophesied she would be wounded, her host politely
begged of her to remain and partake of a dish of freshly-caught
shad. It was the 7th of May, and shad was just in season; the
Germans call it distinctively “the May-fish.” Jeanne resisted the
temptation for the moment. “Keep the fish till to-night,” said she, “till I
have come back from the fray; for I shall bring a Goden [a ‘God d—
n,’ or Englishman] with me to partake of my supper.”
She was not more ready of tongue than she was quick of eye. An
instance of the latter may be found in an incident before Jargeau.
She was reconnoitring the place at a considerable distance. The
period was more than a century and a half before Hans Lippershey,
the Middleburg spectacle-maker, had invented, and still more before
Galileo had improved, the telescope. The Duke d’Alençon was with
Jeanne, and she bade him step aside, as the enemy were pointing a
gun at him. The Duke obeyed, for he knew her acuteness of vision;
the gun was fired, and De Lude, a gentleman of Anjou, standing in a
line with the spot which had been occupied by the Duke, was slain—
which must have been very satisfactory to the Duke!
I have said that some of the knights had but a scanty respect for the
gallant Maid. A few, no doubt, objected to the assumption of
heavenly inspiration on her part. One, at least, was not so particular.
I allude to the Baron De Richemond, who had been exiled from court
for the little misdemeanor of having assassinated Cannes de
Beaulieu. The Baron had recovered his good name by an actively
religious exercise, manifested by his hunting after wizards and
witches, and burning them alive, to the delight and edification of dull
villagers. This pious personage paid a visit to Jeanne, hoping to
obtain, by her intercession, the royal permission to have a share in
the war. The disgraced knight, who brought with him a couple of
thousand men, when these were most wanted, was not likely to meet
with a refusal of service, and the permission sought for was speedily
granted. Jeanne playfully alluded to her own supernatural inspiration
and the Baron’s vocation as “witch-finder.” “Ah well,” said De
Richemond, “with regard to yourself, I have only this to say, that it is
difficult to say anything; but if you are from Heaven, it is not I who
shall be afraid of you; and if you come from the devil, I do not fear
even him, who, in such case, sends you.” Thereupon, they laughed
merrily, and began to talk of the next day’s battle.
That battle was fought upon the field of Patay, where the gallant
Talbot was made prisoner by the equally gallant Saintrailles. When
the great English commander was brought into the presence of
Jeanne, he was good-humoredly asked if he had expected such a
result the day before. “It is the fortune of war,” philosophically
exclaimed the inimitable John; and thereby he made a soldier’s
comment, which has often since been in the mouths of the valiant
descendants of the French knights who heard it uttered, and which is
frequently quoted as being of Gallic origin. But, again, I think that
“fortuna belli” was not an uncommon phrase, perhaps, in old days
before the French language was yet spoken.
And here, talking of origin, let me notice a circumstance of some
interest. Jeanne Darc is commonly described as Jeanne D’Arc, as
though she had been ennobled. This, indeed, she was, by the King,
but not by that name. To the old family name was added that of du
Lys, in allusion to the Lily of France, which that family had served so
well. The brothers of Jeanne, now Darc du Lys, entered the army.
When Guise sent a French force into Scotland, some gallant
gentlemen of this name of Lys were among them. They probably
settled in Caledonia, for the name is not an uncommon one there;
and there is a gallant major in the 48th who bears it, and who,
perhaps, may owe his descent to the ennobled brothers of “The Maid
of Orleans.”
Jeanne was not so affected as to believe that nobility was above the
desert of her deeds. When her relatives, including her brothers,
Peter and John, congratulated her and themselves on all that she
had accomplished, her remark was: “My deeds are in truth those of a
ministry; but in as great truth never were greater read of by cleric,
however profound he may be in all clerical learning.” The degree of
nobility allowed to the deserving girl was that of a countess. Her
household consisted of a steward, almoner, squire, pages, “hand,

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