BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION

Photosynthesis in higher plants

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Cell the unit of life
Which are the different types of plastids based on the presence of
pigments.
Name the colourless plastid…?
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ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
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Two
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BOTANY WAR
 PLANT KINGDOM
MORPHOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS
CELL CYCLE & CELL DIVISION
RESPIRATION
PLANT GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT
PLANT KINGDOM
T
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Synopsis

Types of Classification

Branches of Taxonomy

Various Plant Groups

Plantae

T
Algae

Bryophytes

Pteridophytes

Gymnosperms

Angiosperms
aWhat are kelps?
Kelps are massive marine algal plant bodies.
Write any four economic importance
a
of Algae.
19) Name two hydrocolloids (water holding
Al
·
substances) produced commercially from algae.
Algin (from brown algae) , Carrageen (from
red algae) ,Agar
 Name two hydrocolloids (water holding
substances) produced commercially from algae.

Algin ( brown algae) , Carrageen (red algae)

 Fill in the blanks in the table with
the correct options given below.

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B

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Brown Algae D
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Red Algae
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A- Green algae, B- Starch, C-Pheophyceae , D-Mannitol,

E-Rhodophyceae, F-Floridean starch
Name the three main classes of Algae based
on the pigments present on it.

Chlorophyceae – Chlorophyll a,b

Phaeophyceae - Chlorophyll a,c , Fucoxanthin
Rhodophyceae - Chlorophyll a,d ,
Phycoerythrin
Ele
Bryophytes are called amphibians
of the plant kingdom. Why?

Because Bryophytes can live in soil but are

dependent on water for sexual reproduction.
Differentiate Protonema &
Prothallus
Define Heteospory. Give Example
I
I Name two algae from which Agar
11)
is commercially produced.
Gelidium and Gracilaria
n
21) Name the three main classes of Algae based on the pigments
present on it.
Chlorophyceae – Chlorophyll a,b
Phaeophyceae - Chlorophyll a,c , Fucoxanthin
Rhodophyceae - Chlorophyll a,d , Phycoerythrin
 MORPHOLOGY
OF
FLOWERING PLANTS
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SYNOPSIS
ROOT
STEM
LEAF
INFLORESCENCE
FLOWER
FRUIT
SEED
PLANT FAMILY
ROOT
Leaf
Discuss the three types of
phyllotaxy with one example each ?
Identify the type of leaves A & B

A B
·
Inflorescence
Flower
m
Differentiate between Epipetalous
& Epiphyllous stamens ?
Fill in the blanks
Ovary : ………..
Ovule : …………
Fruit
·
A
B
Identify A & B from the following
diagram?
A
⑭
m B
⑳
Families
<
 Cell Cycle
&
Cell Division
Synopsis

Phases of cell cycle

M phase : Prophase, Metaphase,

Anaphase, Telophase

Cytokinesis

Meiosis : Meiosis I and Meiosis II

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Identify the phases of Cell
Cycle ?
DNA replication takes place during the
____ stage of Interphase
 G0 phase is called as the
quiescent stage of the cell
cycle. Why?
What are the 4 main stages of
Mitosis?
What is meant by
syncytium? Eg.
In some organisms karyokinesis is not followed
by cytokinesis as a result of which multinucleate
condition arises leading to the formation of
syncytium eg. liquid endosperm in coconut
 Which is the most prolonged
stage during meiosis.
Mention its sub stages.
 Define the term synapsis. In which
phase a synaptonemal complex is
formed during meiosis?
Zygotene

During this stage chromosomes start pairing

together and this process of association is
called synapsis. Such paired chromosomes
are called homologous chromosomes.
Given below is a diagrammatic view of cell
cycle. A, B & C represents the three
phases of Interphase. Identify it ?
 Identify the phase given
below .Mention any two events that
takes place during this phase.
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 The diagram given below shows a phase during mitotic
cell division.
a) Identify the phase
b) Points out the events that takes place during this
phase.
 Crossing over is a very important process that
leads to genetic variability in a population.
a) What is crossing over?
b) In which stage it occur?
c) Name the enzyme that mediates crossing over.
Pachytene

Crossing over is the exchange of genetic

material between two homologous
chromosomes.

Crossing over is also an enzyme-mediated

process and the enzyme involved is called
recombinase.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Synopsis

Cellular Respiration
Respiratory substrates
Type of Respiration
Mechanism of Aerobic Respiration
Glycolysis
Fermentation
Kreb’s cycle
ETS
Respiratory Quotient
Why glycolysis is called as EMP
pathway?

The scheme of glycolysis was given

by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof,
and J. Parnas, and is often referred
to as the EMP pathway.
Glycolysis is a common pathway of
both aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
a) Where does it occur?
b) Name the end products of glycolysis.

a) Cytoplasm
b) Two pyruvic acid.
Observe the figure and answer the following
questions

a) Identify the pathway

b) Name the enzyme labelled as X
c) Identify A, B, C, D
a) Krebs cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
or Citric acid cycle
b) Pyruvate dehydrogenase
c) A-Acetyl coenzyme A, B-alpha-
ketoglutaric acid, C-FADH2, D-Malic acid
TCA cycle is given below. Name the substrate
A, B, C and D

A-citric acid
B-alpha keto glutaric
acid
C-malic acid
D-oxalo acetic acid.
Electron Transport System (ETS) is
located in which part of mitochondrion?
a. Outer membrane
b. Inter membrane space
c. Inner membrane
d. Matrix

c. Inner membrane
Name the molecule which is terminal acceptor
of electron.

Oxygen.
What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Oxidative phosphorylation is the process of making ATP by using
the proton gradient generated by the ETS during aerobic
respiration.
Observe the diagram
A) What are A, B, C,D
B) Name the
complex ?

A) A-inner mitochondrial membrane, B-

F0, C-F1, D-ATP
B) Complex V: ATP synthase
 Which among the following is the end
product of alcohol fermentation?
a. Ethanol + CO2
b. CO2 + H2O +Energy
c. Acetyl CoA + CO2
d. CO2 + H2O

a. Ethanol + CO2
Write the two types
of fermentation.
Define RQ . What is its
importance
PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
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Synopsis
Growth
Growth Rates
Differentiation, Dedifferentiation & Redifferentiation
Development
Plant Growth Regulators (PGR)
Photoperiodism
Vernalisation
Seed Dormancy
 Plants retain the capacity for unlimited growth
throughout their life, due to the presence of
_____

Meristem
“stress hormone” is?
a) Auxin
b) Gibberellic acid
c) Zeatin
d) ABA
The synthetic hormone used as a weedicide is
a) IAA
b) Gibberellin
c) 2, 4-D
d) zeatin
The response of plants to periods of
day /night is termed___
What are PGRs. PGRs are also known as____?

Plant Growth Regulators.

Plant hormones or phytohormones.
Match the following
Based on the functions PGRs can be
divided into two.
a) Which are they?
b) Give examples for each

a) growth promoters and inhibitors

b) Promoters: auxin, cytokinin, gibberellins & ethylene.
Inhibitors: ABA & ethylene.
Observe the experiment.
a) Name the PGR
b) Identify the Phenomenon
Define growth rate. Which are
the two types of growth rates
seen in plants?

The increased growth per unit time.

Arithmetic and geometric growth rate.
 What is Foolish seedling disease?
Which pathogen is responsible for
this?

Bakane disease of rice caused by a fungus called

Gibberella fujikuroi .
Expand the following IAA, IBA,
NAA, 2, 4-D.
IAA: Indole Acetic Acetic Acid

IBA: Indole Butyric Acid

NAA: Naphthalene Acetic Acid

2,4-D: 2,4 Dichloro phenoxy acetic acid.

Group the following IAA, IBA, NAA, 2,4-D
under appropriate column
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Name the PGR that responsible
for apical dominance? What is
apical dominance?

Auxin. Apical dominance: growing apical buds by

inhibiting the growth of lateral buds
 What is decapitation? Why it
is widely applied in tea
plantations?

Removal of shoot tips is called decapitation

By decapitation we can overcome apical dominance and allow the
growth of new lateral buds to get more and more tender leaves. Eg.
Tea plant.
 What is respiratory climactic? Name the
PGR responsible for this phenomenon?

The rise in rate of respiration during

ripening of fruits is called respiratory
climactic.
Which is the most widely used compound
as source of ethylene? Write its two
physiological activities?

Ethephon, hastens fruit ripening in tomatoes,

accelerates abscission of flowers and fruits.it promote
female flowers in cucumber.
A) Which PGR is known as stress hormone?
B) Why it is so called?

A) ABA
B) Increase the tolerance of plants to various kinds of stress.
Some plants require a periodic exposure to light to
induce flowering.
Based on that identify the type of plants A, B & C in
the diagram given below.
Most of the seeds germinate only after a period of rest
a) Name the period of rest.
b) Name the plant growth regulator which control the
period of rest

a ) seed dormancy
b) ABA
Three mark questions
Apical dominance and bolting are two physiological
phenomena shown by plants due to the activity of two
growth regulators
a) Identify these PGRs
b) Distinguish apical dominance and bolting

a) Auxin and Gibberellin

b) Apical dominance –auxin, by growing apical bud inhibits the
growth of lateral buds.
Bolting –gibberellins , inter node elongation just prior to flowering
 Which of the plant growth regulators would you use if you are
asked to do the following process?
a-Induce parthenocarpy
b-Quickly ripen a fruit
c-Induce stomatal closure in leaves
d-To increase length of grape stalk
e-To speed up the malting process in brewing industry
f-To break seed and bud dormancy.

a) auxin, b) ethylene, c) ABA, d) gibberellins e) gibberellins,

f) ethylene.