Structural Modelling of Steel Tank Supports (1) - 1

MODELLING, ANALYSIS, AND
DESIGN OF OVERHEAD STEEL

TANK SUPPORT
Ubani Obinna U.
Structville Integrated Services Limited

© 2020 Structville Integrated Services
© 2020 Ubani Obinna
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
CHAPTER ONE: OVERHEAD TANKS....................................................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Forces acting on tank supports ................................................................................................ 4
1.2.1 The weight of stored water ............................................................................................... 5
CHAPTER TWO: STRUCTURAL SCHEME AND ANALYSIS OF OVERHEAD WATER TANK

SUPPORT .............................................................................................................................. 6
2.1 Structural scheme of overhead water tank support ................................................................. 6
2.2 The platform ........................................................................................................................... 6
2.3 Stanchions ............................................................................................................................... 7
2.4 Bracings .................................................................................................................................. 8
2.5 Base plate ................................................................................................................................ 9
2.6 Connections ............................................................................................................................ 9
2.7 Foundation ............................................................................................................................ 10
CHAPTER THREE: WIND LOAD ANALYSIS OF OVERHEAD TANKS ........................................11

3.1 Wind Action on tank supports .................................................................................................11
3.2 Basic Wind Velocity ............................................................................................................... 12
3.3 Mean Wind ............................................................................................................................ 12
3.4 Wind turbulence .................................................................................................................... 14
3.5 Peak Velocity Pressure........................................................................................................... 14
CHAPTER FOUR: MODELLING AND ANALYSIS ON STAAD PRO............................................21

4.1 General Arrangement ............................................................................................................ 21
4.2 Modelling on Staad Pro ......................................................................................................... 22
4.3 Load combinations ................................................................................................................ 27
4.4 Effects of Frame Imperfection ............................................................................................... 28
4.5 Second order effects (effect of deformed geometry)............................................................. 30
CHAPTER FIVE: ANALYSIS RESULTS ....................................................................................31

5.1 Overview of analysis results ....................................................................................................31
5.2 Support Reactions ..................................................................................................................31
5.3 Primary beams........................................................................................................................31
5.4 Secondary beams ...................................................................................................................33
5.5 Stanchions ............................................................................................................................. 34
5.6 Diagonal Bracings ................................................................................................................. 35
5.7 Horizontal bracings ................................................................................................................ 36
CHAPTER SIX: STRUCTURAL DESIGN ...................................................................................37

6.1 Design of the primary beams .................................................................................................. 37
6.1.1 Classification of cross-section .......................................................................................... 37
6.1.2 Shear buckling ................................................................................................................ 38
6.1.3 Moment Resistance ........................................................................................................ 38
6.1.4 Shear Resistance............................................................................................................. 38
6.1.5 Plastic resistance of yielding cross section ...................................................................... 39
6.1.6 Cross-section resistance under bending and axial force .................................................. 39
6.1.7 Deflection ....................................................................................................................... 40
6.2 Design of the stanchions ....................................................................................................... 40
6.2.1 Classification of cross-section ......................................................................................... 41
6.2.2 Shear buckling ................................................................................................................ 42
6.2.3 Moment Resistance ........................................................................................................ 42
6.2.4 Shear Resistance ............................................................................................................ 43
6.2.5 Plastic resistance of yielding cross section ...................................................................... 43
6.2.6 Cross-section resistance under bending and axial force .................................................. 43
6.2.7 Member buckling resistance in compression................................................................... 44
6.2.8 Elastic critical force and non-dimensional slenderness for flexural buckling ................... 44
6.2.9 Member buckling resistance in bending.......................................................................... 45
6.2.10 Lateral torsional buckling resistance ............................................................................. 46
6.2.11 Member buckling resistance in combined bending and axial compression .................... 46
6.3 Design of the diagonals ......................................................................................................... 48
6.3.1 Section classification....................................................................................................... 48
6.3.2 Resistance of the member to uniform compression ........................................................ 48
6.3.3 Buckling resistance of member ....................................................................................... 49
6.3.4 Resistance to tensile force .............................................................................................. 49
6.5 Design of the base plate ........................................................................................................ 51
6.5.1 Selection of size of base plate ......................................................................................... 51
6.5. 2 Base plate thickness....................................................................................................... 52
6.5.3 Check for welds............................................................................................................... 52
FURTHER READING..............................................................................................................53
APPENDIX 1: MODELLING CODE ......................................................................................... 54
PREFACE
This book has been written to address an area of structural design which is usually
neglected by clients, architects, and home owners. During the brief for structural design of
a residential building or a villa, serious attention is not usually paid to the structural design
of the overhead tank supports. Overhead tank supports are structural members which are
subjected to heavy imposed loads and forces of nature. As a result, they should be treated
with much seriousness as other structures.
This publication therefore aims to cover the basic requirement or knowledge needed to
design steel tank supports. However, it cannot suffice for full structural engineering
textbooks on design of steel structures.
Staad Pro is a popular structural engineering software, and has been utilised in this book to
demonstrate, model, analyse, and obtain the internal forces that are induced in a steel tank
support. The subsequent structural design of the structure is carried out manually in
accordance to Eurocode 3 (BS EN 1993-1-1:2005). The procedure presented in the book is
also applicable to the design of steel members in other structures.
Chapter one of the book talks about the rationale behind the adoption of overhead tanks,
the alternatives, and some engineering principles in water supply and distribution in
residential buildings and large scale municipal water supply.
Chapter two discusses the structural schemes that can be adopted for overhead steel water
tank supports. The members of the frame and their functions are also described.
Chapter three talks about the application of wind action to open lattice steel frame
structures according to BS EN 1991-1-4. A practical wind action analysis is also presented.
In chapter four and five, the modelling steps of overhead steel tanks in Staad Pro software,
and the results of the analysis are presented.
Chapter six of shows the actual structural design and verification of the structural members
according to the requirements of Eurocode 3.
Happy reading!
Ubani Obinna Uzodimma

April, 2020
Modelling, Analysis, and Design of Steel Tank Supports Ubani Obinna U (2020)
CHAPTER ONE
OVERHEAD TANKS
1.1 Introduction
Water storage is essential for effective functioning of homes, offices, industries, and any
facility associated with human activity. This is mainly due to the economic advantage and
efficiency of having water readily available at the point of use. Water tanks are used for
storage of water for various applications such as drinking, domestic usage, fire fighting,
irrigation, industrial uses, etc. Various materials can be used in making water tanks such as
plastics (polyethylene, polypropylene), fibreglass, concrete, steel and other polymer
composites (see Figure 1.1).
(a) (b)
F1g 1.1: Water storage tanks made of different materials (a) galvanised steel (b) plastic
In residential buildings, it is very common to see plastic tanks being used for water storage.
As practicable as possible, such tanks should be opaque to transmission of natural light in
order to prevent the excessive growth of algae. This is the major reason why they are
usually made of dark colours.
For municipal water storage, fibreglass or steel tanks are more commonly used due to their
capacity to withstand larger hydrostatic pressure with relatively smaller material thickness
when compared with plastics.
To enable the stored water flow under gravity to the point of use such as taps, water
cisterns, sinks, wash hand basins, bath tubs, etc, the tank needs to be placed at a height so
that it will posses some potential energy. This necessitates the need for a tank support. In
some buildings, the tanks are placed on top of a reinforced concrete roof slab, while in
other cases, the property owner may prefer an isolated tank stand. The isolated tank stand
1
can be made of reinforced concrete or steel. Such tanks placed at a height to enable flow to
the point of use under gravity are called overhead tanks.
There are a few variations in the design and construction of overhead steel tanks. For
simple residential or commercial buildings without heavy water consumption, the steel
tank support skeleton is designed and constructed as an independent braced frame, then
the steel or plastic tank is purchased separately and placed on top of the frame (see Figure
1.2). Therefore, the interaction of the tank/reservoir and the supporting frame is not ‘fixed’.
The tank will predominantly transfer vertical axial load to the members of the frame.
Fig 1.2: Steel tank support with plastic tanks in low water consumption household/facility
However for municipal water supply or facility with heavy water consumption, the steel
tank/reservoir can be constructed integrally with the supporting frame thereby making the
entire structure to behave as a unit (see Figure 1.3). In this type of construction, the
reservoir is welded or bolted to the secondary beams of the platform of the tank. This
causes interaction between the frame and the tank.
Depending on the nature of the connection, it possible for bending moment to be

transferred from the walls of the tank to the members of the steel frame. Also, under the
effect of wind, the dynamic air pressure coming to the face of the tank will transfer bending
moment and base shear to the stanchions of the tank, while the bracings will provide the
required lateral stability.
2
Fig 1.3: Typical reservoir construction system for heavy water demand facilities
Steel tank supports offer more flexibility than reinforced concrete water tank supports. The
cost implication of the different structural materials can depend on the height and size of
the tank. The comparative advantage between steel and reinforced concrete water tanks is
given in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1: Comparative advantage of steel and water tank supports

Steel Tank Support Concrete Tank Support
Relatively faster construction period Relatively slow construction period
Can be used immediately after Should be used at about 28 days after
construction construction
Can be easily dismantled and reused at Might require demolition and the
another location material will become rubble
Requires protection against rusting Requires no additional protection
against the environment except
adequate concrete cover
Requires maintenance for enhanced Requires little or no maintenance during
durability its design life
Offers easier and more flexible Options for piping and plumbing of
piping/plumbing operations tanks are relatively limited due to
rigidity and closed form of concrete
Little risk of water ponding on the Water can pond on the supporting slab if
structure not properly constructed
3
However, the higher a building goes, the more unreasonable it is to provide separate stand-
alone tank stands. In such cases, reinforced concrete tank slabs embedded in the structural
form of the building will be more preferable. The major focus of this technical manual is to
provide guidance through a design example on the modelling, analysis, and design of
overhead steel tank support.
Just like any typical structure, steel tank supports can fail when they are not properly
designed to withstand the forces that they are subjected to. Their failure can be
catastrophic given their usual proximity to buildings, and there may be significant
destruction of properties, human life, and economic consequences.
1.2 Forces acting on tank supports

Tank supports are subjected to various forces in their service life such as;
(i) Self weight

(ii) Weight of tank and water
(iii) Wind load
(iv) Snow load, and
(v) Seismic forces
However, for tank supports to be constructed in a region like Nigeria, snow and seismic
forces can be ignored.
Due to the height of tank supports above the ground and the nature of loading they are
subjected to, they can be subjected to additional stresses due to imperfection or secondary
effects. These are other actions that designers should look out for. The author has
witnessed scenarios where steel tank supports for water supply in a four storey building
deflected in a fearful manner.
It is also important to note that for steel frames supporting more than one individual unit of
plastic tanks, stress distribution in the tank support members is not always uniform. This is
due to the fact that during pumping from the borehole or underground tank to the over
head tanks, the plastic tanks are not filled simultaneously. It is usual for one tank to get
filled before the pumping of another tank will commence.
Furthermore, if each tank is supplying water to different blocks of flats or household, the
rate of water consumption might not be the same. Therefore, it is typical for some tanks to
be empty, and the others filled. For instance, if we assume that a steel frame is supporting
four plastic tanks, then we could have the following extreme scenarios;
(1) One tank is full, the other three empty

(2) Two tanks full, two tanks empty
4
(3) Three tanks full, one tank empty

(4) The four tanks full
However for single unit tanks without compartments, the load distribution can always be
assumed to be uniform. Therefore, depending on the prevailing conditions, a designer will
need to watch out for the load distribution that will give the worst effect in the tank support
members.
1.2.1 The weight of stored water

During the design of overhead tank frame supporting individual units of tanks, the
structural engineer is advised to use the height of the stored water in computing the
pressure load of the water. The pressure load of water should be distributed all over the
surface where the tank units will be located. The designer should avoid the temptation of
trying to assume a localised area for the tank, unless a special provision will be made to
keep the tank in place.
Let us assume that a plastic cylindrical tank has base diameter of 1.8 m and a height of 2.0
m (volume of the tank is 5.09 m3). Assuming that the unit weight of water is 10 kN/m3, the
total weight of the water in the tank is 50.9 kN. It is important to note that this weight is
acting over an area that is represented by the diameter of the tank. Therefore, the uniform
pressure load on the tank support platform from the weight of water is;
Pressure (p)= (1.1)
p = 50.9/2.544 = 20 kN/m2
Therefore, you can see that this equivalent to multiplying the unit weight of water with the
height of the tank straight away. Therefore, the structural engineer will need the maximum
storage height of the tank to compute the design pressure load of the water. As pointed out
earlier, it is better to distribute this load to the entire platform of the support.
5
CHAPTER TWO
STRUCTURAL SCHEME AND ANALYSIS OF OVERHEAD
WATER TANK SUPPORT
2.1 Structural scheme of overhead water tank support

For overhead water tanks, a structural engineer is expected to adopt a suitable structural
scheme that will be economical, stable, and easy to construct. Generally, the location of the
tank, the capacity, and the height above the ground will determine the best structural
layout for the tank. The nature of the forces that will be developed in the members should
also be of interest to the designers. For instance, members under compression should not
be allowed to have a large value of effective length due to low flexural buckling strength.
This can make the design uneconomical.
Basically, the structural elements in an overhead steel tank support are;
(i) The platform - consisting of the primary beams, secondary beams, and a thin plate/mesh
(ii) The stanchions
(iii) The bracings
(iv) The base plate and connections
(v) The foundation
It should be noted that these elements are joined by bolting or welding and must also be
properly designed.
2.2 The platform
Fig 2.1: Typical layout of the platform of an overhead steel tank support
6
The platform for supporting overhead tanks usually consists of the primary beams, the
secondary beams (which are laid out as grids on the primary beams), and a thin plate for
distributing the water pressure load to the secondary beams. Rails are also provided to
offer protection to people and workmen during inspection and maintenance of the tank.
The primary and secondary beams are usually made of universal beam sections, and are
welded or bolted together in the manner shown in Figure 2.1 and 2.2. Other equivalent
sections can also be used in the design and construction.
Fig 2.2: Typical structural members of a steel tank platform
The secondary beams are usually made of sections which are lighter and smaller than the
primary beams. The spacing of the secondary beams depends on the material that will be
used for sheeting and the anticipated water pressure load. For frames supporting plastic
tanks, the spacing should limited to about 500 mm unless the thin steel plate or sheeting
material beneath the tank base will be thick and sufficiently strong. If the spacing is too
much, the plastic material will be stressed and deformed in an unpleasant manner which
may eventually damage the tank. In some cases, some people use timber for sheeting, but
the durability of timber under alternate wetting and drying makes it a less ideal material.
Secondary beams receive the load of the tank, and transfer them to the primary beams as
concentrated loads. The primary beams then transfer the load to the columns. It is typical
for the material used for the stanchion to be used as the primary beams. However,
depending on the span and the loading, design considerations can lead to comparatively
bigger or smaller sections.
2.3 Stanchions
For overhead tanks, universal beam sections are popularly used as the stanchions, even
though universal columns or hollow tube sections can also be used. The length of the
columns are usually continuous from the base plate to the platform and are joined at
intervals where necessary by welding or by splices. The stanchions are usually subjected to
bending, axial forces, and shear forces. By the nature of their configuration, the stanchions
are usually restrained in both major and minor axis at the intervals where they are braced,
7
thereby giving shorter buckling lengths for each panel of the frame. For intermediate
stanchions, the restraint to movement can be in one direction only, and the designer could
check if he can take advantage of the major axis during the structural layout.
Under gravity load, the bending moment on the column is usually maximum at the highest
level (at the top), depending on the nature of the connection between the primary beams
and the columns. On the other hand, the maximum axial force in the members usually
occurs at the bottom columns. This is to guide you on what to expect when evaluating your
analysis results. During design, the designer should watch out for the interaction of
bending, shear, and axial forces on the stability and strength of the member.
2.4 Bracings
Universal angle members are usually used as bracings for overhead support tanks, even
though other sections such as flats, channels, and hollow sections can be used. These
members primarily resist axial forces irrespective of the connection conditions (fixed or
pinned). Different types of bracings can be employed but the most popular is having
diagonal cross bracings at each panel/level (see Figure 2.3).
Under vertical loads, the diagonal bracings are usually subjected to compressive stresses,
while the horizontal bracings are subjected to tensile stresses. As a result, the diagonal
bracings should not be allowed to go all the way without some restraint at the centre in
order to reduce the critical buckling length. This can be achieved by welding or bolting the
two members at the point where they intersect, or by introducing gusset plates.
Fig 2.3: Typical bracing system of a tank support
Under horizontal loading, the diagonal bracings are usually subjected to tensile stresses,
and their presence is very important for the lateral stability of the frame. The bracings are
8
welded or bolted to the stanchions using web cleats or gusset plates. In some
constructions, they are welded directly to the columns, even though this is not
recommended as the length of the weld may not be sufficient to withstand the applied
load.
2.5 Base plate
Fig 2.4: Typical base plate arrangement
For over head tank supports, the column base usually consist of a single plate fillet welded
to the end of the column and attached to the foundation using holding down bolts. The
holding down bolts are cast into the concrete foundation with provisions to prevent pull
out. Such column bases are usually assumed to be subjected to axial and shear forces, but
in some cases, they can be subjected to axial tensile forces. The base plate is required to be
of sufficient size, thickness, and strength to transmit the axial compressive force from the
column to the foundation without exceeding the local bearing resistance of the foundation.
For overhead water tank support, a simple rectangular or square base plate is usually
adequate for construction purposes. A high strength grout is usually required between the
concrete pedestal and the base plate with a thickness of about 25 – 50 mm. Shear between
the column end and the base plate can be transmitted by friction or by nominal welds
between the base plate and the column. Welds may be provided to the web only, or around
to the parts of the profile. 6 mm or 8 mm welds are usually adequate.
2.6 Connections
Bracing arrangements in overhead steel tank can involve members in tension, compression,
or both depending on the loading condition. More often than not, flats, angles, channels, I-
sections or hollow sections are used as bracing elements. Bracing members are usually
welded or bolted to a gusset plate, which is welded to the column.
9
During analysis, we often assume that all forces acting on joints intersect the members
along their centrelines, but in practice, achieving this can be a bit challenging and
uneconomical. Sometimes, it more convenient to make a more compact joint and check
locally for the effects of the eccentricities introduced.
The welds between gusset plate and the column should be full weld. The design process for
angles, channels, and flats bolted to gusset plates is fairly straight forward since the axial
forces in the members are transferred via the bolts. The net area of angles connected
through one leg with one longitudinal line bolts is covered by BS EN 1993-1-8 clause 3.10.3.
2.7 Foundation
As with other structures, the choice of foundation for steel tank supports can be largely
influenced by the type of soil and the bearing capacity. Simple isolated footings can be
adopted in very good soils of high bearing capacity and little susceptibility to differential
settlement. On the other hand, a beam and slab footing arrangement or a general mat
foundation can be adopted for the columns. The foundation is designed using the normal
procedure.
10
CHAPTER THREE
WIND LOAD ANALYSIS OF OVERHEAD TANKS
3.1 Wind Action on tank supports
The framing system of overhead steel tank supports can be described as open lattice
structures, and the wind load acting on them can be analysed using the method described
in clause 7.11 of EN 1991-1-4:2005.
According to EN 1991-1-4, the wind force (Fw) acting on a structure or structural component
is given by equation (3.1);
Fw = csCd.cf.qp(ze).Aref (3.1)
Where;
csCd = Structural factor
cf = force coefficient of the structure
qp(ze) = Peak velocity pressure of wind
Aref = Reference area of the structure or structural element
The procedure below shows how the peak velocity pressure of a wind action can be
determined from the basic wind velocity, terrain category, and reference height of the
structure. To show how wind load analysis is done, we are going to consider a tank support
with a square base of 2.5m x 2.5m. The structural scheme is shown in Figure 3.1, and the
frame is expected to support plastic tanks.
Fig 3.1: Structural scheme of an overhead water tank
11
3.2 Basic Wind Velocity

The fundamental value of the basic wind velocity Vb,0 is the characteristic 10 minute mean
wind velocity irrespective of wind direction and time of the year, at 10 m above ground level
in open-country terrain with low vegetation such as grass, and with isolated obstacles with
separations of at least 20 obstacle heights.
The basic wind velocity Vb,0 is calculated from equation (3.2);
Vb = Cdir . Cseason . Vb,0 (3.2)
Where:
Vb is the basic wind velocity defined as a function of wind direction and time of the
year at 10 m above the ground of terrain category II
Vb,0 is the fundamental value of the basic wind velocity
Cdir is the directional factor (defined in the National Annex, but recommended value is
1.0)
Cseason is the season factor (defined in the National Annex, but recommended value is
1.0)
For the steel tank we are considering, let basic wind velocity of the site Vb,0 = 30 m/s.
Therefore;
Vb = Cdir . Cseason . Vb,0 = 1.0 × 1.0 × 30 = 30 m/s
Table 3.1: Terrain Categories and parameters (Table 4.1 EN 1991-1-4:2005)
No Terrain category Z0 Zmin

(m) (m)
0 Sea or coastal area exposed to the open sea 0.003 1
I Lakes or flat and horizontal area with negligible vegetation and 0.01 1
without obstacles
II Area with low vegetation such as grass and isolated obstacles 0.05 2
(trees, buildings) with separations of at least 20 obstacle heights
III Area with regular cover of vegetation or buildings or with isolated 0.3 5
obstacles with separations of maximum 20 obstacle heights (such as
villages, suburban terrain, permanent forest)
IV Area in which at least 15 % of the surface is covered with buildings and 1.0 10
their average height exceeds 15 m
3.3 Mean Wind

The mean wind velocity Vm(z) at a height z above the terrain depends on the terrain
roughness and orography, and on the basic wind velocity, Vb, and should be determined
using equation (3.3);
12
Vm(z) = cr(z). co(z).Vb (3.3)
Where;
cr(z) is the roughness factor (defined below)

co(z) is the orography factor often taken as 1.0
The terrain roughness factor accounts for the variability of the mean wind velocity at the
site of the structure due to the height above the ground level and the ground roughness of
the terrain upwind of the structure in the wind direction considered. Terrain categories and
parameters are shown in Table 3.1. We will assume that the tank support we are designing
is located in an area that can be described as Category III.
cr(z) = kr. In for zmin ≤ z ≤ zmax
cr(z) = cr.(zmin) for z ≤ zmin
Where:
Z0 is the roughness length
Kr is the terrain factor depending on the roughness length Z0 calculated using ;
.
Kr = 0.19
,
Where:
, = 0.05 m (terrain category II)
Zmin is the minimum height
Zmax is to be taken as 200 m
Therefore;
. .
kr = 0.19 = 0.215
.
cr(z) = kr. In
cr(5 m) = 0.215 × In = 0.605

.
.
cr(12.5 m) = 0.215 × In = 0.802
.
Therefore;
Vm(5 m) = cr(z). co(z).Vb = 0.605 × 1.0 × 30 = 18.15 m/s
Vm(12.5 m) = cr(z). co(z).Vb = 0.802 × 1.0 × 30 = 24.06 m/s
13
3.4 Wind turbulence

The turbulence intensity Iv(z) at height z is defined as the standard deviation of the
turbulence divided by the mean wind velocity. The recommended rules for the
determination of IV(z) are given in the equation (3.4).
Iv(z) = = for zmin ≤ z ≤ zmax (3.4)

( ).
Iv(z) = Iv.(zmin ) for z ≤ zmin
Where:
k1 is the turbulence factor of which the value is provided in the National Annex but the
recommended value is 1.0
Co is the orography factor described above
Z0 is the roughness length described above
Hence;
Iv(5 m) = = = = 0.217
( ). ×
.
Iv(12.5 m) = = = . = 0.181
( ). ×
.
3.5 Peak Velocity Pressure

The peak velocity pressure qp(z) at height z is given by equation (3.5);
qp(z) = [1 + 7.Iv(z)] . . ( )= ( ). (3.5)
Where:
is the air density, which depends on the altitude, temperature, and barometric pressure
tobe expected in the region during wind storms (recommended value is 1.25 kg/m3).
( ) is the exposure factor given by;

( )
( )=
is the basic velocity pressure given by; = . .
qp(5 m) = [1 + 7(0.217)] × × 1.25 × 18.15 = 518.63 N/m2 = 0.52 kN/m2
qp(12.5 m) = [1 + 7(0.181)] × × 1.25 × 24.06 = 820.205 N/m2 = 0.82 kN/m2
14
The application of the peak velocity pressure on the frame of the tank is shown in Figure
3.2. Note that we have not considered the effect of wind on the plastic tank under the
assumption that it will not transmit lateral forces to the tank. However, this assumption
might not be true.
Fig 3.2: Application of peak velocity pressure on the tank support
For lattice structures, the structural factor csCd is usually less than 1.o (see equation 1), but
for this design we will conservatively take it as 1.o.
The force coefficient of lattice structures is given by equation (3.6);
Cf = cf,0. (3.6)
Where;
cf,0 is the force coefficient of lattice structures and scaffoldings without end-effects. It is
given by the solidity ratio (ϕ) and Reynolds number (for members with circular cross-
section)
is the end-effect factor as a function of the slenderness of the structure
The solidity ratio ϕ is given by equation (3.7);
ϕ = (3.7)
Where;
15
A = is the sum of the projected area of the members and gusset plates of the face projected
normal to the face
Ac = is the area enclosed by the boundaries of the face projected normal to the face
The definition of solidity ratio is shown in Figure 3.3.
Fig 3.2: Definition of solidity ratio (Figure 7.37, EN 1991-1-4:2005)
The relationship between solidity ratio and force coefficient without end effects is shown in
Figure 3.4.
Fig 3.4: Force coefficient without end effects as function of solidity ratio (Figure 7.34, EN
1991-1-4:2005)
Where relevant, the end-effect factor ψλ should be determined as a function of slenderness

ratio λ. The effective slenderness λ should be defined depending on the dimensions of the
structure and its position (see Table 3.2). The end effect factor can be determined from a
chart based on the slenderness and the solidity ratio as shown in Figure 3.5.
16
Table 3.2: Recommended values of effective slenderness for different structural configurations
(Table 7.16 EN 1991-1-4:2005)
Fig 3.5: End effect factor as function of solidity ratio and slenderness (Figure 7.34, EN 1991-1-
4:2005)
For the structure under consideration, we will evaluate the solidity ratio on panel by panel
basis (see Figure 3.6).
17
Fig 3.6: Definition of a panel
Length of panel = 2500 + 203 = 2703 = 2.703 m

Width of panel = 2500 + 203 = 2703 = 2.703 m
Area of panel Ac = 2.703 m x 2.703 m = 7.306 m2
Area of projected members

(1) Angular diagonals
Length (take) = √2.5 + 2.5 = 3.54 m
Width = 40 mm = 0.040 m
Projected area of the two diagonals = A1 = 2 x (3.54 x 0.04) = 0.2832 m2
(2) Columns
Length (take) = 2.5 m
Width = 203 mm = 0.203m
Projected area of the two columns = A2 = 2 x (2.5 x 0.203) = 1.015 m2
(3) Horizontal angle bracings

Length (take) = 2.5 m
Width = 50 mm = 0.05 mm
Projected area of the two horizontal angles = A3 = 2 x (2.5 x 0.05) = 0.25 m2
18
(4) Gusset plates

Dimensions (take 150 mm x 150 mm)
Projected area of the five gusset plates = A4 = 5 x (0.15 x 0.15) = 0.1125 m2
A = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 = 0.2832 + 1.015 + 0.25 + 0.1125 = 1.66 m2
The solidity ratio ϕ is therefore given by;

.
ϕ= = = 0.227
.
Reading from Figure 3.4, Cf,0 = 2.5
Since the height of the structure l < 15 m, the slenderness is given by
λ = min (2; l/b; 70) = min (2; 12.5/2.5; 70) = 2
With λ = 2, and ϕ = 0.293, we can read the value of the end effect factor from Figure 3.5
ψλ = 0.93
The force coefficient of the lattice structures is therefore given by;
Cf = cf,0. = 2.5 x 0.93 = 2.325
Aref = A = 2.0811 m2 (clause 7.11(3))
Fw = csCd.cf.qp(ze).Aref
For panel 1 and 2

Fw1 = 1.0 x 2.325 x 0.52 kN/m2 x 2.0811 m2 = 2.52 kN
For panel 3
Rectangular portion Fw3,R = (1.0 x 2.325 x 0.52 kN/m2 x 2.0811 m2) = 2.52 kN
Triangular portion Fw3,T = (1.0 x 2.325 x 0.1 kN/m2 x 2.0811 m2) = 0.4838 kN
For panel 4
For panel 5
19
The schematic representation of the calculations done above is shown in Figure 3.7.
(a) (b)
Fig 3.7: Application of wind load to the frame (a) to the panels (b) to the nodes
Note that the concentrated loads from triangular portions of the pressure distribution are
assumed to act at h/3 from the top of each panel. Using simple principles of statics, we can
now distribute the loads to the nodes shown in Figure 3.7(b).
20
CHAPTER FOUR
MODELLING AND ANALYSIS ON STAAD PRO
4.1 General Arrangement
The case study in this publication is for the same water tank subjected to wind load. The
structural configuration shown in Figure 4.1.
Fig 4.1: General Arrangement of Overhead water tank support
Design Data
Height of frame above the ground = 12.5 m

Supporting = 4 tanks at the uppermost level
Height of tank = 2.5 m
Column section – UB 203 x 103 x 23
Primary beam - UB 203 x 103 x 23
Secondary beam – UB 127 x 76 x 13
Diagonal bracings – UA 40 x 40 x 4
Horizontal bracing - UA 50 x 50 x 4
Pressure load from stored water = 2.5 x 10 = 25 kN/m2
21
4.2 Modelling on Staad Pro

Launch Staad Pro software and the graphical user interface
Step 1: Create the first nodes

Create the nodes to represent the four column points of the tank. The columns are spaced
at 2.5m centre to centre in both directions.
Fig 4.2: Creation of the first nodes on Staad Pro
Step 2: Create the first level

Copy and paste the base nodes to the next level in the positive ‘Y’ direction.
Fig 4.3: Copy and paste command to create the next level
22
Step 3: Create the members

Join the members to create the columns, diagonal bracings, and beams. Use the following
sections for the members.
Columns – UB 203 x 102 x 23

Horizontal bracings – UA 40 x 40 x 4
Diagonal bracings – UA 50 x 50 x 4
Fig 4.4: Creation of the members of the first panel
Step 4: Use translational repeat to create the whole structure

Use translational repeat command to create the additional four levels required to get the
platform of the tank.
Fig 4.5: Translational repeat command
23
The geometry obtained should be as shown in Figure 4.6.
Fig 4.6: Created model of the frame
Step 5: Model the platform

We will model the plat form that will receive the tank as appropriate. The structural scheme
adopted is shown in Figure 4.7.
Fig 4.7: Model of the platform
To achieve this on Staad Pro, highlight the top nodes and ‘view selected objects only’. Copy
and paste the nodes to create the configuration needed for the platform. Then join the
nodes using beam elements to create the required structural system as shown in Figure 4.8.
24
Fig 4.8: Plan view of the primary and secondary beams as modelled on Staad Pro
Step 6: Offset the secondary beams

Offset the secondary beams in the global positive ‘Y’ direction by 165 mm to place the
secondary beams on top of the primary beams.
Fig 4.9: Beam offset command on Staad Pro
25
The finished geometry of the primary and secondary beams should be as shown in Figure
4.10.
Fig 4.10: 3D view of the primary and secondary beams as modelled on Staad Pro
Step 7: Create the platform surface that will receive water pressure
Highlight the secondary beams only, and mesh over the surface using quadrilateral plate
elements. The plate element adopted for this purpose is 5 mm thick steel plate. It is will be
wise and meticulous to mesh each spacing one after another, using a constant multiplier so
that the meshing will be uniform. The typical output is shown in Figure 4.11.
Fig 4.11: Meshing of the steel plate
26
Step 8: Merge the primary beams

Merge the primary beams between all points of intersection with each secondary beams so
that the load from the secondary beams will be transferred to the primary beams as
concentrated loads. If this is not done, the primary beams will be receiving load directly
from the tank pressure which does not represent the structural scheme of the structure.
To achieve this, highlight the selected members, go to Geometry → Merge Selected

Members
Step 9: Assign supports

Assign pinned support to the column bases
The final geometry of the tank should then be as shown in Figure 4.12.
Fig 4.12: Final 3D model of the frame
Step 10: Create the load cases

(i) Assign water pressure load of -25 kN/m2 to the plate as a separate load case
(ii) Assign the self weight of the tank as a separate load case
(iii) Apply the wind load obtained in Chapter 3 as a separate load case.
4.3 Load combinations

According to clause 6.4.3.1 of BS EN 1990:2002+A1:2005, the design values of the effects of
actions (Ed) should be determined by combining the values of actions that are considered to
27
occur simultaneously for each critical load case. Each combination of actions should include
a leading variable action, or an accidental action.
For steel tank supports, the actions that can occur together are;
(1) Permanent and imposed loads from stored water (when the tank is full)
(2) Permanent loads and wind load (when the tank is empty)
(3) Permanent load, imposed load, and wind load acting together
The combination of actions can be taken in the form of Equation 6.10 of EN 1990 and
removing accidental actions as shown in Equations 4.1(a) and 4.1(b) .
∑ , , + , , , + ∑ , , , 4.1(a)
∑ , , + , , + ∑ , , , 4.1(b)
The partial factors to be used are given in Table 4.1;
Table 4.1: Partial factors of safety for actions on the tanks
Combination Permanent Variable Actions

Actions
Partial Leading Action Accompanying Action
Factor Action Partial Action Partial Combination
Factor Factor factor
1. Permanent and 1.35 Imposed 1.5

imposed
2. Permanent, 1.35 Imposed 1.5 Wind 1.5 0.5
imposed, and
wind load
3. Permanent and 1.0 Wind 1.5
wind
4.4 Effects of Frame Imperfection

According to clause 5.3.2(3) of EN 1993-1-1, the effect of imperfections should be allowed
for in frames sensitive to buckling in a sway mode frame analysis by means of an equivalent
imperfection in the form of an initial sway imperfection and individual bow imperfections of
members. The imperfections may be determined from equation (4.2);
= (4.2)
Where = 1/200
= 2/√ℎ = 2/√12.5 = 0.565 (h is the height of the structure in metres)
28
But 2/3 ≤ 2/√ℎ ≤ 1.0
Therefore = 2/3 = 0.667
= 0.5 1 + (where m is the number of columns in the row)
= 0.5 1 + = 0.8660
Therefore;
= (1/200) × 0.667 × 0.8660 = 0.00289
Initial sway imperfections may be considered in two ways:
 By modelling the frame out of plumb

 By applying equivalent horizontal forces (EHF).
Applying equivalent horizontal forces is the preferred option and the method that is used in
this worked example. The equivalent horizontal forces are calculated as:
HEHF = VEd
From analysis results;
VEd = 176.005 kN
HEd = 7.434 kN
However, sway imperfections may be ignored where HEd ≥ 0.15 VEd
7.434 kN < 0.15(176) = 26.4 kN
Therefore from our analysis, the effect of imperfection cannot be ignored for load cases 1
and 2.
Therefore, the equivalent horizontal force to be applied at the top of each column is;
HEHF = VEd = 0.00289 x 176 = 0.51 kN
This load will be applied in addition to the load combination of ‘permanent + imposed +
wind’ to account for the effect of global imperfection of the frame as shown in Figure 4.13.
29
Fig 4.13: Equivalent horizontal force to account for the effect of imperfection
4.5 Second order effects (effect of deformed geometry)

According to clause 5.2.1(2) of EN 1993-1-1:2005, the effects of the deformed geometry
(second-order effects) should be considered if they increase the action effects significantly
or modify significantly the structural behaviour. First order analysis may be used for the
structure, if the increase of the relevant internal forces or moments or any other change of
structural behaviour caused deformations can be neglected.
For elastic analysis, this condition can be fulfilled when;
= ≥ 10 (4.3)
Where;
is the factor by which the design loading would have to be increased to cause elastic
instability in a global mode
is the design loading on the structure
is the elastic critical buckling load for global instability mode based on initial elastic
stiffnesses
30
CHAPTER FIVE
ANALYSIS RESULTS
5.1 Overview of analysis results
The analysis was carried out on Staad Pro v8i software, and the worst effects were
observed in Load Case 2 with the effects of imperfection.
5.2 Support Reactions

The support reactions under the various load cases are shown in Table 5.1. The maximum
vertical support reaction was observed to be 181.105 kN, while the maximum base shear
was observed to be 7.944 kN.
Table 5.1: Support Reactions
5.3 Primary beams

As expected, the primary beams behaved like cantilevers, and the bending moment
diagram was linear which suggested that the load of the tank was transferred by the
secondary beams as concentrated loads. The summary of the major internal stresses in the
primary beams are shown in Table 5.2, and they were obtained from Load Case 2. The
bending moment and shear force diagrams of the primary beams are shown in Figures 5.1
and 5.2 respectively.
Table 5.2: Summary of the design internal forces in the primary beams
Load Maximum Maximum Maximum axial

Combination bending Shear Force Force (kN)
moment (kNm) (kN)
1 31.911 80.113 5.19 (C)
2 31.957 80.083 5.18 (C)
3 0.648 1.652 0.355 (C)
31
Figure 5.1: Design bending moment of the primary beams
Figure 5.2: Design shear force of the primary beams
32
The global bending moment behaviour of the tank stand under the worst load case is
shown in Figure 5.3.
Figure 5.3: Global bending moment of the structure
5.4 Secondary beams

The effects of action in the secondary beams were observed to be very little. The summary
of the internal forces in the secondary beams are shown in Table 5.3.
Table 5.3: Summary of the design internal forces in the secondary beams
Load Maximum Maximum Maximum axial

Combination bending Shear Force Force (kN)
moment (kNm) (kN)
1 2.65 17.8 39 (C)
2 2.65 17.8 39 (C)
3 0.048 0.335 0.703 (C)
The typical bending moment diagram in an intermediate beam of the secondary beams is
shown in Figure 5.4.
33
Figure 5.4: Design bending moment of the secondary beams
5.5 Stanchions
The worst effects in the columns were observed in Load Case 2. The maximum bending
moment occurred at the uppermost level for all the load cases.
Figure 5.5: Bending moment distribution in the stanchions
34
The summary of the analysis results are shown in Table 5.4.
Table 5.4: Summary of the design internal forces in the columns
Load My Mz VEd (kN) NEd Nt (tension)

Combination (kNm) (kNm) (compression) (kN)
(kN)
1 11.06 0.34 5.43 152 -
2 11.206 0.34 5.44 165.082 -
3 0.288 0.015 0.12 32.8 19.9
Figure 5.6: Typical axial load distribution in the stanchions
5.6 Diagonal Bracings

The results of the diagonals under the various load cases are shown in Table 5.5. The forces
observed in the members are mainly axial forces.
Table 5.5: Summary of the design internal forces in the diagonal bracings

(kN)
1 0.028 0.00 0.033 5.37 -
2 0.114 0.00 0.033 9.21 -
3 0.19 0.00 0.024 7.93 7.25
35
5.7 Horizontal bracings

The results of the diagonals under the various load cases are shown in Table 4.6. The forces
observed in the members are mainly axial forces.
Table 5.6: Summary of the design internal forces in the horizontal bracings

(kN)
1 0.024 0.00 0.052 - 6.84
2 0.025 0.00 0.054 - 11.7
3 0.021 0.00 0.042 0.715 1.27
36
CHAPTER SIX
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
6.1 Design of the primary beams
Fig 6.1: Model of the primary beams
MEd = 31.957 kNm

VEd = 80.110 kN
NEd = 5.19 kN
Verification of the section UB 203 x 103 x 23 (S275)
With the following properties;
Depth of cross-section h = 203.2 mm Cross-sectional area A = 29.4 cm2

Web depth hw = h – 2 tf = 184.6 mm Second moment of area (y-y) Iy = 2100 cm4
Width of cross-section b = 101.8 mm Second moment of area (z-z) Iz = 164 cm4
Depth between fillets d = 169.4 mm Elastic section modulus (y-y) Wel,y = 207 cm3
Web thickness tw = 5.4 mm Plastic section modulus (y-y) Wpl,y = 234 cm3
Flange thickness tf = 9.3 mm
Radius of root fillet r = 7.6 mm
Modulus of elasticity E = 210000 N/mm2 (clause 3.2.6(1) of EC3)

fy = 275 N/mm2 since the thickness of the flange is less than 16 mm
6.1.1 Classification of cross-section

For section classification, the coefficient is given by;
37
= = = 0.924
Outstand flange: flange under uniform compression
( ) . – . ( × . )
c= = = 40.6 mm
= 40.6/9.3 = 4.365
The limiting value for class 1 section is ≤ 9 = 9 × 0.924 = 8.316

4.365 < 8.316
Therefore the flange outstand in compression is Class 1
Internal compression part: web under pure bending
c = d = 169.4 mm
.
= = 31.37
.
Limiting value for class 1 web = 33 = 30.492
A little consideration will show that ; 33 (30.492) < c/tw (31.37) < 38 (35.112)
Therefore the web in pure bending is class 2
6.1.2 Shear buckling (clause 6.2.6(6))

Shear buckling of the unstiffened web need not be considered provided;
≤ 72
.
= = 34.185
.
.
72 = 72 × = 66.528
.
34.185 < 66.528
Therefore shear buckling need not to be considered.
6.1.3 Moment Resistance (clause 6.2.5)

The design requirement is ≤ 1.0 (for class I and 2 sections)
,
×
MC,Rd = Mpl,Rd = x 10-3 = 64.35 kN.m
.
, .
= = 0.496 < 1.0
, .
Therefore, the design bending resistance of the section is adequate.

6.1.4 Shear Resistance (clause 6.2.6(1))
The basic design requirement is;
38
≤ 1.0
,
/√
Vc,Rd = Vpl,Rd =
For a rolled I-section with shear parallel to the web, the shear area is;
Av = A – 2btf + (tw + 2r)tf but not less than hwtw
Av = (29.4 × 102) – (2 × 101.8 × 9.3) + (5.4 + 2 × 7.6) × 9.3
Av = 2940 – 1893.48 + 191.58 = 1238.1 mm2
= 1.0 (conservative)
hwtw = 1.0 × 184.6 × 5.4 = 996.84 mm2
Therefore Av = 1238.1 mm2
. × /√
Vc,Rd = Vpl,Rd = × 10-3 = 196.57 kN
.
.
= = 0.407 < 1.0 (shear is okay)
, .
6.1.5 Plastic resistance of yielding cross section

. × ×
Npl,Rd = = x 10-3 = 808.5 kN
.
6.1.6 Cross-section resistance under bending and axial force (clause 6.2.10)
Provided that the shear force VEd is less than 50% of the design plastic shear resistance
Vpl,Rd and provided that shear buckling is not a concern, then the section need only to
satisfy the requirement for bending and axial force (clause 6.2.9). In this case, VEd < 0.5Vpl,Rd
and shear buckling is not a concern. Therefore, the cross-section needs to be checked for
bending and axial force only.
No reduction to the major axis plastic resistance moment due to the effect of axial force is
required provided the following conditions are satisfied;
NEd ≤ 0.25Npl,Rd (1)

.
NEd ≤ (2)
0.25Npl,Rd = 0.25 x 808.5 = 202.125 kN
5.19 kN > 202.125 kN Therefore equation (1) is satisfied.

. . × . × . ×
= x 10-3 = 137.065 kN
39
No allowance should be made for the effect of axial force on the section.
6.1.7 Deflection
The deflection of the primary beams when the tank is filled is given by;
Fig 5.2: Deflection profile of the primary beams under water action
The maximum deflection of the primary beams is 4.454 mm which is acceptable.
6.2 Design of the stanchions
40
Summary of Analysis Results

My,Ed = 11.179 kNm
Mz,Ed = 0.34 kNm
NEd = 165.082 kN
VEd = 5.44 kN
From a little observation of the internal stresses diagram, the most critical interaction of
bending moment and axial force is occurring at the columns of the last panel supporting the
platform.
Verification of the section UB 203 x 103 x 23 (S275)

Modulus of elasticity E = 210000 N/mm2 (clause 3.2.6(1) of EC3)

fy = 275 N/mm2 since the thickness of the flange is less than 16 mm
6.2.1 Classification of cross-section

For section classification, the coefficient is given by;
41
= = = 0.924
Outstand flange: flange under uniform compression
( ) . – . ( × . )
c= = = 40.6 mm
= 40.6/9.3 = 4.365
The limiting value for class 1 section is ≤ 9 = 9 × 0.924 = 8.316

4.365 < 8.316
Therefore the flange outstand in compression is Class 1
Internal compression part: web under pure bending
c = d = 169.4 mm
.
= = 31.37
.
Limiting value for class 1 web = 33 = 30.492
A little consideration will show that; 33 (30.492) < c/tw (31.37) < 38 (35.112)
Therefore the web in pure bending is class 2
6.2.2 Shear buckling (clause 6.2.6(6))

Shear buckling of the unstiffened web need not be considered provided;
≤ 72
.
= = 34.185
.
.
72 = 72 × = 66.528
.
34.185 < 66.528
Therefore shear buckling need not to be considered.
6.2.3 Moment Resistance (clause 6.2.5)

The design requirement is ≤ 1.0 (for class I and 2 sections)
,
, ×
Mpl,y,Rd = = x 10-3 = 64.35 kN.m
.
. ×
Mpl,z,Rd = ,
= x 10-3 = 13.6675 kN.m
.
, .
= = 0.173 < 1.0
, , .
42
, .
= = 0.02487 < 1.0
, , .
Therefore, the design bending resistance of the section is adequate.

6.2.4 Shear Resistance (clause 6.2.6(1))
The basic design requirement is;
≤ 1.0
,
/√
Vc,Rd = Vpl,Rd =
For a rolled I-section with shear parallel to the web, the shear area is;
Av = A – 2btf + (tw + 2r)tf but not less than hwtw
Av = (29.4 × 102) – (2 × 101.8 × 9.3) + (5.4 + 2 × 7.6) × 9.3
Av = 2940 – 1893.48 + 191.58 = 1238.1 mm2
= 1.0 (conservative)
hwtw = 1.0 × 184.6 × 5.4 = 996.84 mm2
Therefore Av = 1238.1 mm2
. × /√
Vc,Rd = Vpl,Rd = × 10-3 = 196.57 kN
.
.
= = 0.0276 < 1.0 (shear is okay)
, .
6.2.5 Plastic resistance of yielding cross section

. × ×
Npl,Rd = = x 10-3 = 808.5 kN
.
6.2.6 Cross-section resistance under bending and axial force (clause 6.2.10)
Provided that the shear force VEd is less than 50% of the design plastic shear resistance
Vpl,Rd and provided that shear buckling is not a concern, then the section need only to
satisfy the requirement for bending and axial force (clause 6.2.9). In this case, VEd < 0.5Vpl,Rd
and shear buckling is not a concern. Therefore, the cross-section needs to be checked for
bending and axial force only.
No reduction to the major axis plastic resistance moment due to the effect of axial force is
required provided the following conditions are satisfied;
NEd ≤ 0.25Npl,Rd (1)

.
NEd ≤ (2)
43
0.25Npl,Rd = 0.25 x 808.5 = 202.125 kN

. . × . × . ×
= x 10-3 = 137.065 kN
No allowance should be made for the effect of axial force on the section.
6.2.7 Member buckling resistance in compression (clause 6.3.1)
Nb,Rd = for class 1, 2, and 3 sections
= but ≤ 1.0
Φ Φ
Where;
Φ = 0.5 1 + − 0.2 +
6.2.8 Elastic critical force and non-dimensional slenderness for flexural buckling
For buckling about the major axis (y-y)
Lcr = 1.0L = 1.0 x 2.5 = 2.5 m
For buckling about the z-z axis;
Lcr = 1.0L = 1 x 2.5 = 2.5 m
× × ×
Ncr,y = = x 10-3 = 6963.992 kN
×
= = = 0.341
, . ×
× × ×
Ncr,z = = x 10-3 = 543.854 kN
×
= = = 1.219
, . ×
From Table 6.1 of EN 1993-1-1, we can select the buckling curve and the imperfection
factors
For hot rolled I and H-sections (h/b ≤ 12, and tf ≤ 100 mm on grade S275 steel);
Buckling about y-y axis, use curve b = 0.34

Buckling about z-z axis, use curve c = 0.49
44
Major axis
Φ = 0.5 [1 + 0.34(0.341 − 0.2) + 0.341 ] = 0.582
= = 0.949 < 1 ok
. √ . .
. × ×
Nb,y,Rd = x 10-3 = 767.2665 kN
165.082 kN < 767.2665 kN This shows that major axis flexural buckling is okay
Minor axis
Φ = 0.5 [1 + 0.49(1.219 − 0.2) + 1.219 ] = 1.492
= = 0.425 < 1 ok
. . – .
. × ×
Nb,z,Rd = x 10-3 = 343.6125 kN
165.082 kN < 343.6125 kN This shows that minor axis flexural buckling is okay
6.2.9 Member buckling resistance in bending (clause 6.3.2)

Each 2.5m length of the column is unsupported along its length with no torsional or lateral
restraints. Unequal and opposite design end moments are applied about the major axis.
The full length of the column will therefore be checked for lateral torsional buckling.
Table 5.1: C1 values for end moment loading (Gardner and Nethercot, 2011)
MEd = 11.129 kNm
45
Mb,Rd = Wy
Where Wy = Wpl,y for class 1 and 2 cross-sections
To determine Mcr (kL = 2500 mm)
Mcr = C1 +
For unequal and opposite end moments, = -2.472/11.067 = -0.223
Interpolating from Table 5.1, C1 = 2.237
Alternatively, this can be approximated from the relationship;
C1 = 1.88 – 1.4 + 0.25 = 1.88 – 1.4(-0.223) + 0.25(-0.2232) = 2.204
× × × . × × × . ×
Mcr = 2.237 × +
× × × ×
Mcr = 2.237 × 543854.681 × 19845.61 × 10-6 = 24144.227 kNm
Non-dimensional lateral torsional slenderness
× ×
= = = 0.0516
. ×
≤ , = 0.4
Lateral torsional buckling effects may be ignored and =1.0 (clause 6.3.2.2(4))
6.2.10 Lateral torsional buckling resistance

× ×
Mb,Rd = = x 10-3 = 64.35 kNm
.
.
= = 0.173 < 1.0
, .
6.2.11 Member buckling resistance in combined bending and axial compression (clause
6.3.3)
Members subjected to combined bending and axial compression must satisfy the equations
below;
, ,
+ kyy ,
+ kyz ,
≤ 1.0
, ,
+ kzy ,
+ kzz ,
≤ 1.0
The interaction factors kij will be determined using Annex B. We will however disregard the
bending in the minor direction.
46
Equivalent uniform moment factors Cmi (Table B.3)
Cmi = 0.6 + 0.4 ≥ 0.4
Considering y-y bending and in-plane supports;

= -0.223;
Cmy = 0.6 + 0.4(-0.223) = 0.511 > 0.4, therefore Cmy = 0.511
Considering y-y bending and out-of-plane supports;

= -1;
CmLT = 0.6 + 0.4(-0.223) = 0.511 > 0.4, therefore CmLT = 0.511
Interaction factors kij (Table B.1 and B.2)
For class 1 and 2 I-sections;
kyy = Cmy 1 + ̅ − 0.2 ≤ Cmy 1 + 0.8
kyy = 0.40 1 + (0.341 − 0.2) . = 0.41

. × .
≤ 0.4 1 + 0.8 . = 0.462

. × .
Therefore kyy = 0.41
. .
kzy = 1 – x ≥1– x for ̅ ≥ 0.4
. .
. × .
kzy = 1 – x . = 0.797
. . . × .
.
≥1– x . = 0.833
. . . × .
Therefore kzy = 0.833
On checking compliance with interaction formula
,
+ kyy ,
≤ 1.0
,
+ kzy ,
≤ 1.0
149 11.1
808.5 + 0.41 1.0 × 64.35 = 0.194 + 0.07 = 0.264 < 1 Okay
0.949 × 1.0
149 11.1
808.5 + 0.833 1.0 × 64.35 = 0.433 + 0.142 = 0.575 < 1 Okay
0.425 × 1.0
47
Therefore, the section selected for the stanchion is adequate.
6.3 Design of the diagonals

Length = 3.54 mm
Equal angles UA 40 x 40 x 4
Area = 3.08 cm2
Radius of gyration in both directions ry = rz = 1.21 cm

(kN)
1 0.028 0.00 0.033 5.37 -
2 0.114 0.00 0.033 9.21 -
3 0.19 0.00 0.024 7.93 7.25
We will design the angles as axially loaded members ignoring the bending and shear forces
developed due to fixity.
Thickness of section t = 4 mm. Since t < 16mm, Design yield strength fy = 275 N/mm2 (Table
3.1, EC3)
6.3.1 Section classification
= = = 0.9244
h/t = 40/4 = 10
Referring to Table 5.2 (sheet 3) of Eurocode 3, Part 1-1, for class 3 classification,
h/t ≤ 15ε and (h + b)/2t ≤ 11.5ε
In our case;
15ε = 15 × 0.92 = 13.8 > h/t (10) Ok
(h + b)/2t = (40 + 40)/(2 x 4) = 10 < 11.5ε (11.5 × 0.92 = 10.58) Ok
Thus, the section satisfies both of the conditions.
6.3.2 Resistance of the member to uniform compression

. × ×
NC,Rd = = = 84700 N = 84.7 kN
.
.
= = 0.108 < 1 Therefore section is ok for uniform compression.
, .
48
6.3.3 Buckling resistance of member

Let us consider the member restrained in direction at both ends (sections will be welded to
plates). Also at the intersection of both diagonals (mid length of each member), they will be
welded to a plate or to each other, thereby reducing the buckling length.
Let the critical length Lcr be given by 0.85L = 0.85 x (3535.5/2) = 1503 mm
Slenderness ratio =
= 93.9 = 93.9 × 0.9244 = 86.801
In the planar axis
= = 1.431
. × .
Buckling curve b is appropriate for all angle sections according to Table 6.2 of Eurocode 3
Φ = 0.5 1 + − 0.2 +
Φ = 0.5 [1 + 0.34(1.431 − 0.2) + 1.431 ] = 1.733
=
Φ Φ
= = 0.368 < 1
. . – .
. × . × ×
Therefore Nb,Rd = = = 31169.6 N = 31.17 kN
.
= = 0.295 < 1 Therefore section is ok for buckling compression
, .
6.3.4 Resistance to tensile force

The requirement for tension resistance of a section is that;
< 1.0
,
.
Where Nt,Rd is the lesser of and
Considering one M12 bolt (14mm diameter allowance) – Equivalent tension area = 1.99 cm2
Equivalent tension area for welded connection = 2.64 cm2
Note that the value of the net tension area can be easily obtained from the blue book.
fu = 410 N/mm2; fy = 275 N/mm2
49
Assuming bolted connection (worst case scenario, even though the members will be
welded)
. × ×
Nt,Rd = × 10 = 54.725 kN
.
Also check;
. × . × ×
× 10 = 58.7448 kN
.
.
= = 0.132< 1.0 (Section is ok for tension resistance)
, .
6.4 Design of the horizontal bracings
Section UA 50 x 50 x 4

(kN)
1 0.024 0.00 0.052 - 6.84
2 0.025 0.00 0.054 - 11.7
3 0.021 0.00 0.042 0.715 1.27
We will design this member for maximum tensile axial force of 11.7 kN
The requirement for tension resistance of a section is that;
< 1.0
,
.
Where Nt,Rd is the lesser of and
Considering one M12 bolt (14mm diameter allowance) – Equivalent tension area = 2.67 cm2
Equivalent tension area for welded connection = 3.32 cm2
Note that the value of the net tension area can be easily obtained from the blue book.
fu = 410 N/mm2; fy = 275 N/mm2
Assuming bolted connection (worst case scenario, even though the members will be
welded)
. × ×
Nt,Rd = × 10 = 73.425 kN
.
Also check;
. × . × ×
× 10 = 60.427 kN
.
.
= = 0.193< 1.0 (Section is ok for tension resistance)
, .
50
6.5 Design of the base plate

Maximum design forces from the support reactions
NEd = 175.737 kN
VEd = 6.545 kN
Grade of concrete for base plate = 25 MPa
Properties of the column section

Area of column = 2940 mm2
Perimeter of column = 772.4 mm
6.5.1 Selection of size of base plate

fcd =
= 0.85 (for compression)
= 25 N/mm2
= 1.5
. ×
fcd = = 14.167 N/mm2
.
. ×
Minimum Area of base plate required = = = 12405 mm2
.
Effective area = 4c2 + (Section perimeter x c) + section area (see Figure 5.2)
Where c is the cantilever outstand of the effective area
12405 = 4c2 + 772.4c + 2940
⇒ 4c2 + 772.4c – 9465 = 0
On solving; c = 11.56 mm
h + 2c = 226.32 mm
b + 2c = 124.92 mm
To check that there is no overlap, c has to be less than half the depth between the flanges
(h – 2tf)/2 = (203.2 – 2 x 9.3)/2 = 92.3 mm > 11.56 mm Okay
51
Therefore provide a rectangular base plate of 300 mm x 200 mm (Aprov = 60000 mm2 > Areq
12405 mm2)
Fig6.2: Effective area of a base plate
6.5. 2 Base plate thickness

× .
tp = c = 11.56 x = 4.544 mm
× × .
Provide a base plate of thickness 10 mm.
6.5.3 Check for welds

Assuming that 6 mm fillet weld is done with a minimum length of 100 mm on the web;
Basic requirement is that VEd < Fw,Rd lw,eff
/√ /√
Fw,Rd = a= x 0.7 x 6 = 935.7 N/mm
. × .
lw,eff = 2(l – 2s) = 2(100 – 2 x 6) = 176 mm
Fw,Rd lw,eff = 935.7 N/mm x 176 mm = 164683.2 N = 164.63 kN
VEd = 7.944 kN < Fw,Rd lw,eff = 164.64 kN Okay
Bolts
Provide 4 No of M16 8.8 holding down bolts
52
FURTHER READING
BCSA (2003): Steel Buildings. The British Constructional Steel Work Association, UK
Publication number 35/03
BCSA (2005): Steel Details. The British Constructional Steel Work Association, UK
Publication number 41/05
BS EN 1991-1-4:2005 - Eurocode 1: Actions on structures — Part 1-4: General actions —

Wind actions
BS EN 1993-1-1:2005 - Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures - Part 1-1: General rules and
rules for buildings. European Standards Committee.
Brettle M.E. and Brown D. E. (2009): Steel Building Design – Concise Eurocodes. The Steel
Construction Institute (SCI) Publication number SCI P362.
Gardner L., and Nethercot D.A. (2011): Designer’s Guide to Eurocode 3: Design of Steel
Buildings. ICE Publishing, UK
Hughes F.A. (2014): Wind actions to BS EN 1991-1-4. The Steel Construction Institute (SCI)
Publication number SCI P394.
SCI and BCSA (2014): Joints in Steel Construction – Simple Joints to Eurocode 3
53
APPENDIX 1
MODELLING CODE
STAAD SPACE
START JOB INFORMATION
ENGINEER DATE 21-Mar-20
END JOB INFORMATION
INPUT WIDTH 79
UNIT METER KN
JOINT COORDINATES
1 0 0 0; 2 2.5 0 0; 3 0 0 2.5; 4 2.5 0 2.5; 5 0 2.5 0; 6 2.5 2.5 0;
7 0 2.5 2.5; 8 2.5 2.5 2.5; 9 0 5 0; 10 2.5 5 0; 11 0 5 2.5; 12 2.5 5 2.5;
13 0 7.5 0; 14 2.5 7.5 0; 15 0 7.5 2.5; 16 2.5 7.5 2.5; 17 0 10 0; 18 2.5 10 0;
19 0 10 2.5; 20 2.5 10 2.5; 21 0 12.5 0; 22 2.5 12.5 0; 23 0 12.5 2.5;
24 2.5 12.5 2.5; 25 -0.75 12.5 0; 26 -0.75 12.5 2.5; 27 3.25 12.5 0;
28 3.25 12.5 2.5; 29 0 12.5 -0.75; 30 2.5 12.5 -0.75; 31 0 12.5 3.25;
32 2.5 12.5 3.25; 33 -0.375 12.5 -0.75; 34 -0.375 12.5 0; 35 -0.375 12.5 2.5;
36 -0.375 12.5 3.25; 37 -0.75 12.5 -0.75; 38 -0.75 12.5 3.25;
39 2.875 12.5 -0.75; 40 2.875 12.5 0; 41 2.875 12.5 2.5; 42 2.875 12.5 3.25;
43 3.25 12.5 -0.75; 44 3.25 12.5 3.25; 45 0.415 12.5 -0.75; 46 0.415 12.5 0;
47 0.415 12.5 2.5; 48 0.415 12.5 3.25; 49 0.83 12.5 -0.75; 50 0.83 12.5 0;
51 0.83 12.5 2.5; 52 0.83 12.5 3.25; 53 1.245 12.5 -0.75; 54 1.245 12.5 0;
55 1.245 12.5 2.5; 56 1.245 12.5 3.25; 57 1.66 12.5 -0.75; 58 1.66 12.5 0;
59 1.66 12.5 2.5; 60 1.66 12.5 3.25; 61 2.075 12.5 -0.75; 62 2.075 12.5 0;
63 2.075 12.5 2.5; 64 2.075 12.5 3.25; 65 -0.5 12.5 -0.75; 66 -0.5 12.5 -0.5;
67 -0.375 12.5 -0.5; 68 -0.625 12.5 -0.75; 69 -0.625 12.5 -0.5;
70 -0.75 12.5 -0.5; 71 -0.5 12.5 -0.25; 72 -0.375 12.5 -0.25;
73 -0.625 12.5 -0.25; 74 -0.75 12.5 -0.25; 75 -0.5 12.5 0; 76 -0.625 12.5 0;
77 -0.5 12.5 0.25; 78 -0.375 12.5 0.25; 79 -0.625 12.5 0.25;
80 -0.75 12.5 0.25; 81 -0.5 12.5 0.5; 82 -0.375 12.5 0.5; 83 -0.625 12.5 0.5;
84 -0.75 12.5 0.5; 85 -0.5 12.5 0.75; 86 -0.375 12.5 0.75; 87 -0.625 12.5 0.75;
88 -0.75 12.5 0.75; 89 -0.5 12.5 1; 90 -0.375 12.5 1; 91 -0.625 12.5 1;
92 -0.75 12.5 1; 93 -0.5 12.5 1.25; 94 -0.375 12.5 1.25; 95 -0.625 12.5 1.25;
96 -0.75 12.5 1.25; 97 -0.5 12.5 1.5; 98 -0.375 12.5 1.5; 99 -0.625 12.5 1.5;
100 -0.75 12.5 1.5; 101 -0.5 12.5 1.75; 102 -0.375 12.5 1.75;
103 -0.625 12.5 1.75; 104 -0.75 12.5 1.75; 105 -0.5 12.5 2; 106 -0.375 12.5 2;
107 -0.625 12.5 2; 108 -0.75 12.5 2; 109 -0.5 12.5 2.25; 110 -0.375 12.5 2.25;
111 -0.625 12.5 2.25; 112 -0.75 12.5 2.25; 113 -0.5 12.5 2.5;
114 -0.625 12.5 2.5; 115 -0.5 12.5 2.75; 116 -0.375 12.5 2.75;
117 -0.625 12.5 2.75; 118 -0.75 12.5 2.75; 119 -0.5 12.5 3; 120 -0.375 12.5 3;
121 -0.625 12.5 3; 122 -0.75 12.5 3; 123 -0.5 12.5 3.25; 124 -0.625 12.5 3.25;
125 -0.125 12.5 -0.75; 126 -0.125 12.5 -0.5; 127 0 12.5 -0.5;
128 -0.25 12.5 -0.75; 129 -0.25 12.5 -0.5; 130 -0.125 12.5 -0.25;
131 0 12.5 -0.25; 132 -0.25 12.5 -0.25; 133 -0.125 12.5 0; 134 -0.25 12.5 0;
135 -0.125 12.5 0.25; 136 0 12.5 0.25; 137 -0.25 12.5 0.25;
138 -0.125 12.5 0.5; 139 0 12.5 0.5; 140 -0.25 12.5 0.5; 141 -0.125 12.5 0.75;
142 0 12.5 0.75; 143 -0.25 12.5 0.75; 144 -0.125 12.5 1; 145 0 12.5 1;
146 -0.25 12.5 1; 147 -0.125 12.5 1.25; 148 0 12.5 1.25; 149 -0.25 12.5 1.25;
150 -0.125 12.5 1.5; 151 0 12.5 1.5; 152 -0.25 12.5 1.5; 153 -0.125 12.5 1.75;
154 0 12.5 1.75; 155 -0.25 12.5 1.75; 156 -0.125 12.5 2; 157 0 12.5 2;
158 -0.25 12.5 2; 159 -0.125 12.5 2.25; 160 0 12.5 2.25; 161 -0.25 12.5 2.25;
162 -0.125 12.5 2.5; 163 -0.25 12.5 2.5; 164 -0.125 12.5 2.75; 165 0 12.5 2.75;
166 -0.25 12.5 2.75; 167 -0.125 12.5 3; 168 0 12.5 3; 169 -0.25 12.5 3;
170 -0.125 12.5 3.25; 171 -0.25 12.5 3.25; 172 0.276667 12.5 -0.75;
173 0.276667 12.5 -0.5; 174 0.415 12.5 -0.5; 175 0.138333 12.5 -0.75;
176 0.138333 12.5 -0.5; 177 0.276667 12.5 -0.25; 178 0.415 12.5 -0.25;
179 0.138333 12.5 -0.25; 180 0.276667 12.5 0; 181 0.138333 12.5 0;
182 0.276667 12.5 0.25; 183 0.415 12.5 0.25; 184 0.138333 12.5 0.25;
185 0.276667 12.5 0.5; 186 0.415 12.5 0.5; 187 0.138333 12.5 0.5;
188 0.276667 12.5 0.75; 189 0.415 12.5 0.75; 190 0.138333 12.5 0.75;
191 0.276667 12.5 1; 192 0.415 12.5 1; 193 0.138333 12.5 1;
194 0.276667 12.5 1.25; 195 0.415 12.5 1.25; 196 0.138333 12.5 1.25;
197 0.276667 12.5 1.5; 198 0.415 12.5 1.5; 199 0.138333 12.5 1.5;
200 0.276667 12.5 1.75; 201 0.415 12.5 1.75; 202 0.138333 12.5 1.75;
54
203 0.276667 12.5 2; 204 0.415 12.5 2; 205 0.138333 12.5 2;

206 0.276667 12.5 2.25; 207 0.415 12.5 2.25; 208 0.138333 12.5 2.25;
209 0.276667 12.5 2.5; 210 0.138333 12.5 2.5; 211 0.276667 12.5 2.75;
212 0.415 12.5 2.75; 213 0.138333 12.5 2.75; 214 0.276667 12.5 3;
215 0.415 12.5 3; 216 0.138333 12.5 3; 217 0.276667 12.5 3.25;
218 0.138333 12.5 3.25; 219 0.691667 12.5 -0.75; 220 0.691667 12.5 -0.5;
221 0.83 12.5 -0.5; 222 0.553333 12.5 -0.75; 223 0.553333 12.5 -0.5;
224 0.691667 12.5 -0.25; 225 0.83 12.5 -0.25; 226 0.553333 12.5 -0.25;
227 0.691667 12.5 0; 228 0.553333 12.5 0; 229 0.691667 12.5 0.25;
230 0.83 12.5 0.25; 231 0.553333 12.5 0.25; 232 0.691667 12.5 0.5;
233 0.83 12.5 0.5; 234 0.553333 12.5 0.5; 235 0.691667 12.5 0.75;
236 0.83 12.5 0.75; 237 0.553333 12.5 0.75; 238 0.691667 12.5 1;
239 0.83 12.5 1; 240 0.553333 12.5 1; 241 0.691667 12.5 1.25;
242 0.83 12.5 1.25; 243 0.553333 12.5 1.25; 244 0.691667 12.5 1.5;
245 0.83 12.5 1.5; 246 0.553333 12.5 1.5; 247 0.691667 12.5 1.75;
248 0.83 12.5 1.75; 249 0.553333 12.5 1.75; 250 0.691667 12.5 2;
251 0.83 12.5 2; 252 0.553333 12.5 2; 253 0.691667 12.5 2.25;
254 0.83 12.5 2.25; 255 0.553333 12.5 2.25; 256 0.691667 12.5 2.5;
257 0.553333 12.5 2.5; 258 0.691667 12.5 2.75; 259 0.83 12.5 2.75;
260 0.553333 12.5 2.75; 261 0.691667 12.5 3; 262 0.83 12.5 3;
263 0.553333 12.5 3; 264 0.691667 12.5 3.25; 265 0.553333 12.5 3.25;
266 1.10667 12.5 -0.75; 267 1.10667 12.5 -0.5; 268 1.245 12.5 -0.5;
269 0.968333 12.5 -0.75; 270 0.968333 12.5 -0.5; 271 1.10667 12.5 -0.25;
272 1.245 12.5 -0.25; 273 0.968333 12.5 -0.25; 274 1.10667 12.5 0;
275 0.968333 12.5 0; 276 1.10667 12.5 0.25; 277 1.245 12.5 0.25;
278 0.968333 12.5 0.25; 279 1.10667 12.5 0.5; 280 1.245 12.5 0.5;
281 0.968333 12.5 0.5; 282 1.10667 12.5 0.75; 283 1.245 12.5 0.75;
284 0.968333 12.5 0.75; 285 1.10667 12.5 1; 286 1.245 12.5 1;
287 0.968333 12.5 1; 288 1.10667 12.5 1.25; 289 1.245 12.5 1.25;
290 0.968333 12.5 1.25; 291 1.10667 12.5 1.5; 292 1.245 12.5 1.5;
293 0.968333 12.5 1.5; 294 1.10667 12.5 1.75; 295 1.245 12.5 1.75;
296 0.968333 12.5 1.75; 297 1.10667 12.5 2; 298 1.245 12.5 2;
299 0.968333 12.5 2; 300 1.10667 12.5 2.25; 301 1.245 12.5 2.25;
302 0.968333 12.5 2.25; 303 1.10667 12.5 2.5; 304 0.968333 12.5 2.5;
305 1.10667 12.5 2.75; 306 1.245 12.5 2.75; 307 0.968333 12.5 2.75;
308 1.10667 12.5 3; 309 1.245 12.5 3; 310 0.968333 12.5 3;
311 1.10667 12.5 3.25; 312 0.968333 12.5 3.25; 313 1.52167 12.5 -0.75;
314 1.52167 12.5 -0.5; 315 1.66 12.5 -0.5; 316 1.38333 12.5 -0.75;
317 1.38333 12.5 -0.5; 318 1.52167 12.5 -0.25; 319 1.66 12.5 -0.25;
320 1.38333 12.5 -0.25; 321 1.52167 12.5 0; 322 1.38333 12.5 0;
323 1.52167 12.5 0.25; 324 1.66 12.5 0.25; 325 1.38333 12.5 0.25;
326 1.52167 12.5 0.5; 327 1.66 12.5 0.5; 328 1.38333 12.5 0.5;
329 1.52167 12.5 0.75; 330 1.66 12.5 0.75; 331 1.38333 12.5 0.75;
332 1.52167 12.5 1; 333 1.66 12.5 1; 334 1.38333 12.5 1; 335 1.52167 12.5 1.25;
336 1.66 12.5 1.25; 337 1.38333 12.5 1.25; 338 1.52167 12.5 1.5;
339 1.66 12.5 1.5; 340 1.38333 12.5 1.5; 341 1.52167 12.5 1.75;
342 1.66 12.5 1.75; 343 1.38333 12.5 1.75; 344 1.52167 12.5 2; 345 1.66 12.5 2;
346 1.38333 12.5 2; 347 1.52167 12.5 2.25; 348 1.66 12.5 2.25;
349 1.38333 12.5 2.25; 350 1.52167 12.5 2.5; 351 1.38333 12.5 2.5;
352 1.52167 12.5 2.75; 353 1.66 12.5 2.75; 354 1.38333 12.5 2.75;
355 1.52167 12.5 3; 356 1.66 12.5 3; 357 1.38333 12.5 3; 358 1.52167 12.5 3.25;
359 1.38333 12.5 3.25; 360 1.93667 12.5 -0.75; 361 1.93667 12.5 -0.5;
362 2.075 12.5 -0.5; 363 1.79833 12.5 -0.75; 364 1.79833 12.5 -0.5;
365 1.93667 12.5 -0.25; 366 2.075 12.5 -0.25; 367 1.79833 12.5 -0.25;
368 1.93667 12.5 0; 369 1.79833 12.5 0; 370 1.93667 12.5 0.25;
371 2.075 12.5 0.25; 372 1.79833 12.5 0.25; 373 1.93667 12.5 0.5;
374 2.075 12.5 0.5; 375 1.79833 12.5 0.5; 376 1.93667 12.5 0.75;
377 2.075 12.5 0.75; 378 1.79833 12.5 0.75; 379 1.93667 12.5 1;
380 2.075 12.5 1; 381 1.79833 12.5 1; 382 1.93667 12.5 1.25;
383 2.075 12.5 1.25; 384 1.79833 12.5 1.25; 385 1.93667 12.5 1.5;
386 2.075 12.5 1.5; 387 1.79833 12.5 1.5; 388 1.93667 12.5 1.75;
389 2.075 12.5 1.75; 390 1.79833 12.5 1.75; 391 1.93667 12.5 2;
392 2.075 12.5 2; 393 1.79833 12.5 2; 394 1.93667 12.5 2.25;
395 2.075 12.5 2.25; 396 1.79833 12.5 2.25; 397 1.93667 12.5 2.5;
398 1.79833 12.5 2.5; 399 1.93667 12.5 2.75; 400 2.075 12.5 2.75;
401 1.79833 12.5 2.75; 402 1.93667 12.5 3; 403 2.075 12.5 3;
404 1.79833 12.5 3; 405 1.93667 12.5 3.25; 406 1.79833 12.5 3.25;
55
407 2.35833 12.5 -0.75; 408 2.35833 12.5 -0.5; 409 2.5 12.5 -0.5;
410 2.21667 12.5 -0.75; 411 2.21667 12.5 -0.5; 412 2.35833 12.5 -0.25;
413 2.5 12.5 -0.25; 414 2.21667 12.5 -0.25; 415 2.35833 12.5 0;
416 2.21667 12.5 0; 417 2.35833 12.5 0.25; 418 2.5 12.5 0.25;
419 2.21667 12.5 0.25; 420 2.35833 12.5 0.5; 421 2.5 12.5 0.5;
422 2.21667 12.5 0.5; 423 2.35833 12.5 0.75; 424 2.5 12.5 0.75;
425 2.21667 12.5 0.75; 426 2.35833 12.5 1; 427 2.5 12.5 1; 428 2.21667 12.5 1;
429 2.35833 12.5 1.25; 430 2.5 12.5 1.25; 431 2.21667 12.5 1.25;
432 2.35833 12.5 1.5; 433 2.5 12.5 1.5; 434 2.21667 12.5 1.5;
435 2.35833 12.5 1.75; 436 2.5 12.5 1.75; 437 2.21667 12.5 1.75;
438 2.35833 12.5 2; 439 2.5 12.5 2; 440 2.21667 12.5 2; 441 2.35833 12.5 2.25;
442 2.5 12.5 2.25; 443 2.21667 12.5 2.25; 444 2.35833 12.5 2.5;
445 2.21667 12.5 2.5; 446 2.35833 12.5 2.75; 447 2.5 12.5 2.75;
448 2.21667 12.5 2.75; 449 2.35833 12.5 3; 450 2.5 12.5 3; 451 2.21667 12.5 3;
452 2.35833 12.5 3.25; 453 2.21667 12.5 3.25; 454 2.75 12.5 -0.75;
455 2.75 12.5 -0.5; 456 2.875 12.5 -0.5; 457 2.625 12.5 -0.75;
458 2.625 12.5 -0.5; 459 2.75 12.5 -0.25; 460 2.875 12.5 -0.25;
461 2.625 12.5 -0.25; 462 2.75 12.5 0; 463 2.625 12.5 0; 464 2.75 12.5 0.25;
465 2.875 12.5 0.25; 466 2.625 12.5 0.25; 467 2.75 12.5 0.5;
468 2.875 12.5 0.5; 469 2.625 12.5 0.5; 470 2.75 12.5 0.75;
471 2.875 12.5 0.75; 472 2.625 12.5 0.75; 473 2.75 12.5 1; 474 2.875 12.5 1;
475 2.625 12.5 1; 476 2.75 12.5 1.25; 477 2.875 12.5 1.25; 478 2.625 12.5 1.25;
479 2.75 12.5 1.5; 480 2.875 12.5 1.5; 481 2.625 12.5 1.5; 482 2.75 12.5 1.75;
483 2.875 12.5 1.75; 484 2.625 12.5 1.75; 485 2.75 12.5 2; 486 2.875 12.5 2;
487 2.625 12.5 2; 488 2.75 12.5 2.25; 489 2.875 12.5 2.25; 490 2.625 12.5 2.25;
491 2.75 12.5 2.5; 492 2.625 12.5 2.5; 493 2.75 12.5 2.75; 494 2.875 12.5 2.75;
495 2.625 12.5 2.75; 496 2.75 12.5 3; 497 2.875 12.5 3; 498 2.625 12.5 3;
499 2.75 12.5 3.25; 500 2.625 12.5 3.25; 501 3.125 12.5 -0.75;
502 3.125 12.5 -0.5; 503 3.25 12.5 -0.5; 504 3 12.5 -0.75; 505 3 12.5 -0.5;
506 3.125 12.5 -0.25; 507 3.25 12.5 -0.25; 508 3 12.5 -0.25; 509 3.125 12.5 0;
510 3 12.5 0; 511 3.125 12.5 0.25; 512 3.25 12.5 0.25; 513 3 12.5 0.25;
514 3.125 12.5 0.5; 515 3.25 12.5 0.5; 516 3 12.5 0.5; 517 3.125 12.5 0.75;
518 3.25 12.5 0.75; 519 3 12.5 0.75; 520 3.125 12.5 1; 521 3.25 12.5 1;
522 3 12.5 1; 523 3.125 12.5 1.25; 524 3.25 12.5 1.25; 525 3 12.5 1.25;
526 3.125 12.5 1.5; 527 3.25 12.5 1.5; 528 3 12.5 1.5; 529 3.125 12.5 1.75;
530 3.25 12.5 1.75; 531 3 12.5 1.75; 532 3.125 12.5 2; 533 3.25 12.5 2;
534 3 12.5 2; 535 3.125 12.5 2.25; 536 3.25 12.5 2.25; 537 3 12.5 2.25;
538 3.125 12.5 2.5; 539 3 12.5 2.5; 540 3.125 12.5 2.75; 541 3.25 12.5 2.75;
542 3 12.5 2.75; 543 3.125 12.5 3; 544 3.25 12.5 3; 545 3 12.5 3;
546 3.125 12.5 3.25; 547 3 12.5 3.25;
MEMBER INCIDENCES
1 1 5; 2 3 7; 3 4 8; 4 2 6; 5 5 6; 6 5 7; 7 7 8; 8 8 6; 9 3 8; 10 7 4; 11 3 5;
12 1 7; 13 1 6; 14 5 2; 15 6 4; 16 2 8; 17 5 9; 18 7 11; 19 8 12; 20 6 10;
21 9 10; 22 9 11; 23 11 12; 24 12 10; 25 7 12; 26 11 8; 27 7 9; 28 5 11;
29 5 10; 30 9 6; 31 10 8; 32 6 12; 33 9 13; 34 11 15; 35 12 16; 36 10 14;
37 13 14; 38 13 15; 39 15 16; 40 16 14; 41 11 16; 42 15 12; 43 11 13; 44 9 15;
45 9 14; 46 13 10; 47 14 12; 48 10 16; 49 13 17; 50 15 19; 51 16 20; 52 14 18;
53 17 18; 54 17 19; 55 19 20; 56 20 18; 57 15 20; 58 19 16; 59 15 17; 60 13 19;
61 13 18; 62 17 14; 63 18 16; 64 14 20; 65 17 21; 66 19 23; 67 20 24; 68 18 22;
73 19 24; 74 23 20; 75 19 21; 76 17 23; 77 17 22; 78 21 18; 79 22 20; 80 18 24;
81 25 34; 82 21 46; 83 22 40; 84 26 35; 85 23 47; 86 24 41; 87 29 127;
88 21 136; 89 23 165; 90 30 409; 91 22 418; 92 24 447; 93 34 21; 94 33 67;
95 35 23; 96 34 78; 97 35 116; 98 37 70; 99 25 80; 100 26 118; 101 40 27;
102 39 456; 103 41 28; 104 40 465; 105 41 494; 106 43 503; 107 27 512;
108 28 541; 109 46 50; 110 45 174; 111 47 51; 112 46 183; 113 47 212;
114 50 54; 115 49 221; 116 51 55; 117 50 230; 118 51 259; 119 54 58;
120 53 268; 121 55 59; 122 54 277; 123 55 306; 124 58 62; 125 57 315;
126 59 63; 127 58 324; 128 59 353; 129 62 22; 130 61 362; 131 63 24;
132 62 371; 133 63 400; 134 67 72; 137 70 74; 139 72 34; 142 74 25; 149 78 82;
152 80 84; 154 82 86; 157 84 88; 159 86 90; 162 88 92; 164 90 94; 167 92 96;
169 94 98; 172 96 100; 174 98 102; 177 100 104; 179 102 106; 182 104 108;
184 106 110; 187 108 112; 189 110 35; 192 112 26; 199 116 120; 202 118 122;
204 120 36; 207 122 38; 212 127 131; 216 131 21; 225 136 139; 229 139 142;
233 142 145; 237 145 148; 241 148 151; 245 151 154; 249 154 157; 253 157 160;
257 160 23; 266 165 168; 270 168 31; 277 174 178; 281 178 46; 290 183 186;
294 186 189; 298 189 192; 302 192 195; 306 195 198; 310 198 201; 314 201 204;
318 204 207; 322 207 47; 331 212 215; 335 215 48; 342 221 225; 346 225 50;
56
355 230 233; 359 233 236; 363 236 239; 367 239 242; 371 242 245; 375 245 248;
379 248 251; 383 251 254; 387 254 51; 396 259 262; 400 262 52; 407 268 272;
411 272 54; 420 277 280; 424 280 283; 428 283 286; 432 286 289; 436 289 292;
440 292 295; 444 295 298; 448 298 301; 452 301 55; 461 306 309; 465 309 56;
472 315 319; 476 319 58; 485 324 327; 489 327 330; 493 330 333; 497 333 336;
501 336 339; 505 339 342; 509 342 345; 513 345 348; 517 348 59; 526 353 356;
530 356 60; 537 362 366; 541 366 62; 550 371 374; 554 374 377; 558 377 380;
562 380 383; 566 383 386; 570 386 389; 574 389 392; 578 392 395; 582 395 63;
591 400 403; 595 403 64; 602 409 413; 606 413 22; 615 418 421; 619 421 424;
623 424 427; 627 427 430; 631 430 433; 635 433 436; 639 436 439; 643 439 442;
647 442 24; 656 447 450; 660 450 32; 667 456 460; 671 460 40; 680 465 468;
684 468 471; 688 471 474; 692 474 477; 696 477 480; 700 480 483; 704 483 486;
708 486 489; 712 489 41; 721 494 497; 725 497 42; 732 503 507; 736 507 27;
745 512 515; 749 515 518; 753 518 521; 757 521 524; 761 524 527; 765 527 530;
769 530 533; 773 533 536; 777 536 28; 786 541 544; 790 544 44;
ELEMENT INCIDENCES SHELL
135 33 65 66 67; 136 65 68 69 66; 138 68 37 70 69; 140 67 66 71 72;
141 66 69 73 71; 143 69 70 74 73; 145 72 71 75 34; 147 71 73 76 75;
148 73 74 25 76; 150 34 75 77 78; 151 75 76 79 77; 153 76 25 80 79;
155 78 77 81 82; 156 77 79 83 81; 158 79 80 84 83; 160 82 81 85 86;
161 81 83 87 85; 163 83 84 88 87; 165 86 85 89 90; 166 85 87 91 89;
168 87 88 92 91; 170 90 89 93 94; 171 89 91 95 93; 173 91 92 96 95;
175 94 93 97 98; 176 93 95 99 97; 178 95 96 100 99; 180 98 97 101 102;
181 97 99 103 101; 183 99 100 104 103; 185 102 101 105 106;
186 101 103 107 105; 188 103 104 108 107; 190 106 105 109 110;
191 105 107 111 109; 193 107 108 112 111; 195 110 109 113 35;
197 109 111 114 113; 198 111 112 26 114; 200 35 113 115 116;
201 113 114 117 115; 203 114 26 118 117; 205 116 115 119 120;
206 115 117 121 119; 208 117 118 122 121; 209 120 119 123 36;
210 119 121 124 123; 211 121 122 38 124; 213 29 125 126 127;
214 125 128 129 126; 215 128 33 67 129; 217 127 126 130 131;
218 126 129 132 130; 219 129 67 72 132; 221 131 130 133 21;
223 130 132 134 133; 224 132 72 34 134; 226 21 133 135 136;
227 133 134 137 135; 228 134 34 78 137; 230 136 135 138 139;
231 135 137 140 138; 232 137 78 82 140; 234 139 138 141 142;
235 138 140 143 141; 236 140 82 86 143; 238 142 141 144 145;
239 141 143 146 144; 240 143 86 90 146; 242 145 144 147 148;
243 144 146 149 147; 244 146 90 94 149; 246 148 147 150 151;
247 147 149 152 150; 248 149 94 98 152; 250 151 150 153 154;
251 150 152 155 153; 252 152 98 102 155; 254 154 153 156 157;
255 153 155 158 156; 256 155 102 106 158; 258 157 156 159 160;
259 156 158 161 159; 260 158 106 110 161; 262 160 159 162 23;
264 159 161 163 162; 265 161 110 35 163; 267 23 162 164 165;
268 162 163 166 164; 269 163 35 116 166; 271 165 164 167 168;
272 164 166 169 167; 273 166 116 120 169; 274 168 167 170 31;
275 167 169 171 170; 276 169 120 36 171; 278 45 172 173 174;
279 172 175 176 173; 280 175 29 127 176; 282 174 173 177 178;
283 173 176 179 177; 284 176 127 131 179; 286 178 177 180 46;
288 177 179 181 180; 289 179 131 21 181; 291 46 180 182 183;
292 180 181 184 182; 293 181 21 136 184; 295 183 182 185 186;
296 182 184 187 185; 297 184 136 139 187; 299 186 185 188 189;
300 185 187 190 188; 301 187 139 142 190; 303 189 188 191 192;
304 188 190 193 191; 305 190 142 145 193; 307 192 191 194 195;
308 191 193 196 194; 309 193 145 148 196; 311 195 194 197 198;
312 194 196 199 197; 313 196 148 151 199; 315 198 197 200 201;
316 197 199 202 200; 317 199 151 154 202; 319 201 200 203 204;
320 200 202 205 203; 321 202 154 157 205; 323 204 203 206 207;
324 203 205 208 206; 325 205 157 160 208; 327 207 206 209 47;
329 206 208 210 209; 330 208 160 23 210; 332 47 209 211 212;
333 209 210 213 211; 334 210 23 165 213; 336 212 211 214 215;
337 211 213 216 214; 338 213 165 168 216; 339 215 214 217 48;
340 214 216 218 217; 341 216 168 31 218; 343 49 219 220 221;
344 219 222 223 220; 345 222 45 174 223; 347 221 220 224 225;
348 220 223 226 224; 349 223 174 178 226; 351 225 224 227 50;
353 224 226 228 227; 354 226 178 46 228; 356 50 227 229 230;
357 227 228 231 229; 358 228 46 183 231; 360 230 229 232 233;
361 229 231 234 232; 362 231 183 186 234; 364 233 232 235 236;
57
365 232 234 237 235; 366 234 186 189 237; 368 236 235 238 239;
369 235 237 240 238; 370 237 189 192 240; 372 239 238 241 242;
373 238 240 243 241; 374 240 192 195 243; 376 242 241 244 245;
377 241 243 246 244; 378 243 195 198 246; 380 245 244 247 248;
381 244 246 249 247; 382 246 198 201 249; 384 248 247 250 251;
385 247 249 252 250; 386 249 201 204 252; 388 251 250 253 254;
389 250 252 255 253; 390 252 204 207 255; 392 254 253 256 51;
394 253 255 257 256; 395 255 207 47 257; 397 51 256 258 259;
398 256 257 260 258; 399 257 47 212 260; 401 259 258 261 262;
402 258 260 263 261; 403 260 212 215 263; 404 262 261 264 52;
405 261 263 265 264; 406 263 215 48 265; 408 53 266 267 268;
409 266 269 270 267; 410 269 49 221 270; 412 268 267 271 272;
413 267 270 273 271; 414 270 221 225 273; 416 272 271 274 54;
418 271 273 275 274; 419 273 225 50 275; 421 54 274 276 277;
422 274 275 278 276; 423 275 50 230 278; 425 277 276 279 280;
426 276 278 281 279; 427 278 230 233 281; 429 280 279 282 283;
430 279 281 284 282; 431 281 233 236 284; 433 283 282 285 286;
434 282 284 287 285; 435 284 236 239 287; 437 286 285 288 289;
438 285 287 290 288; 439 287 239 242 290; 441 289 288 291 292;
442 288 290 293 291; 443 290 242 245 293; 445 292 291 294 295;
446 291 293 296 294; 447 293 245 248 296; 449 295 294 297 298;
450 294 296 299 297; 451 296 248 251 299; 453 298 297 300 301;
454 297 299 302 300; 455 299 251 254 302; 457 301 300 303 55;
459 300 302 304 303; 460 302 254 51 304; 462 55 303 305 306;
463 303 304 307 305; 464 304 51 259 307; 466 306 305 308 309;
467 305 307 310 308; 468 307 259 262 310; 469 309 308 311 56;
470 308 310 312 311; 471 310 262 52 312; 473 57 313 314 315;
474 313 316 317 314; 475 316 53 268 317; 477 315 314 318 319;
478 314 317 320 318; 479 317 268 272 320; 481 319 318 321 58;
483 318 320 322 321; 484 320 272 54 322; 486 58 321 323 324;
487 321 322 325 323; 488 322 54 277 325; 490 324 323 326 327;
491 323 325 328 326; 492 325 277 280 328; 494 327 326 329 330;
495 326 328 331 329; 496 328 280 283 331; 498 330 329 332 333;
499 329 331 334 332; 500 331 283 286 334; 502 333 332 335 336;
503 332 334 337 335; 504 334 286 289 337; 506 336 335 338 339;
507 335 337 340 338; 508 337 289 292 340; 510 339 338 341 342;
511 338 340 343 341; 512 340 292 295 343; 514 342 341 344 345;
515 341 343 346 344; 516 343 295 298 346; 518 345 344 347 348;
519 344 346 349 347; 520 346 298 301 349; 522 348 347 350 59;
524 347 349 351 350; 525 349 301 55 351; 527 59 350 352 353;
528 350 351 354 352; 529 351 55 306 354; 531 353 352 355 356;
532 352 354 357 355; 533 354 306 309 357; 534 356 355 358 60;
535 355 357 359 358; 536 357 309 56 359; 538 61 360 361 362;
539 360 363 364 361; 540 363 57 315 364; 542 362 361 365 366;
543 361 364 367 365; 544 364 315 319 367; 546 366 365 368 62;
548 365 367 369 368; 549 367 319 58 369; 551 62 368 370 371;
552 368 369 372 370; 553 369 58 324 372; 555 371 370 373 374;
556 370 372 375 373; 557 372 324 327 375; 559 374 373 376 377;
560 373 375 378 376; 561 375 327 330 378; 563 377 376 379 380;
564 376 378 381 379; 565 378 330 333 381; 567 380 379 382 383;
568 379 381 384 382; 569 381 333 336 384; 571 383 382 385 386;
572 382 384 387 385; 573 384 336 339 387; 575 386 385 388 389;
576 385 387 390 388; 577 387 339 342 390; 579 389 388 391 392;
580 388 390 393 391; 581 390 342 345 393; 583 392 391 394 395;
584 391 393 396 394; 585 393 345 348 396; 587 395 394 397 63;
589 394 396 398 397; 590 396 348 59 398; 592 63 397 399 400;
593 397 398 401 399; 594 398 59 353 401; 596 400 399 402 403;
597 399 401 404 402; 598 401 353 356 404; 599 403 402 405 64;
600 402 404 406 405; 601 404 356 60 406; 603 30 407 408 409;
604 407 410 411 408; 605 410 61 362 411; 607 409 408 412 413;
608 408 411 414 412; 609 411 362 366 414; 611 413 412 415 22;
613 412 414 416 415; 614 414 366 62 416; 616 22 415 417 418;
617 415 416 419 417; 618 416 62 371 419; 620 418 417 420 421;
621 417 419 422 420; 622 419 371 374 422; 624 421 420 423 424;
625 420 422 425 423; 626 422 374 377 425; 628 424 423 426 427;
629 423 425 428 426; 630 425 377 380 428; 632 427 426 429 430;
633 426 428 431 429; 634 428 380 383 431; 636 430 429 432 433;
58
637 429 431 434 432; 638 431 383 386 434; 640 433 432 435 436;
641 432 434 437 435; 642 434 386 389 437; 644 436 435 438 439;
645 435 437 440 438; 646 437 389 392 440; 648 439 438 441 442;
649 438 440 443 441; 650 440 392 395 443; 652 442 441 444 24;
654 441 443 445 444; 655 443 395 63 445; 657 24 444 446 447;
658 444 445 448 446; 659 445 63 400 448; 661 447 446 449 450;
662 446 448 451 449; 663 448 400 403 451; 664 450 449 452 32;
665 449 451 453 452; 666 451 403 64 453; 668 39 454 455 456;
669 454 457 458 455; 670 457 30 409 458; 672 456 455 459 460;
673 455 458 461 459; 674 458 409 413 461; 676 460 459 462 40;
678 459 461 463 462; 679 461 413 22 463; 681 40 462 464 465;
682 462 463 466 464; 683 463 22 418 466; 685 465 464 467 468;
686 464 466 469 467; 687 466 418 421 469; 689 468 467 470 471;
690 467 469 472 470; 691 469 421 424 472; 693 471 470 473 474;
694 470 472 475 473; 695 472 424 427 475; 697 474 473 476 477;
698 473 475 478 476; 699 475 427 430 478; 701 477 476 479 480;
702 476 478 481 479; 703 478 430 433 481; 705 480 479 482 483;
706 479 481 484 482; 707 481 433 436 484; 709 483 482 485 486;
710 482 484 487 485; 711 484 436 439 487; 713 486 485 488 489;
714 485 487 490 488; 715 487 439 442 490; 717 489 488 491 41;
719 488 490 492 491; 720 490 442 24 492; 722 41 491 493 494;
723 491 492 495 493; 724 492 24 447 495; 726 494 493 496 497;
727 493 495 498 496; 728 495 447 450 498; 729 497 496 499 42;
730 496 498 500 499; 731 498 450 32 500; 733 43 501 502 503;
734 501 504 505 502; 735 504 39 456 505; 737 503 502 506 507;
738 502 505 508 506; 739 505 456 460 508; 741 507 506 509 27;
743 506 508 510 509; 744 508 460 40 510; 746 27 509 511 512;
747 509 510 513 511; 748 510 40 465 513; 750 512 511 514 515;
751 511 513 516 514; 752 513 465 468 516; 754 515 514 517 518;
755 514 516 519 517; 756 516 468 471 519; 758 518 517 520 521;
759 517 519 522 520; 760 519 471 474 522; 762 521 520 523 524;
763 520 522 525 523; 764 522 474 477 525; 766 524 523 526 527;
767 523 525 528 526; 768 525 477 480 528; 770 527 526 529 530;
771 526 528 531 529; 772 528 480 483 531; 774 530 529 532 533;
775 529 531 534 532; 776 531 483 486 534; 778 533 532 535 536;
779 532 534 537 535; 780 534 486 489 537; 782 536 535 538 28;
784 535 537 539 538; 785 537 489 41 539; 787 28 538 540 541;
788 538 539 542 540; 789 539 41 494 542; 791 541 540 543 544;
792 540 542 545 543; 793 542 494 497 545; 794 544 543 546 44;
795 543 545 547 546; 796 545 497 42 547;
DEFINE PMEMBER
1 17 33 49 65 PMEMBER 1
2 18 34 50 66 PMEMBER 2
3 19 35 51 67 PMEMBER 3
4 20 36 52 68 PMEMBER 4
53 PMEMBER 5
ELEMENT PROPERTY
135 136 138 140 141 143 145 147 148 150 151 153 155 156 158 160 161 163 165 -
166 168 170 171 173 175 176 178 180 181 183 185 186 188 190 191 193 195 197 -
198 200 201 203 205 206 208 TO 211 213 TO 215 217 TO 219 221 223 224 226 -
227 TO 228 230 TO 232 234 TO 236 238 TO 240 242 TO 244 246 TO 248 250 TO 252 -
254 TO 256 258 TO 260 262 264 265 267 TO 269 271 TO 276 278 TO 280 -
282 TO 284 286 288 289 291 TO 293 295 TO 297 299 TO 301 303 TO 305 -
307 TO 309 311 TO 313 315 TO 317 319 TO 321 323 TO 325 327 329 330 -
332 TO 334 336 TO 341 343 TO 345 347 TO 349 351 353 354 356 TO 358 -
360 TO 362 364 TO 366 368 TO 370 372 TO 374 376 TO 378 380 TO 382 -
384 TO 386 388 TO 390 392 394 395 397 TO 399 401 TO 406 408 TO 410 -
412 TO 414 416 418 419 421 TO 423 425 TO 427 429 TO 431 433 TO 435 -
437 TO 439 441 TO 443 445 TO 447 449 TO 451 453 TO 455 457 459 460 -
462 TO 464 466 TO 471 473 TO 475 477 TO 479 481 483 484 486 TO 488 -
490 TO 492 494 TO 496 498 TO 500 502 TO 504 506 TO 508 510 TO 512 -
514 TO 516 518 TO 520 522 524 525 527 TO 529 531 TO 536 538 TO 540 -
542 TO 544 546 548 THICKNESS 0.005
549 551 TO 553 555 TO 557 559 TO 561 563 TO 565 567 TO 569 571 TO 573 575 -
576 TO 577 579 TO 581 583 TO 585 587 589 590 592 TO 594 596 TO 601 -
603 TO 605 607 TO 609 611 613 614 616 TO 618 620 TO 622 624 TO 626 -
628 TO 630 632 TO 634 636 TO 638 640 TO 642 644 TO 646 648 TO 650 652 654 -
59
655 657 TO 659 661 TO 666 668 TO 670 672 TO 674 676 678 679 681 TO 683 685 -
686 TO 687 689 TO 691 693 TO 695 697 TO 699 701 TO 703 705 TO 707 709 TO 711 -
713 TO 715 717 719 720 722 TO 724 726 TO 731 733 TO 735 737 TO 739 741 743 -
744 746 TO 748 750 TO 752 754 TO 756 758 TO 760 762 TO 764 766 TO 768 770 -
771 TO 772 774 TO 776 778 TO 780 782 784 785 787 TO 789 791 TO 795 -
796 THICKNESS 0.005
DEFINE MATERIAL START
ISOTROPIC STEEL
E 2.05e+008
POISSON 0.3
DENSITY 76.8195
ALPHA 1.2e-005
DAMP 0.03
END DEFINE MATERIAL
MEMBER PROPERTY BRITISH
1 TO 4 17 TO 20 33 TO 36 49 TO 52 65 TO 68 81 TO 86 93 95 101 103 109 111 -
114 116 119 121 124 126 129 131 TABLE ST UB203X102X23
87 TO 92 94 96 TO 100 102 104 TO 108 110 112 113 115 117 118 120 122 123 125 -
127 128 130 132 TO 134 137 139 142 149 152 154 157 159 162 164 167 169 172 -
174 177 179 182 184 187 189 192 199 202 204 207 212 216 225 229 233 237 241 -
245 249 253 257 266 270 277 281 290 294 298 302 306 310 314 318 322 331 335 -
342 346 355 359 363 367 371 375 379 383 387 396 400 407 411 420 424 428 432 -
436 440 444 448 452 461 465 472 476 485 489 493 497 501 505 509 513 517 526 -
530 537 541 550 554 558 562 566 570 574 578 582 591 595 602 606 615 619 623 -
627 631 635 639 643 647 656 660 667 671 680 684 688 692 696 700 704 708 712 -
721 725 732 736 745 749 753 757 761 765 769 773 777 786 -
790 TABLE ST UB127X76X13
9 TO 16 25 TO 32 41 TO 48 57 TO 64 73 TO 80 TABLE ST UA40X40X4
5 TO 8 21 TO 24 37 TO 40 53 TO 56 TABLE ST UA50X50X4
CONSTANTS
MATERIAL STEEL ALL
MEMBER OFFSET
87 TO 92 94 96 TO 100 102 104 TO 108 110 112 113 115 117 118 120 122 123 125 -
127 128 130 132 TO 134 137 139 142 149 152 154 157 159 162 164 167 169 172 -
174 177 179 182 184 187 189 192 199 202 204 207 212 216 225 229 233 237 241 -
245 249 253 257 266 270 277 281 290 294 298 302 306 310 314 318 322 331 335 -
342 346 355 359 363 367 371 375 379 383 387 396 400 407 411 420 424 428 432 -
436 440 444 448 452 461 465 472 476 485 489 493 497 501 505 509 513 517 526 -
530 537 541 550 554 558 562 566 570 574 578 582 591 595 602 606 615 619 623 -
627 631 635 639 643 647 656 660 667 671 680 684 688 692 696 700 704 708 712 -
721 725 732 736 745 749 753 757 761 765 769 773 777 786 -
790 START 0 0.165 0
87 TO 92 94 96 TO 100 102 104 TO 108 110 112 113 115 117 118 120 122 123 125 -
127 128 130 132 TO 134 137 139 142 149 152 154 157 159 162 164 167 169 172 -
174 177 179 182 184 187 189 192 199 202 204 207 212 216 225 229 233 237 241 -
245 249 253 257 266 270 277 281 290 294 298 302 306 310 314 318 322 331 335 -
342 346 355 359 363 367 371 375 379 383 387 396 400 407 411 420 424 428 432 -
436 440 444 448 452 461 465 472 476 485 489 493 497 501 505 509 513 517 526 -
530 537 541 550 554 558 562 566 570 574 578 582 591 595 602 606 615 619 623 -
627 631 635 639 643 647 656 660 667 671 680 684 688 692 696 700 704 708 712 -
721 725 732 736 745 749 753 757 761 765 769 773 777 786 790 END 0 0.165 0
SUPPORTS
1 TO 4 PINNED
LOAD 1 LOADTYPE None TITLE ALL TANKS FULL
ELEMENT LOAD
135 136 138 140 141 143 145 147 148 150 151 153 155 156 158 160 161 163 165 -
166 168 170 171 173 175 176 178 180 181 183 185 186 188 190 191 193 195 197 -
198 200 201 203 205 206 208 TO 211 213 TO 215 217 TO 219 221 223 224 226 -
227 TO 228 230 TO 232 234 TO 236 238 TO 240 242 TO 244 246 TO 248 250 TO 252 -
254 TO 256 258 TO 260 262 264 265 267 TO 269 271 TO 276 278 TO 280 -
282 TO 284 286 288 289 291 TO 293 295 TO 297 299 TO 301 303 TO 305 -
307 TO 309 311 TO 313 315 TO 317 319 TO 321 323 TO 325 327 329 330 -
332 TO 334 336 TO 341 343 TO 345 347 TO 349 351 353 354 356 TO 358 -
360 TO 362 364 TO 366 368 TO 370 372 TO 374 376 TO 378 380 TO 382 -
384 TO 386 388 TO 390 392 394 395 397 TO 399 401 TO 406 408 TO 410 -
412 TO 414 416 418 419 421 TO 423 425 TO 427 429 TO 431 433 TO 435 -
437 TO 439 441 TO 443 445 TO 447 449 TO 451 453 TO 455 457 459 460 -
60
462 TO 464 466 TO 471 473 TO 475 477 TO 479 481 483 484 486 TO 488 -
490 TO 492 494 TO 496 498 TO 500 502 TO 504 506 TO 508 510 TO 512 -
514 TO 516 518 TO 520 522 524 525 527 TO 529 531 TO 536 538 TO 540 -
542 TO 544 546 548 PR GY -25
549 551 TO 553 555 TO 557 559 TO 561 563 TO 565 567 TO 569 571 TO 573 575 -
576 TO 577 579 TO 581 583 TO 585 587 589 590 592 TO 594 596 TO 601 -
603 TO 605 607 TO 609 611 613 614 616 TO 618 620 TO 622 624 TO 626 -
628 TO 630 632 TO 634 636 TO 638 640 TO 642 644 TO 646 648 TO 650 652 654 -
655 657 TO 659 661 TO 666 668 TO 670 672 TO 674 676 678 679 681 TO 683 685 -
686 TO 687 689 TO 691 693 TO 695 697 TO 699 701 TO 703 705 TO 707 709 TO 711 -
713 TO 715 717 719 720 722 TO 724 726 TO 731 733 TO 735 737 TO 739 741 743 -
744 746 TO 748 750 TO 752 754 TO 756 758 TO 760 762 TO 764 766 TO 768 770 -
771 TO 772 774 TO 776 778 TO 780 782 784 785 787 TO 789 791 TO 795 -
796 PR GY -25
LOAD 2 LOADTYPE None TITLE SELF WEIGHT
SELFWEIGHT Y -1 LIST 1 TO 68 73 TO 143 145 147 TO 193 195 197 TO 219 221 223 -
224 TO 260 262 264 TO 284 286 288 TO 325 327 329 TO 349 351 353 TO 390 392 -
394 TO 414 416 418 TO 455 457 459 TO 479 481 483 TO 520 522 524 TO 544 546 -
548 TO 585 587 589 TO 609 611 613 TO 650 652 654 TO 674 676 678 TO 715 717 -
719 TO 739 741 743 TO 780 782 784 TO 796
LOAD 3 LOADTYPE None TITLE WIND LOAD
JOINT LOAD
21 23 FX 1.03
17 19 FX 1.86
13 15 FX 1.62
9 11 FX 1.34
5 7 FX 1.26
LOAD 4 LOADTYPE None TITLE IMPERFECTION
JOINT LOAD
21 TO 24 FX 0.51
LOAD COMB 5 ALL LOADS
1 1.5 2 1.35 3 0.75 4 1.0
LOAD COMB 6 DEAD + IMPOSED
1 1.5 2 1.35 4 1.0
LOAD COMB 7 DEAD + WIND
3 1.5 2 1.0
PERFORM ANALYSIS PRINT ALL
LOAD LIST 1
PRINT ANALYSIS RESULTS
PERFORM BUCKLING ANALYSIS MAXSTEP 10 PRINT ALL
LOAD LIST 1
LOAD LIST 1 TO 5
PRINT BUCKLING SHAPES
FINISH
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MODELLING, ANALYSIS, AND

DESIGN OF OVERHEAD STEEL

Structville Integrated Services Limited

For product information and assistance contact us on;

E-mail the author: rankiesubani@gmail.com

facebook.com/Structville @structville @structville_engineering

Front Cover Design by: Photografix

@photografix.ng E-mail: photografix.ng@gmail.com

CHAPTER TWO: STRUCTURAL SCHEME AND ANALYSIS OF OVERHEAD WATER TANK

CHAPTER THREE: WIND LOAD ANALYSIS OF OVERHEAD TANKS ........................................11

CHAPTER FOUR: MODELLING AND ANALYSIS ON STAAD PRO............................................21

CHAPTER FIVE: ANALYSIS RESULTS ....................................................................................31

CHAPTER SIX: STRUCTURAL DESIGN ...................................................................................37

Ubani Obinna Uzodimma

Depending on the nature of the connection, it possible for bending moment to be

Table 1.1: Comparative advantage of steel and water tank supports

1.2 Forces acting on tank supports

(i) Self weight

(1) One tank is full, the other three empty

(3) Three tanks full, one tank empty

1.2.1 The weight of stored water

Pressure (p)= (1.1)

2.1 Structural scheme of overhead water tank support

Basically, the structural elements in an overhead steel tank support are;

2.2 The platform

Fig 2.2: Typical structural members of a steel tank platform

Fig 2.3: Typical bracing system of a tank support

2.5 Base plate

Fig 2.4: Typical base plate arrangement

Fig 3.1: Structural scheme of an overhead water tank

3.2 Basic Wind Velocity

The basic wind velocity Vb,0 is calculated from equation (3.2);

Vb = Cdir . Cseason . Vb,0 (3.2)

Vb = Cdir . Cseason . Vb,0 = 1.0 × 1.0 × 30 = 30 m/s

Table 3.1: Terrain Categories and parameters (Table 4.1 EN 1991-1-4:2005)

No Terrain category Z0 Zmin

3.3 Mean Wind

Vm(z) = cr(z). co(z).Vb (3.3)

cr(z) is the roughness factor (defined below)

cr(z) = kr. In for zmin ≤ z ≤ zmax

cr(z) = cr.(zmin) for z ≤ zmin

cr(5 m) = 0.215 × In = 0.605

3.4 Wind turbulence

Iv(z) = = for zmin ≤ z ≤ zmax (3.4)

Iv(z) = Iv.(zmin ) for z ≤ zmin

3.5 Peak Velocity Pressure

qp(z) = [1 + 7.Iv(z)] . . ( )= ( ). (3.5)

( ) is the exposure factor given by;

is the basic velocity pressure given by; = . .

qp(5 m) = [1 + 7(0.217)] × × 1.25 × 18.15 = 518.63 N/m2 = 0.52 kN/m2

qp(12.5 m) = [1 + 7(0.181)] × × 1.25 × 24.06 = 820.205 N/m2 = 0.82 kN/m2

Fig 3.2: Application of peak velocity pressure on the tank support

The force coefficient of lattice structures is given by equation (3.6);

The solidity ratio ϕ is given by equation (3.7);

The definition of solidity ratio is shown in Figure 3.3.

Fig 3.2: Definition of solidity ratio (Figure 7.37, EN 1991-1-4:2005)

Where relevant, the end-effect factor ψλ should be determined as a function of slenderness

Fig 3.6: Definition of a panel