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CHAPTER 7: STRESS AND COPING
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The opening story about Michael and Lucinda’s decision to place Sarah in a nursing home
demonstrates the effects of
a. Individual traits on physical and emotional health.
b. Mental health issues on family members.
c. Individual stressors on physical health.
d. Social environmental stressors on psychological and physical health problems.
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 201
Page ref:
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Applied
2. When finding alternate care and living arrangements for family members, women tend to cite
_____ rather than the absence of socioemotional support as the principal reason for increased
stress.
a. Physiological problems
b. Family conflicts over the decision
c. Employment conflict
d. Finances
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 201
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Conceptual
3. Men tend to cite _____ as a primary cause of tension and stress when choosing a nursing facility
for a family member.
a. The absence of socioemotional support
b. Conflicts at work
c. Family conflicts
d. Physiological problems
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 201
Topic: A-Heading
Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

189
Test Bank for Health Psychology: An Interdisciplinary Approach, 1 st Edition
4. A _____ is an event external to the human body that provokes a response.

a. Stressful stimulus
b. Stressful response
c. Stressful activator
d. Stress mechanism
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 202
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Applied
5. Which of the following is NOT one of the principal theories used to explain the relationship
between stress and illness?
a. General Adaptation Syndrome
b. Socialecological theory
c. Fight-or-flight theory
d. Transactional model
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 203
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual
6. The three principal theories of stress focus on

a. The correlation between socioeconomic factors and stress level.
b. The effects of stress on one’s emotional well-being.
c. The relationship between stress and a physiological response that can lead to illness.
d. The impact of stress on educational attainment.
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 203
Topic: A-Heading
7. _____ proposed the fight-or-flight theory of stress.

a. Seyle
b. Cannon
c. Lazarus
d. Folkman
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 203
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual

190
Chapter 7: Stress and Coping
8. The fight-or-flight theory focuses on

a. The socioenvironmental effects of stress.
b. The body’s psychological response to stress.
c. The body’s physiological response to stress-inducing stimuli.
d. The emotional aspects of stress.
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 203
Topic: A-Heading
9. Physiological responses to stress are initiated by a complex communication process that takes
place in the
a. Nervous system.
b. Pancreas.
c. Adrenal glands.
d. Pituitary gland.
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 203
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual
10. Melanie is frightened while walking home from work late in the evening. According to the
flight-or-fight theory, which systems would be activated in her body?
a. Sympathetic and endocrine systems
b. Parasympathetic and endocrine systems
c. Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
d. None of the above
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 204
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Applied
11. Which of the following does NOT occur when we encounter a stressful event?
a. Pupil dilation
b. Dry mouth
c. Suppression of sweat glands
d. Rapid heart rate
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 204
Topic: A-Heading

191
12. The nervous system is comprised of _____ principal parts.

a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 204
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual
13. The central nervous system receives and responds to information obtained through
a. Autonomic receptor sites.
b. Peripheral receptor sites.
c. Sensory receptor sites.
d. Sympathetic receptor sites.
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 204
Topic: A-Heading
14. The peripheral nervous system contains _____ substructures.

a. 2
b. 3
c. 4
d. 5
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 204
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual
15. The _____ nervous system controls the automatic and involuntary functions that are essential for
living.
a. Central
b. Somatic
c. Sympathetic
d. Autonomic
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 204
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual

192
16. The sympathetic nervous system

a. Is a substructure of the somatic nervous system.
b. Serves as protection from external or internal threats.
c. Returns the body to its normal state after a threat.
d. Serves the same function as the pituitary gland.
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 204
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual
17. Roger’s body has returned to its normal, baseline state after he was frightened. This state is
referred to as
a. Autonomic.
b. Adrenal.
c. Allostasis.
d. Normalcy.
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 204
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Applied
18. How does the endocrine system send messages to the body?
a. Ductless glands
b. Neurotransmitters
c. Allostasis
d. Through the somatic nervous system
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 206
Topic: A-Heading
19. Hormones are similar to _____ in that they are chemical messengers that facilitate the body’s
communication process.
a. Receptor sites
b. Glands
c. Neurotransmitters
d. Neurons
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 205
Topic: A-Heading

193
20. Which two glands in the endocrine system are responsible for releasing hormones in response to
stress?
a. Pituitary; thyroid
b. Pituitary; adrenal
c. Adrenal; thyroid
d. Thyroid; pancreas
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 205
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual
21. One of the functions of the endocrine system is to

a. Increase the production of serotonin when stress occurs.
b. Serve as a biological liaison between the autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous
system.
c. Release neurotransmitters throughout the body.
d. Respond to stress.
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 205
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual
22. The _____ controls basic human needs such as sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex.
a. Pancreas
b. Pituitary gland
c. Thalamus
d. Hypothalamus
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 205
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual
23. Where is the pituitary gland located?

a. Adjacent to the hypothalamus
b. Adjacent to the thyroid gland
c. Adjacent to the thalamus
d. Within the autonomic nervous system
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 205
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual

194
24. The adrenal glands are located

a. Above the pituitary gland.
b. Adjacent to the pituitary gland.
c. Above the kidneys.
d. Below the kidneys.
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 205
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual
25. The adrenal medulla produces

a. ACTH.
b. Catecholamine.
c. Dopamine.
d. Serotonin.
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 206
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual
26. Adrenaline is also called

a. Epinephrine.
b. Dopamine.
c. Catecholamine.
d. Estrogen.
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 206
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual
27. _____ is used as a physiological indicator of stress.

a. Estrogen
b. Thyroxin
c. Epinephrine
d. Dopamine
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 06
Topic: A-Heading

195
28. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPAC) system is responsible for

a. Monitoring the production of epinephrine in the body.
b. Producing stress hormones to cope with incoming stressors.
c. Stimulating the body when a stimulus is detected.
d. Restoring the body to its baseline state after a stressor.
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 206-207
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual
29. _____ are anti-inflammatory agents that help to prevent damage to the body’s organs during
times of stress.
a. Adrenaline bursts
b. Hormones
c. Glucocorticoids
d. Adrenocorticals
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 207
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual
30. The _____ theory was the first to fully describe the body’s biological response to stress.
a. Fight-or-flight
b. General Adaptation Syndrome
c. Transactional
d. Biopsychosocial
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 207
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual
31. Hans Selye defined stress as the organism’s response to any form of
a. Threatening circumstance.
b. Noxious stimulus.
c. Distraction.
d. Psychological stimulus.
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 208
Topic: A-Heading

196
32. Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?
a. Alarm stage
b. Stimulus stage
c. Stage of resistance
d. Stage of exhaustion
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 208
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual
33. The shock phase of stress is part of the

a. Stage of resistance.
b. Stimulus stage.
c. Stage of exhaustion.
d. Alarm stage.
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 208
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual
34. During the _____, the responses characterized as the fight-or-flight reaction become evident.
a. Shock phase
b. Countershock phase
c. Stage of exhaustion
d. Stimulus stage
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 209
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual
35. The _____ is the final stage of the General Adaptation Syndrome.
a. Alarm stage
b. Stage of resistance
c. Stage of exhaustion
d. Fight or flight stage
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 209
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual

197
36. Ryan has been going through a great deal of stress at work. He has recently developed an ulcer
because of the stress. According to Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), Ryan is in the
a. Alarm stage.
b. Stage of resistance.
c. Stimulus stage.
d. Stage of exhaustion.
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 209
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Applied
37. The primary critique of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is that
a. Physiological factors are not considered.
b. The theory is too focused on the effects of environmental factors.
c. The theory is unable to explain the role of psychosocial variables on illness.
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 209
Topic: A-Heading
38. The transactional model of stress involves a person’s

a. Continuous interactions and adjustments to the stressful event.
b. Physiological responses to an identified stressor.
c. Hormonal responses to a stressor.
d. Responses to any type of noxious stimulus.
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 212
Topic: A-Heading
39. According to Lazarus and Folkman, changes in a person’s behavior and reassessments of
perceived threats are called
a. Stimulus responses.
b. Coping strategies.
c. Transactions.
d. Fight-or-flight behaviors.
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 212
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Applied

198
40. Which of the following is NOT a component of cognitive appraisal?

a. Primary appraisal
b. Reevaluation appraisal
c. Secondary appraisal
d. Cognitive reappraisal
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 212
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual
41. The assessment of one’s resources and determination of how sufficient the resources are to meet
the demands of a stressful event is called
a. Primary appraisal.
b. Secondary appraisal.
c. Cognitive appraisal.
d. Reevaluation appraisal.
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 211-212
Topic: A-Heading
42. Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the transactional model of stress?
a. Responses to stress are primarily based on physiological reactions.
b. Stress is both a stimulus and a response.
c. Mood has little to do with the way stress is handled.
d. The stage of exhaustion is similar to secondary appraisal.
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 212
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual
43. A study by Heijmans et al. (2004) found that participants with one of 10 chronic diseases were
most anxious about
a. The type of treatment they would be receiving.
b. Becoming dependent on another person.
c. The financial effects of their illness.
d. The unpredictable consequences of their disease.
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 214
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Applied

199
44. Physiological changes are triggered in the body by the _____ system when a situation is
cognitively appraised as threatening.
a. Sympathetic
b. Parasympathetic
c. Somatic
d. Pancreatic
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 214
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual
45. _____ was most likely the first to propose that heart ailments could be related to a person’s
emotional state or personality.
a. Hans Selye
b. John Hunter
c. Sigmund Freud
d. Walter Cannon
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 215
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Applied
46. According to the Diathesis-Stress (D-S) model of disease, which two factors are necessary
determinants to cause the onset of a stress-related illness?
a. Physiological and psychological factors
b. Sociological and physiological factors
c. Biological predisposition and environmental precipitating factors
d. Biological and sociocultural factors
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 215
Topic: A-Heading
47. A sudden and intense response to a stressful stimuli is called

a. Acute stress.
b. Chronic stress.
c. Primary stress.
d. Unanticipated stress.
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 215
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual

200
48. Prolonged and long-term stress is called

a. Acute stress.
b. Chronic stress.
c. Primary stress.
d. Secondary stress.
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 210
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual
49. Stress stimulates the release of the hormone

a. Cortisol.
b. Glucocortoids.
c. Catecholamine.
d. All of the above
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 216
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual
50. Elevated cortisol levels are linked to

a. A more resilient immune system.
b. Anxiety and depression.
c. Lower blood pressure.
d. Chronic back pain.
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 216
Topic: A-Heading
51. The _____ personality includes high levels of competitiveness, high need for achievement and
hostile or aggressive tendencies.
a. Type A
b. Type B
c. Type 1
d. Type 2
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 215-216
Topic: A-Heading

201
52. People who exhibit a generally negative affect have a _____ personality.
a. Type 1
b. Type B
c. Type C
d. Type D
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 216
Topic: A-Heading
53. The work of Brendgen and Vitaro (2001) suggests a link between emotional temperament and
physical health for
a. Adolescent girls.
b. Adolescent boys.
c. Both adolescent girls and boys.
d. Adult males.
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 216-217 (Box 7.2)
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Applied
54. Critics of the Diathesis-Stress (D-S) model argue that the model does not
a. Include a thorough review of the biopsychosocial factors involved in the stress response.
b. Specify the gender differences related to the assessment of stressful environments.
c. Explain the relationship between stress and illness in the absence of preexisting
vulnerabilities.
d. Include psychological factors related to health outcomes.
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 216
Topic: A-Heading
55. Researchers (Orsal, et al., 2012) have found an association between psychological stress among
college students and
a. Levels of depression.
b. Sleep disturbances.
c. Suppressed immune systems.
d. Anger outbursts.
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 218
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Applied

202
56. The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) is

a. A scale used to measure anger management styles.
b. Comprised of over 60 life events linked to stressors.
c. One of the best known measures of psychosocial stress.
d. A scale made up of life events ordered from least stressful to most stressful.
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 219
Topic: A-Heading
57. _____ developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS).

a. Lazarus and Folkman
b. Selye
c. Holmes and Rahe
d. Ragin
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 219
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual
58. The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) suggests a relationship between the number of
stressful experiences, the perceived severity of the event, and
a. Temperament.
b. Overall physical health.
c. Personality type.
d. Mental health issues.
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 219
Topic: A-Heading
59. According to the Crandall et al. Undergraduate Stress Questionnaire, which of the following has
the highest score?
a. Crammed for a test
b. Death of a family member or friend
c. Roommate conflicts
d. Fought with boy/girlfriend
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 220 (Box 7.1)
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual

203
60. Which of the following is NOT a criticism of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)?
a. Wording problems
b. Lack of differentiation between positive or negative events
c. Life events are duplicated
d. Inability to account for individual differences in truthfulness
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 219, 221
Topic: A-Heading
61. Lazarus’ theoretical perspective contends that _____ are more likely to cause negative health
outcomes than are major events.
a. Socioeconomic issues
b. Daily life hassles
c. Chronic diseases
d. Occupational hassles
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 221
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Applied
62. Lazarus’ study of stressors found that the _____ was predictive of psychological health.
a. Hassles scale
b. Uplift scale
c. Subjective hassles scale
d. Student stressor scale
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 221
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Applied
63. According to Lazarus, which of the following is an example of a household hassle?

a. Being lonely
b. Financial responsibilities
c. Neighborhood deterioration
d. Shopping
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 222 (Table 7.2)
Topic: A-Heading

204
64. How do the emotion-focused coping style and engagement coping style differ?
a. The engagement coping style is more focused on emotion rather than problem-solving.
b. The engagement coping style looks for a sympathetic but helpful audience, whereas the
emotion-focused style does not seek a helpful audience.
c. The engagement coping style is used more frequently by females than the emotion-focused
style.
d. The emotion-focused style is a healthier way of problem-solving than the engagement style.
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Topic: A-Heading
65. Which type of coping style is most likely to involve substance use?
a. Emotion-focused
b. Problem-focused
c. Engagement
d. Disengagement
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Topic: A-Heading
66. The two primary types of cognitive coping styles are

a. Engagement/disengagement- and problem-focused
b. Problem/emotion-focused and psychological-focused
c. Engagement- and emotion-focused
d. Problem/emotion-focused and engagement/disengagement-focused
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 224
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual
67. The _____ style of coping is a hybrid of the problem/emotion-focused coping method.
a. Wellness
b. Engagement
c. Disengagement
d. Problematic
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 225
Topic: A-Heading

205
68. Leslie often turns to alcohol as a means of coping with her stressors. This is a type of _____
coping style.
a. Engagement
b. Disengagement
c. Problem-focused
d. Emotion-focused
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 225
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Applied
69. The _____ coping style tends to be the most effective method of dealing with stressors.
a. Problem-focused
b. Emotion-focused
c. Wellness
d. Engagement
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 226
Topic: A-Heading
70. The least effective method of coping with stressors is the _____ style.
a. Problem-focused
b. Emotion-focused
c. Engagement
d. Disengagement
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 226
Topic: A-Heading
71. Which of the following is considered to be a cognitive approach to problem solving?

a. Searching for information about a health concern on the internet
b. Aromatherapy
c. Musical relaxation
d. Dancing
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 226
Topic: A-Heading

206
72. Research on social support and its effects on problem solving indicates that
a. Social support is not as useful to problem solving as once thought.
b. The two are somewhat correlated.
c. There is a direct and positive effect on health.
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 231
Topic: A-Heading
73. Research conducted by Cohen and Wills (1985) concluded that social support
a. Serves as a buffer from the potentially negative influences of stress.
b. Is mildly useful when using the problem-focused coping style.
c. Is most helpful when it comes from a family member.
d. Is most effective for adolescents who are learning problem-solving techniques.
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 231
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Applied
74. Research on support networks and stress indicate that

a. Specific assistance from a support network is a necessary component for effective
reduction of stress.
b. Social support is most useful when it is direct rather than indirect.
c. The perception of an available network can serve as a buffer against stress.
d. Individuals with Type-A personalities are most likely to benefit from support networks.
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 231
Topic: A-Heading
75. Studies on the effects of music and its effect on stress indicate that
a. Music can lower blood pressure.
b. Music has an effect on speed and accuracy during performance tasks.
c. Music can be indirectly beneficial.
d. All of the above
Correct Answer: d
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 227-228
Topic: A-Heading

207
76. Nilsson’s study on the effects of music on postoperative bypass surgery indicated that music has
a beneficial _____ effect on the body.
a. Physiological
b. Psychological
c. Physiological and psychological
d. Emotional
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 227
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Applied
77. The findings of Allen and Blascovich’s (1994) study on music and surgeons’ performance in the
operating room concluded that stress measures were lowest and performance enhanced when
a. Classical music was played.
b. Rock-and-roll music was played.
c. Surgeons selected the music they most enjoyed.
d. There was no music in the operating room.
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 229 (Box 7.3)
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Applied
78. _____ are hormones that enhance positive mood states.

a. Catecholamines
b. Endorphins
c. Glucocorticoids
d. Cortisols
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 229
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual

208
79. According to the author of the textbook, in what way can stress be a positive experience?
a. Stressful events may cause weight loss.
b. Stressful events may lead to more humor in one’s life.
c. A positive affect toward the stressful event may lead to growth opportunities and new skill
development.
d. Stress cannot be considered a positive experience due to the damaging physiological effects
it has on health outcomes.
Correct Answer: c
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 234
Topic: A-Heading
80. _____ is the use of cognitive strategies to view a situation in a more positive light.
a. Problem-focused coping
b. Positive reappraisal
c. Emotion-focused coping
d. Coping
Correct Answer: b
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 234
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Factual
81. Folkman and Moskowitz (2000) found that AIDS caregivers were more likely to feel a sense of
accomplishment and better manage their day when they
a. Set and completed a specific goal each day.
b. Used a support network.
c. Consulted with peers who were employed in the same line of work.
d. Worked no more than 8 hours per day.
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 234-235
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Applied
82. Research conducted by Folkman and Moskowitz (2000) revealed that caregivers who used
positive reappraisal strategies showed _____ psychological health and adjustment after the death
of an AIDS patient than those caregivers who did not use this strategy.
a. Better
b. Worse
c. The same
Correct Answer: a
Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 234-235
Topic: A-Heading
Objective: Applied

209
TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS
1. Studies suggest that the decision to find alternative health care and living arrangements for a
family member may cause an increase rather than a decrease in stress.
Correct Answer: True

Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 201
Topic: B-Heading
2. A stressful response may be either emotional or physical.

Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 202
Topic: B-Heading
3. The autonomic nervous system is a substructure of the central nervous system.
Correct Answer: False

Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 205
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
4. The endocrine system releases hormones as a means of communication within the body.

Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 205
Topic: B-Heading
5. The hormone ACTH is produced by the adrenal glands.

Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 206
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
6. The adrenal cortex is found in the inner layer of the adrenal glands.

Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 206
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

210
7. Glucocorticoids may make the body more susceptible to certain illnesses.

Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 207
Topic: B-Heading
8. The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) examines the body’s response to a stressor as well as
the process by which illnesses develop as the body attempts to cope with the stressor.

Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 208
Topic: B-Heading
9. The body’s hormonal response is generally the same regardless of the type of emotion expressed.

Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 212
Topic: B-Heading
10. According to Lazarus, the stressfulness of a situation depends on a person’s cognitive appraisal of
an event.

Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 212
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Applied
11. Lower levels of cortisol in the body contribute to both psychological and physiological health
problems.

Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 219
Topic: B-Heading
12. The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) ranks life events from least to most stressful.

Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 219
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

211
13. When a person is stressed, the tendency to reach for high-fat, high-calorie foods is more prevalent
among restrained eaters.

Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 222-223
Topic: B-Heading
14. According to the daily hassles theory, frequent stressful events may contribute to an increase in
the likelihood of engaging in high risk health behaviors.

Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 221
Topic: B-Heading
15. Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) occurs from a single traumatic event rather than multiple
exposures to trauma.

Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 223
Topic: B-Heading
16. The main goal of problem-focused coping is to obtain emotional support.

Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 225
Topic: B-Heading
17. Research indicates that specific assistance from one’s social network is necessary to provide a
buffer against stress.

Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 231
Topic: B-Heading
18. Music has not been clinically proven to reduce stress and anxiety levels.

Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 227
Topic: B-Heading

212
19. Most researchers have formally concluded that the type of music listened to is an important
variable in stress reduction.

Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 228
Topic: B-Heading
20. In order for humor to be effective at reducing stress, laughter must be involved.

Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 230
Topic: B-Heading

213
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS

1. The interaction between the stressor and the response is often characterized as the _____.
Correct Answer: “interplay and feedback”

Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 202
Topic: B-Heading
2. The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system are substructures of the
_____.
Correct Answer: autonomic nervous system

Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 204
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
3. Which gland is called the “master gland”?
Correct Answer: pituitary gland

Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 205
Topic: B-Heading
4. What is the correct order of Selye’s General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?
Correct Answer: alarm stage, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion

Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 208
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
5. A chronic disease is one that lasts _____.
Correct Answer: 3-6 months or longer

Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 214
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
6. A biological or psychological predisposition to an illness is called a _____.
Correct Answer: diathesis

Difficulty: 2
Page ref: 215
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual

214
7. _____ involves cognitive or behavioral actions to manage when the situational demands exceed
one’s resources.
Correct Answer: Coping

Difficulty: 1
Page ref: 224
Topic: B-Heading
Objective: Factual
8. The statement “the glass is half full” is an example of _____.
Correct Answer: positive reappraisal

Difficulty: 3
Page ref: 234
Topic: B-Heading

215
ESSAY QUESTIONS
1. Identify and explain the 3 principal theories of stress.
2. Explain the body’s physiological response to stress. Include a description of the primary
components of the body that are involved in the stress response.
3. Compare the two principal types of cognitive coping styles, including the subcomponents of each
style.

216
Another random document with
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In January, 1897, however, one provision of the Act, which
forbade all importation of liquors into the State by private
persons, even for their own use, was declared by the Supreme
Court of the United States to be an interference with
inter-state commerce, and therefore unconstitutional. This
breaks down the Dispensary Law, so far as concerns citizens
who are able to import liquors for themselves. Otherwise the
law seems to be now stoutly entrenched, and other States are
being sufficiently satisfied with its success in South
Carolina to adopt it. The following testimony as to its
success is from the pen of a North Carolinian, who became
instrumental in carrying the system into his own State.
"The familiar features of the dispensary were its closing

promptly at sundown; no drinking on the premises; the sale of
liquor to those only who were of age, who were not in the
habit of drinking to excess, who were sober at the time of the
sale, and who signed an application for what they bought on a
public book; and the fact that the dispenser was a salaried
officer, and thus free from pecuniary interest in stimulating
sales. To this was added in South Carolina a force of
constables whose special business it was to arrest those who
sold liquor contrary to law.
"The fact that the dispensary law was a substitute for

Prohibition made the law odious at first to those who had
fought most ardently for the Prohibition cause. And the
political faction over which Mr. Tillman had triumphed,
containing a good proportion of the best blood and brains of
the State, opposed the dispensary on personal grounds. The spy
system, as it was called, and the resistance to the
constables, sometimes resulting in bloodshed, set many of the
more peaceable and conservative citizens against the law.
Added to this, the constitutionality of the law as a whole and
of important provisions separately was strenuously contested
in the United States Courts, with varying success until the
Supreme Court settled the matter forever in favor of the law.
These difficulties are mentioned to show what the system has
had to face in South Carolina, and for the purpose of
remarking that the system has triumphed over all opposition.
The amended Constitution of the State decrees against the
re-establishment of the saloon. The Dispensary candidate for
Governor in the last election defeated the Prohibition
candidate. And the testimony of sober, conservative citizens
of every rank and profession is now practically unanimous to
the effect that drunkenness and the crimes resulting therefrom
have decreased beyond expectation."
A. J. McKelway,
The Dispensary in North Carolina
(Outlook, April 8, 1899).
SOUTH CAROLINA: A. D. 1896.

New constitution.
Introduction of a qualified suffrage.
Practical disfranchisement pf the greater part of the negroes.
On the 1st of January, 1896, a new constitution, promulgated

by a constitutional convention the previous month, without
submission to popular vote, came into effect. It was framed
especially to accomplish a practical disfranchisement of the
larger part of the negro population, which it did by the
operation of an educational qualification with peculiar
conditions attached. Until the first of January, 1898, it
permitted the enrollment of voters who could read, or who
could explain to the satisfaction of the registering officer a
section of the constitution read to them; and all citizens
registered before that date were to be qualified voters
thereafter. But subsequent to the date specified, none could
be registered except those able to read and write any required
part of the constitution, or else to prove themselves owners
of property and taxpayers on not less than $300. Registration
to be conducted by county boards appointed by the governor.
See, also (in this volume)
MISSISSIPPI.
Speaking in the United States Senate in justification of this

measure, Senator Tillman, of South Carolina, said: "We took
the government away. We stuffed ballot boxes. We shot them. We
are not ashamed of it. The Senator from Wisconsin would have
done the same thing. I see it in his eye right now. He would
have done it. With that system—force, tissue ballots, etc.—we
got tired ourselves. So we called a constitutional convention,
and we eliminated, as I said, all of the colored people whom
we could under the fourteenth and fifteenth amendments. … I
want to call your attention to the remarkable change that has
come over the spirit of the dream of the Republicans; to
remind you gentlemen from the North that your slogans of the
past—brotherhood of man and the fatherhood of God—have gone
glimmering down the ages. The brotherhood of man exists no
longer, because you shoot negroes in Illinois, when they come
in competition with your labor, as we shoot them in South
Carolina when they come in competition with us in the matter
of elections. You do not love them any better than we do. You
used to pretend that you did, but you no longer pretend it
except to get their votes. … You deal with the Filipinos just
as we deal with the negroes, only you treat them a heap
worse."
Congressional Record,
56th Congress, 1st Session, pages 2347, 2349.
SOUTH DAKOTA: A. D. 1898.

Constitutional amendment introducing the
Initiative and the Referendum.
A constitutional amendment, adopted by popular vote at the

November election, introduces the principle of the Swiss
Initiative and Referendum, providing that the Legislature must
render obedience to petitions signed by 5 per cent. of the
voters of the State, which call for the enactment and
submission to popular vote of any stipulated law, or which
require the submission to a popular vote of any Act which the
Legislature may have passed.
SOUTH DAKOTA: A. D. 1899.

Adoption of the Dispensary System.
A constitutional amendment, providing for a dispensary system

of regulation for the liquor traffic was adopted in 1899 by a
majority of 1,613 votes.
See, (in this volume),

SOUTH CAROLINA: A. D. 1892-1899.
The newly adopted clause reads as follows: "The manufacture

and sale of intoxicating liquors shall be under exclusive
State control, and shall be conducted by duly authorized
agents of the State, who shall be paid by salary and not by
commission."
{519}
SOUTHWEST AFRICA, German:

Trade, etc.
See (in this volume)

GERMANY: A. D. 1899 (JUNE).
SPAIN: A. D. 1868-1885.
Affairs in Cuba.

CUBA: A. D. 1868-1885.
SPAIN: A. D. 1895-1896.
Conflict between army and Press.
Change of Ministry.
Renewed insurrection in Cuba.
A violent conflict between the military authorities and the

newspaper Press arose in consequence of an attack made by
officers of the army on a Republican editor who had sharply
criticised certain details of army administration. They not
only assaulted him in person, but broke up his presses and
type. This military mob outrage was resented and denounced by
the whole Press, of every party; whereupon the military
authorities began prosecutions in the military courts, and
making arrests of publishers and editors, with a contempt for
law which seemed to be ominous of some revolutionary intent.
The Liberal Ministry, under Señor Sagasta, not able,
apparently, to control these proceedings, resigned office, and
a Conservative Cabinet was formed by Señor Canovas del
Castillo. The new Ministry had many difficulties to face, the
fresh outbreak of revolt in Cuba being the most serious.

CUBA: A. D. 1895.
But student rioting at Barcelona, caused by the dismissal of

11 professor whose writings were condemned at Rome, became
grave enough to require the sending of the redoubtable General
Weyler to the scene; and popular excitements in Madrid,
growing out of exposures of corruption in the municipal
council, drove two of the colleagues of Canovas from their
posts. In January, 1896, Weyler was sent to Cuba, to pursue in
that unhappy island a policy which produced conditions that
horrified the world.

CUBA: A. D. 1896-1897, and 1897-1898 (DECEMBER-MARCH).
Elections held in April, 1896, gave the government of Canovas

an overwhelming majority in the Cortes.
SPAIN: A. D. 1896-1897,
Administration of General Weyler in Cuba.

CUBA: A. D. 1896-1897.
SPAIN: A. D. 1896-1898.
Insurrection in the Philippines.

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1896-1898.
SPAIN: A. D. 1897 (August-October).

Assassination of the Prime Minister, Canovas del Castillo.
Return of Sagasta to power.
Condition of the country.
On the 8th of August, the Spanish Prime Minister, Señor

Canovas del Castillo, was shot by an Italian anarchist, a
Neapolitan, named Angiolillo, while sojourning for a few days,
with his wife, at the baths of Santa Aguada. He lived but two
hours after receiving his wounds. General Azcarraga, Minister
of War, was called by the Queen to take temporary charge of
the government; but before the end of September he and his
cabinet were forced to resign, and the Liberals, under the
lead of Señor Sagasta, returned to power. "Canovas was the
strong man of Spain. He was not the educator of the people, or
the worker of the popular inclination. His vigorous
understanding was their muscular master. The police were on
his side; a useful portion of the press, hired judiciously for
the purpose; the army; and the brains to set them all in
motion; and, so equipped, Antonio Canovas del Castillo
confronted the Spanish people and said, 'Come on.' It was a
resolute and daring attitude, and kept the crowd triumphantly
at bay for thirty years. But of late a change had taken place.
A good deal of the old fire had burned out. Fifteen years of
colonial revolt, again, impress even the thickest-headed
Spanish peasant into conceiving that the trouble has no
business to last so long, and that his rulers, if hard and
exigent towards himself, are weak, extravagant, and
undexterous elsewhere. And this suspicion ripens into
certainty when he sees his sons torn from his side and packed
over sea, and when his taxes swell and swell, and the price of
bread goes up and up, and still no alteration for the better.
This cumulative truth is what the Spanish plebs have learned
at last, within a year ago, and if Canovas had had the
foresight of the true statesman, instead of the blind egoism
of the autocrat, he would have thrown up his losing cards
while there was time and said, 'The Cuban War is a mistake.
Forgive me.' But his unflagging obstinacy held him to his
desperate and aimless course. Although his complicity with his
emissary, Weyler, in sending and publishing one lying telegram
after another, was manifest as day, he smiled and rubbed his
hands, and vowed the war was all but over; and behind that
smile he half despised and half defied the victims he invited
to believe him. He made no claim to be a patriot. He knew he
was unpopular. He knew that for every cottage whence a son had
been torn away to that disastrous strife in Cuba the Conservative
Government of the nation may count upon one bitter foe—the
Republicans or the Duke of Madrid upon one sure ally. What
would have happened in Spain, had he lived longer, is quite
beyond the average power to say. The prospect was too horrible
for words. However, he died, and his ministry, after feebly
mimicking the stubborn temper of their chief, succumbed also,
leaving to the Liberal Party a legacy which may be likened to
a bomb with time-fuse well alight and sputtering into the
explosive. In plainer words what faces Señor Sagasta is the
following: Spain is a beggar. Her credit is gone. Her army,
always of late years behindhand in discipline, instruction,
commissariat, and the thousand and one minutiæ other nations
are solicitous to attend to, is decimated by disease,
dispirited, and utterly incompetent to engage in war with any
civilised power. Her navy is rotten. Her people are
discontented and divided into various creeds. Some are for the
existing regime, some for Don Carlos, and some for the
Republic."
L. Williams,
Can Sagasta save Spain?
(Fortnightly Review, December, 1897).
SPAIN: A. D. 1897 (November).

Autonomous Constitution granted to Cuba and Porto Rico.

CUBA: A. D. 1897 (NOVEMBER);
and 1897-1898 (NOVEMBER-FEBRUARY).
SPAIN: A. D. 1898.
War with the United States.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA:
A. D. 1898 (FEBRUARY-MARCH), to 1899 (JANUARY-
FEBRUARY).
SPAIN: A. D. 1898 (February-March).

Destruction of the United States
battle-ship Maine in Havana harbor.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898 (FEBRUARY-
MARCH).
SPAIN: A. D. 1898 (March-April).

Discussion of Cuban affairs with the Government of the
United States.
Message of the President to Congress,
asking for authority to intervene in Cuba.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898 (MARCH-APRIL).
{520}
SPAIN: A. D. 1898 (April).

Demand of the United States Government that the authority and
Government of Spain be withdrawn from Cuba, and its result
in a state of war.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898 (APRIL).
SPAIN: A. D. 1898 (July-December).

Suspension of hostilities and negotiations of Treaty of
Peace with the United States.
Relinquishment of sovereignty over Cuba, and cession of Porto
Rico, Guam and the Philippine Islands to the United States.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898 (JULY-DECEMBER).
SPAIN: A. D. 1898 (August 21).

Letter from Spanish soldiers, on their departure from
Santiago de Cuba, to the soldiers of the American army.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898 (AUGUST 21).
SPAIN: A. D. 1899.
Abolition of the Ministry of the Colonies.
Resignation of the Sagasta Cabinet.
Ratification of the Treaty of Peace.
The new conditions in Spanish government resulting from the

loss of Cuba, Porto Rico, and the Philippines were promptly
acknowledged, in January, by the abolition of the Ministry of
Colonies, for which no sufficient duties remained. On the 20th
of February the Cortes was summoned, and on the same day the
"state of siege," declared during the war, which had
practically suspended constitutional rights, was removed by
proclamation. The Treaty of Peace with the United States was
laid before the Cortes; but the military party, led by General
Weyler, opposed the approval of the Treaty, evidently for the
purpose of embarrassing and weakening the government. They
were so far successful that Señor Sagasta and his cabinet were
forced to resign, on the 28th of February, and a Conservative
Ministry, under Señor Silvela, was formed. But the Cortes,
which declined to support the government in accepting the
Treaty of Peace, was dismissed a few days later by the
Queen-Regent, who signed the Treaty on her own responsibility,
March 11. The Silvela Ministry proved inharmonious, made so
especially by the Minister of War, General Polavieja, and in
September it was reconstructed, with Polavieja dropped out.
SPAIN: A. D. 1899 (January).

Relinquishment of sovereignty in Cuba.

CUBA: A. D. 1898-1899 (DECEMBER-OCTOBER).
SPAIN: A. D. 1899 (February).

Sale of the Caroline, Pelew and Marianne Islands to Germany.

CAROLINE AND MARIANNE ISLANDS.
SPAIN: A. D. 1899 (May-July).

Representation in the Peace Conference at The Hague.

PEACE CONFERENCE.
SPAIN: A. D. 1900 (October-November).

Weyler appointed Captain-General of Madrid.
Resignation of the Silvela Ministry.
The army in control.
The army won control of the government in October, when

General Linares, Minister of War, without consulting his
colleagues of the cabinet—if report be true—appointed General
Weyler to be Captain-General of Madrid. Several members of the
cabinet resigned in protest, and the Premier, Señor Silvela,
found it necessary to place the resignation of the Ministry as
a whole in the hands of the Queen-Regent (October 21). A new
cabinet was formed, with General Azcarraga for its chief,
General Linares retaining the portfolio of the War Office, and
Weyler holding the military command in Madrid. The military
party appears to be fully in power, and a token of the spirit
it has carried into the government was given within ten days
after the formation of the new Ministry, by the promulgation
of a decree suspending the guarantees of the constitution and
establishing martial law throughout the kingdom. Some
movements of Carlist agitation and insurrection furnished a
pretext for this measure, but they appear to have had no
serious character.
It is probable that the military reaction at Madrid will

stimulate a revival of the old independent aspirations of the
Catalonians, which have been showing of late many signs of new
life. The desire for separation from Spain has never died out in
Catalonia, and a resolute new effort to accomplish it may
easily appear among the incidents of the near future.
SPAIN: A. D. 1900 (November).

Spanish-American Congress.
At the instance of the "Sociedad Union Ibero-Americana," an

unofficial organization which has been in existence for more
than 15 years, a congress was held in Madrid in November,
1900, with the object of strengthening the relations between
Spain and those American peoples who are of Spanish origin.
The proposal of the "Union Ibero-Americana" met with the
approval of the Spanish Government, and on April 16 a Royal
decree was issued appointing Señor Silvela, the Prime
Minister, to be president of a congress to be held in Madrid.
The Government of Spain then issued invitations to the
Spanish-American Republics, asking them to send
representatives, which invitations were accepted by the
governments of Mexico, the Argentine Republic, Chile, Uruguay,
Peru, and other States. The list of subjects for discussion
included proposals of treaties of commerce, international
arbitration, the harmonizing of the civil, penal, and
administrative legal codes of the various countries
represented, emigration, the international validity of
professional diplomas, the establishment of Ibero-American
banks, and others. The most important result of the Congress
was the voting of a plan of compulsory arbitration by the
South American republics. The motion was introduced by Peru,
which has the most to gain by arbitration. Chile's was the
sole dissenting voice. "This," remarks "The Nation," of New
York, "recalls the fact that Chile consented to take part in
the Pan-American Congress at the City of Mexico, only on
condition that any arbitration there provided for should not
concern her own disputed boundaries."
SPAIN: A. D. 1901.
Anti-clerical agitation, directed
especially against the Jesuits.
Marriage of the Princess of the Asturias.
A case arising in Madrid in February produced excitements of

feeling against the Jesuits which spread to all parts of the
country, and were the cause of serious political
demonstrations and rioting in many cities. A wealthy young
lady, Señorita Ubao, had been persuaded by her confessor, a
priest of the Jesuit order, to enter a convent, against the
wish of her family. The family applied to the High Court for a
mandate to secure her release. The prominence of the parties
drew universal attention to the case, and it was discussed
with passion throughout Spain, stirring up, as appears to be
evident, a latent anti-clerical feeling which only waited to
be moved.
{521}
It seems, moreover, to have served as an occasion for
demonstrations of the republicanism that continues to be
strong in Spain. Students of the universities were active
promoters of the excitement, and set examples of disorder
which were followed by rougher mobs. In Madrid, Zaragoza,
Valencia, Valladolid, Santandar, Granada, Malaga, Barcelona,
and other towns the excitement ran high, and was not quieted
by a decision of the High Court on the 19th of February,
restoring Señorita Ubao to her friends. At Barcelona, on the
last day of March, a meeting of 9,000 citizens, held in the
bull-ring, is reported to have passed resolutions in favor of
the separation of Church and State, advocating the prohibition
of religious orders, and expressing a desire that their
property should be taken possession of by the State. The
meeting voted messages congratulating France and Portugal on
their Anti-Clerical attitude. The meeting was followed by a
riotous attack on the Jesuit convent, and by a conflict of the
mob with the civil guard, in which blood was shed. From
various parts of the country, demands for the expulsion of the
religious orders were reported, in April, to be reaching the
government.
A royal wedding which occurred in the early days of this

anti-clerical agitation added something to the disturbance of
the public mind. Dona Maria de las Mercedes, eldest of the
children of the late King Alphonso XII. and his second wife,
was married on the 14th of February to Prince Charles, of the
Neapolitan Bourbon family, son of the Count of Caserta. The
Princess was Queen of Spain, in her infancy, for a few months
after her father's death, until the posthumous birth of her
brother, in 1886, and presumptively she may again inherit the
crown. In itself, the marriage does not seem to have been
unpopular; but, for some reason, the Count of Caserta was
odious to the public of Madrid, and became the object of
unpleasant attentions from the mob, while the bride and
bridegroom, and other members of the family of the latter,
were treated with respect.
SPANISH-AMERICAN CONGRESS, The.

SPAIN: A. D. 1900 (NOVEMBER).
SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR.

A. D. 1898 (FEBRUARY-MARCH), to 1899 (JANUARY-
FEBRUARY).
SPANISH SOLDIERS: Letter to American soldiers.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898 (AUGUST 21).
SPION KOP, The storming of.

SOUTH AFRICA (THE FIELD OF WAR):
A. D. 1900 (JANUARY-FEBRUARY).
SPITZBERGEN: Claimed by Russia.

POLAR EXPLORATION, 1898.
SPITZBERGEN: Recent Exploration of.

POLAR EXPLORATION, 1896, 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1900-.
SPOILS SYSTEM, The:

As maintained in the service of the
United States House of Representatives.

CIVIL SERVICE REFORM: A. D. 1901.
SPOONER AMENDMENT, The.

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1901 (FEBRUARY-MARCH).
STAMBOULOFF, M. Stephen, assassination of.

BALKAN AND DANUBIAN STATES: BULGARIA.
STANDARD OIL COMPANY.

TRUSTS: UNITED STATES.
STATEN ISLAND: Incorporation in Greater New York.

NEW YORK CITY: A. D. 1896-1897.
STATISTICS: Of the British-Boer war.

ENGLAND: A. D. 1900 (DECEMBER);
and SOUTH AFRICA (THE FIELD OF WAR:
A. D. 1901 (FEBRUARY), and (APRIL).
STATISTICS: Of Christian Missions.

MISSIONS, CHRISTIAN.
STATISTICS: Of finances and exports of the United States.

A. D. 1900 (JUNE), and (DECEMBER).
STATISTICS: Of the navies of the Sea Powers.

NAVIES OF THE SEA POWERS.
STATISTICS: Of the shipping of the world.

SHIPPING OF THE WORLD.
STATISTICS: Of the Spanish-American war.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1898-1899, STATISTICS;
and 1900 (JUNE);
also, PHILIPPINE ISLANDS: A. D. 1900 (MAY), and (OCTOBER).
STATISTICS: Of war-making expenditure by the leading Powers.

WAR BUDGETS.
STEAM TURBINES, The invention of.

SCIENCE, RECENT: MECHANICS.
STEEL: The Age of.

NINETEENTH CENTURY: THE AGE OF STEEL.
STEEL PRODUCTION, Combinations in.

TRUSTS: UNITED STATES.
STEVENSON, Adlai E.:

Bi-metallic mission to Europe.

MONETARY QUESTIONS: A. D. 1897 (APRIL-OCTOBER).
STOCKHOLM, Exposition at.
A Scandinavian industrial exposition, which proved exceedingly

attractive, was held with much success at Stockholm, the
Swedish capital, in the summer and autumn of 1897.
STONEHENGE:
Fall of two stones.
"The last night of the nineteenth century was marked, as a

correspondent pointed out in our issue of yesterday, by a
serious injury to what remains of the majestic monument of
Stonehenge. One of the great uprights of the outer circle of
stones, as well as the cross-piece mortised to it on the top,
fell to the ground, thus destroying still further the most
striking effect of this gigantic temple or sepulchre. The fall
was probably caused by the torrents of rain and the violent winds
that closed the troubled record of the year 1900. One of the
uprights was brought to the ground, where it lies like so many
other of the stones that formed this vast megalithic structure,
and the capstone has been broken in pieces. The continuous
exterior circle of which these formed a part was originally
about one hundred feet in diameter, and though the masses were
less imposing individually than those of the great tritithons
around the centre, the effect of the mighty round of uprights,
sixteen feet high, with huge capstones resting on them, must
have been wonderful in its noble simplicity …
{522}
"The solicitude of the present age has placed Stonehenge, like

other great national monuments, under the permissive
protection of the law, but the law itself cannot prevent the
ravages of weather and the gradual subsidence of the
foundations on which these masses stand. Little, we fear, can
be done to keep the remaining uprights standing. They will
fall when their time comes and will lie where they fall like
those that have already succumbed to their fate. It is better,
perhaps, for the dignity of this venerable monument that it is in
no serious danger of that restoration which is at work on so
many later structures, more splendid as triumphs of art, but
less stubborn in their strength."
London Times,
January 4, 1901.
STORMBERG, Battle of.

SOUTH AFRICA (THE FIELD OF WAR):
A. D. 1899 (OCTOBER-DECEMBER).
STRATHCONA'S HORSE.

CANADA: A. D. 1899-1900.
STRIKES.

INDUSTRIAL DISTURBANCES.
SUDAN, The Egyptian: A. D. 1885-1898.

Abandonment to the Dervishes.
Death of the Mahdi.
Reign of the Khalifa.
Anglo-Egyptian re-conquest.

EGYPT: A. D. 1885-1896; 1897-1898; and 1899-1900.
SUDAN, The Egyptian: A. D. 1899.

Anglo-Egyptian condominium established.

EGYPT: A. D. 1899 (JANUARY).
SUDAN, The French: A. D. 1895.

Under a Governor-General of French West Africa.

AFRICA: A. D. 1895 (FRENCH WEST AFRICA).
SUDAN, The French: A. D. 1897.

Definition of Tongoland boundary.

AFRICA: A. D. 1897 (DAHOMEY AND TONGOLAND).
SUDAN, The French: A. D. 1898-1899.

Agreement with Great Britain as to the limits.

NIGERIA: A. D. 1882-1899.
SUDANESE TROOPS: Mutiny in Uganda.

UGANDA: A. D. 1897-1898.
SUFFRAGE:
Qualifications in the several States of the American Union.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: A. D. 1901 (JANUARY);
also, DELAWARE; LOUISIANA;
MARYLAND; MISSISSIPPI; NORTH CAROLINA; and SOUTH
CAROLINA.
SUFFRAGE, Woman.

WOMAN SUFFRAGE.
SUGAR BOUNTIES.
An extremely complicated and irrational state of things,

connected with the production and consumption of sugar
throughout the world, has been experienced for many years, as
a consequence of the system of bounties on exportation, by
which a number of European countries have stimulated the
production of beet-sugar, in competition with the sugar
produced from cane. The system was carried to its extreme
development in 1896-1897, in consequence of action taken in
Germany.

GERMANY: A. D. 1896 (MAY).
The legislation in other countries which followed the German

measure of 1896 was set forth briefly in a memorial from the

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

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4. A _____ is an event external to the human body that provokes a response.

6. The three principal theories of stress focus on

7. _____ proposed the fight-or-flight theory of stress.

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8. The fight-or-flight theory focuses on

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12. The nervous system is comprised of _____ principal parts.

14. The peripheral nervous system contains _____ substructures.

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16. The sympathetic nervous system

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21. One of the functions of the endocrine system is to

23. Where is the pituitary gland located?

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24. The adrenal glands are located

25. The adrenal medulla produces

26. Adrenaline is also called

27. _____ is used as a physiological indicator of stress.

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28. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPAC) system is responsible for

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33. The shock phase of stress is part of the

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38. The transactional model of stress involves a person’s

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40. Which of the following is NOT a component of cognitive appraisal?

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47. A sudden and intense response to a stressful stimuli is called

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48. Prolonged and long-term stress is called

49. Stress stimulates the release of the hormone

50. Elevated cortisol levels are linked to

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56. The Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) is

57. _____ developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS).

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63. According to Lazarus, which of the following is an example of a household hassle?

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66. The two primary types of cognitive coping styles are

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71. Which of the following is considered to be a cognitive approach to problem solving?

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74. Research on support networks and stress indicate that

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78. _____ are hormones that enhance positive mood states.

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Correct Answer: True

2. A stressful response may be either emotional or physical.

Correct Answer: True