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Mathematics Formula Sheet
Mathematics Formula Sheet
Mathematics Formula Sheet
Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT-JAM, JEST, TIFR and GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES
fiziks
Forum for CSIR-UGC JRF/NET, GATE, IIT-JAM/IISc,
JEST, TIFR and GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES
1. Trigonometry…………………………………………………………………… (3-9)
1.1 Trigonometrical Ratios and Identities………………………………………...… (3-7)
1.2 Inverse Circular Functions………………………………………...……………. (8-9)
3. Differential Equations………………………………………………….……....(20-22)
4. Vectors……………….…….................................................................................(23-25)
5. Algebra……………….…….................................................................................(26-32)
5.1 Theory of Quadratic equations…………………………………………………...(26)
5.2 Logarithms………………………………………………………………………..(27)
5.3 Permutations and Combinations……………………………………………......(28-29)
5.4 Binomial Theorem…………………………………………………......................(30)
5.5 Determinants……………………………………………....................................(31-32)
6. Conic Section……………….……..........................................................................(33)
7. Probability……………….……...........................................................................(34-35)
1. Trigonometry
1.1 Trigonometrical Ratios and Identities
1. sin 2 cos 2 1 2. sec 2 1 tan 2
sin
3. cos ec 2 1 cot 2 4. tan
cos
cos 1
5. cot 6. sin
sin cos ec
1 1
7. cos 8. tan
sec cot
Addition and Subtraction Formulae
For any two angles A and B
1. Sin A B sin A cos B cos A sin B 2. Sin A B sin A cos B cos A sin B
3. cos A B cos A cos B sin A sin B 4. cos A B cos A cos B sin A sin B
tan A tan B tan A tan B
5. tan A B 6. tan A B
1 tan A. tan B 1 tan A. tan B
Double Angle Formulae
1. sin 2 2 sin cos , 2. cos 2 cos 2 sin 2 1 2 sin 2 2 cos 2 1
2 tan
3. tan 2
1 tan 2
Triple angle Formulae
1. sin 3 3 sin 4 sin 3 2. cos 3 4 cos3 3 cos
3 tan tan 3
3. tan 3
1 3 tan 2
Trigonometric Ratios of θ/2
1. sin 2 sin cos , 2. cos cos 2 sin 2 2 cos 2 1 2 sin 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 tan
3. tan 2
2
1 tan
2
Trigonometric Ratio of : (All Positive)
2
1. cos sin 2. sin cos
2 2
3. tan cot 4. cot tan
2 2
5. cos ec sec 6. sec cos ec
2 2
Trigonometric Ratio of :( Only sin and cos ec is Positive)
2
1. cos sin 2. sin cos
2 2
3. tan cot 4. cot tan
2 2
5. cos ec sec 6. sec cos ec
2 2
Trigonometric Ratios of :( Only sin and cos ec is Positive)
1. cos cos 2. sin sin
3
Trigonometric Ratio of :( Only tan and cot is Positive)
2
3 3
1. cos sin 2. sin cos
2 2
3 3
3. tan cot 4. cot tan
2 2
3 3
5. cos ec sec 6. sec cos ec
2 2
3
Trigonometric Ratio of :( Only cos and sec is Positive)
2
3 3
1. cos sin 2. sin cos
2 2
3 3
3. tan cot 4. cot tan
2 2
3 3
5. cos ec sec 6. sec cos ec
2 2
Trigonometric Ratios of 2 :( Only cos and sec is Positive)
1. cos2 cos 2. sin 2 sin
cos θ 1 3 1 1 0 1 1 3 -1 0 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
tan θ 0 1 1 3 ∞ 3 -1 1 0 ∞ 0
3 3
cot θ ∞ 3 1 1 0 1 -1 3 ∞ 0 ∞
3 3
sec θ 1 2 2 2 ∞ -2 2 2 -1 ∞ 1
3 3
cosec θ ∞ 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 ∞ -1 ∞
3 3
7. sin sin 1 x x
8. cos cos 1 x x
9. secsec x x
1
10. cos ec cos ec 1 x x
1 1
11. sin 1 cos ec 1 x 12. cos 1 sec 1 x
x x
1 1
13. tan 1 cot 1 x 14. cot 1 tan 1 x
x x
1 1
15. sec 1 cos 1 x 16. cos ec 1 sin 1 x
x x
17. sin 1 x sin 1 x 18. cos 1 x cos 1 x
19. tan 1 x tan 1 x 19. sin 1 x cos 1 x
2
20. tan 1 x cot 1 x 21. sec 1 x cos ec 1 x
2 2
28. sin 1 2 x 1 x 2 2 sin 1 x
29. sin 1 3 x 4 x 3 3 sin 1 x
2x
30. cos 1 4 x 3 3x 3 cos 1 x 31. tan 1 2
2 tan 1 x
1 x
3x x 3 x y
32. tan 1 2
3 tan 1 x 33. tan 1 tan 1 x tan 1 y
1 3x 1 xy
x y
34. tan 1 tan 1 x tan 1 y
1 xy
Head office Branch office
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai, Anand Institute of Mathematics,
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-16 28-B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi-16
Website: www.physicsbyfiziks.com
Email: fiziks.physics@gmail.com 8
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Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT-JAM, JEST, TIFR and GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES
x3 x5
Some Important Expansions: 1. sin x x .........
3! 5!
x 3 x5 x2 x4
2. sinh x x ......... 3. cos x 1 .........
3! 5! 2! 4!
x2 x4 1 2
4. cosh x 1 ......... 5. tan x x x 3 x 5 .........
2! 4! 3 15
x x 2 x3 x x 2 x3
6. e 1 x ......... 7. e 1 x .........
2! 3! 2! 3!
Some useful substitutions:-
Expressions Substitution Formula Result
3x 4 x 3 x sin 3 sin 4 sin 3 Sin3θ
d d 1
17. log x 1 18.
sin 1 x ; 1 x 1
dx x dy 1 x2
d 1 d 1
19.
dx
cos 1 x ;1 x 1 20.
dx
tan 1 x
1 x2
; xR
1 x2
d 1 d 1
21.
dx
cot 1 x
1 x2
; xR 22.
dx
sec 1 : x 1
x x2 1
d 1
23.
dx
cos ec 1 x ; x 1
x x2 1
Rules of Differentiations
dy du dv
1. Addition Rule: If y = (u + v) then
dx dx dx
dy du dv
2. Substations Rule: If y = (u - v) then
dx dx dx
dy dv du
3. Product Rule: If y = uv then u v
dx dx dx
du dv
v u
u dy dx dx
4. Quotient Rule: If y then 2
v dx v
dy dy du
5. If y = f(u) is u = g(x) then .
dx du dx
du du dy dy
6. If u = f(y) , then . f y
dx dy dx dx
dy dx dy 1 dx
7. . 1 or where 0
dx dy dx dx dy
dy
Derivatives of composite functions
d d 1 d
1. f x n n f x n1 . d f x 2.
f x f x
dx dx dx 2 f x dx
d 1 d
3.
1 d
. f x 4. sin f x cos f x . d f x
dx f x f x dx
2
dx dx
d
5. cos f x sin f x . d f x 6.
d
tan f x sec 2 f x . d f x
dx dx dx dx
d
7. cot f x cos ec 2 f x . d f x 8.
d
sec f x sec f x tan f x . d f x
dx dx dx dx
d
9. cos ecf x cos ecf x cot f x . d f x
dx dx
d
10. log f x 1 . d f x 11.
d f x
a d
a f x log a. f x
dx f x dx dx dx
d f x d d
12. e
e f x f x 13. f g x n n f g x n1 f g x d g x
dx dx dx dx
Derivatives of composite functions
d 1 d
1.
dx
sin 1 f x . f x
1 f x dx
2
d 1 d
2.
dx
cos 1 f x . f x
1 f x dx
2
d 1 d
3.
tan 1 f x . f x
1 f x dx
2
dx
d 1 d
4.
cot 1 f x . f x
1 f x dx
2
dx
d 1 d
5.
dx
sec 1 f x .
dx
f x
f x f x 2
1
d 1 d
6.
dx
cos ec 1 f x . f x
f x f x 1 dx
2
Implicit functions:-
Take the derivatives of these functions directly and find dy/dx
Parametric functions:-
dy dy / dx dx
If x f t & y g t then where 0
dx dx / dt dt
g x
Logarithemic Differentiation:- If the function is in the form of f x
Then taking Logarithm on both sides 15 & then find dy/dx
Higher order Derivatives of composite functions:-
d2y d3y
y2 f " x IInd order, y3 f " ' x IIIrd order
dx 2 dx 3
dny
In General; y n f n
x nth order
dx n
2.2 Limits
Limits of function
If for every 0 there exist δ > 0 such that if f x l whenever 0 x a
Theorem of limits
If f(x) and g(x) are two functions then
1. lim f x g x lim f x lim g x
x a x a x a
3. lim f x .g x lim f x . lim g x
x a x a
x a
f x lim f x
4. lim x a
x a g x lim g x
x a
5. limkf x k lim f x where k is constant
x a x a
6. lim f x lim f x
x a x a
7. lim f x
x a
p/q
lim f x
x a
p/q
: where p & q are integers
xn an
3. lim x n a n ; nR 4. lim na n 1 ; n N,a 0
x a x a xa
sin
5. lim 1 6. lim 1
0 0 sin
tan
7. lim 1 8. lim 1
0 0 tan
sin k tan k
9. lim k 10. lim k
0 0
1 cos x 1 x2
11. lim 12. lim 2
x 0 x 2 x 0 1 cos x
a x 1 ex 1
17. lim log a where a > 0 18. lim 1
x a x x a x
log1 x log a 1 x
19. lim 1; lim log a e a 0
x a x x a x
20. lim1 x lim1 kx
1/ x 1/ x
e; ek
x 0 x 0
x x 2 x 3 ...x n n nn 1
32. lim
x 1 x 1 2
ax bx a
33. lim log ; a, b 0
x 0 x b
sec x 1 1 cos ecx 1
34. lim 2
; lim 1
x 0 x 2 x0 x2
x n h
1 1 a
35. lim1 2 e x ; lim1 e 36. lim1 e a
x
x n
n h
h
Head office Branch office
fiziks, H.No. 23, G.F, Jia Sarai, Anand Institute of Mathematics,
Near IIT, Hauz Khas, New Delhi-16 28-B/6, Jia Sarai, Near IIT
Phone: 011-26865455/+91-9871145498 Hauz Khas, New Delhi-16
Website: www.physicsbyfiziks.com
Email: fiziks.physics@gmail.com 14
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Institute for NET/JRF, GATE, IIT-JAM, JEST, TIFR and GRE in PHYSICAL SCIENCES
The normal at x, y being perpendicular to tangent will have its slope as 1 and
dy
dx
hence its equation is
1
Yy X x
dy dx
Geometrical meaning of dy dx
dy dx represents the slope of the tangent to the given curve y f x at any point x, y
dy
tan
dx
where is the angle which the tangent to the curve makes with +ve direction of x-axis.
dy dy
In case we are to find the tangent at any point x1 , y1 then i.e. the value of
dx x1 , y1 dx
at x1 , y1 will represent the slope of the tangent and hence its equation in this case will
be
dy
y y1 x x1
dx x1 , y1
1
Normal y y1 x x1
dy dx x1 , y1
Condition for tangent to be parallel or perpendicular to x-axis
If tangent is parallel to x-axis or normal is perpendicular to x-axis then
dy
0
dx
If tangent is perpendicular to x-axis or normal is parallel to x-axis then
dy dx
or 0.
dx dy
2.4 Maxima and Minima
For the function y f x at the maximum as well as minimum point the tangent is
parallel to x-axis so that its slope is zero.
dy dy
Calculate 0 and solve for x. Suppose one root of 0 is at x=a.
dx dx
d2y
If ve for x=a, then maximum at x=a.
d 2x
d2y
If ve for x=a, then minimum at x=a.
d 2x
d2y d3y
If 0 at x=a, then find .
d 2x d 3x
d3y
If 0 at x=a, neither maximum nor minimum at x=a.
d 3x
d3y d4y
If 3 0 at x=a, then find 4 .
d x d x
d4y d4y
If 0 i.e +ve at x=a, then y is minimum at x=a and if 0 i.e -ve at x=a, then y
d 4x d 4x
is maximum at x=a and so on.
2.5 Integration
Indefinite Integration
d
If F x c f x , then we say that F x c is an indefinite integral or
dx
antiderivative of f x and we write
f xdx F x c
Some standard Integrals
x n 1 1 1
1. x dx n
c n 1 2. x dx c n 1
n 1 n
n 1x n1
1 1
3. dx 2 x c 4. x dx log x c
x
ax
5. e x dx e x c 6. a x dx c
log a
11. sec x tan x dx sec x c 12. cos ecx cot x dx cos ecx c
dx dx
13. sin 1 x c 14. 1 x 2
tan 1 x c
2
1 x
dx
15. sec 1 x c 16. cosh x dx sinh x c
2
x x 1
21. cos echx coth x dx cos echx c 22. tan xdx logsec x c
x dx 1 x
25. cos ecx dx log tan c 26. a 2 2
tan 1 c
2 x a a
dx 1 x a
27. x log c; if x a
x a
2 2
a 2a
dx 1 a x
28. log c ; if x a
a x
2 2
a x 2a
29.
dx
x2 a2
x
log x x 2 a 2 c or sinh 1 c
a
30.
x a
dx
2 2
log x x 2 a 2 c x
or cosh 1 c
a
dx x
31. sin 1 c
a x 2 2 a
32. x 2 a 2 dx
x 2
2
x a2
a2
2
log x x 2 a 2
33. x 2 a 2 dx
x 2
2
x a2
a2
2
log x x 2 a 2
x a2 x
34. a 2 x 2 dx a2 x2 sin 1 c
2 2 a
dx 1 x 1 x
35. x sec 1 c cos ec 1 c
x2 a2 a a a a
a
mx nx a
36. sin sin dx mn
0
L L 2
0, mn
a
, mn
2
Rules of Integration
1. f1 x f 2 x dx f1 x dx f 2 x dx
n f x n 1
3. f x f ' x dx n 1
c : n 1
f ' x
4. f x dx log f x c
Rules of integration by partial fraction
Px
This method can be used to evaluate an integral of the type Qx dx
where (i) P(x) & Q(x) are Polynomials in x
(ii) Degree of P(x) < degree of Q(x)
(iii) Q(x) contains two/more distinct linear/quadratic factors i.e.
P x A B C
Q x a1 x b1 a 2 x b2 a3 x b3
du
uvdx u vdx dx vdx dx
1
2
n Bx 2 1 n 1
(ii) x e dx n 1
0 2 2
2B
3. Differential Equations
Order and degree of a differential equation
The order of a differential equation is the order of the highest differential co-efficient
present in the equation.
d2y dy
Example: 2 2 3 y 0 is a second order differential equation.
dx dx
The degree of a differential equation is the degree of the highest derivative after
removing the radical sign and fraction.
2 3
d2y dy
Example: 2 2 3 y 0 has degree of 3.
dx dx
D.E. of the first order and first degree
1. Separation of the variables:
f y dy x dx
2. Homogeneous Equation
dy f x, y
x, y is of the same degree.
dx x, y if each term of f(x,y) and
3. Equations reducible to homogeneous form
dy ax by c x X h dy dY aX bY ah bk
, let
dx Ax By C y Y k dx dX AX BY Ah Bk
ah bk c 0 dy aX bY
Choose h, k so that Ah Bk C 0
dx AX BY
a b 1 dy ax by c
Case of failure: A B m
dx max by C
4. Linear Differential Equations
dy
Py Q where P and Q are function of x (but not y) or constant.
dx
I .F . e
Pdx y I .F . Q I .F .dx c
1 dy 1
n 1 P Q
1 n dy dz
n
y dx y yn dx dx
1 dz
Pz Q
1 n dx
6. Exact differential Equation
M N
Mdx + Ndy = 0 if y x
P.I.
1 1 ax 1 1
ax
a) f D e f a e if f a 0 then e ax x e ax
f D f a
1
b) f D x f D x
n 1 n
1 1 1 1
c) f D 2 sin ax f a 2 sin ax and f D 2 cos ax f a 2 cos ax
1 1
If f(-a2) = 0 then f D 2 sin ax f a 2 sin ax
1 1
d) f D 2 e x e f D a x
ax ax
1
e) x e ax e ax x dx
Da
1 n ax 1 n
f) f D x sin ax Im e f D a x
4. Vectors
Cartesian coordinate system
Infinitesimal displacement dl dxxˆ dy yˆ dz zˆ
2 f 2 f 2 f
Laplacian: 2 f
x 2 y 2 z 2
1 2 f 1 f 1 2 f
Laplacian: 2 f 2 r 2 sin 2 2 2
r r r r sin r sin
rˆ rˆ zˆ
1
Curl: A
r r z
Ar rA Az
1 f 1 2 f 2 f
Laplacian: 2 f r
r r r r 2 2 z 2
VECTOR IDENTITIES
Triple Product
(1) A.( B C ) B.(C A) C.( A B)
(2) A ( B C ) B( A.C ) C ( A.B)
Product Rules
(3) ( fg ) f (g ) g ( f )
(4) A.B A ( B) B ( A) A. B ( B.) A
(5) .( f A) f (. A) A.( f )
(6) .( A B) B.( A) A.( B)
(7) ( f A) f ( A) A ( f )
(8) A B ( B. ) A ( A.) B A(.B) B(. A)
Second Derivative
(9) .( A) 0 i.e. divergence of a curl is always zero.
(10) ( f ) 0 i.e. curl of a gradient is always zero.
(11) ( A) . A 2 A
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS
b
Gradient Theorem: f .dl f b f a
a
Divergence Theorem: . Ad A.d a
Curl Theorem: A.d a A.dl
5. Algebra
5.1 Theory of Quadratic equations
1. Roots of the equation
b b 2 4ac
ax 2 bx c 0 are x
2a
Sum and Product of the roots
If and be the roots, then
b c
and .
a a
2. To find the equation whose roots are and .
The required equation will be
x x 0 or x 2 x . 0 or x 2 Sx P 0
where S is the sum and P is the product of the root.
3. Nature of the roots.
b b 2 4ac
Roots of the equation ax 2 bx c 0 are x .
2a
The expression b 2 4 ac is called discriminant.
(a) If b 2 4 ac 0 , roots are real.
(i) If b 2 4 ac 0 , then roots are real and unequal.
b
(ii) If b 2 4 ac 0 , then roots are real and equal .
2a
5.2 Logarithms
Properties of Logarithms ( a 0, a 1, m 0, n 0 )
1
3. log a 1 0 4. log b a or log b a. log a b 1
log a b
log c a
5. Base changing formula log b a log c a. log b c
log c b
p p
8. log a q n q log a n Or in particular log n q n q
q q
9. a log a n n
Rules of indices
am
1. a m a n a m n 2. n
a mn
a
3. a m
n
a mn
m
4. a b a m b m
m
a am 1
5. m 6. a m
b b am
7. a 0 1
(e) If out of n things p are exactly alike of one kind, q exactly alike of second kind and r
exactly alike of third kind and the rest all different, then the number of permutations of n
things taken all at a time
n!
p!.q!.r!
(f) If some or all of n things be taken at a time then the number of combinations will be
2n 1 n
C1 n C 2 .......... n C n 2 n 1
(g) n C r n C n r
(h) n C r1 n C r2 r1 r2 or r1 r2 n .
(i) n C r n C r 1 n 1C r
x a n
x n n C1 x n 1 a 1 n C 2 x n 2 a 2 ........ n C r x n r a r .................
(b) Number of terms and middle term
n
The number of terms in the expansion of x a is n 1 .
n
If n is even there will be only one middle term i.e. 1th .
2
n 1 n 3
If n is odd there will be two middle terms i.e. th and th .
2 2
Expansion
2 2
1. a b a 2 2ab b 2 2. a b a 2 2ab b 2
3 3
3. a b a 3 3aba b b 3 4. a b a 3 3aba b b 2
Factorization
1. a 2 b 2 a b a b
2. a 3 b 3 a b a ab b 2
3. a 3 b 3 a b a 2 ab b 2
4. a 4 b 4 a b a b a b 2
5. a n b n a b a n 1
a n 2 b a n 3 b 2 ....
6. a n b n a b a n 1
a n 2 b a n 3 b 2 ....
Sterling’s formula
n
n
n
x y x k y n k
k 0 k
5.5 Determinants
In linear algebra the determinant is a value associated with a square matrix. The
determinant of a matrix A is denoted by det( A) , or A . For instance, the determinant of
the matrix
a b a b
If A then ad bc
c d c d
a b c a b c
e f d f d e
If A d e f then det( A) = d e f a b c
g h h i g i g h
i g h i
Properties
(a) The values of determinant is not altered by changing rows into columns and columns
into rows.
1 1 1 1 x x2
e.g. x y z =1 y z
x2 y2 z2 1 z z2
(b) If any two adjacent rows or two adjacent columns of a determinant are interchanged
the determinant retains its absolute value but changes its sign.
1 1 1 x y z
e.g. x y z = 1 1 1
x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2
(c) If any two rows or two columns of determinant are identical then the determinant
vanishes. Thus
a1 c1 c1
a2 c2 c2
a3 c3 c3
(d) If each constituent in any row or in any column be multiplied by the same factor then
the determinant is multiplied by that factor
pa1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
pa 2 b2 c 2 p a2 b2 c2 and qa 2 qb2 q c2 qr a 2 b2 c2
pa3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 ra 3 rb3 rc3 a3 b3 c3
(e) If each constituent in any row or in any column consists of r terms then the
determinant can be expressed as the sum of r determinants.
a1 1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 1 b1 c1
Thus a 2 2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2 2 b2 c2
a 3 3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 3 b3 c3
(f) If one row or column is k times the other row or columns respectively then
determinant of matrix will be 0 .
a k .a c a b c
e.g. d k .d f 0 and k .a k.b k.c 0
g k .g i g h i
1
3. det( A1 ) where A1 is inverse of A .
det( A)
6. Conic Section
In the Cartesian coordinate system the graph of a quadratic equation of two variables
represent a conic section which is given by Ax 2 Bxy Cy 2 Dx Ey F 0 .
The conic sections described by this equation can be classified with the discriminant
D B 2 4 AC
Note that A and B are polynomial coefficients, not the lengths of semi-major/minor axis
as defined in some sources.
7. Probability
Probability
The probability pr of occurrence of an event r in a system is defined with respect to
statistical ensemble of N such a systems. If N r systems in the ensemble exhibit the event
r then
Nr
pr
N
Probability density
The probability density (u ) is defined by the property that (u )du yields the
probability of finding the continuous variable u in the range between u and u du .
Mean value
The mean value of u is denoted by u as defined as u pr ur where the sum is over
r
all possible value values u r of the variable u and pr is denotes the probability of
Dispersions or variance
The dispersion of u is defined as 2 ( u ) 2 pr (ur u )2 which is equivalent
r
to 2 ( u ) 2 (u 2 u 2 )
r
Joint probability
If both events A and B occur on a single performance of an experiment, this is called the
intersection or joint probability of A and B, denoted as p ( A B) .
Independent probability
p ( A B) p ( A).P( B)
Mutually exclusive
experiment this is called the union of the events A and B denoted as p ( A B ) . If two
events are mutually exclusive then the probability of either occurring is
p ( A B) p ( A) P ( B)
p ( A B ) p ( A) P ( B ) p ( A B )
Conditional probability
Conditional probability is the probability of some event A, given the occurrence of some
other event B. Conditional probability is written p ( A / B ) , and is read "the probability
of A, given B". It is defined by
p ( A B)
p ( A / B)
p ( B)