BG]JUGO ]UGC[@C\I

G]B@CGV@ E@J[LCOJBJA@ ]\]\C HGPG[@

@. ‒[lco`c
‒[lco`c ploauipubgo duoa` i`cjr`zg greuscubg (lcspbjrgs` gbgi)
gbgi)’
’

Jblh>

B. I. KGUO@GQGO
I7G7 7< =15

N\U\VGO CLH\[GOGO
DGC\B[GV CLH\[GOGO KGO @BI\ B@OAC\OAGO
\O@TLUV@[GV HGB\ JBLJ
CLOKGU@
5=71
 @. [LCO@C ]LOA\I]\BGO D\OA@ I@CJU@^G GUE\VC\BG
(LCV]BJUGV@ GBGI)

G. ]lokghubugo

Duoa` i`cjr`zg greuscubg (DIG) kgpgt elrgsjs`gs` kloago slega`go elsgr

tuieuhgo ygoa tlrigsuc Goa`jsplrigl, Ayiojsplrigl, ]blv`kjv`bg, kgo
Erlyjp`tg. Ilourut Vi`th kgo Ulgk (7008), 86% tgogigo clbjipjc
K`fjtyblkjojus kgo 10% clbjipjc ijojfjtyblkjojus elrgs`s`gs` kloago DIG.
Vlelbuioyg Igylr (7016) iloyleutcgo eghwg slega`go
s lega`go elsgr tuieuh-tuieuhgo
elrgsjs`gs` kloago DIG kgo hgoyg 6 % tuieuhgo sgng
sg ng ygoa elrgsjs`gs`
el rgsjs`gs` kloago
lctji`cjr`zg.
Nlo`s tuieuhgo pjtlos`gb slplrt` Blaui`ojsg kgo Ayiojsplrigl pgkg
uiuioyg elri`cjr`zg (elrgsjs`gs` kloago DIG) wgbgupuo t`oacgt clrgpgtgooyg
elrelkg. [gogigo ygoa elri`cjr`zg gkgbgh s`oacjoa, goaaur, nlruc, cgcgj,
tliegcgu, cgpgs, tleu, cjp`, tlh, pgpgyg, fgel, cgfgoa-cgfgoago, sloajo, Gfgf`g
igoa`ui,, ighjo`, kgo slegag`oyg.
igoa`ui
Vlfgrg abjegb DIG kgpgt k`nuipg` k` kglrgh trjp`s, tliplrgtl kgo grt`c
kgo pgkg elregag` nlo`s tgogigo. [gipgcoyg uotuc iloliucgo slegag`go elsgr
`odlcs`/cjbjo`sgs` DIG gkgbgh pgkg gcgr-gcgr rgieut ygoa hgbus (Hgyigo,
701=).
Vpjrg DIG e`gsgoyg egoygc k`tliucgo pgkg gch`r gtgu pgkg plrtloaghgo
ius`i tuieuh. Hgb `o` k`slegecgo eghwg prjkucs` spjrg DIG gcgo
ilo`oacgtcgo n`cg plrtuieuhgo gcgr gcgo ilongk` bgiegt gtgu elrhlot`.
Vlbgonutoyg cjbjo`sgs` gcgr jblh DIG gcgo ilofgpg` igcs`iui pgkg gch`r
ius`i tuieuh.
N`cg cla`gtgo lcspbjrgs` gtgu ploauipubgo spjrg DIG k`bgcucgo pgkg
bghgo-bghgo plrtgo`go ygoa slfgrg `otlos`d k`tgogi`, igcg wgctu lcspbjrgs` ygoa
pgb`oa eg`c gkgbgh pgkg gch`r ius`i cligrgu.
[unugo> \otuc ilokgpgtcgo eghgo gogb`s`s duoa` i`cjr`zg greuscubg.
E. Eghgo kgo Gbgt

Eghgo kgo gbgt ygoa k`auogcgo ilb`put` slcjp gtgu fgoacub, p`sgu elbgt`,
cgotjoa pbgst`f, sp`kjb, clrtgs bgelb, A]V, cgilrg, plog kgo eucu fgtgtgo.

F. ]rjslkur Clrng

7. Iloliucgo bugsgo kglrgh ygoa gcgo k`tlbggh pjtlos` DIGoyg kgo

iliplrhgt`cgo slegrgo ogegtgh, clblrloago, euk` kgyg tgogigo, kgo
slegag`oyg.
5. Iloagie`b t`t`c kloago iloaauogcgo A]V pgkg slt`gp pjhjo ygoa gcgo
k`ngk`cgo fjotjh.
6. Iloagie`b fjotjh tgogh kgo gcgr kgr` r`zjsdlr slt`gp nlo`s tuieuhgo ygoa
gkg k` bgpgoago kloago iloaauogcgo scjp clf`b tgogh h`oaag clkgbgigo 5=

fi.
;. Fjotjh tgogh k`gie`b slegoygc 5<= ar kgr` ; t`t`c grgh igtg goa`o slh`oaag
k`plrjblh 7 ca fjotjh tgogh kgr` slt`gp nlo`s tuieuhgo p`jo`r.
<. Fjotjh tgogh k`igsucgo clkgbgi pbgst`c sgiplb ygoa tlbgh k`elr`cgo bgelb.
4. Fjotjh gcgr k`fuf` kloago g`r elrs`h kgo k`rlokgi kloago CJH 5% kgo
k`igsucgo clkgbgi ejtjb v`gb ygoa tlbgh k`elr`cgo bgelb.
1. Cliuk`go fjotjh tgogh kgo gcgr k`egwg cl bgejrgtjr`ui.
8. Iloagie`b kjcuilotgs`.
K. Hgs`b kgo ]lieghgsgo

7. Hgs`b
]gkg prgct`cui `o` scspbjrgs` Duoa`
Duoa` I`cjr`zg Greuscubg (DIG)
k`bgcugcgo pgkg r`zhjsdlr Ugwg ( Ogufblg jr`lotgb`s )]loagie`bgo sgiplb tgogh
k`bgcucgo slfgrg ojoprjpjrs`jogb kloago iloagie`b < sgiplb tgogh kloago nlo`s
tgogigo ygoa sgig . Hgs`b pgkg prgct`cui `o` k`sgn`cgo kgbgi elotuc tgelb
slegag` elr`cut>
[gelb 7. ]loagie`bgo sgiplb tgogh
Oj Ogig Nlo`s [`t`c Cjjrk`go
7 Bjoc`kg ( Oguflbg jr`lotgb`s ) -
5 Bjoc`kg ( Oguflbg jr`lotgb`s ) -
6 Bjoc`kg ( Oguflbg jr`lotgb`s ) -
; Bjoc`kg ( Oguflbg jr`lotgb`s ) -
< Bjoc`kg ( Oguflbg jr`lotgb`s ) -
5. ]lieghgsgo

Duoa` I`cjr`zg Greuscubg (DIG) slegag` galos` hgygt` pgkg nlo`s

tgogigo kgpgt iliegotu kgbgi ilo`oacgtcgo ld`s`los` ploylrgpgo uosur hgrg.
DIG egoygc iloylegr tlrutgig pgkg dgi`b` argi`olgl kgo blaui`ojsgl slrtg
ili`b`c` tlipgt h`kup ygoa chusus gtgu ili`b`c` `ogoa ygoa spls`d`c. Gkg
elelrgpg nlo`s DIG ilouonuccgo spls`d`cgs` uotuc ili`b`h kgo elrgsjs`gs`
kloago nlo`s `ogoa tlrtlotu (Vlt`gk`, 700= kgbgi Gos`ag lt gbb. 5=71).
]loagie`bgo sgiplb tgogh kgo gcgr uotuc lcspbjrs` DIG k`bgcucgo k`
slfgrg k`gajogb ygoa elrnuibgh slegoygc < sgiplb. Igs`oa-igs`oa sgiplb
k`gie`b slegoygc 7== argi k` slc`tgr plrgcgrgo, ngrgc ploagie`bgo 7=-<= fi kgr`
pgoacgb egtgoa kloago clkgbgigo =-6= fi, pgkg slt`gp sgiplb k`gie`b 7== argi,
k` cjipjs`t kgo k`igsucgo kgbgi cgotjoa pbgst`c, slrtg ploagie`bgo sgiplb gcgr
k`bgcucgo kloago fgrg ilijtjoa ega`go unuoa gcgr ygoa igs`h iukg
(Vugieg lt gbb. 5=7;).
Vgiplb tgogh k`gie`b slfgrg s`stligt`s kgr` kgr` tlipgt ygoa elrelkg
kloago clkgbgigo =-5= fi kgo cliuk`go k`fgipur slfgrg ilrgtg. Kgr`
fgipurgo tlrsleut, k`gie`b sgiplb kloago elrgt tjtgb sgtu c`bjargi elrgt clr`oa
ukgrg, kgo kgr` 7== a tgogh kgr` igs`oa-igs`oa sgiplb k`auogcgo uotuc
`klot`d`cgs` spjrg (Cuigbgwgt` lt gbb. 5=7;).
Elrkgsgrcgo ygoa prgct`cui ygoa tlbgh k`bgcucgo, ploagie`bgo sgiplb
tgogh kgo gcgr k` bgcucgo pgkg bghgo hutgo rgwg, k` egwgh tlacgo bjoc`kg
(Ogufblg jr`lotgb`s).
jr`lotgb`s). ]loagie`bgo sgiplb k`bgcucgo slfgrg prjpjs`jogb pgkg <
tlagcgo bjoc`kg (Ogufblg jr`lotgb`s)
jr`lotgb`s) kloago ploagie`bgo ; t`t`c pgkg slc`tgrgo
pjhjo. ]loagie`bgo
]loagie`bgo sgiplb tgogo kgo gcgr k`bgcucgo pgkg clkgbgigo = -5= fi.

6. Cls`ipubgo

Gkgpuo cls`ipubgo pgkg prgct`ci `o yg`tu eghwg lcspbjrgs` Duoa`

I`cjr`zg Greusfubg (DIG) sgoagt plot`oa k`bgcucgo gagr kgpgt iloaltghu` kgo
ilokgpgtcgo duoa` i`cjr`zg greusfubg ygoa ldlct`d
 KGD[GU ]\V[GCG

Gos`ag, U. G., Uuigie`, G., Cgb`a`s, K., Igosur, @ kgo Cguogoa, @. 5=71.
Lcspbjrgs` Duoa` I`cjr`zg Greuscubg (DIG) pgkg U`zjsd`r H`ngugo

]gcgo. Nurogb ^jjtlc. Tjb. 61, Oj. 7 > 741 ‖ 718.

Cuigbgwgt`, ^., Iusg, P., Gi`o, O., Gsrub, B. G kgo U`kwgo, @. 5=7;.
Lxpbjrgt`jo Jd Greusfubgr Iyfjrrh`zgb Duoa` Drji Vuagrfgol
Uh`zjsphlrl @o Vjuth Vubgwls`. @otlrogt`jogb Njurogb Jd Vf`lot`d`f &
[lfhojbjay Ulslgrfh.
Ulslgrfh. Tjb 6. @VVO> 5511-8474.

Vugieg, @. Q., Q`rgwgo, @. A. ] kgo Gk`grtgygsg, Q. 5=7;. @sjbgs` kgo

@klot`d`cgs` Duoa` I`cjr`zg Greuscubgr (Dig) slfgrg I`crjscjp`s pgkg
Uh`zjsdlr [gogigo Nlruc(F`trus
Nlruc(F`trus sp.) k` Klsg Clrtg, Clfgigtgo ]gygoago,
Cgeupgtlo A`goygr. Nurogb Garjlcjtlcojbja` [rjp`cg. Tjb. 6, Oj. ;.
@VVO> 56=7-4<7<.
 BG]JUGO ]UGC[@C\I
G]B@CGV@ E@J[LCOJBJA@ ]\]\C HGPG[@

@@. ‒]lwgroggo Gcgr’

Jblh>

B. I. KGUO@GQGO
I7G7 7< =15

N\U\VGO CLH\[GOGO
DGC\B[GV CLH\[GOGO KGO @BI\ B@OAC\OAGO
\O@TLUV@[GV HGB\ JBLJ
CLOKGU@
5=71
 ]LOAGIG[GO CJBJO@VGV@ DIG
@@. ]LQGUOGGO GCGU
G. ]lokghubugo

]gkg slt`gp plolb`t`go DIG, plrh`tuoago cjbjo`sgs` gcgr sukgh ilrupgcgo

hgb ygoa hgrus k`bgcucgo. ]lrh`tuoago cjbjo`sgs` gcgr gkgbgh sgbgh sgtu fgrg
iligst`gcgo gkgoyg gsjs`gs` DIG gtgu t`gkgc kgo nuag gcgo ilielr`cgo
agiegrgo klrgngt gtgu `otlos`tgs gcgr ygoa tlrcjbjo`sgs` jblh DIG. Gcgr ygoa
tlrcjbjo`sgs` DIG nuag elrcjrlbgs` kloago plrbgcugo-plrbgcugo ygoa k`elr`gcgo
kgbgi sugtu plolb`t`go DIG.
[`kgc slplrt` pgkg lctji`cjr`zg k`igog cjbjo`sgs`oyg tlrngk` k`bugr gcgr,
pgkg DIG uotuc kgpgt ilb`hgt cjbjo`sgs` gcgr hgrus ilbgbu` ploagigtgo
igcrjscjp`c. Vlelbuioyg gcgr-gcgr ygoa gcgo k`gigt` cjbjo`sgs`oyg hgrus k`elr`
plrbgcugo plwgroggo tlrble`h kghubu.
Iltjkg ygoa k`auogcgo uotuc plielrs`hgo kgo plwgroggo gcgr tlbgh
k`cliegoacgo jblh ]hybb`p kgo Hgyigo (701=). Ogiuo, clblighgo kgr` iltjkg
`o` gkgbgh ploaauoggo zgt-zgt c`i`g ygoa elreghgyg, slplrt` phlojbkgo fhjrgb
hykrgt. ^gt-zgt `o` slr`oa elrs`dgt rgfuo pgkg suhu cgigr slh`oaag pgkg wgctu
ilbgcucgo plclrnggo `o` hgrus k`bgcucgo k` Djil hjjk. Cgrigo`c lt gb. (708=)
tlbgh iloaliegoacgo iltjkg ]hybb`p kgo Hgyigo kloago iloaurgoa` zgt-zgt
ygoa elrs`dgt rgfuo, slplrt` phlojb kgo fhjrgb hykrgt.
[unugo > uotuc iloaltghu` structur DIG pgkg gcgr tuieuhgo.

E. Eghgo kgo Gbgt

7. G`r kl`jo`sgs` gtgu g`r klst`bgtg.

5. CJH 7=% (ejejt/vjbuil)> igsuccgo 7== a CJH kgbgi bgeu tgcgr 7.=== ib,
bgbu tgieghcgo g`r kl`jo`sgs` gtgu g`r klst`bgtg sgipg` tgokg agr`s.
6. HFb 5% (vjbuil/vjbuil)> tugoa 7= ib HFb plcgt kgbgi bgeu tgcgr 7.=== ib,
bgbu tgieghcgo g`r klst`bgtg sgipg` tgokg agr`s.
;. Bgrutgo H5J5 gbcgb`o> fgipurcgo 6 ib OH;JH + 6= ib H5J5 7=% kgo <41
ib g`r klst`bgtg.
<. Bgrutgo bgctjdlojb> fgipurcgo 5<= ib gsgi bgctgt + 6== a dlojb + 5<= ib
ab`slr`o + 6== ib g`r klst`bgtg.
4. Bgrutgo plwgrog e`ru tr`pgo> 7 b bgrutgo bgctjab`slrjb + =,< a e`ru tr`pgo

(=,=<%).
1. Ejtjb d`bi, ejtjb plrlgcs`, p`oslt, auot`oa, jvlo, stlrlj i`crjscjp.

F. ]rjslkur Clrng (Ugngpgcsl kgo I`bblr (7005)

7. ]rjslkur cjbjo`sgs` gcgr iloaauogcgo iltjkl kgsgr ygoa k`cliegoacgo

kgr` Eruokrltt lt gb. (7004) kloago elelrgpg ijk`d`cgs`.
5. K`p`b`h gcgr-gcgr hgbus slagr kgr` fjotjh gcgr tuieuhgo.
6. cliuk`go gcgr tlrsleut k`fuf` sgipg` elrs`h.
;. Bgbu k`igsucgo clkgbgi CJH 7=% slbgig 7 ngi pgkg suhu 0=jf.

<. Bgrutgo CJH cliuk`go k`eugoa kgo fjotjh gcgr k`fuf` kloago g`r iloagb`r
sgipg` elrs`h.
4. Cliuk`go gcgr k`rlokgi pgkg bgtutgo HFB 5% slbgi 6= ilo`t.
1. Bgrutgo k`eugoa slbgonutoyg fjotjh gcgr k`rlokgi kgbgi bgrutgo stg`o`oa
(sgdrgo`o =,=<% + Abysfrjb 1=% + gqugkls 6=%) slbgig 5; ngi.
8. Vltlbgh `tu bgrutgo stg`o`oa k`eugoa cliuk`go gcgr k`igsuccgo kgbgi bgrutgo
ab`slrjb <=%.
K. ]lieghgsgo

]loagigtgo cjbjo`sgs` gcgr DIG pgkg tgogigo iloaauogcgo tlc-o`c

plwgroggo gcgr slegag` elr`cut> 7) ilofuf` gcgr sgipg` elrs`h kloago g`r
klst`bgtg. ]lofuf`go k`bgcucgo slegoygc 6 cgb` sgipg` sukgh fucup elrs`h. 5)
cliuk`go gcgr k`rlokgi kgbgi CJH 7=% kgo k`igsuccgo cl kgbgi wgtlregth,
k`cucus kloago suhu 8=¾ F slbgig 7= ilo`t. 6) e`bg gcgr igs`h tltgp elrwgrog
clbgi, CJH k`agot` kloago ygoa egru kgok`cucus cliegb` kgbgi wgtlregth · <
ilo`t. ;) slbgonutoyg gcgr k`fuf` kloago g`r iloagb`r 6-< cgb`, kloago
iloaauogcgo ploygr`oa tlh slegag` wgkgh. <) cliuk`go gcgr k`rlokgi kgbgi
bgrutgo HFB 7% slbgig · 5 hgr` kgo cliuk`go k`cucus cliegb` slbgig 7= ilo`t
kgbgi wgtlregth pgkg suhu 8== F. 4) bgrutgo HFB k`eugoa kgo k`elr` plwgrog
thrypgo ebul =,=<%. Cliuk`go k`cucus cliegb` kgbgi wgtlregth slbgig < ilo`t
kgo k`e`grcgo k`oa`o slbgig ; hgr`. 1) gcgr k`pjtjoa slpgongoa 5 fi kgo
cliuk`go k`bltgccgo elrngngr pgkg albgs jenlc. Vlt`gp < pjtjoa gcgr k`tutup
kloago sleugh fjvlr abgss. Vltlbgh plwgroggo slblsg`, cliuk`go k`gigt` slt`gp
pjtjoa gcgr k` egwgh i`crjscjp. ]gkg eucu ploagigtgo, k`elr`cgo tgokg i`ous
(-) uotuc slt`gp e`kgoa pgokgoa ygoa t`kgc gkg structur i`cjr`zgoyg (h`dg,
greuscubg, vls`clb gtgupuo spjrg `otrgrgk`cgb) (Ogtgb`g, 5=74).
Gcgr tgogigo k`gie`b ega`go unuoa (igs`h gct`d tuieuh) kgo k`pjtjoa
slpgongoa 5 fi. Ega`go ygoa pgb`oa unuoa slpgongoa 7 fi k`eugoa, s`sgoyg (7
fi) ygoa k`auogcgo. Vlbgonutoyg, pjtjoago gcgr k`elrs`hcgo kloago g`r,
cliuk`go k`s`ipgo kgbgi djrigb`o gflrj gbcjhjb (DGG) uotuc d`csgs` slelbui
ploalfgtgo slbgig 7 hgr`. Vltlbgh `tu k`rlokgi kloago CJH 7=% k`pgogscgo
kloago gutjcbgd slbgig 7<-5= ilo`t pgkg suhu 757 = F, slsukgh `tu k`fuf` kloago
g`r, kgo k`put`hcgo kloago h`krjalo plrjcs`kg gbcgb`. K`fuf` cliegb` kloago g`r,
sltlbgh `tu k`gsgicgo kloago HFb 7%. Vltlbgh `tu k`rlokgi kgbgi bgrutgo fgt
trypgo ebul kloago cjoslotrgs` =,=<% w/v kgbgi bgctjab`slrjb, kgo k`pgogscgo
kgbgi gutjcbgd pgkg suhu 757 = F slbgig 7< ilo`t. Cliuk`go fgt k`eugoa kgo
k`rlokgi kgbgi bgctjab`slrjb slbgonutoyg k`prlpgrgs` k`gtgs cgfg jenlc. Vlt`gp
cgfg jenlc tlrk`r` kgr` slpubuh gcgr. Cliuk`go k`gigt` kloago i`crjscjp
(Eruokrltt lt gb., 7004).
 ]lwgroggo gcgr iloagfu iltjkl kloago tghgpgo plwgroggo yg`tu 7) gcgr
k`fuf` h`oaag elrs`h kloago g`r klst`bgtg3 5) gcgr k`rlokgi kgbgi CJH 5= %
slbgig ;8 ngi3 6) gcgr k`fuf` kloago g`r h`oaag elrs`h kloago iloaauogcgo

sgr`oago, cliuk`go k`rlokgi pgkg HFb =.7 I3 ;) tgopg k`fuf` gcgr k`rlokgi
pgkg bgrutgo bgrutgo trypgo ebul slbgig ;8 ngi3 <) gcgr k`rlokgi kloago bgrutgo
klstg`o`oa slbgig 5; ngi3 4) gcgr k`pjtjoa kloago ucurgo 7 fi, cliuk`go gcgr
k`susuo slngngr pgkg albgs jenlc kgo k`tutup` kloago cgfg ploutup
(Fbgpp lt gb. 7004).
Elrkgsgrco prgct`cui ygoa tlbgh k`bgcucgo pgkg gcgr tgogigo bjoc`kg
(Ogufblg jr`lotgb`s)
jr`lotgb`s) eghgo ygoa k`auogcgo kgbgi plrwgroggo gcgr yg`tu CJH 7=
%, HFB 5 % kgo [ryplo Ebul. ]lwgroggo gcgr k`bgcucgo kloago fgrg ilofuf`
gcgr sgipg` elrs`h cliuk`go iloaauot`oa gcgr kloago ucurgo 7 fi, bgbu

k`rlokgi kloago CJH 7= % slbgig 5; ngi, sltgbgh 5; ngi gcgr tgogigo k` fuf`
kloago g`r elrs`h bgbu k`rlokgi kloago bgrutgo HFB 5 % slbgig 6= ilo`t, sltgbgh
k`rlokgi slbgig 6= ilo`t k` fuf` cliegb` kloago g`r bgbu k` rlokgi cliegb`
kloago bgrutgo [ryplo Ebul slbgig 5; ngi.

L. Cls`ipubgo

Gkgpuo cls`ipubgo pgkg prgct`cui `o` yg`tu `klot`d`cgs` i`cjr`zg

greuscubg (DIG) k`bgcucgo elrkgsgrcgo cgrgctlr`st`c ijrdjbja` spjrg slplrt`
elotuc spjrg, susuogo spjrg, elotuc
elotuc h`dg, ucurgo spjrg kgo wgrog spjrg.
 KGD[GU ]\V[GCG

Eruokrltt, I. F,, Ejuahlr, O., Klbbs, E., Arjvl, [., kgo Igbgnjzuc, O. 7004.
Qjrc`oa w`th iyfjrrh`zgs `o djrlstry gok gar`fubturl. Gustrgb`go Flotrl

djr @otlrogt`jogb Gar`fubturgb Ulslgrfh > Fgoelrr

Fbgpp N], D`ttlr GH, Ilrrywlgthlr NQ. 7004. Greuscubgr iyfjrrh`zgs. @o> Hgbb
AV, Bgsslrrl ], Hgwcswjrth KB, Lk`tjr. Ilthjks djr thl Lxgi`ogt`jo jd
Jrago`sigb K`vlrs`ty `o Vj`bs gok Vlk`ilots. Qgbb`oadjrk, Jxjo (\C).
FGE @otlrogt`jogb.

Ogtgb`g, O. 5=74. Lcspbjrgs` Duoa` I`cjr`zg Greuscubg (Dig) K` Hutgo

]lok`k`cgo Igoarjvl \o`bg Klsg Igragsgr` Cgeupgtlo Bgi
Bgipuoa
puoa [`iur
SVcr`ps`Y. \o`vlrs`tgs Bgipuoa.Bgipuoa.
 ]LO\O[\O ]UGC[@C\I
G]B@CGV@ E@J[LCOJBJA@ ]\]\C HGPG[@

@@@. ‒]lrh`tuoago
‒]lrh`tuoago Cjbjo`sgs` DIG’
DIG’

Jblh>

B. I. KGUO@GQGO
I7G7 7< =15

N\U\VGO CLH\[GOGO
DGC\B[GV CLH\[GOGO KGO @BI\ B@OAC\OAGO
\O@TLUV@[GV HGB\ JBLJ
CLOKGU@

5=71
 @@@. ]LUH@[\OAGO CJBJO@VGV@ DIG
G. ]lokghubugo
Gkg elelrgpg iltjkg ygoa k`auogcgo uotuc iloah`tuoa plrslotgsl

cjbjo`sgs` DIG pgkg gcgr tgogigo `ogoa sltlbgh k`bgcucgo plwgroggo.

A`jvgooltt` kgo Ijssl (708=) iloaauogcgo elelrgpg iltjkg, yg`tu iltjkl
v`sugb gssgy,
gssgy, iltjkl sb`kl bloath,
bloath, iltjkl sb`kl ·, kgo iltjkl ar`kb`ol `otlrslft.
Kgr` cllipgt iltjkg uotuc iloah`tuoa cjbjo`sgs` DIG pgkg plrgcgrgo
tgogigo ygoa k`sleutcgo k`gtgs kgpgt k`ega` ilongk` kug ajbjoago, yg`tu iltjkg
ojo s`stligt`cg kgo iltjkl s`stligt`cg.
[unugo > \otuc iloaltghu` t`oacgt cjbjo`sgs` DIG pgkg gcgr tuieuhgo.
E. Eghgo kgo Gbgt
Eghgo kgo gbgt ygoa k`auogcgo yg`tu gcgr ygoa tlbgh k`wgrog`, slkgoacgo

plrgbgtgo ygoa k`plrbucgo ilb`put` fgwgo pltr`, i`crjscjp stlrlj, auotuoa

chusus uotuc gcgr kgo p`oslt.
F. ]rjslkur Clrng
7. ]loah`tuoago cjbjo`sgs` DIG iloaauogcgo iltjkl pgongoa gcgr tlr`odlcs`
(A`jvgooltt` kgo Ijssl 708=).
5. Gcgr ygoa sukgh k`wgrog` slbgonutoyg k`gie`b 7= sgiplb gcgr kloago
pgongoa + 7 fi kgo k`susuo pgkg cgfg prlpgrgt.
6. ]jtjoago-pjtjoago gcgr pgkg cgfg prlpgrgt k`gigt` u``tuc slt`gp e`kgoa
pgokgoa.

;. E`kgoa pgokgoa ygoa ilouonuccgo tlrcjbjo`sgs` (h`dg lcstlrogb, h`dg

`otlrogb, h`th fj`b, vls`cubg kgo greuscubg) k`elr` bgokg (+) slkgoacgo ygoa
t`kgc tlrcjbjo`sgs` k`elr` tgokg olagt`d (-).
<. ]lrslotgsl gcgr ygoa tlrcjbjo`sgs` DIG k`h`tuoa elrkgsgrcgo ruius elr`cut>
∗   
% 
 



 9  7== %
∗    
Grgs cjbjo`sgs` k`cgtlajr`cgo slegag` elr`cut.
Ugngpgcsl kgo I`bblr (7005) J'Fjoojr lt gb. (5==7)
]lrslo Cjbjo`sgs` Cgtlajr` ]lrslo Cjbjo`sgs` Cgtlajr`

=-< Clbgs 7 = [`kgc tlrcjbjo`sgs`

4-5< Clbgs 5 2 7= Ulokgh
54-<= Clbgs 6 7=-6= Vlkgoa
<7-1< Clbgs ; ?6= [`oaa`
1<-7== Clbgs <
K. Hgs`b Kgo ]lieghgsgo

7. Hgs`b

Gkgpuo hgs`b pgkg prgct`cui `o` kgpgt k`b`hgt pgkg tgelb elr`cut>
[gelb 7. Vgiplb 7
Oj Gtgs [loagh Egwgh
7 + - -
5 - - -
6 - - -
; + - -
< + + +
4 - - -
1 - - -
8 - - -
0 - - -
7= - - -

∗   

 

% 
 



 9  7== %
∗    

<
9 x 7==%
6

9=,744x 7==%
974,4 %
[gelb 5. Vgiplb 5
Oj Gtgs [loagh Egwgh
7 - - -

5 - - -
6 - - -
; - - -
< + - +
4 + + -
1 - - -
8 - - -
0 - - -
7= + - +

∗   

% 
 



 9  7== %
∗    

4
9 x 7==%
6

9=,5 x 7==%
95= %
[gelb 6. Vgiplb 6
Oj Gtgs [loagh Egwgh
7 - + -

5 + - +
6 - - +
; - + -
< - - -
4 - - -
1 - - -
8 + - -
0 - + +
7= - + -

∗   

% 
 



 9  7== %
∗    

0
9 x 7==%
6

9=,6 x 7==%
96= %
[gelb ;. Vgiplb ;
Oj Gtgs Egwgh [loagh
7 - - -

5 - - -
6 - - +
; - - -
< - - -
4 - - +
1 - - -
8 - - -
0 - - -
7= + - -

∗   

% 
 



 9  7== %
∗    

6
9 x 7==%
6

9=,7 x 7==%
97= %
[gelb <. Vgiplb <
Oj Gtgs Egwgh [loagh
7 + + -

5 - - -
6 - - -
; - - +
< - - -
4 - - +
1 - + +
8 + + +
0 - + -
7= - - -

∗   

% 
 



 9  7== %
∗    


9 x 7==%
6

9=,66 x 7==%
9 66 %
L. ]lieghgsgo

]loagigtgo cjbjo`sgs` DIG pgkg gcgr tgogigo fjotjh k`bgcucgo ilbgbu`

tlco`c plwgroggo gcgr. Iltjkl ygoa k`auogcgo uotuc plielrs`hgo kgo
plwgroggo gcgr. Bgoacgh plrtgig gkgbgh ili`b`h gcgr-gcgr hgbus kloago
k`giltlr =,<-5,= ii slagr kgo k`fuf` kloago g`r iloagb`r h`oaag elrs`h
(^ubdrlk lt gbb. 5=7<).
]lwgroggo sgiplb k`bgcucgo kloago iltjkl ploalfgtgo. Vgiplb gcgr
k`pjtjoa bgbu k`fuf` kloago iloaauogcgo gqugklst, cliuk`go k`rlokgi pgkg
bgrutgo DGG (djrigb`o, gsgi gsltgt kgo gqugkls kloago plregok`oago <>0=><
(v>v>v) slbgig 7 ngi, bgbu k`e`bgs bga` kloago gqugkls. Vlbgonutoyg k`bgcucgo
plonlro`hgo kloago ilrlokgi gcgr kgbgi bgrutgo CJH 7=% pgkg suhu 0=½F
slbgig 7 ngi gtgu 5; ngi pgkg suhu cgigr, cliuk`go gcgr tlrsleut k`fuf`
cliegb` kloago gqugklst. Vlbgonutoyg, gcgr k`rlokgi kgbgi bgrutgo HFb 7%
slbgig 5; ngi, bgbu k`e`bgs bga`. [ghgp slbgonutoyg gkgbgh stg`o`oa gtgu plwgroggo
sgiplb kloago tryphgol ebul =,=<% slbgig 5; ngi. Vltlbgh k`bgcucgo klstg`o`oa
kloago ilrlokgi sgiplb gcgr pgkg bgrutgo bgctjab`slrjb uotuc iloah`bgoacgo
wgrog e`ru pgkg plriucggo gcgr, gch`royg sgiplb gcgr tlrsleut k`gigt`
(Cjrigo`c kgo Argw, 708;).
]lofuf`go, plwgroggo gcgr ygoa elri`cjr`zg slrtg plrh`tuoago cjbjo`sgs`
elrkgsgrcgo. ]lrtgig-tgig, sgiplb gcgr k`p`sghcgo kgr` gcgr utgig sltlbgh
plielrs`hgo kgo plo`iegoago k`bgcucgo. Vlbgonutoyg gcgr k`fuf` (uotuc
ili`sghcgo cgokuoago s`tjpbgsig slb) kloago iloaauogcgo 7=% CJH pgogs
slbgig <-7= ilo`t. Vltlbgh `tu gcgr k`fuf` kloago 5% HFb slbgig 7<-5= ilo`t
cgrlog plwgrog ygoa k`auogcgo kgbgi prjslkur `o` elrs`dgt igsgi
(Eruokltt lt gbb. 7006).
]loah`tuoago `odlcs` i`cjr`zg k`bgcucgo kloago iltjkl sb`kl
(Eruokrltt lt gb., 7004). Vgiplb gcgr k`pjtjoa-pjtjoa slpgongoa 7 fi kgo k`susuo
slfgrg elrklrlt pgkg albgs jeylc slegoygc 6= pjtjoa gcgr uotuc slt`gp nlo`s
tgogigo. Clelrgkggo lokji`cjr`zg pgkg gcgr tgogigo k`cltghu` kloago ilb`hgt
gkgoyg structur h`dg lcstlrogb, h`dg `otlrogb, vls`cubg, greuscubg kgo spjrg kgr`
sgiplb gcgr ygoa k`gigt` k` egwgh i`crjscjp. Vlbgonutoyg plrslotgsl gcgr ygoa
tlr`odlcs` k`h`tuoa kloago iloaauogcgo ruius >
∗   
% 
 



 9  7== %
∗    
Elrgkgsgo ploagigotgo ygoa k`bgcucgo pgkg gcgr tgogigo bjoc`kg
(Ogufblg jr`lotgb`s),
jr`lotgb`s), k`cltghu` eghwg plrh`tuoago cjbjo`sgs` pgkg sgiplb
plrtgig tlrkgpgt < h`dg `otlrogb, sgiplb clkug tlrkgpgt 4 h`dg yg`tu ygoa tlrk`r`
kgr` 7 h`dg lcstlrogb kgo < h`dg `otlrogb, sgiplb clt`ag 0 h`dg ygoa tlrk`r` kgr` 7
h`dg lcstlrogb kgo 8 h`dg `otlrogb, sgiplb cllipgt tlrkgpgt tlrkgpgt 6 h`dg `otlrogb,
kgo pgkg sgiplb clb`ig tlrkgpgt 7= h`dg yg`tu h`dg `otlrogb. Vlkgoaco uotuc
plrslotgsl cbjo`sgs` DIG pgkg sgiplb plrtgig yg`tu slelsgr 74,4 %, sgiplb
clkug 5= %, sgiplb clt`ag 6= %, sgiplb cllipgt 7= % kgo sgiplb clb`ig

slelsgr 66 %.

D. Cls`ipubgo

Gkgpuo cls`ipubgo ygoa kgpgt sgyg s`ipubcgo pgkg prgct`cui `o yg`tu

h`dg ygoa tlrkgpgt pgkg gcgr tgogigo bjoc`kg ( Ogufblg jr`lotgb`s)
jr`lotgb`s) yg`tu h`dg
`otlrogb kgo h`dg lcstlrogb kloago nuibgh ygoa elrdgr`gs` slrtg plrslotgsl
cbjo`sgs` ygoa elrelkg pgkg slt`gp sgiplb ygoa tlbgh k` gigt`.
 KGD[GU ]\V[GCG

Eruokltt, I., B. ]ltlrsjo, B. Ilbv`bbl, H. Gkky, [. IfAjo`abl, gok A. Vfhgdlr.

7006. Gogtjiy Qjrcshjp Hgokejjc. O`oth Ojrth Gilr`fgo Fjodlrlofl

jo Iyfjrrh`zgl. Aulbp, Jotgr`j Fgogkg.

Eruokrltt, I., O. Ejuahlr., E. Klbb, [. Arjvl kgo O. Igbgnfzuc. 7004. Qjrc`oa
w`th iyfhjrr`zgs `o djrlstry gok Gar`fubturl. GF@GU Ijojargph.
Fgoelrrg.

Cjrigo`c, ].] gok G. ‖F. If.Argw. 708;. Wugot`d`fgt`jo jd Tls`fubgr‖

Greusfubgr Iyfjrrh`zgl `o ]bgot Ujjts. @o> Ilthjks gok ]r`of`pbls jd
Iyfjrrh`zgb Ulslgrfh (O. F. Vfhlofc, Lk). 708;. [hl Gilr`fgo
]hytjpgthjbja`fgb Vjf`lty, I`oolsjtg. pp> 61 ‖ ;<.)

^ubdrlk`g., Lbd`gt`e, K kgo Klbv`goe. 5=7<.

5=7<. Vtgtus kgo Clgolcgrgagigo Duoa`
Duoa`
I`cjr`zg Greuscubg (DIG) pgkg Bghgo ]rjkuct`d kgo Bghgo Ojo
]rjkuct`d. \o`vlrs`tgs Vuigtlrg \tgrg. Ilkgo.
 ]LO\O[\O ]UGC[@C\I
G]B@CGV@ E@J[LCOJBJA@ ]\]\C HGPG[@

@T. ‒@sjbgs` Vpjrg DIG

DIG’
’

Jblh>

B. I. KGUO@GQGO
I7G7 7< =15

N\U\VGO CLH\[GOGO
DGC\B[GV CLH\[GOGO KGO @BI\ B@OAC\OAGO
\O@TLUV@[GV HGB\ JBLJ
CLOKGU@

5=71
 ]LOAGIG[GO V]JUG DIG
@T. @VJBGV@ V]JUG DIG

G. ]lokghubugo

Elelrgpg tlco`c tlbgh k`auogcgo uotuc iloa`sjbgs` spjrg DIG, gcgo tltgp`
slega`go kgsgr kgr` sliug tlco`c `sjbgs` ygoa k`auogcgo gkgbgh tlco`c
ploygr`oago egsgh (wlt s`lv`oa) kgr` Agrkligoo kgo O`fhjbsjo (7046). [lco`c
ploygr`oago egsgh k`igcsukcgo uotuc ili`sghcgo pgs`r
pgs`r,, b`gt
b `gt kgo eghgo jrago`f
bg`o ygoa iloliplb pgkg spjrg ilbgbu` elregag` igfgi ucurgo sgr`oago. [lco`c
`o` rlbgt`vl flpgt, gcgo tltgp` gpge`bg spjrg kgbgi sgiplb tgogh nuibghoyg slk`c`t
igcg k`plrbucgo cla`gtgo pliuro`go ble`h bgonut ilbgbu` trgpp`oa.
[unugo > uotuc iloalcspbjrgs` pjtlos` duoa` i`cjr`zg greuscubg ygoa gkg k`

rh`zjzdlr tgogigo tlrtlotu pgkg sugtu bjcgs` kgo wgctu tlrtlotu.

E. Eghgo kgo Gbgt

7. Fjotjh tgogh cjipjs`t kgr` bgpgoago

5. G`r
6. Vucrjsg 4=% ejejt/vjbuil (bgrutcgo 4= a aubg pgs`r kloago 7== ib g`r).
;. Vgtu slt ploygr`oa (s`lvl
s`lvl)) elrucurgo agr`s tloagh igtg sgr`oa 1== βi, ;<=
βi, 5<= βi, 75< βi, 46βi, kgo ;< βi. Gbgt ploygr`oa ygoa k`auogcgo
kgpgt k`slsug`cgo elrkgsgrcgo cltlrslk`ggo k` bgejrgtjr`ui.
<. ]`gbg albgs (elgclr
(elgclr abgss)
abgss) <==/7.=== ib gtgu elcgs ejtjb g`r i`olrgb
elrucurgo vjbuil 7 b.
4. Qgkgh/ lielr clf`b
1. Ejtjb d`bi gtgu tgeuoa slotr`duags`.
8. Fgwgo ]ltr`.
0. ]`oslt spjrg.
7=. I`crjscjp stlrlj.
F. ]rjslkur Fgrg

7. [lco`c ygoa k`auogcgo kgbgi iloa`sjbgs` spjrg DIG gkgbgh tlco`c tugoa ‖
sgr`oa kgr` ]gf`jo` (7005) kgo k`bgonutcgo kloago tlco`c slotr`duags` kgr`
Eruokrltt lt gb. 7004.
5. Ilofgipurcgo sgiplb tgogh slegoygc <= a kloago 5==‖6== ib g`r kgo
k`gkuc.
6. E`grcgo elelrgpg sggt h`oaag tgogh iloalokgp bgbbu sgr`oa kgbgi sgtu slt
sgr`oago kloago ucurgo 41= ¼i, 75< ¼i kgo ;< ¼i slfgrg elrurutgo kgr`
gtgs cl egwgh.
;. Eghgo (suprlogtgo) ygoa tlrs`ipgo pgkg sgr`oa 75< ¼i kgo ;< ¼i,
slbgonutoyg k`p`okghcgo cl kgbgi tgeuoa slotr`dusl
slotr`dus l k`tgiegh kloago abucjsg
4=% (w/v).
<. [geuoa slotr`dusl k`tutup rgpgt kgo k`slotr`dusl kloago clflpgtgo 5<== rpi
slbgig 6ilo`t.
4. Vlbgonutoyg bgrutgo suplrogtgo tlrsleut k`tugoa cl kgbgi sgr`oago ;< ¼i kgo
k`fuf` kloago g`r iloagb`r uotuc iloah`bgoacgo abucjsg.
1. Lokgpgo ygoa tlrs`sg k`tugoacgo cl kgbgi fgwgo pltr`.
8. Cliuk`go k`gigt` k` egwgh i`crjscjp fjipjuok uotuc iloah`tuoa
pjpubgs` spjrg kgo plieugtgo prlpgrgt
prlpgrgt auog clplrbugo `klot`d`cgs`.
K. ]LIEGHGVGO

@sjbgs` spjrg DIG k`bgcucgo uotuc ilokuag alous DIG. @sjbgs` spjrg
k`bgcucgo kloago tlco`c ploygr`oago egsgh. Hgs`b sgr`oago pgkg ucurgo 75< ¼i
kgo 46 ¼i k`gigt` kgo k`h`tuoa nuibgh spjrg slrtg k`cgrgctlr`sgs` sgipg` t`oacgt
alous iloaauogcgo bgrutgo ilbzlr‐s. Kgbgi iloacgrgctlr`sgs` spjrg ygoa
k`gigt` gkgbgh elotuc spjrg, wgrog spjrg, blcgtgo tgoacg` h`dg kgo tlcstur
plriucggo spjrg (Eruokrltt lt gb., 700;).
@sjbgs` spjrg k`bgcucgo gagr spjrg tlrp`sgh kgr` sgiplb tgogh slh`oaag
cgrgctlr`st`c spjrg DIG kgo nuibghoyg kgpgt k`cltghu`. \otuc iloaltghu`
cgrgctlr`st`c spjrg DIG, igcg k`bgcucgo tlco`c ploygr`oago egsgh
(Eruokltt lt gb., 700;).
]rjslkur clrng tlco`c ploygr`oago
ploygr`oago egsgh gkgbgh ilofgipurcgo tgogh
sgiplb slegoygc 5== ar kloago 7===-75== ib g`r kgo k`gkuc ilrgtg. Vlbgonutoyg
k`sgr`oa kgbgi sgtu slt sgr`oago kloago ucurgo 17= βi, ;5< βi, 75< βi kgo ;<
βi slfgrg elrurutgo kgr` gtgs cl egwgh. Kgr` sgr`oago ega`go gtgs k`sliprjt
kloago g`r crgo uotuc iliukghcgo eghgo sgr`oago bjbjs. Cliuk`go sgr`oago
pgb`oa gtgs k`blpgs kgo sgr`oago clkug cliegb` k`sliprjt
k`sl iprjt kloago g`r crgo. [gogh
ygoa tlrs`sg pgkg sgr`oago ;5< βi, 75< βi kgo ;< βi k`p`okghcgo cl kgbgi
tgeuoa slotr`dusl. Cliuk`go
Cliuk`go k`tgieghcgo gqugkls slegoygc 5< iB kgo
k`slotr`dusl kloago clflpgtgo 5=== U]I slbgig < ilo`t (]gf`jo`, 7005).
Elrkgsgrcgo prgct`cui ygoa
ygoa tlbgh k`bgcucgo yg`tu
yg`tu tlco`c ygoa k`auogcgo
kgbgi `sjbgs` spjrg DIG gkgbgh tlco`c tugoa sgr`oa, kloago ilofgipurcgo
sgiplb tgogh kloago g`r cliuk`go k`gkuc. K`gicgo elelgpg sggt h`oaag tgogh
iloalokgp, bgbu k`sgr`oa pgkg elelrgpg sgr`oago kloago ucurgo sgr`oago ygoa
elrelkg-elkg. Eghgo ygoa tlrs`ipgo pgkg sgr`oago slbgonutoyg k`p`okghcgo
clkgbgi tgeuoa slotr`dusl kgo k`tgiegh kloago abucjsg. [geuoa slotr`dusl
k`tutup kgo cliuk`go k`gigt` clkgbgi i`fjscjp uotuc iloah`tuoa pjpubgs`
spjrg.
L. CLV@I]\BGO

Gkgpuo cls`ipubgo pgkg prgct`cui `o` yg`tu uotuc ilb`hgt nlo`s DIG
ygoa tlrkgpgt pgkg tlagcgo bjoc`kg (Ogufblg jr`lotgb`s)
jr`lotgb`s) ygoa elrgkg pgkg
bjcgs` hutgo gbgi, slrtg tlco`c ygoa kgpgt k`auogcgo uotuc lcspbjrgs` DIG yg`tu
tlco`c tuipgh sgr`oa.
 KGD[GU ]\V[GCG

Eruokrltt I, Ejufhlr O, Klbb OE, Ajvl [ gok Igbgnlzuc O. 700;.Qjrc`oa w`th

Iyfjrrh`zgs `o Djrlstry gok Gab`fubturl. Cg`pgoa F`og. kgbgi

@otlrogt`jogb Iyfjrrh`zgb Qjrcshjp.

Eruokrltt I, Ejuahlr O, Arjvl [, Igbgnlzuc O. 7004. Qjrc`oa Q`th
Iyfjrrh`zgs `o Djrlstry gok Gar`fubturl. Gustrgb`g > GF@GU Ijojargph.

]gf`jo`, A. 7005. ‒Qlt s`lv`oa gok klfgot`oa tlfho`quls djr thl lxtrgft`jo jd
spjrls jd TG iyfjrrhyzgb duoa`’. Ilthjks
Ilthjk s `o I`frje`jbjay. Gfgkli`f
]rlss @of. Vgo K`laj 5;> 671-655.
 ]LO\O[\O ]UGC[@C\I
G]B@CGV@ E@J[LCOJBJA@ ]\]\C HGPG[@

T. ‒@klot`d`cgs` Vpjrg DIG

DIG’
’

Jblh>

B. I. KGUO@GQGO
I7G7 7< =15

N\U\VGO CLH\[GOGO
DGC\B[GV CLH\[GOGO KGO @BI\ B@OAC\OAGO
\O@TLUV@[GV HGB\ JBLJ
CLOKGU@

5=71
 T. @KLO[@D@CGV@ V]JUG DIG

G. ]lokghubugo

Duoa` i`cjr`zg greuscubg (DIG) ilrupgcgo flokgwgo ygoa

ploylegrgooyg sgoagt bugs k` kuo`g iubg` kgr` kglrgh pgkgoa pgs`r, tliplrgtl,
trjp`cg kgo kgpgt elrgsjs`gs` kloago ble`h kgr` 0=% tuieuhgo ygoa gkg k` eui`
(Hgyigo, 7087). DIG tlbgh k`tliucgo kgbgi gcgr tuieuhgo ble`h kgr` 7==
tghuo ygoa bgbu, tltgp` structur rlprjkuct`oyg egru k`cltghu` 6= tghuo tlrgch`r.
Elregrg Ijssl (7045) kgo Agrkligoo (70<<) iloalcstrgcs` DIG kgo
ilouieuhcgoygg plrtgig cgb` pgkg tgogigo h`kup k` pjt cubtur.
ilouieuhcgoy
Vliug DIG t`kgc ilipuoyg` s`dgt ijrdjbja` kgo d`s`jbja` ygoa sgig,
jblh cgrlog `tu sgoagt plot`oa uotuc iloaltghu` `klot`tgsoyg. Qgbgupuo

flokgwgo `o` ilipuoyg` slegrgo `ogoa ygoa sgoagt bugs, flokgwgo `o`
ilipuoyg` ploagruh ygoa spls`d`c nuag tlrhgkgp nlo`s tgogigo ygoa tlr`odlcs`.
K`sgip`oa `tu flokgwgo `o` nuag sgoagt elrvgr`gs` ploagruhoyg pgkg cubt`vgr
kgbgi sgtu nlo`s tgogigo kgo kgpgt elrelkg nuag ploagruhoyg tlrhgkgp tgogigo
kgbgi lcjs`stli kgo nlo`s tgogh ygoa elrelkg kgo kgbgi nlo`s tgogh ygoa sgig
tltgp` elrelkg s`dgt e`jbja`, c`i`g kgo d`s`coyg. Jblh cgrlog `tu sgoagt plot`oa
k`bgcucgo `klot`d`cgs` k`gotgrg pgrg plolb`t` k` kglrgh gtgu Olagrg bg`o.
\otuc iloa`klot`d`cgs` sgipg` clt`oacgt nlo`s (spls`ls
pls`ls)) k`plrbucgo
ploagbgigo ygoa egoygc
ego ygc kgo ploalogbgo tlrhgkgp igfgi-igfgi
igfgi-ig fgi k`ok`oa spjrg.

Ogiuo pgkg pltuonuc `o` hgoyg k`plrclogbcgo `klok`d`cgs` sgipg` t`oacgt alous
ygoa t`kgc tlrbgbu sub`t.
Vgbgh sgtu bgoacgh ygoa hgrus k`cugsg` uotuc iloa`klot`d`cgs` spjrg DIG
gkgbgh plieugtgo prlpgrgt sb`kl. ]rlpgrgt sb`kl ygoa k`auogcgo gcgo
iliukghcgo ilb`hgt s`dgt-s`dgt spjrg gtgu f`rr`-f`r` spls`d`c kgr` spjrg tlrsleut.
Kgbgi plieugtgo prlpgrgt t`kgc k`plrclogocgo tlrkgpgt alblieuoa-
alblieuoa ukgrg k`egwgh ploutup sb`kl (fjvlr
( fjvlr sb`p)
sb`p) kgo slt`gp s`s` kgr` ploutup
sb`kl hgrus k`bli kloago hgt`-hgt` iloaauogcgo futlx. ]gkg 7/6 ega`go kgr` albgs
sb`kl k`auogcgo uotuc iloliplbcgo bgelb ygoa ilofgtgt `odjrigs` tlotgoa cgpgo
kgo jblh s`gpg sb`kl tlrsleut k`eugt, eghgo prlpgrgt ygoa k`auogcgo , suielr kgo
`klot`tgs splf`ilo, kgo bg`o-bg`o.
[unugo > Iloa`klot`d`cgs` nlo`s DIG elrkgsgrcgo ucurgo, wgrog, jrogilot, kgo

rlgcs` spjrg tlrhgkgp bgrutgo Ilbzlr kgo ]TBA.

E. Eghgo kgo Gbgt

7. Vpjrg hgs`b ploygr`oago.

5. Bgrutgo ]TBA (pjbyv`o`b bgftjabyflrjb)> Bgrutcgo 8,66 a pjb`v`o`b gbcjhjb
kgbgi fgipurgo <= ib gsgi bgctgt, < ib ab`slr`o, kgo <= ib g`r klst`bgtg.
6. Bgrutgo Ilbzlr> Bgrutcgo 7,< a @jk`ol kgo < a C@ ( pjtgss`ui `jk`ol)
`jk`ol ) kloago
7== ib g`r klst`bgtg. Fgipurcgo bgrutgo tlrsleut kloago bgrutgo ]TBA
kloago o`segh 7>7 (vjbuil>vjbuil).

;. [`ssul kgo clrtgs i`bb`iltlr ebjc

<. ]`oslt spjrg, p`plt i`crj, jenlft abgss,
abgss, fjvlr sb`p,
sb`p, p`gbg albgs, kgo tusuc a`a`.
4. I`crjscjp stlrlj kgo I`crjscjp fjipjuok.

F. ]rjslkur Clrng

7. ]jpubgs` Vpjrg
g. ]jpubgs` spjrg k`tlotucgo elrkgsgrcgo nuibgh spjrg hgs`b ploygr`oago
(s`lv`oa).

e. V`gpcgo fgwgo pltr` kgo clrtgs i`bb`iltlr ebjc.

f. [ugoacgo hgs`b ploygr`oago spjrg (g`r elrfgipur spjrg) cl fgwgo pltr`

tlrsleut.

k. H`tuoa nuibgh spjrg kloago egotugo i`cjscjp pgkg slt`gp e`kgoa

pgokgoa sgipg` slburuh fgwgo pltr` tlrgigt`. Nuibgh spjrg k`oygtgcgo
kgbgi nuibgh spjrg plr 7== a tgogh.

5. ]loalbjipjcgo (Arjup`oa
(Arjup`oa)

g. V`gpcgo fgwgo pltr` kgo clrtgs i`bb`iltlr ebjc.

e. [ugoacgo hgs`b ploygr`oago spjrg (g`r elrfgipur spjrg) cl fgwgo pltr`
tlrsleut.
 f. Gigt` spjrg kgo cliuk`go gie`b spjrg kloago p`oslt spjrg gtgu tusuc a`a`
elrkgsgrcgo f`r` ijrdjbja` clbjipjcoyg (ucurgo, wgrog, bgp`sgo k`ok`oa
slb, jrogilo, kgo elotuc h`dg ygoa ilblcgt pgkg k`ok`oa spjrg).

k. Bltgccgo slt`gp clbjipjc spjrg pgkg fgwgo pltr` ygoa elrelkg.

l. Hgs`b ploalbjipjcgo kgpgt k`elr` ogig slilotgrg alous DIG kloago
f`r` spls`d`c i`sgboyg Gfgubjspjrg clilrghgo, A`agspjrg cuo`oa, Abjius
clf`b fjclbgt, gtgu Abjius elsgr clcuo`oago.

6. ]lieugtgo ]rlpgrgt Clr`oa (Ijuot`oa)

g. V`gpcgo jenlft abgss pgkg ega`go slelbgh c`r`, tltlscgo
t ltlscgo bgrutgo
b grutgo ]TBA kgo
ega`go slelbgh cgogo tltlscgo bgrutgo Ilbzlr.
e. Bltgccgo <‖7= spjrg slnlo`s pgkg slt`gp tltls bgrutgo tlrsleut, cliuk`go
igs`oa-igs`oa ega`go k`tutup kloago fjvlr sb`p.
f. ]lfghcgo spjrg kloago fgrg ilolcgo plriucggo fjvlr sb`p kloago tusuc
a`a`.
k. Bltgccgo jenlft abgss k` egwgh i`crjscjp fjipjuok.
l. E`bg sukgh clr`oa, jbls` tlp` fjvlr sb`p kloago futlx nlro`h gagr fjvlr sb`p
t`kgc blpgs, slcgb`aus iloflagh igsucoyg cjtjrgo.
d. Gigt` f`r` ijrdjbja` spjrg yg`tu elrkgsgrcgo ucurgo, wgrog, bgp`sgo
k`ok`oa slb, jrogilo, kgo elotuc h`dg ygoa ilblcgt pgkg k`ok`oa spjrg
(eubejus susplosjr, kukucgo h`dg, gtgu suetlok`oa hyphgl).
hyphgl).
a. Gie`b agiegr spjrg kloago cgilrg k`a`tgb.

;. @klot`d`cgs` DIG
g. Elrkgsgrcgo `klot`tgs ijrdjbja`oyg, i`cjr`zg kgpgt k``klot`d`cgs` sgipg`
t`oacgt alous. @klot`d`cgs` sgipg` grgs spls`ls ililrbucgo clghb`go kgo
cltlb`t`go ygoa ble`h t`oaa`.
e. [lrfgtgt gkg logi alous DIG ygoa slr`oa k`nuipg` elrs`ie`js`s kloago
tgogigo, yg`tu Abjius, A`agspjrg, Vfutlbbjspjrg, Gfgubjspjrg,
Lotrjphjspjrg kgo Vfblrjsfyst`s
Vfblrjsfyst`s..
f. Vpjrg kgpgt k``klot`d`cgs` elrkgsgrcgo ucurgo kgo wgrog spjrg, bgp`sgo
k`ok`oa spjrg, rlgcs` kloago bgrutgo Ilbzlr (b`p`k
( b`p`k krjpblt), jrogilo spjrg
 (k`ok`oa bugr spjrg), kgo elotuc h`dg ygoa ilblcgt pgkg k`ok`oa spjrg
(eubejus susplosjr kgo suetlok`oa hyphgl,
hyphgl, gtgu kukucgo h`dg).
k. Abjius
 Vpjrg Abjius tlrelotuc kgr` plieloacgcgo unuoa h`dg sgipg`
ilofgpg` egtgs igcs`iuioyg. \nuoa h`dg ygoa iloaalblieuoa `tu
cliuk`go gcgo tlrblpgs kgo elruegh ilongk` spjrg. Vpjrg elrgsgb kgr`
plrcliegoago h`dg, slh`oaag k`sleut
k`sleut cbgi`kjspjrg.
 H`dg t`kgc ngrgoa ili`b`c` plrfgegoago kgo kgr` slt`gp fgegoa gcgo
tlrelotuc cbgi`kjspjrg k`sleut slegag` tgokgo spjrg (spjrgfgrp
spjrgfgrp).
).
 \curgo spjrg <=-7== ¼i
 Vpjrg elrelotuc eubgt kgo nuibghoyg egoygc .
 Nuibgh spls`ls ygoa elrhgs`b k`clogb` slegoygc 78= spls`ls.
 Nuibgh k`ok`oa spjrg elrbgp`s-bgp`s.
 [`kgc elrlgcs` kloago Ilbzlr.
 [`kgc ili`b`c` jrogilot.
 Gkg kukucgo h`dg (suetlok`oa hyphgl)
hyphgl) burus.
 Qgrog elo`oa, h`gb`o (trgospgrgo), put`h, cuo`oa, kgo fjclbgt.
l. A`agspjrg
 \curgo spjrg 7==-5<= ¼i.
 Bgp`sgo k`ok`oa spjrg t`p`s (· 5 bgp`s).
 Elrlgcs` kloago Ilbzlr slfgrg iloylburuh.
 [`kgc ili`b`c` jrogilot.
 H`dg ilielotuc eubejus susplosjr gtgu kukucgo h`dg ygoa ilieubgt.
 Ili`b`c` slb gucs`bgr` (gux`bgry
(gux`bgry flbb) ygoa kgpgt k`cgtgcgo slegag`
plrwunukgo vls`cubg lcstlrogb.
 Qgrog cuo`oa flrgh.
d. Vfutlbbjspjrg
 \curgo spjrg 7==‖5<= βi.
 Bgp`sgo k`ok`oa spjrg t`p`s (· 5 bgp`s).


Elrlgcs` kloago Ilbzlr slfgrg iloylburuh.
  Ili`b`c` jrogilo elrupg alri`ogt`jo sh`lbk.
 H`dg ilielotuc eubejus susplosjr gtgu kukucgo h`dg ygoa ilieubgt.
 Ili`b`c` slb gucs`bgr` (gux`bgry
(gux`bgry flbb) ygoa kgpgt k`cgtgcgo slegag`
plrwunukgo vls`cubg lcstlrogb.
 Qgrog ilrgh fjclbgt.
a. Gfgubjspjrg
 \curgo spjrg 7==‖5== βi.
 Bgp`sgo bugr t`kgc elrlgcs` kloago Ilbzlr.
 Bgp`sgo kgbgi elrlgcs` kloago Ilbzlr (wgrog ble`h albgp-ilrgh
cluoaugo).
 Ili`b`c` elrgolcg jrogilo elragotuoa clpgkg spls`lsoyg, i`sgboyg
elrelotuc kur` pgkg Gfgubjspjrg sp`ojsg kgo elrelotuc tgeuoa pgkg G.
tuelrfubgtg..
tuelrfubgtg
 Qgrog kji`ogo ilrgh.
 Ili`b`c` sgtu fyfgtr`x slegag` tgokg.
h. Lotrjphjspjrg
 \curgo 7==‖5== βi.
 Ili`b`c` bgp`sgo k`ok`oa spjrg, bugr kgo kgbgi.
 Qgrog cuo`oa fjclbgt.
 Ili`b`c` kug eugh fyfgtr`x slegag` tgokg.
`. Vfblrjfyfst`s
 Ili`b`c` tgokgo spjrg (spjrjfgrp
spjrjfgrp).
).
 \curgooyg sgig kloago Gfgubjspjrg
Gfgubjspjrg..
 Bgp`sgo k`ok`oa iloaalrjiejb.
 [`kgc elrlgcs` kloago bgrutgo Ilbzlr.
 Jrogilo elrbgp`s kgo t`kgc elrbgp`s.
 Bgp`sgo kgbgi elrlgcs` kloago Ilbzlr (wgrog ble`h albgp-ilrgh
cluoaugo).
  Ili`b`c` elrgolcg jrogilo elragotuoa clpgkg spls`lsoyg, i`sgboyg
elrelotuc kur` pgkg Gfgubjspjrg sp`ojsg kgo elrelotuc tgeuoa pgkg G.
tuelrfubgtg..
tuelrfubgtg
 Qgrog kji`ogo ilrgh.
 Ili`b`c` sgtu fyfgtr`x slegag` tgokg.
n. Lotrjphjspjrg
 \curgo 7==‖5== βi.
 Ili`b`c` bgp`sgo k`ok`oa spjrg, bugr kgo kgbgi.
 Qgrog cuo`oa fjclbgt.
 Ili`b`c` kug eugh fyfgtr`x slegag` tgokg.
c. Vfblrjfyfst`s
 Ili`b`c` tgokgo spjrg (spjrjfgrp
spjrjfgrp).
).
 \curgooyg sgig kloago Gfgubjspjrg
Gfgubjspjrg..
 Bgp`sgo k`ok`oa iloaalrjiejb.
 [`kgc elrlgcs` kloago bgrutgo Ilbzlr.
 Jrogilo elrbgp`s kgo t`kgc elrbgp`s.
K. ]lieghgsgo

Cgrgctlr`st`c spjrg
spjrg DIG k`bgcucgo tlco`c ploygr`oago egsgh yg`tu
yg`tu
sgiplb tgogh slegoygc 7== a k`fgipur kloago <== ib g`r, k`gkuc h`oaag ilrgtg
kgo k`e`grcgo slbgig < ‖ 7= ilo`t supgyg pgrt`clb ‖ pgrt`clb elsgr iloalokgp.
Vlbgonutoyg k`sgr`oa kgbgi sgtu slt sgr`oago elrt`oacgt kloago ucurgo 57 ii,
75< ¼i, 46 ¼i kgo ;< ¼i slfgrg elrurutgo kgr` gtgs cl egwgh. Vgr`oago ega`go
gtgs k`sliprjt kloago g`r iloagb`r uotuc iliukghcgo eghgo sgr`oago bjbjs.
]grt`clb tgogh ygoa tlrtghgo pgkg t`gp ucurgo sgr`oago, k`tgipuoa pgkg ejtjb
cubtur. Vlbgonutoyg pgrt`clb tgogh ygoa k`tgipuoa pgkg ejtjb cubtur k`p`okghcgo
kgbgi fgwgo pltr` kgo k`h`tuoa nuibghoyg. \otuc iloaltghu` cgrgctlr`st`c spjrg
iloaauogcgo bgrutgo ]jbyv`o`b Gbfjhjb Bgft`f Gf`k Abyflrjb (]TBA) kgo bgrutgo
ilbzlr‐s. Cgrgctlr`st`c nlo`s spjrg ygoa k`gigt` gkgbgh elotuc spjrg, wgrog spjrg,
k`ok`oa spjrg, blcgtgo tgoacg` h`dg kgo tlcstur plriucggo spjrg
(Eruokltt lt gb., 700;).
@sjbgs` kgo @klot`d`cgs` DIG k`bgcucgo kloago fgrg ilo`iegoa sgiplb
tgogh slegoygc 7== ar, cliuk`go k`igsuccgo kgbgi albgs elgclr 7=== ib kgo
k`tgiegh g`r sgipg` vjbuil 7 b`tlr. [gogh tlrsleut k`gkuc slbgig · 7= ilo`t
sgipg` hjijalo kgo garlagt tgogh k`plfgh kloago tgoago supgyg spjrg tlrelegs
kgr` tgogh. Vusplos` tlrsleut k` k`gicgo slbgig · 7 ilo`t sgipg` pgrt`clb-pgrt`clb
ygoa elsgr iloalokgp. Fg`rgo suplrogtgo k`tugoa cl kgbgi sgr`oago elrt`oacgt
kloago k`giltlr buegoa 7 ii, <== βi, 575 βi, 7=4 βi, <6 βi (prjslkur `o`
k`ubgoa slegoygc 5-6 cgb`). Uls`ku igs`oa-igs`oa sgr`oago k`e`bgs kloago g`r
crgo uotuc ilongi`o eghwg sliug pgrt`clb ygoa clf`b sukgh tlregwg. Uls`ku
sgr`oago ygoa elrucurgo 575 βi, 7=4 βi kgo <6 βi k`tugoa clkgbgi fgwgo pltr`
kloago egotugo ejtjb sliprjt uotuc k`bgcucgo ploagigtgo spjrg k` egwgh
i`crjscjp F`r`-f`r` i`crjscjp`s spjrg ygoa k`tliucgo cliuk`go k`fjfjcgo
kloago plkjigo `klot`d`cgs` ygoa k`auogcgo @OTGI uotuc ilolotucgo alous
DIG ygoa k`tliucgo (Vugieg lt gbb. 5=7;).
[ghgpgo `klot`d`cgs` duoa` i`cjr`zg greuscubg slegag` elr`cut >
Elrkgsgrcgo cgrgctlr`st`c ijrdjbja` spjrg > g. Vusuogo spjrg > spjrg kgr`
Abjigbls kgpgt k`hgs`bcgo kloago susuogo tuoaagb gtgu iloauipub
iloauipub ilongk` sgtu
ygoa k`sleut spjrjcgp. e. Elotuc h`dg > gkg ygoa s`b`okr`s, clrufut, elralbjiegoa
kgo elrfgegoa egoygc. f. \curgo spjrg > ucurgo tlrclf`b kgr` 7=-<= ¼i sgipg`
5==-6== ¼i. \curgo spjrg Abjius elrc`sgr 5=5== ¼i slilotgrg A`agspjrg kgo

Vfutlbbjspjrg rgtg-rgtg 75=-76= ¼i. k. Qgrog spjrg

spjrg > iloaauogcgo stgokgr
fjbjur fhgrt ygoa uiui k`auogcgo. Qgrog- wgrog spjrg i`cjr`zg elrc`sgr h`gb`o
cuo`oa, cuo`oa clh`ngugo, fjcbgt, fjcbgt clilrghgo sgipg` fjcbgt h`tgi. l.
Elotuc spjrg > slfgrg uiui elotuc spjrg gkgbgh eubgt abjel, sue abjejsl, jvgb
kgo jebjoa (Eruokrltt lt gb., 7004).
Elrkgsgrcgo ploagigtgo ygoa tlbgh k`bgcucgo k`plrjblh spjgrg DIG
pgkg r`zjsdlr tgogigo bjoc`kg (Ogufblg jr`lotgb`k) pgkg bghgo hutgo rgwg
k`igog k`plrjblh 7 nlo`s spjrg yg`tu Abjius sp. @klot`d`cgs` spjrg DIG k`
bgcucgo elrkgsgrcgo ucurgo, wgrog spjrg, bgp`sgo k`ok`oa spjrg kloago

iloaauogcgo bgrutgo ilbzlr.

L. Cls`ipubgo

Gkgpuo cls`ipubgo pgkg prgct`cui `o` yg`tu @klot`d`cgs` spjrg DIG

k`bgcucgo elrkgsgrcgo ucurgo,
ucurgo, wgrog spjrg,
spjrg, bgp`sgo k`ok`oa
k`ok`oa spjrg kloago
iloaauogcgo bgrutgo ilbzlr. Nlo`s spjrg ygoa k`tliucgo pgkg tlagcgo bjoc`kg
(Ogufblg jr`lotgb`k) yg`tu Abjius sp.
 KGD[GU ]\V[GCG

Eruokrltt I, Ejufhlr O, Klbb OE, Ajvl [ gok Igbgnlzuc O. 700;.Qjrc`oa w`th

Iyfjrrh`zgs `o Djrlstry gok Gab`fubturl. Cg`pgoa F`og. kgbgi
@otlrogt`jogb Iyfjrrh`zgb Qjrcshjp.

Eruokrltt, I. F,, Ejuahlr, O., Klbbs, E., Arjvl, [., kgo Igbgnjzuc, O. 7004.
Qjrc`oa w`th iyfjrrh`zgs `o djrlstry gok gar`fubturl. Gustrgb`go Flotrl
djr @otlrogt`jogb Gar`fubturgb Ulslgrfh > Fgoelrrg.

Vugieg, @. Q., Q`rgwgo, @. A. ] kgo Gk`grtgygsg, Q. 5=7;. @sjbgs` kgo

@klot`d`cgs` Duoa` I`cjr`zg Greuscubgr (Dig) slfgrg I`crjscjp`s pgkg
Uh`zjsdlr [gogigo Nlruc(F`trus
Nlruc(F`trus sp.) k` Klsg Clrtg, Clfgigtgo ]gygoago,
Cgeupgtlo A`goygr. Nurogb Garjlcjtlcojbja` [rjp`cg. Tjb. 6, Oj. ;.
@VVO> 56=7-4<7<.
 ]LO\O[\O ]UGC[@C\I
G]B@CGV@ E@J[LCOJBJA@ ]\]\C HGPG[@

T@. ‒Cubtur Vpjrg [uoaagb’

Jblh>

B. I. KGUO@GQGO
I7G7 7< =15

N\U\VGO CLH\[GOGO
DGC\B[GV CLH\[GOGO KGO @BI\ B@OAC\OAGO
\O@TLUV@[GV HGB\ JBLJ
CLOKGU@

5=71
 T@. C\B[\U V]JUG [\OAAGB

G. ]lokghubugo

]lieugtgo cubtur spjrg tuoaagb elrtunugo uotuc ilokgpgt spjrg kgbgi

nuibgh ygoa egoyg kgr` sgtu nlo`s ygoa sgig. Hgs`b cubtur spjrg tuoaagb kgpgt
k`auogcgo uotuc `klot`d`cgs` sgtu nlo`s DIG gtgupuo slegag` bgoacgh gwgb kgbgi
iliplrjblh cutur `ojcubui iuro` ygoa ogot`oyg gcgo k`cliegoacgo. Vpjrg
hgs`b `sjbgs` kgr` bgpgoago e`gsgoyg tlrk`r` kgr` elregag` ucurgo kgo wgrog ygoa
iuoac`o elrgsgb kgr` sgtu nlo`s slh`oaag gcgo iloyub`tcgo cla`gtgo `klot`d`cgs`
nlo`soyg. Vlnuibgh spjrg ygoa elrsgb kgr` cubtur spjrg tuoaagb tlotu sgng gkgbgh
sgtu nlo`s spjrg ygoa sgig slh`oaag gcgo sgoagt iliegotu kgbgi cla`gtgo
`klot`d`cgs`.

Vpjrg ygoa k``sjbgs` bgoasuoa kgr` bgpgoago e`gsgoyg igs`h iloagokuoa

i`crjjrago`sil bg`o ygoa t`kgc k``oa`ocgo. Cgrlog `tu k`gonurcgo uotuc iliubg`
prjkucs` `ojcubui kloago spjrg tuoaagb ygoa elegs kgr` sliug jrago`sil ygoa
t`kgc k``oa`ocgo. Cubtur DIG ygoa elrgsgb kgr` cubtur spjrg tuoaagb ble`h k`sucg`
slegag` stgrtlr plregoygcgo igsgb cgrlog vgr`ge`b`tgs `ojcubui ble`h slk`c`t.
Vlbg`o `tu, uotuc ilieugt cubtur iuro` kgpgt k`bgcucgo kloago iloaauogcgo
cubtur spjrg tuoaagb ygoa stlr`b kgo k`tuieuhcgo slfgrg gslpt`f. E`bg sukgh
ilokgpgtcgo sgtu cubtur iuro` kgpgt tlrus k`plb`hgrg uotuc cubtur ygoa bg`o.
Cliuro`go kgr` cubtur `o` hgrus k`flc slfgrg tlrgtur kgo plielrs`hgo rugoago

gtgu plrgbgtgo hgrus slbgbu k`bgcucgo slt`gp sggt.

[unugo > ilieugt cubtur iuro` DIG ygoa elrgsgb kgr` sgtu spjrg.

E.Eghgo kgo Gbgt

Eghgo kgo gbgt ygoa k`auogcgo ilb`put` Vpjrg DIG hgs`b ploygr`oago
(s`lv`oa) kgr` tgogh, `ojcubgo, gtgu hgs`b cubtur plogoacgrgo, e`e`t tgogigo `ogoa,
ilk`g tgogi stlr`b, fgwgo pltr` pbgst`c, clrtgs sgr`oa, gbui`o`ui dj`b, slokjc,
slbjt`p, p`oslt spjrg, p`sgu plijtjoa (futtlr
( futtlr), sp`kjb, clrtgs t`ssul, clrtgs bgelb,
auot`oa, kgo i`crjscjp stlrlj.
F. ]rjslkur Clrng

7. Lcstrgc spjrg ygoa tlrkgpgt kgbgi tgogh slagr kgr` bgpgoago, ilk`ui cubtur
plogoacgrgo gtgu `ojcubui DIG ygoa gcgo k`un` iloaauogcgo prjslkur
egcu.
5. Clbjipjcgo spjrg ygoa ili`b`c` cli`r`pgo cgrgctlr`st`c ijrdjbja`,
i`sgboyg wgrog, k`giltlr, gkg t`kgcoyg eubejus susplosjr kgo kukucgo
spjrg, tuoaagb gtgu elralrjiejb, kgo bg`o slegag`oyg. Vlt`gp clbjipjc spjrg
k`igsuccgo clkgbgi fgwgo pltr` ygoa elr`s` g`r.
6. V`gpcgo wgkgh (tgeuoa rlgcs`, fgwgo pltr`, gtgu wgkgh ygoa elrs`dgt tlieus
pgokgoa) kgo `s` kloago ilk`g tuieuh
tuieuh stlr`b egsgh.
;. V`gpcgo e`e`t tgogigo `ogoa kgo bltgccgo k`gtgs clrtgs sgr`oa egsgh kgbgi
fgwgo pltr`. Gagr kgpgt k`pjtjoa unuoaoyg uotuc ilost`iubgs` plrtuieuhgo
kgo plrfgegoago gcgr.
<. Kloago egotugo i`crjscjp kgo p`oslt spjrg, gie`b 7 eugh spjrg, bltgccgo
pgkg =,< fi k`elbgcgoa unuoa gcgr.
gc gr. ]`b`h spjrg ygoa igs`h iliplrb`hgtcgo
tgokg-tgokg clh`kupgo, slagr, kgo t`kgc tlrslrgoa ploygc`t gtgu pgrgs`t.
4. Bltgccgo e`e`t ygoa gcgroyg tlbgh k``ojcubgs` kloago spjrg DIG pgkg
ilk`ui tuieuh kgbgi wgkgh. E`e`t k`bltgccgo kgbgi clgkggo tlrblotgoa.
N`cg iloaauogcgo wgkgh fgwgo pltr`, unuoa tgogigo hgrus tlrbltgc tlpgt
k`egwgh buegoa ygoa sukgh k`s`gpcgo. Hgrus k`ngag gagr spjrg t`kgc ngtuh
gtgu p`okgh tlipgt.
1. Fgwgo pltr` cliuk`go k`tutup kgo ega`go s`s`oyg k`tutup rgpgt kloago
slbjt`p, clfugb` ega`go buegoa tgogigo. Elr` tgokg kloago sp`kjb bltgc spjrg
tlrsleut uotuc iliukghcgo ploagigtgo elr`cutoyg. Euoacus fgwgo pltr`
gtgu tgeuoa rlgcs` kloago gbui`o`ui dj`b. Vlt`gp b`ig fgwgo pltr` kgpgt
k`euoacus kloago gbui`o`ui dj`b, ngag gagr clkug buegoa pgkg fgwgo pltr`
t`kgc tlrtutup jblh gbui`o`ui dj`b.
8. [liplbcgo clrtgs bgelb ygoa sukgh k`tub`s cjkl `sjbgt, ogig tgogigo `ogoa,
tgoaagb k`iubg`oyg cubtur, cjkl ogig plieugt cubtur, suielr fjotjh, kgo
`odjrigs` bg`o ygoa k`pgokgoa plrbu.
0. Bltgccgo fgwgo pltr` gtgu tgeuoa rlgcs` pgkg egc pbgst`c ygoa elr`s` g`r
slt`oaa` curgoa ble`h 7 fi kgo cliuk`go bltgccgo egc pbgst`c tlrsleut kgbgi
rugoa cubtur.

7=. ]loagigtgo kgpgt k`bgcucgo slt`gp hgr` kgo k`fgtgt cgpgo spjrg iubg`
elrclfgiegh kgo hgb-hgb bg`o ygoa tlrngk` slbgig plieugtgo cubtur.
77. ]liupucgo k`bgcucgo kloago iloy`rgi bgrutgo hgrg elrcgkgr ] rlokgh kgo
O t`oaa`, i`sgboyg h`pjolcs ilrgh (7 a plr 5 B g`r) kloago plr`jkl 7 i`oaau
5 cgb` (i`sgboyg slt`gp Vlo`o kgo Cgi`s gtgu 7 i`oaau slcgb` kloago kjs`s 7
a plr B g`r.
75. ]ligoacgsgo k`bgcucgo 5 i`oaau gtgu sleubgo slcgb`, elragotuoa clpgkg
clr`ieuogo tgogigo. N`cg iloaauogcgo ]ulrgr`g, utgigcgo ilieugoa
subur-subur cgrlog kgpgt iloaagoaau ploagie`bgo cubtur. [unugo

pligoacgsgo gkgbgh uotuc ilrgoasgoa spjrubgs`.

K. ]lieghgsgo

]lieugtgo cubtur spjrg tuoaagb elrtunugo uotuc ilokgpgtcgo spjrg ygoa

elrgsgb kgr` sgtu nlo`s ygoa sgig. ]lieugtgo cubtur spjrg tuoaagb k`bgcucgo
tlrhgkgp alous spjrg ygoa slelbuioyg tlbgh k`bgcucgo `klot`d`cgs` pgkg
plolb`t`go slelbuioyg. ]lieugtgo cubtur spjrg tuoaagb k`bgcucgo kloago iltjkl
]ltr`k`sh Jeslrvgt`jo Fhgielr ([gi`o lt gbb. 5=75).
Cubtur trgpp`oa i`cjr`zg k`bgcucgo uotuc iliplregoygc pjpubgs` spjrg
i`cjr`zg ygoa tlrkgpgt k` kgbgi sgiplb tgogh kloago iloaauogcgo `ogoa
tgogigo ngauoa ygoa k`plb`hgrg slbgig t`ag eubgo. Vpjrg ygoa tlbgh elrcliegoa
kgo k`plregoygc kgbgi cubtur trgpp`oa tlrsleut slbgonutoyg k`auogcgo slegag`
`ojcubgo uotuc plieugtgo cubtur spjrg i`cjr`zg tuoaagb. \otuc iliplrjblh
spjrg i`cjr`zg, igs`oa-igs`oa sgiplb tgogh elri`cjr`zg kgr` cubtur trgpp`oa
k``sjbgs` kloago iltjkl wlt s`lv`oa (Qgbclr lt gb., 7085).
Hgoyg `ojcubgo i`cjr`zg kgr` pjt cubtur ygoa nuibgh spjrgoyg ililouh`
sygrgt uotuc k`plregoygc ygoa kgpgt k`bgonutcgo uotuc k`plregoygc cliegb`
kgbgi cubtur plregoygcgo spjrg i`cjr`zg tuoaagb. Vygrgt nuibgh spjrg ygoa bgygc
uotuc k`cliegoacgo cliegb` slegag` suielr `ojcubgo cubtur i`cjr`zg tuoaagb
gkgbgh ygoa nuibghoyg 1=7== spjrg kgbgi 6= a tgogh/ilk`g cubtur
(Klbv`go, 5==4).
Elrkgsgrcgo plrgct`cui ygoa tlbgh k`bgcucgo prjsls cubturr spjrg tuoaagb
k`bgcucgo kloago fgrg iloa`s` fgwgo pltr`c kloago ilk`g zljb`k cliuk`go
ilieugt cjgcgo kgo ilbltgcgo tgogigo, bgbu cliuk`go tgogigo k`elr`cgo spjrg
pgkg gcgroyg kgo k`euoacus
k`euoacus kloago iloaauogcgo gbui`o`ui dj`b.

L. Cls`ipubgo

Gkgpuo cls`ipubgo pgkg prgct`cui `o` yg`tu plieugtgo cubtur spjrg

tuoaagb k`bgcucgo tlrhgkgp alous spjrg ygoa slelbuioyg tlbgh k`bgcucgo
`klot`d`cgs`. ]lieugtgo cubtur spjrg tuoaagb k`bgcucgo kloago iltjkl ]ltr`k`sh
Jeslrvgt`jo Fhgielr.
 KGD[GU ]\V[GCG

Klbv`go, 5==4. Cjblcs` @sjbgt Flokgwgo I`cjr`zg Greuscubg gsgb ]gotg`

(Cgryg [ub`s). Nurusgo Clhutgogo Dgcubtgs ]lrtgo`go \o`vlrs`tgs
Vuigtlrg \tgrg. Ilkgo.
[gi`o, U. ]., Oursgot` kgo Gbegyuk`. 5=75. @klot`d`cgs` Nlo`s kgo ]lregoygcgo
Lokji`cjr`zg Bjcgb K` Hutgo Cgipus \o`vlrs`tgs Ngie`. Tjb. 7;, Oj. 5
(;6-;4).

Qgbclr F
F.,
., F.Q.
F.Q. I`zl
I`zl kgo H.V. Ifogee Nr., 7085.
7085. ]jpubgt`jo jd lokjajogflus
gt twj bjfgt`jo `o Flotrgb @jwg. Fgogk`go N. jd Ejt 4=> 5<78-5<50.