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Chapter 7 Middle Childhood
Section 1 Physical Development .................................................................................. 648

Test Item File .............................................................................................................. 648
Multiple Choice Questions ..................................................................................... 648
Short Answer Questions ......................................................................................... 675
Essay Questions ...................................................................................................... 676
Section 2 Cognitive Development ................................................................................ 678
Test Item File .............................................................................................................. 678
Essay Questions ...................................................................................................... 709
Section 3 Emotional and Social Development ............................................................ 711
Test Item File .............................................................................................................. 711
Essay Questions ...................................................................................................... 747
Section 4 Revel Multiple Choice Assessment Questions ............................................ 749
646
TOTAL
ASSESSMENT Chapter 7-Section 1
GUIDE Middle Childhood
Learning Objective Remember Understand Apply

Learning Objective 7.1 Multiple Choice 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 9, 13, 6, 11, 16, 18, 19 7, 10, 12, 15, 17
14, 20
Short Answer 90
Essay
Learning Objective 7.2 Multiple Choice 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 21, 24, 31, 33, 34, 35, 23, 36
30, 32 37
Short Answer
Essay 95
Learning Objective 7.3 Multiple Choice 38, 42, 43, 45, 46, 47, 39, 40, 41, 48, 49, 50, 44, 52, 55, 58, 65, 69
51, 56, 68, 70, 71, 72, 53, 54, 57, 59, 60, 61,
74 62, 63, 64, 66, 67, 73
Short Answer 91 92
Essay
Learning Objective 7.4 Multiple Choice 75, 77, 79, 80, 81, 82, 78, 86, 87 76, 84
83, 85, 88, 89
Short Answer 93 94
Essay 96
Revel Multiple Choice Multiple Choice
Assessment Questions
647
Chapter 7, Section 1 Test Item File
Section 1 Physical Development
Test Item File
Multiple Choice Questions
1. In middle childhood, physical growth continues at a slow but steady pace. How many
inches per year does the average child gain in height during this time?
a. 2 to 3 inches
b. 5 to 6 inches
c. 8 to 9 inches
d. 11 to 12 inches
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 290
Skill: F
Learning Objective: 7.1
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Remember
2. In middle childhood, physical growth continues at a slow but steady pace. How many
pounds per year does the average child gain in weight during this time?
a. 2 to 4 pounds
b. 5 to 7 pounds
c. 7 to 9 pounds
d. 10 to 12 pounds
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 290
Skill: F
3. During which of the following time periods of life are boys and girls most likely to be the
slimmest?
a. infancy
b. middle childhood
c. adolescence
d. late childhood
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 290
Skill: F
% correct 81 a= 0 b= 81 c= 13 d= 6 r = .79
648
4. What is the measure of the ratio of weight to height called?

a. growth index
b. body fat index
c. body mass index
d. W-H index
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 290
Skill: F
5. ____ is a measure of the ratio of weight to height.

a. Body growth scale
b. Body mass index
c. Progressive development index
d. Physiological rating
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 290
Skill: F
6. Children during middle childhood can run faster and longer. What allows children to
achieve these results during this time in the lifespan?
a. The heart grows 80% larger during this time.
Incorrect. Lung capacity leads to better endurance during this time in the lifespan.
b. Competition leads to increased willingness to put forth more effort.
c. Cognitive desire increases.
d. Lung capacity expands.
Correct. Lung capacity leads to better endurance during this time in the lifespan.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Page: 291
Skill: C
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand
7. When he was 6 years old, Perry used to chase his older brother, Marcus, in the backyard,
but got winded sooner than Marcus did. Now that Perry is a 9-year-old, he can run faster
and longer than ever before and has less trouble keeping up with Marcus’s pace. This is a
result of increased ____ in middle childhood.
a. lung capacity
Correct. Beyond physical and neurological growth, increased lung capacity helps Perry
to run faster.
b. fine motor movement
Incorrect. Children run faster and longer over the course of middle childhood, as lung
capacity expands.
c. flexibility
d. myopic vision
649
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 291
Skill: A
Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
8. From ages 6 to 12 years, how many primary teeth do children lose?

a. a quarter of them
b. half of them
c. three-quarters
d. all of them
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 291
Skill: F
9. How many primary teeth do children have?

a. 10
b. 20
c. 30
d. 40
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 291
Skill: F
10. Your sister has an 8-year-old who seems to be losing his teeth at a rapid pace. This is her
first child and she is concerned. What would you tell her? From age 6 to 12 years,
children ____.
a. lose all of their primary teeth—this is normal
Correct. From age 6 to 12, children lose all 20 of their primary teeth and new,
permanent teeth replace them.
b. lose some of their teeth, but at a very slow rate
c. do not lose any teeth—she needs to consult a dentist immediately
Incorrect. From age 6 to 12, children lose all 20 of their primary teeth and new,
permanent teeth replace them.
d. only lose the front few teeth
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 291
Skill: A
650
11. Hearing improves in middle childhood because the tube in the inner ear that is often the
site of ear infections in toddlerhood and early childhood has now matured to be longer
and narrower than it was before. How does this help with ear infections?
a. The tympanic membrane becomes less permeable.
b. It allows the immune system to concentrate its efforts on this area.
c. Children develop immunity to the bacteria that cause ear infections during this
time.
Incorrect. Because the tube in the inner ear is longer and narrower than it was before,
less fluid containing bacteria is transferred from the mouth to the ear, which in turn
makes inner ear infections less likely.
d. Less bacteria-containing fluid flows from the mouth to the ear.
Correct. Because the tube in the inner ear is longer and narrower than it was before, less
fluid containing bacteria is transferred from the mouth to the ear, which in turn makes
inner ear infections less likely.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Page: 291
Skill: C
12. Your 4-year-old niece has inner ear infections fairly often. What is a bit of good news
that you could tell her mother? In middle childhood, ____.
a. she will have more ear infections, but the infections build a stronger immune
system
b. she will have fewer ear infections, and the earlier infections might lead to
improved hearing later
c. changes in the ear will help children become better listeners
Incorrect. Because the tube in the inner ear is longer and narrower than it was before,
less fluid containing bacteria is transferred from the mouth to the ear, which in turn
makes inner ear infections less likely.
d. changes in the ear will result in fewer ear infections
Correct. Because the tube in the inner ear is longer and narrower than it was before, less
fluid containing bacteria is transferred from the mouth to the ear, which in turn makes
inner ear infections less likely.
Answer D
Difficulty: 3
Page: 291
Skill: A
13. What term describes nearsightedness?

a. myopia
b. presbycusis
c. hyperopia
d. protanopia
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 291
Skill: F
651

14. Myopia is also known as ____.

a. farsightedness
b. nearsightedness
c. binocular vision
d. monocular vision
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 291
Skill: F
15. Your sister came home from a pediatrician’s visit with your 9-year-old nephew and was
very worried because the doctor told her that your nephew has myopia. She was also very
unhappy because the pediatrician failed to give her medication to treat it. What would
you tell her about myopia?
a. It simply means nearsightedness.
Correct. Myopia is nearsightedness.
b. It is an intense fungal infection of the sclera.
c. It results in permanent retinal damage.
Incorrect. Myopia is nearsightedness.
d. It is a disease of the eye that occurs only in children with cancer.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 291
Skill: A
16. What is a factor that can lead to children developing nearsightedness?

a. reading
Correct. Reading, writing, and using computers often are factors that can lead to
children developing myopia.
b. watching movies
Incorrect. Reading, writing, and using computers often are factors that can lead to
children developing myopia.
c. bird watching
d. batting at the batting cage
Answer A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 291
Skill: C
17. Your sister is happy that your niece loves to read and she reads constantly. What is a
potential problem that can occur as a function of reading?
a. hyperopia
652
Incorrect. Reading is associated with nearsightedness—myopia.

b. protanopia
c. myopia
Correct. Reading is associated with nearsightedness—myopia.
d. retinopathy
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 291
Skill: A
18. Myopia is more likely to occur in _____, as it is positively correlated with _____.
a. developed countries; reading, writing, and using computers
Correct. The rate of nearsightedness is higher in developed countries, and the problem is
more likely to occur when the rate of reading, writing, and the use of computers
increases.
b. developing countries; reading, writing, and using computers
Incorrect. Myopia is a problem that is more likely to occur in developed countries than in
developing countries. The more children read, write, and use computers, the more likely
they are to develop myopia.
c. developed countries; hunting, farming, and gathering
d. developing countries; hunting, farming, and gathering
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 291
Skill: C
% correct 88 a= 88 b= 0 c= 0 d= 13 r = .55
19. Which of the following pairs has the highest concordance rate for myopia?
a. monozygotic twins in a developed nation
Correct. Myopia being partly genetic and partly environmental, monozygotic twins in a
developed nation are more likely to have a closer concordance rate.
b. monozygotic twins in a developing nation
c. dizygotic twins in a developed nation
d. dizygotic twins in a developing nation
Incorrect. Myopia is a problem that is more likely to occur in developing countries than
in developing countries, and in MZ twins more than DZ twins since it is also partly
genetic.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 291
Skill: C
20. According to Mutti et al. (2002), what percentage of children in developed countries need
glasses by the end of middle childhood?
a. 15%
653
b. 25%
c. 35%
d. 45%
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 291
Skill: F
21. Improvements in _____ in middle childhood allow a child to stay steady on a bike
without training wheels or walk on a board across a river.
a. balance
Correct. Improved balance is one of many physical abilities that further develop during
middle childhood.
b. strength
c. hand-eye coordination
Incorrect. From early to middle childhood, children’s balance improves, allowing them
to stay steady on a bike without training wheels or walk on a board across a river.
d. reaction time
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 291
Skill: C
22. Agility is ____.

a. synchronization of different body parts
b. moving quickly and precisely
c. a response to changing information
d. the ability to manage equilibrium
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 291
Skill: F
23. At age 7, Felix is a much better soccer player than he was at age 4. Not only is he a fast
runner but he can dribble the soccer ball down the field by alternating right-foot, left-foot
kicks. He can also fake out defenders by pretending to kick the ball with his right foot but
actually using his left foot. Felix’s improvement in soccer illustrates growth in which of
the following areas?
a. balance
b. agility
Correct. Agility is the ability to move quickly and precisely.
c. reaction time
Incorrect. Agility is the ability to move quickly and precisely.
d. strength
Answer: B
654
Difficulty: 3
Page: 291
Skill: A
24. Development in what allows children in middle childhood to respond rapidly to changing
information, like hitting a tennis ball or catching a baseball?
a. reaction time
Correct. Improvements in reaction time allow children to respond rapidly to changing
information, for example when hitting a tennis ball over the net or when catching or
hitting a baseball.
b. eye-hand coordination
Incorrect. Improvements in reaction time allow children to respond rapidly to changing
information, for example when hitting a tennis ball over the net or when catching or
hitting a baseball.
c. myelination
d. muscular virility
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 291
Skill: C
25. ____ is the ability to move quickly and precisely, whereas ____ is the response to
changing information.
a. Agility; reaction time
b. Reaction time; agility
c. Coordination; strength
d. Strength; coordination
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 291
Skill: F
26. In the United States, ____% of boys and ____% of girls between 5–18 years of age are
involved in organized sports.
a. 25; 75
b. 52; 66
c. 66; 52
d. 75; 25
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 292
Skill: F
655
27. What percentage of American middle school children in 1969 participated in daily
physical education?
a. 80%
b. 60%
c. 40%
d. 20%
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 292
Skill: F
28. In the United States in 1969, 80% of children were involved in daily physical education
programs. What was the percentage in 2005?
a. 8%
b. 24%
c. 56%
d. 80%
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 292
Skill: F
29. In the U.S., the percentage of children involved in daily physical education programs
during middle childhood decreased from ____ in 1969 to just ____ in 2005.
a. 80%; 8%
b. 70%; 7%
c. 60%; 6%
d. 50%; 5%
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 292
Skill: F
30. Not many 3- or 4-year-olds can ____ successfully, but nearly all ____-year-olds can.
a. tie their shoe; 8–9
b. kick a ball; 5–6
c. pet a dog; 8–9
d. run and jump; 6–7
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 293
Skill: F
656
31. In many developing countries, children become valuable as factory workers in middle
childhood because of their ____.
a. ability to perform gross motor tasks such threading a needle on a sewing machine
Incorrect. In many developing countries, children become valuable as factory workers in
middle childhood because of their ability to perform intricate fine motor skills such as
weaving rugs.
b. cognitive ability to perform complex conceptual tasks such as designing products
c. emotional stability, because some adult factory employees are hot-tempered
d. ability to perform intricate fine motor tasks such as weaving rugs
Correct. Smaller, agile, and nimble fingers tend to be beneficial in the factories of
developing nations.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Page: 293
Skill: C
32. Across cultures, advances in fine motor development are especially evident in two
areas—what are they?
a. throwing and catching
b. drawing and writing
c. jumping and hopping
d. walking backwards and rolling
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 293
Skill: F
33. Which of the following fine motor tasks is within the appropriate developmental age
range for a 6-year-old?
a. writing the letters of the alphabet, their name, and numbers from 1 to 10
Correct. The fine motor skills of a 6-year-old have developed to a point to where they can
write the alphabet, their name, and 1–10.
b. writing complete sentences, reading a 2nd-grade level book, and spelling words
such as “hippopotamus”
c. running a 4-minute mile, jumping over hurdles, and dribbling a soccer ball
d. writing in cursive, drawing in three-dimensional shapes, and using symbolism in
storytelling
Incorrect. By age 6, most children are able to write the letters of the alphabet, their own
names, and numbers from 1 to 10.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 293
Skill: C
34. 6-year-olds can ____, whereas 8-year-olds can ____.
657
a. divide numbers in their head; add numbers in their head

b. add numbers in their head; divide numbers in their head
c. write in cursive; write letters of the alphabet
Incorrect. By age 6, most children are able to write the letters of the alphabet, their own
names, and numbers from 1 to 10. By age 8 or 9, most children can learn to write in
cursive.
d. write letters of the alphabet; write in cursive
Correct. Fine motor skills have developed to a point to where they can a can write the
alphabet; by age 8, it has developed to where they can write in cursive.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 293
Skill: C
35. By the end of middle childhood, what abilities have nearly reached adult maturity?
a. gross motor skills
Incorrect. By the end of middle childhood, fine motor abilities have nearly reached adult
maturity, whereas gross motor development will continue to advance for many years to
come.
b. psycho-motor skills
c. vestibular-motor skills
d. fine motor skills
Correct. By the end of middle childhood, fine motor abilities have nearly reached adult
come.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 293
Skill: C
36. Your brother was an All-American baseball shortstop. His 8-year-old son is not nearly as
good at catching a baseball as your brother would like. He was hoping that your nephew
would also be interested in and good at baseball. Although you think that your brother
should support his son’s interests rather than have your nephew pursue what your brother
wants him to do, what can you tell your brother about his son’s athletic abilities?
a. Gross motor skills continue to develop for quite a while, he should be patient.
Correct. Gross motor development continues to advance for many years to come after
middle childhood.
b. His son is probably not going to be athletic. He is too clumsy.
Incorrect. Gross motor development continues to advance for many years to come after
middle childhood.
c. Perhaps your brother should enroll his son in gymnastics to help him improve his
coordination.
d. His son’s chance of being a great baseball player are doomed. Your nephew’s
fine motor skills seem to be abnormal.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
658
Page: 293
Skill: A
37. Generally, by the end of middle childhood the fine motor abilities have ____, whereas
gross motor development ____.
a. remained the same; has grown exponentially
b. reached their pinnacle; grew very little
Incorrect. By the end of middle childhood, fine motor abilities have nearly reached adult
come.
c. nearly reached adult maturity; will continue to advance for many years to come
Correct. By the end of middle childhood, fine motor abilities have nearly reached adult
come.
d. tripled in strength; has declined rapidly
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 293
Skill: C
38. When are children less vulnerable to the effects of malnutrition?

a. infancy
b. early childhood
c. middle childhood
d. adolescence
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 294
Skill: F
39. As compared to earlier times, physical development during middle childhood is best
described as:
a. “Bodies are stronger and immune systems are better developed.”
Correct. Body strength and a better developed immune system contribute to a higher rate
of survival during middle childhood.
b. “Bodies are much more susceptible to disease and illness.”
c. “Bodies are much pudgier with a higher body mass index.”
d. “Bodies are much weaker and immune systems are stressed and taxed.”
Incorrect. In middle childhood, bodies are stronger and more resilient, and immune
systems are better developed.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 294
Skill: C
659

% correct 100 a= 100 b= 0 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00
40. Barrett and Frank (1987) studied children from Guatemala who were classified as having
high nutrient levels or low nutrient levels. Compared to children with low nutrient levels,
children with high nutrient levels were ____.
a. more likely to explore and to persist in a frustrating situation
Correct. Children who were classified in early childhood as having high nutrient levels
were more likely than children with low nutrient levels to explore new environments in
middle childhood and to persist in a frustrating situation. They were also more energetic,
less anxious, and showed more positive emotion.
b. likely to cling to their mothers more
Incorrect. Children who were classified in early childhood as having high nutrient levels
middle childhood and to persist in a frustrating situation. They were also more energetic,
less anxious, and showed more positive emotion.
c. significantly more anxious
d. less likely to be energetic
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 294
Skill: C
41. In a Guatemalan study that examined nutrition and development, children who were
classified as having ____ were more likely than children with ____ to explore new
environments in middle childhood and persist in a frustrating situation.
a. low body mass index; high body mass index
b. high body mass index; low body mass index
Incorrect. Children who were classified in early childhood as having high nutrient levels
middle childhood and to persist in a frustrating situation.
c. low nutrient levels; high nutrient levels
d. high nutrient levels; low nutrient levels
Correct. From this study it was clear that higher nutritional levels led to a greater degree
of exploration and positive emotions; physiological development correlates to stronger
cognitive and social measures.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 294
Skill: C
42. Children are considered to be overweight if they ____.

a. eat more than 2,000 calories a day
b. fail to exercise for more than 30 minutes per day
c. have a BMI that exceeds 18
d. have 20% or more body fat
Answer: C
660
Difficulty: 2
Page: 295
Skill: F
43. Children are considered to be obese if they ____.

a. eat more than 4,000 calories a day
b. fail to exercise for more than 10 minutes per day
c. have a BMI that exceeds 21
d. have 40% or more body fat
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 295
Skill: F
44. Your little brother, who is 8 years old, has gained a lot of weight over the past couple of
years and your parents are concerned. At his annual physical exam, the doctor indicated
that he had a BMI of 23. This means that your brother ____.
a. is obese
Correct. A BMI of 23 for children this age indicates obesity.
b. is overweight
Incorrect. A BMI of 23 for children this age indicates obesity.
c. is of normal weight
d. is actually underweight for his age
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 295
Skill: A
45. Children are considered to be ____ if their BMI exceeds 18 and ____ if their BMI
exceeds 21.
a. overweight; obese
b. obese; overweight
c. underweight; emaciated
d. emaciated; underweight
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 295
Skill: F
46. Across countries, rates of overweight and obesity are highest in the most ____ regions
and lowest in the ____ regions.
a. affluent; poorest
b. poorest; affluent
661
c. largest; smallest
d. smallest; largest
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 295
Skill: F
% correct 75 a= 75 b= 0 c= 19 d= 6 r = .25
47. In the U.S., rates of overweight and obesity are higher in ____.
a. ethnic minority groups
b. high income families
c. first-generation families
d. White American families
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 295
Skill: F
48. According to Ogden et al. (2014), ________ have the highest rates of childhood obesity.
a. White males
b. African American females
c. Latino males
d. Asian American males
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 295
Skill: C
49. According to Ogden et al. (2014), ________ have the lowest rates of childhood obesity.
a. White males
b. African American females
c. Latino males
d. Asian American females
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Page: 295
Skill: C
50. According to Fryar et al. (2012), there has been a ________ of childhood obesity rates in
the U.S. since 2005–2006.
a. slight increase
b. sharp increase
c. slight decrease
662
d. sharp decrease
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 295
Skill: C
51. Which of the following changes is the largest contributor to the increased rate of
overweight and obese children?
a. dietary change
b. genetic change
c. chromosomal change
d. biological change
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 295
Skill: F
52. You are a single parent of two children who are 7 and 9 years old. You have noticed that
both of them are starting to look like they are gaining weight. According to the text, what
is the most important thing that you can do to ensure that they will not become
overweight or obese?
a. prepare healthy foods for meals
Correct. Rates of overweight and obesity are rising because more and more parents have
become less likely to prepare meals at home and more likely to buy meals away from
home, especially “fast foods” that are high in fat content.
b. never let them eat desserts
Incorrect. Rates of overweight and obesity are rising because more and more parents
have become less likely to prepare meals at home and more likely to buy meals away
from home, especially “fast foods” that are high in fat content.
c. increase their activity levels
d. allow them to snack while playing video games
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 295
Skill: A
53. As a contributor to the ____ rate of obesity, over recent decades people have become
____ likely to prepare meals at home and ____ likely to buy meals away from home.
a. increased; less; more
Correct. The rate of obesity has increased; dietary behaviors such as eating out have
been isolated as a contributing factor.
b. increased; more; less
Incorrect. The most important contribution to the rise in childhood obesity is the change
in diets. Over recent decades people have become less likely to prepare meals at home
663
and more likely to buy meals away from home, especially “fast foods” that are high in fat
content.
c. decreased; less; more
d. decreased; more; less
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 295
Skill: C
54. Why are the rates of overweight and obese children in developing countries rising?
a. There is a worldwide shortage of protein.
Incorrect. Rates of overweight and obesity are rising in the populations of developing
countries in part because their diets are becoming more like the diets of people in
developed countries—fewer healthy, home-cooked meals and more “fast foods” that are
high in fat content.
b. Their children are becoming lazy.
c. Their diets are becoming more like the diets of developed countries.
Correct. Rates of overweight and obesity are rising in the populations of developing
developed countries—fewer healthy, home-cooked meals and more “fast foods” that are
high in fat content.
d. They are also acquiring the technology to play games on the Internet for hours.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 295
Skill: C
55. You and your roommate are having a discussion of the “Westernization” of many
developing countries. You are concerned about the ill effects of some of Western culture.
In terms of the healthy weight of children in developing countries, why would you be
concerned about the potential changes in their diets that can come with Westernization?
Children in developing countries ____.
a. can now get pre-packaged Western foods that contain precisely the nutrients that
they require
Incorrect. Rates of overweight and obesity are rising in the populations of developing
developed countries—fewer healthy, home-cooked meals and more “fast foods” high in
fat content.
b. require that their diets contain fluoride because of the great risk of tooth decay
c. need extra calories to be healthy and Western diets are not sufficient
d. are eating more unhealthy foods as a result of Western diets
Correct. Rates of overweight and obesity are rising in the populations of developing
developed countries—fewer healthy, home-cooked meals and more “fast foods” high in
fat content.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
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Page: 295
Skill: A
56. In a longitudinal study that followed a sample of American children from age 4 to 11,
TV-watching predicted gains in ____.
a. body fat
b. academic scores
c. cognitive ability
d. socioemotional maturity
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 295
Skill: F
% correct 100 a= 100 b= 0 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00
57. In a longitudinal study, Proctor et al. (2003) found that children who watched at least
three hours of television a day ____.
a. gained 40% more body fat than those who watched less than 1.5 hours a day
Correct. The study found that children who watched at least three hours of television a
day gained 40% more body fat than children who watched less than 1.5 hours a day.
b. earned better grades than those who watched less than 1.5 hours a day
Incorrect. The study found that children who watched at least three hours of television a
day gained 40% more body fat than children who watched less than 1.5 hours a day.
c. increased their reaction time scores by 35% compared to children who watched
less than 1.5 hours a day
d. were more likely to develop Type II diabetes than children who watched less
than 1.5 hours a day
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 295
Skill: C
58. Your brother was happy to report to you that your 7-year-old niece and 8-year-old
nephew both watch about three hours of educational television per day. He is convinced
that this is a great way for his children to learn additional information that is not
presented in school. What do you think? Your niece and nephew are likely to ____.
a. develop technical skills that other children their ages do not possess
b. skip a grade level soon
Incorrect. Proctor et al. found that children who watched at least three hours of
television a day gained 40% more body fat than children who watched less than 1.5
hours a day.
c. be on their way to becoming overweight or obese
Correct. Proctor et al. found that children who watched at least three hours of television
a day gained 40% more body fat than children who watched less than 1.5 hours a day.
d. be two of the smartest children at their schools
665
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 295
Skill: A
59. In a longitudinal study that followed a sample of American children from age 4 to 11,
TV-watching predicted gains in body fat. The study found that these were ____.
a. positively correlated—as TV consumption increased, body fat increased
Correct. The longitudinal study by Roberts and Foehr (2004) illustrated a positive
correlation between TV consumption and body fat.
b. negatively correlated—as TV consumption increased, body fat decreased
c. uncorrelated—there is no relationship between TV consumption and body fat
d. neutrally correlated—as TV consumption increased, body fat remained the same
Incorrect. The study showed that children who watched at least 3 hours of TV a day
gained 40% more body fat than children who watched less than 1.5 hours a day.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 295
Skill: C
60. As children spend more time watching TV, they are more likely to be ____ and spend
less time ____.
a. overweight or obese; exercising
Correct. TV consumption is negatively correlated with exercise.
b. underweight or thin; using a computer
c. of average weight; reading
Incorrect. Studies have shown that the amount of television watching is positively
correlated to childhood obesity and negatively correlated with the amount of time spent
in physical exercise.
d. overweight or underweight; in school
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 295
Skill: C
61. Why are rates of overweight and obese children especially high among African American
and Latino children?
a. they have no place to play outside
b. they are genetically more likely to become overweight and obese
Incorrect. These children watch more television than other groups. Amount of time
viewing television is related to gaining body fat.
c. their mothers are less likely to prepare nutritious meals
d. they tend to watch the most television per day
Correct. These children watch more television than other groups. Amount of time viewing
television is related to gaining body fat.
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Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 295
Skill: C
62. What has research discovered regarding childhood obesity in children who were adopted?
Adopted children ____.
a. have BMIs that are more similar to their adoptive parents
b. are likely to have the same interest in sedentary games as their biological parents
Incorrect. Adopted children tend to have BMIs that are closer to their biological parents
than to their adoptive parents.
c. crave sweets and fats like their biological parents
d. have BMIs that are closer to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents
Correct. Adopted children tend to have BMIs that are closer to their biological parents
than to their adoptive parents.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 296
Skill: C
63. Adopted children tend to have a ____ that is closer to their ____ than to their ____.
a. BMI; biological parents; adoptive parents
Correct. Genetics has been shown to be a contributor to obesity; the closer the genetic
relationship, the greater the similarity.
b. BMI; adoptive parents; biological parents
Incorrect. Genetics make a contribution to obesity, as adopted children tend to have
BMIs that are closer to their biological parents than to their adoptive parents.
c. blood glucose level; biological parents; adoptive parents
d. blood glucose level; adoptive parents; biological parents
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 296
Skill: C
64. What can be said regarding the relationship between genetics and obesity?
a. Genetics provides only a risk for overweight and obesity, not a definite destiny.
Correct. Genetics cannot explain recent rises in obesity rates, as genetics provide only a
risk for overweight and obesity, not a definite destiny.
b. Genetics is destiny. If an individual has the FTO gene, he or she will become
obese.
Incorrect. Genetics cannot explain recent rises in obesity rates, as genetics provide only
a risk for overweight and obesity, not a definite destiny.
c. There really is no genetic relationship, only environment.
d. Eating sweets and carbs changes chromosomes so that the individual’s offspring
will have difficulties with obesity.
667
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 296
Skill: C
65. You have a friend whose parents are obese. Since he graduated from college, he has
devoted a significant amount of his efforts to doing well in his new job, leaving him with
less time to exercise and prepare healthy meals. Consequently, he has gained weight. He
is concerned that since he must have the FTO gene, he is doomed to be obese like his
parents. What would you tell him?
a. Genetics provides only a risk for overweight and obesity, not a definite destiny.
If he eats nutritious meals and begins to exercise, he should lose the weight.
Correct. Recent research has identified a specific gene, called FTO, that sharply
increases children’s risk for obesity. However, genetics provide only a risk for
overweight and obesity, not a definite destiny.
b. Genetics is destiny. He might as well not worry about becoming obese since he is
definitely going to be obese no matter what he does.
Incorrect. Recent research has identified a specific gene, called FTO, that sharply
increases children’s risk for obesity. However, genetics provide only a risk for
overweight and obesity, not a definite destiny.
c. His weight gain has nothing to do with his parents. There really is no genetic
relationship.
d. His parents must have eaten quite a bit of sweets and carbs before he was
conceived and he now has the genes for obesity.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 296
Skill: A
66. A compelling study of the Pima Indians in Arizona and Mexico was conducted. The Pima
Indians who live in Mexico continue to eat a diet that is high in vegetables and low in fat
and sugars, while the Pima Indians who live in Arizona eat more like mainstream
Americans. Which of the following best describes the result of this study?
a. The Mexican Pima Indians have a BMI that is 80% higher than the American
Pima Indians.
Incorrect. The American Pima Indians have an average BMI that is 50% higher than
their counterparts in Mexico.
b. The Mexican and American Pima Indians have equal BMIs.
c. The American Pima Indians have an average BMI that is 50% higher than the
Mexican Pima Indians.
Correct. The American Pima Indians have an average BMI that is 50% higher than their
counterparts in Mexico.
d. The study was a hoax to argue that eating a traditional diet was healthier, which
is not true.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 296
668
Skill: C
67. Socially, being obese ____ the likelihood that a child will be socially ____ and the object
of ____ by peers.
a. decreases; accepted; envy
Incorrect. Being obese increases the likelihood that a child will be socially excluded and
the object of ridicule by peers.
b. decreases; rejected; ridicule
c. increases; included; envy
d. increases; excluded; ridicule
Correct. Obese children tend to have a lower self-worth and more often are the target of
other children’s teasing.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Page: 296
Skill: C
% correct 85 a= 0 b= 8 c= 8 d= 85 r = .51
68. By middle childhood, obesity is a risk factor for ____.

a. not being popular in middle school
b. ADHD, primarily hyperactivity-impulsivity type
c. schizophrenia
d. a variety of emotional and behavior problems
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 296
Skill: F
% correct 63 a= 6 b= 13 c= 19 d= 63 r = .57
69. Your roommate believes that overweight children are happy children. What is the truth
about this myth?
a. Not only are they the happiest, they have the most friends.
Incorrect. Being obese increases the likelihood that a child will be socially excluded and
the object of ridicule by peers. By middle childhood, obesity is a risk factor for a variety
of emotional and behavioral problems.
b. Obese children, not overweight children, are the happiest children in most
cultures.
c. Overweight children are at risk for a variety of emotional and behavior problems.
Correct. Being obese increases the likelihood that a child will be socially excluded and
the object of ridicule by peers. By middle childhood, obesity is a risk factor for a variety
of emotional and behavioral problems.
d. Although overweight children tend to be happier compared to their peers, this is
only true in adolescence, not earlier in childhood.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
669
Page: 296
Skill: A
70. Even in middle childhood, obesity can result in ____.

a. diabetes
b. nephrosis
c. stroke
d. cardiac arrest
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 296
Skill: F
71. What percentage of children remain obese/overweight in adulthood?

a. 20%
b. 40%
c. 60%
d. 80%
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Page: 296
Skill: F
72. What are some of the health problems that obese adults have?
a. high blood pressure, heart attacks, and cancer
b. insomnia, incontinence, and bowel obstruction
c. halitosis, male pattern baldness, and trichophyton
d. chronic fever, hunger, and flatulence
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 296
Skill: F
73. Your brother and sister-in-law do not like to cook and neither one of them seems to have
a very good understanding of nutrition. Their 9-year-old son has a BMI of 24, but they
are not concerned because they feel that he will simply outgrow being obese. Why should
they be more concerned? As adults, overweight and obese individuals ____.
a. spend a considerable amount of their budget on fast food
b. are more likely to have high blood pressure, heart attacks, and cancer
Correct. The major risk factors for adults who are overweight or obese are high blood
pressure, heart attacks, and cancer.
c. are more likely to have ADHD
670
Incorrect. The major risk factors for adults who are overweight or obese are high blood
pressure, heart attacks, and cancer.
d. are more likely to be married to their jobs and ignore their families
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 296
Skill: A
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 100 c= 0 d= 0 r = .00
74. _____ of parents of obese children view their children as overweight.

a. 90 to 95%
b. 80 to 85%
c. 70 to 75%
d. Less than 50%
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 296
Skill: F
75. In developed and developing countries, middle childhood is ____.

a. the most dangerous period of life
b. the safest and healthiest time of life
c. a time when there is a spike in injury due to accidents
d. equal in safety to infancy and early childhood
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 296
Skill: F
76. Your sister constantly worries about your nephew, who is currently a toddler. She knows
that this is a time of important physical and behavioral development and worries that
every bump, bruise, or sniffle could negatively affect his future health and well-being.
What can you tell her as your nephew approaches middle childhood?
a. It is the safest and healthiest time of life.
Correct. Middle childhood is in many ways the safest, healthiest time of life.
b. She needs to be very careful because there is a spike in injury rates during this
time.
c. More children get sick and injured during this time than when they were younger.
Incorrect. Middle childhood is in many ways the safest, healthiest time of life.
d. Most children suffer no illnesses or injuries during this time.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 296
Skill: A
671
77. Which of the following stages of life has the lowest death rate?
a. infancy
b. late toddlerhood
c. middle childhood
d. early adolescence
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 296
Skill: F
78. During middle toddlerhood, more children have received ____ and their _____ stronger,
which contributes to a lower death rate.
a. vitamin B; lungs are
b. calcium; heart is
Incorrect. In both developed and developing countries, by middle childhood a great
proportion of children have received vaccinations against diseases. Even children who
have not received vaccinations are less susceptible to fatal diseases in middle childhood
than they were earlier in their development because their natural immune systems have
become stronger.
c. immunizations; immune system is
Correct. In both developed and developing countries, by middle childhood a great
proportion of children have received vaccinations against diseases. Even children who
have not received vaccinations are less susceptible to fatal diseases in middle childhood
than they were earlier in their development because their natural immune systems have
become stronger.
d. viral infections; muscles are
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 296
Skill: C
79. In 1978, nearly 30% of children aged 5 to 10 years had dangerously elevated levels of
lead in their blood, which can cause brain damage. What was the rate in 2001?
a. 1%
b. 11%
c. 21%
d. 31%
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 297
Skill: F
672
80. According to national U.S. studies, in 1978 nearly ____ of children ages 5–10 had
dangerously elevated levels of lead in their blood, which can cause brain damage; by
2001, the rate had fallen to ____.
a. 30%; 1%
b. 40%; 5%
c. 50%; 10%
d. 60%; 15%
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 297
Skill: F
81. ____ is a chronic illness of the lungs characterized by wheezing, coughing, and shortness
of breath.
a. Asthma
b. Eczema
c. Allergies
d. Psoriasis
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 297
Skill: F
82. An asthma attack can be triggered by ____.

a. an immunization
b. exercise or emotional stress
c. high levels of lead in gasoline
d. a genetic predisposition to heart disease
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 297
Skill: F
83. When are the rates of asthma the highest?

a. infancy
b. early childhood
c. middle childhood
d. adolescence
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 297
Skill: F
673
84. Your family has a history of asthma and allergies. Your brother is a smoker and he and
his wife have a 6-year-old son. What do you need to tell him regarding smoking and
asthma?
a. If he wants his child to have asthma, keep smoking.
Correct. Having a parent who smokes is a risk factor for a child to develop asthma.
b. Smoking will reduce the likelihood that his child will have asthma.
c. Although many people think that there is a link between smoking and asthma,
there is not.
d. Children of smoking parents have been found to have unusually strong lung
capacities.
Incorrect. Having a parent who smokes is a risk factor for a child to develop asthma.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 297
Skill: A
85. What is a risk factor associated with childhood asthma?

a. postmaturity at birth
b. high SES status
c. parental smoking
d. a BMI that is too low
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 297
Skill: F
86. Which of the following is not a risk factor for getting asthma?
a. low birth weight
b. emotional stress
c. living in poverty
d. genetics
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 297
Skill: C
87. Why are there higher rates of asthma in developing countries than there used to be?
a. air pollution
Correct. In developing countries, air pollution has become worse as a result of increased
industrialization, and air pollution can trigger asthma.
b. poor water quality
Incorrect. In developing countries, air pollution has become worse as a result of
increased industrialization, and air pollution can trigger asthma.
c. increased number of fast-food restaurants
d. living in close proximity to animals in rural areas
674
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 297
Skill: C
88. What ethnic group is especially likely to have childhood asthma?

a. Asian Americans
b. African Americans
c. Hispanic Americans
d. White Americans
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 297
Skill: F
89. What is the most common cause of injury in middle childhood?

a. sports-related injuries
b. accidental poisoning
c. bicycle accidents
d. automobile accidents
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 297
Skill: F
Short Answer Questions
90. What is myopia and what is one reason that it increases in middle childhood?
Answer: Myopia is nearsightedness. It is more common in developed countries and can be
caused by tasks that require perceiving details up close, such as reading (on a computer and
in books) and writing.
Page: 291
91. Based on research, is there a sensitive period for long-term effects of malnutrition? Provide an
example to support your response.
Answer: Yes, the sensitive period seems to be between the second trimester of pregnancy
through age 3. This is based on findings in poor countries comparing those who were
malnourished in early childhood to those who were not. The malnourished children scored
lower on cognitive tests and were higher in anxiety.
Page: 295
675
92. There are many obvious environmental influences on obesity; is there any evidence for a
genetic/biological explanation? Use research evidence to support your answer.
Answer: Yes, genetics plays a role. MZ twins show higher concordance rates for obesity
than do DZ twins. Children who were adopted are more like their biological parents in
weight than their adoptive parents. There is evidence for a specific gene that increases risk
of obesity.
Page: 295–296
93. What are two risk factors for asthma?

Answer: Being male, low birth weight, having a parent who smokes, obesity, African
American heritage are risk factors.
Page: 297
94. Explain why asthma rates have continued to rise over time in developed and developing
countries?
Answer: The hygiene hypothesis—being so clean that the immune system does not develop
properly—is one explanation for increases in developed countries. The rise in pollution as a
result of modernization is an explanation for the rise in developing countries.
Page: 297
Essay Questions
95. Imagine that you asked a 3-year-old and a 7-year-old from a developed country to draw a
picture of herself. Besides the older child being neater, what are three differences you would see?
Answer: The older child will draw with greater detail (showing facial features, multiple
colored clothing, various items in the background), the proportions will be more accurate,
and sand depth cues will be used.
Page: 293
96. Overall, how would researchers characterize the period of middle childhood in terms of health
and safety? Explain, using at least one example to address illness and one to address injuries.
Answer: Middle childhood is considered the healthiest and safest time of life and mortality
rates are lowest during this developmental period. In both developed and developing
countries, rates of illness are lower due to stronger immune systems, even among those who
are not vaccinated. Injury rates are also lower than they were earlier because of better
motor skills and better judgment that comes with more sophisticated cognitive
development. They are also less likely to get involved in risky situations than they will in
adolescence because they have less freedom than they will in their teen years.
Page: 296–297 Learning Objective: 7.4 Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
676
TOTAL
Learning Objective 7.5 Multiple Choice 2, 5, 7, 9 1, 3, 4, 8 6
Short Answer
Essay 110
Learning Objective 7.6 Multiple Choice 10, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 12, 13, 15, 22, 29, 30, 11, 14, 24, 28, 35, 36,
21, 23, 25, 26, 27, 31, 41, 42, 44 38
32, 33, 34, 37, 39, 40,
43
Short Answer 105 106 107
Essay 111
Learning Objective 7.7 Multiple Choice 46, 47, 49, 50, 53, 55, 45, 51, 52, 54, 57, 61, 48, 66, 71
56, 58, 59, 60, 62, 64, 63
65, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72
Short Answer 108
Essay
Learning Objective 7.8 Multiple Choice 73, 74, 75
Short Answer
Essay
Learning Objective 7.9 Multiple Choice 76, 78, 81, 82, 83 77, 79 80
Short Answer
Essay
Learning Objective 7.10 Multiple Choice 86, 88, 89, 90, 91, 94 84, 85, 87, 92, 93 100
Short Answer
Essay
Learning Objective 7.11 Multiple Choice 95, 96, 98, 99, 101, 97 100
102, 103, 104
Short Answer 109
Essay
677
Section 2 Cognitive Development

Test Item File
1. In Piaget’s view, children ages 2–6 are most notable cognitively for what they cannot do,
such as ____.
a. coordinating senses with motor activities
b. using language to assist with thoughts
Incorrect. Children ages 2–6 cannot perform mental operations.
c. performing mental operations
Correct. Hence the name preoperational—children ages 2–6 cannot perform mental
operations.
d. using images to create mental representations
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 300
Skill: C
2. Around ____, children make an important cognitive advance toward becoming more
systematic and logical thinkers.
a. age 5
b. age 7
c. age 9
d. age 11
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 300
Skill: F
3. Piaget termed the cognitive stage from age 7 to 11 the stage of concrete operations.
During this stage, children become capable of ____.
a. object permanence
b. thinking abstractly and hypothetically
Incorrect. During the concrete operations stage, children become capable of using
mental operations.
c. using mental operations
Correct. Age 7 is the beginning stage of concrete operations.
d. examining the world scientifically
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 300
Skill: C
678
4. During this stage, Piaget proposes, children become capable of using mental operations,
which allow them to organize and manipulate information mentally instead of relying on
physical and sensory associations.
a. sensorimotor
b. preoperations
c. concrete operations
Correct. Mental operations are the hallmark of stage 3, concrete operations.
d. formal operations
Incorrect. During the concrete operations stage, children become capable of using
mental operations, which allow them to organize and manipulate information mentally
instead of relying on physical and sensory associations.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 294
Skill: C
5. According to Piaget, the advances of concrete operations are evident in new abilities for
performing tasks of ____.
a. the development of motor skills and hand-eye coordination
b. egocentrism, animism, and language development
c. conservation, classification, and seriation
d. hypothetical, deductive reasoning, and hypothesis testing
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 300
Skill: F
6. Ashton is shown two round balls of clay equal in size. He watches as the experimenter
rolls one ball into a long sausage shape and asks which of the shapes has more clay. If
Ashton is in Piaget’s preoperational stage he will reply, ____.
a. “the long one”
Correct. At the preoperational stage, the child is still centered and lacks reversibility;
therefore, they fail the law of conservation task.
b. “they are both the same”
Incorrect. The properational child usually answers “the long one,” mistaking a change
in shape for a change in quantity because they lack the ability to perform decentering
and reversibility.
c. “the ball”
d. “I can’t tell”
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 300
Skill: A
679
7. ____ is the ability to sort objects or events that share common characteristics into the
same class.
a. Decentering
b. Reversibility
c. Classification
d. Seriation
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 300
Skill: F
8. Even young children are able to classify objects or events that share common
characteristics into the same class, such as brown dogs, but they run into problems when
they have to __________.
a. arrange them in logical order
b. complete a mental operation to complete the classification
c. focus on reversibility
d. focus on parallelism
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 300
Skill: C
9. What is the ability to arrange things in a logical order called?

a. parallelism
b. seriation
c. conservation
d. decentering
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 300
Skill: F
10. What two advances occur during middle childhood in information processing abilities?
a. visual scanning and search routines
b. attention and memory
c. motivation and diligence
d. decentering and critical processing
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 302
Skill: F
680
11. Your sister-in-law is amazed at her 9-year-old son. She can remember when her son was
not able to sit and listen to a story for very long and now he is able to listen intently and
remember the story in very good detail. What two advances occur during middle
childhood in information processing abilities that assist with his newly developed
abilities?
a. visual scanning and search routines
b. attention and memory
Correct. In middle childhood, children become more capable of focusing their attention
on relevant information and disregarding what is irrelevant. Children’s working memory
also enlarges.
c. motivation and diligence
Incorrect. In middle childhood, children become more capable of focusing their attention
on relevant information and disregarding what is irrelevant. Children’s working memory
also enlarges.
d. decentering and critical processing
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 302
Skill: A
% correct 38 a= 13 b= 38 c= 38 d= 13 r = .17
12. ____, individuals become more capable of focusing their attention on relevant
information and disregarding what is irrelevant.
a. In early childhood
b. In middle childhood
Correct. As they enter formal school, attention becomes especially important.
c. In early teenage years
on relevant information and disregarding what is irrelevant, an ability termed selective
attention.
d. In late teenage years
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 302
Skill: C
13. In middle childhood, children become more capable of focusing their attention on
relevant information and ____, which is called ____.
a. disregarding what is irrelevant; selective attention
attention.
b. listening to teachers; discriminant attention
attention.
c. critical processing; selective attention
681
d. subliminal information processing; focused attention

Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 302
Skill: C
14. You are in your first year of teaching fourth grade. There is quite a bit of remodeling
going on at your school, which creates a fair amount of noise. You are amazed at how
well your students are able to pay attention to what you are saying. You remember your
developmental course and recall that children in middle childhood more capable of
focusing their attention because they are able to ____.
a. disregard what is irrelevant
attention.
b. get distracted easier
c. be more critical processing information
attention.
d. process information at the sublimal level
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 302
Skill: A
15. Why is the ability to maintain attention especially important in middle childhood?
Because ____.
a. the environment becomes more dangerous
b. parents expect their children to be able to understand and accomplish simple
directions and tasks
Incorrect. Being able to maintain attention becomes especially important once children
enter school at about age 6 or 7, because the school setting requires children to pay
attention to their teachers’ instructions.
c. that is when children enter school
Correct. Being able to maintain attention becomes especially important once children
enter school at about age 6 or 7, because the school setting requires children to pay
attention to their teachers’ instructions.
d. they are able to leave their yards and must remember how to return back home
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 302
Skill: C
682
16. What is the disorder referred to when individuals have difficulties in maintaining
attention?
a. attention persistence disorder
b. attention deficit disorder
c. attention control disorder
d. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Page: 302
Skill: F
17. Children with especially notable difficulties in maintaining attention may be diagnosed
with ____, which includes problems of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsiveness.
a. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
b. attention deficit disorder (ADD)
c. attention displacement disorder (ADD)
d. attention hypertensive disorder (AHD)
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 302
Skill: F
% correct 94 a= 94 b= 6 c= 0 d= 0 r = .42
18. What percentage of children have ADHD in the United States?

a. 7%
b. 14%
c. 21%
d. 28%
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 302
Skill: F
19. Boys, compared to girls, are ___________ to be diagnosed with ADHD.

a. less likely
b. equally likely
c. twice as likely
d. four times as likely
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 302
Skill: F
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20. In the U.S., it is estimated that ____ of children are diagnosed with ADHD. Boys are
about ____ more likely than girls to have ADHD.
a. 7%; 2 times
b. 2%; 2 times
c. 10%; 3 times
d. 15%; 6 times
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 302
Skill: F
21. A child’s ____ usually makes the diagnosis of ADHD.

a. parent
b. pediatrician
c. teacher
d. school counselor or psychologist
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 302
Skill: F
22. When is ADHD usually diagnosed?

a. toddlerhood
b. early childhood
Incorrect. ADHD is usually first diagnosed in middle childhood, once children enter
school and are required to sit still for much of the day.
c. middle childhood
Correct. ADHD is usually first diagnosed in middle childhood, once children enter
school and are required to sit still for much of the day.
d. adolescence
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 303
Skill: C
23. In the United States, nearly ____ of 10 children and adolescents with ADHD receive
Ritalin or other medications to reduce their ADHD symptoms.
a. 3
b. 5
c. 7
d. 9
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 302
Skill: F
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24. You are talking to your mother in Atlanta and she is telling you about a neighbor who has
a daughter with ADHD. She tells you that the neighbor is extremely upset because her
daughter’s pediatrician has suggested medication to treat her ADHD. She thinks that is
very unusual and thinks that there might be something else wrong with her daughter that
the pediatrician is not telling her. What should your mother tell the neighbor?
a. That the neighbor is correct, there must be something else going on, too.
Medication is not the treatment of choice in the United States.
Incorrect. In the United States, nearly 9 of 10 children and adolescents diagnosed with
ADHD receive Ritalin or other medications to suppress their hyperactivity and help them
concentrate better.
b. That the neighbor is correct, the treatment of choice in the United States is
relaxation therapy.
c. It is very common in the United States for physicians to misdiagnose ADHD.
d. It is very common in the United States to treat ADHD with medication. About
90% of children with ADHD receive medication.
Correct. In the United States, nearly 9 of 10 children and adolescents diagnosed with
ADHD receive Ritalin or other medications to suppress their hyperactivity and help them
concentrate better.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Page: 302
Skill: A
25. Which of the following is a prescription medication that is used to help children with
ADHD?
a. Ritalin
b. Accutane
c. acetaminophen
d. ibuprofen
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 302
Skill: F
26. What percentage of students taking medications for their ADHD show improvements in
academic performance and peer relation?
a. 30%
b. 50%
c. 70%
d. 90%
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 302
Skill: F
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27. What are the negative side effects of using medication for the treatment of ADHD?
a. slower physical growth and higher risk of depression
b. lethargy and a larger appetite that increases the likelihood of obesity
c. decreased intelligence and delayed cognitive development
d. loss of bone density and delayed motor coordination
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 302
Skill: F
28. A friend of yours has a son with ADHD who is being treated with medication. She told
you that her son is paying attention in school much better, is getting better grades, and
has more friends. She is still concerned about the potential side effects of the medication.
What negative side effects would you tell her to look for that might be related to taking
the mediation?
a. slower physical growth and higher risk of depression
Correct. Side effects include slower physical growth and higher risk of depression.
b. lethargy and a larger appetite that increases the likelihood of obesity
Incorrect. Side effects include slower physical growth and higher risk of depression.
c. decreased intelligence and delayed cognitive development
d. loss of bone density and delayed motor coordination
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 302
Skill: A
29. A very large-scale study of ADHD in Europe determined that the symptoms between
boys and girls were similar, but that girls were more likely to have ____.
a. other neurological difficulties in addition to ADHD
b. delays in physical development, including secondary sexual development later
Incorrect. The ADORE study found that symptoms of ADHD were similar among boys
and girls, but girls with ADHD were more likely than boys to have additional emotional
problems and to be bullied by their peers, whereas ADHD boys were more likely than
girls to have conduct problems.
c. emotional problems and to be bullied by their peers
Correct. The ADORE study found that symptoms of ADHD were similar among boys and
girls, but girls with ADHD were more likely than boys to have additional emotional
d. serious delays in social development
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 302–303
Skill: C
686

30. A very large-scale study of ADHD in Europe determined that the symptoms between
boys and girls were similar, but that boys were more likely to have ____.
a. additional conduct disorders
Correct. The ADORE study found that symptoms of ADHD were similar among boys and
girls, but girls with ADHD were more likely than boys to have additional emotional
b. delays in physical development, including secondary sexual development later
Incorrect. The ADORE study found that symptoms of ADHD were similar among boys
and girls, but girls with ADHD were more likely than boys to have additional emotional
c. emotional problems and to be bullied by their peers
d. minor delays in social development
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 302–303
Skill: C
31. What is the percentage of European children with ADHD who use medication only to
treat it?
a. 25%
b. 50%
c. 70%
d. 90%
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 303
Skill: F
32. At what age do children perform similarly to adults on memory tests for sequences of
numbers?
a. 8
b. 10
c. 12
d. 14
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 303
Skill: F
33. Rehearsal is ____.
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a. repeating information over and over

b. placing things into meaningful categories
c. an understanding of how memory works
d. a measurement of intelligence
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 303
Skill: F
34. What memory strategy involves repeating the information to be learned over and over?
a. rehearsal
b. organization
c. repetition
d. elaboration
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 303
Skill: F
% correct 75 a= 75 b= 13 c= 6 d= 6 r = .50
35. Your daughter borrowed $4.73 from you while you were shopping so she could purchase
a doll that she didn’t have enough money for. When you get home, you tell your daughter
how much she owes you so that she can pay you back. She keeps repeating 4, 7, 3 over
and over as she walks to her room to get the money. What memory strategy is she using?
a. rehearsal
Correct. Rehearsal involves repeating the information over and over.
b. organization
c. repetition
Incorrect. Rehearsal involves repeating the information over and over.
d. elaboration
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 303
Skill: A
% correct 56 a= 56 b= 0 c= 44 d= 0 r = .31
36. Your new friend just told you her cell number so you can enter it in your phone.
However, you left your cell phone in your dorm room. You keep repeating the number
over and over in your head so that you will be able to enter the number in your cell phone
once you get to it. What memory strategy are you using?
a. rehearsal
Correct. Rehearsal involves repeating the information over and over.
b. organization
c. repetition
Incorrect. Rehearsal involves repeating the information over and over.
688
d. elaboration
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 303
Skill: A
37. What memory strategy involves placing items into meaningful categories?
a. rehearsal
b. organization
c. repetition
d. elaboration
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 304
Skill: F
38. You are going to go grocery shopping. To help you remember the items that you need to
purchase, you put those items into clusters or categories that are similar. What memory
strategy are you using?
a. rehearsal
b. organization
Correct. Organization involves placing things into meaningful categories.
c. repetition
Incorrect. Organization involves placing things into meaningful categories.
d. elaboration
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 304
Skill: A
39. What memory strategy involves transforming bits of information in a way that connects
them and hence makes them easier to remember?
a. rehearsal
b. organization
c. repetition
d. elaboration
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 304
Skill: F
40. When you were learning to play the piano, you used EGBDF: Every Good Boy Does
Fine to remember the lines of the treble clef. What memory strategy is this?
689
a. rehearsal
b. organization
c. repetition
Incorrect. Elaboration involves transforming bits of information in a way that connects
them and hence makes them easier to remember.
d. elaboration
Correct. Elaboration involves transforming bits of information in a way that connects
them and hence makes them easier to remember.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 304
Skill: F
% correct 75 a= 0 b= 25 c= 0 d= 75 r = .26
41. Another reason that memory improves from early childhood to middle childhood is that
children’s ____.
a. brains get bigger
b. knowledge base gets larger
Correct. Another reason why memory improves from early childhood to middle childhood
is that children’s knowledge base expands, and the more you know, the easier it is to
remember new information that is related to what you know.
c. strategies become more elaborate and purposeful
Incorrect. Another reason why memory improves from early childhood to middle
childhood is that children’s knowledge base expands, and the more you know, the easier
it is to remember new information that is related to what you know.
d. families help them remember
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 304
Skill: C
42. Chi (1978) did a very interesting study in which she asked 10-year-old children who were
chess experts to remember the position of chess pieces on the board. How did they do?
a. as well as college students who were chess novices
b. as well as college students who were chess experts
c. not nearly as well as adults in general, chess experts or novices
Incorrect. The 10-year-old chess masters performed far better than the college student
novices.
d. better than college students who were chess novices
Correct. The 10-year-old chess masters performed far better than the college student
novices.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 304
Skill: C
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43. What is the term that the textbook defines as an understanding of how memory works?
a. metaconfiguration
b. metamemory
c. metaprocessing
d. metacognition
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 304
Skill: F
44. One aspect of children’s memory during middle childhood is that they ___.
a. develop more accurate assessments of their memory skills
Correct. In the course of middle childhood, children develop more accurate assessments
of their memory abilities.
b. generally revert back to a more immature way of remembering information
c. become fearful of applying their strategies at school
d. become anxious regarding their memory performance
Incorrect. In the course of middle childhood, children develop more accurate
assessments of their memory abilities.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 305
Skill: C
45. When do individual differences in cognitive development become more evident and more
important?
a. infancy
b. toddlerhood
c. early childhood
Incorrect. Individual differences become more evident and more important in middle
childhood, when children enter formal schooling and begin to be tested and evaluated by
their teachers on a regular basis.
d. middle childhood
Correct. Individual differences become more evident and more important in middle
childhood, when children enter formal schooling and begin to be tested and evaluated by
their teachers on a regular basis.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 305
Skill: C
46. ____ is a person’s capacity for acquiring knowledge, reasoning, and solving problems.
a. Intelligence
b. Personality
c. Temperament
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d. Attachment
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 305
Skill: F
47. What is the most widely used IQ test?

a. Stanford-Binet
b. Wechsler scales
c. Kaufman
d. Wide Range Achievement Test
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 305
Skill: F
48. Your daughter’s teacher thinks that your daughter should be in the gifted program at
school. The school psychologist will be using an IQ test to determine if she qualifies.
What IQ test is the school psychologist likely to use?
a. Stanford-Binet
b. WISC-IV
Correct. The most widely used intelligence tests are the Wechsler scales.
c. Kaufman
Incorrect. The most widely used intelligence tests are the Wechsler scales.
d. Wide Range Achievement Test
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 305
Skill: A
49. The Wechsler scales consist of 11 subtests, of which six are ____ subtests and five are
____ subtests.
a. verbal; performance
b. visual; perceptual
c. emotional stability; personality
d. applied; conceptual
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 305
Skill: F
50. What does IQ represent?

a. individual difference quotient
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b. individual quotient
c. intelligence quotient
d. interpersonal quotient
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 305
Skill: F
51. Lynn and Mikk (2007) performed a study that included 46 countries. They found that IQ
scores were highly correlated with ____.
a. school achievement
Correct. Lynn and Mikk’s study found that across 46 countries, IQ scores and school
achievement scores were highly correlated.
b. years of education
c. the mother’s age when the child was born
Incorrect. Lynn and Mikk’s study found that across 46 countries, IQ scores and school
achievement scores were highly correlated.
d. musical ability
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 305
Skill: C
52. What is one of the major criticisms of intelligence tests?

a. they’re not accurate
b. they’re not relevant to academic or professional behavior
c. they’re culturally biased
Correct. IQ tests have been attacked as culturally biased, because some of the
vocabulary and general knowledge items would be more familiar to someone who was
part of the middle-class culture.
d. they’re too difficult for most people
Incorrect. IQ tests have been attacked as culturally biased, because some of the
vocabulary and general knowledge items would be more familiar to someone who was
part of the middle-class culture.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 305–306
Skill: C
% correct 75 a= 6 b= 19 c= 75 d= 0 r = .69
53. IQ scores for a population-based sample usually fall into a ____ or ____ curve, in which
most people fall near the middle and the proportions decrease at the low and high
extremes.
a. normal distribution; bell
b. camelback; double hill
693
c. inverted-U; inverted-V
d. variance from the mean; absolute value
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 306
Skill: F
54. In terms of intellectual development, one important conclusion from adoption and twin
studies is that the more two people in a family are alike genetically, ____.
a. the higher the correlation in their IQ scores
Correct. One important conclusion from adoption and twin studies is that the more two
people in a family are alike genetically, the higher the correlation in their IQs.
b. the less correlated their IQ scores are
c. the greater the diversity in subskills on an intelligence test
Incorrect. One important conclusion from adoption and twin studies is that the more two
people in a family are alike genetically, the higher the correlation in their IQs.
d. the greater the likelihood that there will be children with very low IQ scores in
the family
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 307
Skill: C
55. What is the correlation coefficient for IQ scores of adopted siblings who have none of
their genotype in common?
a. .10
b. .24
c. .38
d. .52
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 307
Skill: F
56. What is the correlation in IQ scores for monozygotic (MZ) twins?

a. .55
b. .65
c. .75
d. .85
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 307
Skill: F
694
57. Which of the following pairs would have the strongest correlation for IQ scores?
a. monozygotic twins reared in different environments
Correct. The highest IQ correlation of all, about .85, is among MZ twins. Even when they
are adopted by separate families and raised apart, the correlations in IQ scores of MZ
twins are about .75.
b. dizygotic twins reared in the same environment
Incorrect. Even when they are adopted by separate families and raised apart, the
correlation in IQ scores of MZ twins is about .75.
c. biological siblings reared in different environments
d. adopted siblings in the same environment
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 307
Skill: C
58. The median population IQ is ____.

a. 85
b. 100
c. 115
d. 130
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 307
Skill: F
59. Every child has a genetically based ____ for intelligence, meaning a range of possible
developmental paths.
a. reaction range
b. heritability ratio
c. standard deviation
d. variance from the mean
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 308
Skill: F
60. What is the name of the phenomenon in which IQ scores in Western countries rose
dramatically in the course of the 20th century?
a. breast-feeding effect
b. academic effect
c. butterfly effect
d. Flynn effect
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Page: 308
695
Skill: F
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 0 d= 100 r = .00
61. The Flynn effect, which is the raising of the median IQ score in Western countries in the
course of the 20th century, is explained by ____.
a. evolution
b. neurological development
c. genetics
Incorrect. The causes must be environmental, rather than genetic; the genes of the human
population could not have changed so dramatically in such a short time.
d. environment
Correct. Several factors have contributed to the increase of IQ: prenatal care,
educational system, television, the decline of infectious diseases, etc.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 308
Skill: C
62. Christopher Eppig and his colleagues found that the brain requires a great deal of the
body’s physical energy. What percentage of this energy is required for brain development
in newborns?
a. 87%
b. 67%
c. 47%
d. 27%
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 309
Skill: F
63. Christopher Eppig and his colleagues found that there was a significant relationship
between a country’s median IQ score and that country’s ____.
a. average age
b. educational attainment
Incorrect. This particular study found that infectious disease was related to intelligence.
The higher a country’s infectious disease burden, the lower the country’s median IQ.
c. median income
d. infectious disease burden
Correct. This particular study found that infectious disease was related to intelligence.
The higher a country’s infectious disease burden, the lower the country’s median IQ.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 309
Skill: C
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64. Who developed the concept of multiple intelligences?

a. Robert Sternberg
b. Howard Gardner
c. David Wechsler
d. Alfred Binet
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 309
Skill: F
65. In Gardner’s view, only two types of intelligence are measured by traditional intelligence
tests: ____.
a. linguistic and logical–mathematical
b. musical and bodily–kinesthetic
c. spatial and naturalistic
d. interpersonal and intrapersonal
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 309
Skill: F
66. Morris is an engineer. He has always been especially skilled at looking at a two-
dimensional blueprint of a building and visualizing that image as it relates to a three-
dimensional structure in the real world. According to Gardner, Morris possesses ____.
a. musical intelligence
b. bodily–kinesthetic intelligence
Incorrect. Spatial intelligence is the ability to think three-dimensionally.
c. spatial intelligence
Correct. Spatial intelligence is ability to think in three dimensions.
d. intrapersonal intelligence
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 309
Skill: A
67. Which of the following types of intelligence is consistent with the understanding of self?
a. linguistic
b. musical
c. intrapersonal
d. interpersonal
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 309–310
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Skill: F
68. Who developed the triarchic theory of intelligence?

a. Robert Sternberg
b. Howard Gardner
c. David Wechsler
d. Alfred Binet
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 310
Skill: F
69. Sternberg’s model includes ____ distinct but related forms of intelligence.
a. 3
b. 4
c. 8
d. 10
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 310
Skill: F
70. Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences includes ____ types of intelligence and
Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence theory includes ____.
a. 4; 1
b. 6; 2
c. 8; 3
d. 10; 4
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 309–310
Skill: F
71. Great inventors such as Leonardo da Vinci, Benjamin Franklin, and Alexander Graham
Bell all possess which of Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence?
a. creative intelligence
Correct. Creative intelligence involves the ability to combine information in original
ways to produce new insights, ideas, and problem-solving strategies.
b. practical intelligence
c. analytical intelligence
Incorrect. Creative intelligence involves the ability to combine information in original
ways to produce new insights, ideas, and problem-solving strategies.
d. logical–mathematical intelligence
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Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 310
Skill: A
72. Which of the following make up Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence?

a. analytical, creative, and practical
b. sensorimotor, preoperational, and concrete operations
c. linguistic, musical, and bodily–kinesthetic
d. intrapersonal, interpersonal, and naturalistic
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 310
Skill: F
% correct 88 a= 88 b= 6 c= 0 d= 6 r = .61
73. How many words does an average 10 or 11 year old know?

a. 10,000
b. 20,000
c. 30,000
d. 40,000
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Page: 312
Skill: F
74. At age 6, the average child knows about ____ words, but by age 10 or 11, this sum has
increased fourfold, to about ____.
a. 1,000; 4,000
b. 5,000; 20,000
c. 10,000; 40,000
d. 15,000; 60,000
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 312
Skill: F
75. What aspect of language refers to the social context and conventions of language?
a. phonics
b. pragmatics
c. grammar
d. vocabulary
Answer: B
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Difficulty: 3
Page: 312
Skill: F
76. When an individual can speak two languages fluently, they are ____.
a. bilingual
b. multilingual
c. dilingual
d. linguistic
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 312–313
Skill: F
77. Which of the following are two main reasons why bilingualism has increased?
a. greater migration and the growth of a global economy
Correct. Migration and global interdependency have both increased in recent times.
b. greater egocentrism and egotism
Incorrect. There are two reasons bilingualism has increased. First, with increased
migration between countries, children are more likely to be exposed early to other
languages, one spoken at home and one spoken with friends, teachers, and others outside
the home. Second, school systems increasingly seek to teach children a second language
to enhance their ability to participate in the global economy.
c. decreased migration and greater homogeneous populations
d. decreased ethnocentrism and capitalism
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 312–313
Skill: C
78. Which of the following is the most common second language for children around the
world?
a. English
b. Spanish
c. Chinese
d. Russian
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 313
Skill: F
79. For the most part, becoming bilingual is ____ to language development, and learning a
secondary language ____ with mastering the primary language.
700
a. detrimental; interferes
Incorrect. For the most part, becoming bilingual is favorable to language development.
Learning a secondary language does not interfere with mastering the primary language.
b. stifling; does not interfere
c. unfavorable; interferes
d. favorable; does not interfere
Correct. For the most part, becoming bilingual is favorable to language development.
Learning a secondary language does not interfere with mastering the primary language.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Page: 313
Skill: C
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 0 d= 100 r = .00
80. Assume that you have a friend who is bilingual and is contemplating whether or not to
teach her child both English and Spanish. Based on the research, which of the following
should be your response?
a. “It is generally not recommended to teach bilingualism, as it is too much for the
child to handle. Their brains are just not ready for it.”
b. “If you want your son to be bilingual, it is recommended that you wait until he is
at least 14 to teach the second language. The brain is further developed at a later
age.”
c. “Most of the research for bilingualism is positive. Sometimes children have
difficulty with syntax; however, it is better to learn a second language sooner
than later.”
Correct. There is overwhelming support that the overall effect of bilingualism is positive
and that children learn better at a younger age.
d. “If you teach your child both English and Spanish, his teacher will become
frustrated and take it out on his grades. It is generally not recommended.”
Incorrect. For the most part, becoming bilingual is favorable to language development.
One minor problem that does arise is that in early childhood there is sometimes a
tendency to intermix the syntax of the two languages. Even so, learning a second
language comes much easier in early and middle childhood than it does at later ages.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 313–314
Skill: A
81. ____ are an awareness of the underlying structure of language.

a. Mesolinguistic skills
b. Metalinguistic skills
c. Megalinguistic skills
d. Mesalinguistic skills
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 314
Skill: F
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82. When an individual can speak three or more languages fluently, they are ____.
a. bilingual
b. multilingual
c. dilingual
d. linguistic
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 314
Skill: F
83. A child who can speak two languages is considered ____, whereas a child who can speak
more than two is considered ____.
a. bilingual; multilingual
b. trilingual; polylingual
c. unilingual; quadralingual
d. monolingual; dyslingual
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 312, 314
Skill: F
84. It may seem typical that most children attend at least primary school, but that has only
been true for the last ____ years.
a. 100
b. 200
c. 300
d. 400
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 315
Skill: C
85. Enrollment in primary school is typical, but not universal, with approximately _____ of
children in Sub-Saharan Africa attending between 6–10 years of age.
a. 90%
b. 80%
c. 70%
d. 60%
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 315
Skill: C
702

86. Recently, there has been a _____ in the number of children in developing countries
attending primary school across the world.
a. slow and steady increase
b. slow and steady decline
c. sharp decline
d. sharp increase
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 315
Skill: F
87. According to the text, which country has a cultural tradition emphasizing the importance
and value of education going back over 2 millennia?
a. United States
b. Vietnam
c. Japan
d. Guatemala
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 315
Skill: C
88. Prior to 1800, approximately how many children in the United States attended school?
a. 30%
b. 50%
c. 70%
d. 90%
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 315
Skill: F
89. In the U.S., it is estimated that prior to 1800 only about ____ of children attended school,
and for those who did, it lasted ____ years.
a. 95%; 12
b. 1/2; only a few
c. 1/4; 6
d. 2/3; 9 years
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 315
Skill: F
703

90. Overall, in developing countries, approximately what percentage of children do not

attend primary school?
a. 10%
b. 18%
c. 40%
d. 55%
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 315
Skill: F
91. Which of the following best describes the primary school attendance rate of children in
school for developing nations?
a. about 1/5 of children do not attend primary school
b. about 1/2 of children do not attend primary school
c. about 2/3 of children do not attend primary school
d. nearly all children do not attend primary school
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 315
Skill: F
92. In many Asian countries, it is believed that educational success is derived mainly from
____; in contrast, American culture tends to believe that educational success is due
mainly to ____.
a. genetic forces; IQ
b. IQ; genetic forces
Incorrect. People in Asian countries believe that educational success is derived mainly
from hard work and that any child can succeed who tries hard enough. In contrast,
Americans tend to believe that educational success is due mainly to innate ability, so
when a child does poorly, they tend to believe there is not much that can be done.
c. hard work; innate ability
Correct. People in Asian countries believe that educational success is derived mainly
from hard work and that any child can succeed who tries hard enough. In contrast,
Americans tend to believe that educational success is due mainly to innate ability, so
when a child does poorly, they tend to believe there is not much that can be done.
d. innate ability; hard work
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 316
Skill: C
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 0 c= 100 d= 0 r = .00
704
93. Which of the following best reflects collectivistic cultural beliefs in education?
a. Children often work in groups, with children who have mastered the concept
instructing those who have not grasped it just yet.
Correct. Beyond working groups, children also wear uniforms, and it is common practice
for them to clean the school before they leave.
b. Children often work individually, attempting to do their best so they are the ones
to receive the praise of their teacher.
c. Children are often encouraged to do their best, to meet their own goals, and not
be concerned with the goals of others.
d. Children often study and practice with a friend, but take their exams
independently and are often encouraged to outperform the rest of the class.
Incorrect. Children in collectivistic cultures are required to wear uniforms, are required
to help with school maintenance, and often work in groups, with students who have
mastered a concept instructing those who have yet to grasp it.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 316
Skill: C
94. In the United States, the school year is ______ that of South Korea and China.
a. equal to
b. slightly shorter than
c. a lot shorter than
d. much longer than
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 317
Skill: F
95. Until approximately 200 years ago, how many adults were illiterate?
a. all
b. most
c. half
d. a quarter
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 318
Skill: F
96. Children almost everywhere learn to read, usually beginning around age ____, when they
enter school.
a. 2 or 3
b. 4 or 5
c. 6 or 7
d. 8 or 9
705
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 318
Skill: F
97. In order to read, you have to recognize that letters are ____, and match a ____ to each
letter or letter combination.
a. preoperational; schema
Incorrect. In order to read, you have to recognize that letters are symbols of sounds, and
then match a speech sound to each letter or letter combination.
b. concrete; symbol
c. endless; perception
d. symbols of sounds; speech sound
Correct. Letters and words are symbolic representations of speech sounds; the larger
word is a symbol which relates to an idea.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 318
Skill: C
98. What approach to teaching reading advocates teaching children by breaking down words
into their component sounds and then putting the sounds together into words?
a. linguistic processing
b. spot and dot
c. whole language
d. phonics
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 318
Skill: F
99. The phonics approach advocates ____.

a. that schemas are changed through assimilation and accommodation
b. teaching children by breaking down words into their component sounds and then
putting the sounds together into words
c. emphasizes the meaning of written words in whole passages
d. allowing a child to explore their world as a means of cognitive growth
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 318
Skill: F
706
100. Ms. Silman proposes that children learn how to read best when they are taught to
examine the overall meaning of words, rather than breaking down each word into its
smallest component. She encourages her students to guess at the meaning of words they
do not know, based on the context of the word within the poem or story. Which of the
following does Ms. Silman practice in her classroom?
a. phonics-based reading
Incorrect. The whole-language approach to teaching reading emphasizes the meaning of
written language in whole passages, rather than breaking down words to their smallest
components. It advocates teaching children to read using complete written material, such
as poems or stories, and children are encouraged to guess at the meaning of words they
do not know based on the context of the word within the written material.
b. a whole-language approach to reading
Correct. Whole language proposes that what really must take place within the context of
reading is a high emphasis on the overall picture.
c. sight words-based reading
d. literacy-based rating
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 319
Skill: A
% correct 81 a= 19 b= 81 c= 0 d= 0 r = .43
101. What condition that interferes with learning to read includes difficulty sounding out
letters, difficulty learning to spell words, and a tendency to misperceive the order of
letters in words?
a. dyscalculia
b. dyslexia
c. dysgraphia
d. dysfunctional
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 319
Skill: F
102. What is the term that refers to an individual’s ability to understand the meaning of
numbers?
a. literacy
b. arithmetic
c. numerology
d. numeracy
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 319
Skill: F
707
103. From toddlerhood through middle childhood, the development of math skills follows a
path parallel to the development of ____ and ____.
a. language; reading skills
b. sensation; perception
c. the preoperational stage; concrete operations
d. hypothetical reasoning; deductive reasoning
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 319
Skill: F
104. In which country do children who sell candy on the street learn complex math
calculations in a practical setting?
a. United States
b. Germany
c. England
d. Brazil
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 320
Skill: F
105. What are two possible causes of ADHD?

Answer: Genetics, abnormal brain functioning, or exposure to prenatal teratogens
Page: 302–303
106. Would you say that the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Observational Research in
Europe (ADORE) study made a significant contribution to this area of research? Why or why
not? What was one finding?
Answer: Yes, because most of the research in this area has been conducted in the U.S. It
was also a large study involving many countries carried out over two years. The finding was
that there were higher rates of boys with this disorder than in the U.S.
Page: 302–303
107. Metamemory advances significantly in middle childhood, however, children as young as 5

or 6 have some rudimentary grasp of metamemory. Give an example of what a middle-school
child would know about it versus what a first grader knows.
Answer: A young child could tell you that a short list is easier to remember than a long list,
or that they would be more likely to remember something yesterday than something years
708
ago. However, older children would be able to tell you the various steps they took to solve a
problem and they would be more realistic in appraising their own memory abilities.
Page: 304–305
108. What is the Flynn effect and what is its cause?

Answer: The Flynn effect refers to the rise in median IQ in Western countries over the past
century. It is caused by environmental changes, such as improved medical care, lower rates
of infectious diseases, smaller families, more years of education starting in preschool, and/or
more exposure to information via various forms of media.
Page: 308
109. You overhear two parents talking about the different approaches to teaching reading used by
the first grade teachers in your child’s school. You hear one of them complaining that her child is
going to be behind if she stays in a particular teacher’s classroom. What are the two approaches
and is there an advantage to using one over the other?
Answer: The two approaches are phonics (breaking words down to sound them out) and the
whole word method (teaching the meaning of words by encouraging students to use the
context of whole passages to figure it out). Phonics works best with those who are just
learning to read, but for more advanced readers, a combination of both approaches is
effective.
Page: 318–319
Essay Questions
110. A 9-year-old would be in what Piagetian stage? Describe two tasks that they would be able
to do that they could not do at the previous stage.
Answer: The child is in concrete operations. They can now master all conservation tasks
because they no longer centrate and they have a better understanding of language. They can
classify and can seriate items in terms of length, width, and color.
Page: 300 Learning Objective: 7.5
111. Shani, a 12-year-old, is able to remember a lot more details of the family’s vacation to
Philadelphia a year later when recommending it as a destination to their friends compared to her
7-year-old brother. When they left, she packed everything she needed, unlike her sister who
would have forgotten many things, even everyday items, such as her toothbrush, if her father had
not checked her bag. Shani even reminded her parents of the exit number where they had talked
about stopping on the way to eat. Referring to the information above, describe two changes in
memory that play a role in Shani’s superior memory.
Answer: Individuals in middle childhood experience an increased capacity of working
memory, more use of mnemonics, better organization, more elaboration, and increased
metamemory.
Page: 303–304 Learning Objective: 7.6 Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply
709
TOTAL
Learning Objective 7.12 Multiple Choice 5, 8, 11, 15, 16 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 13 9, 14, 17, 18
Short Answer
Essay 119
Learning Objective 7.13 Multiple Choice 19, 20, 21, 24, 25, 28, 26, 27, 31, 32, 33, 41, 22, 23, 34
29, 30, 35, 36, 37, 38, 43
39, 40, 42
Short Answer 114 113
Essay
Learning Objective 7.14 Multiple Choice 44, 46, 47, 50, 52 45, 48, 49 51
Short Answer
Essay
Learning Objective 7.15 Multiple Choice 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 62, 63, 73, 76 58, 66, 72, 75
61, 64, 65, 67, 68, 69,
70, 71, 74
Short Answer 115
Essay 120
Learning Objective 7.16 Multiple Choice 77, 78, 84, 85, 86, 87, 80, 81, 83, 88, 89, 90, 79, 82, 92, 94, 95
97, 98, 99 91, 93, 96, 100
Short Answer 117 116, 118
Essay
Learning Objective 7.17 Multiple Choice 101, 102, 103 104, 105
Short Answer
Essay
Learning Objective 7.18 Multiple Choice 106, 107, 109, 110, 108, 112
111
Short Answer
Essay
710
Section 3 Emotional and Social Development
Test Item File

1. Which of the following best describes the overall emotional state for individuals in
middle childhood?
a. storm and stress
b. emotionally absent
c. high well-being and low volatility
Correct. As compared to earlier times, middle childhood tends to be emotionally stable
with low volatility.
d. explosive shock and awe
Incorrect. Middle childhood is in some ways a golden age emotionally, a time of high
well-being and relatively low volatility.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 322
Skill: C
% correct 69 a= 31 b= 0 c= 69 d= 0 r = .55
2. Outbursts of crying and anger are fairly ____ in the early years of life; by middle
childhood the frequency of such emotions has ____.
a. universal; grown exponentially
Incorrect. Outbursts of crying and anger are fairly frequent in the early years of life, but
by middle childhood the frequency of such negative emotions has declined substantially.
b. unusual; disappeared
c. rare; increased substantially
d. frequent; declined substantially
Correct. Crying and outbursts during infancy is fairly common; children in middle
childhood tend to be more emotionally stable.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Page: 322–323
Skill: C
3. Outbursts of crying and anger are fairly frequent in the early years of life. What happens
to these behaviors by middle childhood?
a. they decline substantially
Correct. By middle childhood the frequency of such negative emotions has declined
substantially.
b. they decline slightly
Incorrect. Outbursts of crying and anger are fairly frequent in the early years of life, but
by middle childhood the frequency of such negative emotions has declined substantially.
711
c. they increase slightly

d. they increase substantially
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 322–323
Skill: C
% correct 84 a= 84 b= 11 c= 0 d= 0 r = .48
4. The Experience Sampling Method (ESM) involves having people carry wristwatch
beepers and then beeping them randomly during the day so that they can record their
____.
a. thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
Correct. The ESM involves having people wear wristwatch beepers that randomly beep
during the day so that people can record their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
b. heart rate, pressure, and respirations
c. emotional stability and behavioral rating scale
Incorrect. The ESM involves having people wear wristwatch beepers that randomly beep
during the day so that people can record their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
d. social readjustment rating scale and behavioral activity
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 323
Skill: C
5. Reed Larson pioneered a research technique in which people carried wristwatch beepers.
When the beepers went off at various random times during the day, the participant had to
record his or her thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that were occurring at the time. What
was the name of this research technique?
a. Random Thought Method
b. Experience Sampling Method
c. Wrist-Beeper Plan
d. Random Recording Technique
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 323
Skill: F
% correct 88 a= 6 b= 88 c= 0 d= 0 r = .63
6. The overall conclusion of the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) research with regard
to middle childhood is that it is a time of remarkable ____.
a. contentment and emotional stability
Correct. The overall conclusion of ESM research with regard to middle childhood is that
it is a time of remarkable contentment and emotional stability.
b. agitation and feelings of being tense
c. unhappiness and emotional instability
712
Incorrect. The overall conclusion of ESM research with regard to middle childhood is
that it is a time of remarkable contentment and emotional stability.
d. depression and anxiety
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 323
Skill: C
7. In regards to middle childhood, the overall finding of the research that used the
wristwatch beepers was that middle childhood is a time of ____.
a. great turbulence
Incorrect. The overall conclusion of ESM research with regard to middle childhood is
that it is a time of remarkable contentment and emotional stability.
b. remarkable contentment and emotional stability
Correct. The overall conclusion of ESM research with regard to middle childhood is that
it is a time of remarkable contentment and emotional stability.
c. considerable shifting of emotions and feelings
d. general unhappiness due to a lack of independence that most children believed
they deserved
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 323
Skill: C
8. Children in middle childhood report being “very happy” ____ of the time, a far higher
percentage than for _____.
a. 8%; infants and children
b. 28%; adolescents or adults
c. 42%; young adults
d. 60%; individuals in late adulthood
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 323
Skill: F
9. You have a daughter who is in middle childhood. You overheard her saying that she was
very unhappy. That really concerned you until you remembered your development class.
Why are children in middle childhood unhappy or sad?
a. serious difficulties with depression
Incorrect. Children in middle childhood are sad or angry occasionally, but it is almost
always due to something concrete and immediate such as getting scolded by a parent or
losing a game.
b. an unresolved conflict with a sibling
c. considerable variability in hormonal stages
d. something concrete and immediate like getting scolded by a parent
713
Correct. Children in middle childhood are sad or angry occasionally, but it is almost
always due to something concrete and immediate such as getting scolded by a parent or
losing a game.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Page: 323
Skill: A
% correct 44 a= 6 b= 12 c= 38 d= 44 r = .16
10. In part, why do children in middle childhood improve their emotional self-regulation?
a. Neurologically they are more mature.
Incorrect. Emotional self-regulation improves from early childhood to middle childhood
in part because the environment requires it.
b. They are severely punished if they act emotionally immature.
c. Their environment requires it.
Correct. Emotional self-regulation improves from early childhood to middle childhood in
part because the environment requires it.
d. Their hormone levels are completely stable at this time in development.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 323
Skill: C
11. Johnny has been in Cub Scouts for 4 years and is getting ready to cross over to Boy
Scouts at 11 years of age. The Boy Scouts require discipline, good behavior, and
following instructions. How likely is it that he will be able to meet these demands?
a. not very likely
Incorrect. Most children are capable of meeting these demands by middle childhood.
b. somewhat likely
c. most likely
Correct. Most children are capable of meeting these demands by middle childhood.
d. positively certain
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 323
Skill: A
12. Children improve in their emotional self-regulation in part because their ____ requires it.
a. phenotype
b. environment
c. biology
d. genotype
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 323
714
Skill: F
13. Emotional understanding advances from early to middle childhood because children
____.
a. become able to understand not only their own emotions, but also the emotions of
others
Correct. Children are cognitively able during this time to understand their and others
emotions.
b. have formal training in school regarding emotions
Incorrect. Children are cognitively able during this time to understand their and others
emotions.
c. are able to play sports and to be involved in athletics, which helps them
appreciate their emotions and the emotions of others
d. they become intensely interested in making a good impression on members of the
opposite sex
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 323
Skill: C
14. You picked up your daughter, who is 9 years old, from soccer practice after a difficult
day at work. She asks you if you are OK and says that you seem to be unhappy with
something. Is this perceptiveness in a child her age unusual?
a. Yes, she must be very in tune with you. She should consider a career in
counseling or psychotherapy.
b. Yes, she must simply be acting out something that she saw on television.
Incorrect. Children are able during this time to understand their and others’ emotions.
c. No, children have actually been able to appreciate the emotions of others since
toddlerhood.
d. No, children in middle childhood become more aware of not only their emotions,
but also the emotions of others.
Correct. Children are able during this time to understand their and others’ emotions.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 323
Skill: A
% correct 84 a= 0 b= 5 c= 11 d= 84 r = .24
15. The emotional state of experiencing two contradictory emotions at once is known as
____.
a. emotional self-regulation
b. emotional stability
c. ambivalence
d. self-concept
Answer: C
715
Difficulty: 2
Page: 323
Skill: F
16. Ambivalence is ____.

a. two ends of one extreme
b. experiencing two contradictory emotions at once
c. an unexpected and undesirable emotional state
d. a happy but unexpected surprise
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 323
Skill: F
17. Your son, who is in middle childhood, made it to the next round of the annual spelling
bee, even though his best friend who studied with him did not. What is his likely
response?
a. He would be enormously happy that he made it. He worked hard to get to the
next round.
b. He would be enormously sad that his study partner did not make it to the next
round and would not be able to find any joy in making it himself.
Incorrect. During middle childhood, children become aware that they can experience two
contradictory emotions at once. Therefore, he is likely to feel sad that his friend did not
make it to the next round, but happy that he did.
c. He would have mixed emotions. He would be happy that he made it, but also sad
that his study partner did not.
Correct. During middle childhood, children become aware that they can experience two
contradictory emotions at once. Therefore, he is likely to feel sad that his friend did not
make it to the next round, but happy that he did.
d. He would probably not express much in the way of emotions, as children in
middle childhood are not very emotionally mature or responsive.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 323
Skill: A
18. You told your parents that your 8-year-old son really wants a particular video game for
his birthday. When he opens their gift, you realize that they must have forgotten, because
they gave him a new pair of sneakers instead. Based on what you know of emotional
regulation in middle childhood, what is your son’s likely response?
a. He conceals his true feelings of disappointment because he does not want to hurt
his grandparents’ feelings.
Correct. Children in middle childhood can conceal their emotions. He is likely to act
happy about their gift even though he is disappointed.
b. He begins to cry in disappointment, which makes your parents feel horrible.
716
Incorrect. Children in middle childhood can conceal their emotions. He is likely to act
happy about their gift even though he is disappointed.
c. He reacts angrily and throws the gift down and runs to his room.
d. He laughs and yells out, “You are kidding, right?”
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 323
Skill: A
% correct 75 a= 75 b= 19 c= 6 d= 0 r = .30
19. Who made the distinction between the “I-self” and the “me-self”?
a. Jean Piaget
b. William James
c. George Herbert Mead
d. Robert Sternberg
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 311
Skill: F
20. ____ is how we view and evaluate ourselves.

a. Self-concept
b. Self-individualism
c. Self-esteem
d. Self as we
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 324
Skill: F
21. What is the term that is used to describe a person’s perception and evaluation of him- or
herself?
a. self-concept
b. self-esteem
c. self-evidence
d. self-comparison
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 324
Skill: F
22. How would a child in middle childhood describe him- or herself?

a. “I am 10 years old.”
717
b. “My favorite color is blue.”

Incorrect. In the course of middle childhood, children add more internal, psychological,
personality-related traits to their self-descriptions. They may also mention characteristics
that are “not me.”
c. “I am not very good at hitting the ball in baseball.”
Correct. In the course of middle childhood, children add more internal, psychological,
d. “I have a little brother.”
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 324
Skill: A
23. You are impressed with the social development of your son, who is in middle childhood.
The way that he describes his positive and less strong attributes is noticeably different
than the way he discussed himself when he was in early childhood. What is a likely
comment that your son would say at this time?
a. “I really love playing soccer, but I have a little difficulty shooting.”
Correct. In the course of middle childhood, children add more internal, psychological,
b. “I like my soccer ball.”
Incorrect. In the course of middle childhood, children add more internal, psychological,
c. “I wish that I could play soccer all day long!”
d. “My soccer team is 4 and 1 for the season.”
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 324
Skill: A
24. What is the term that is used to describe how persons view themselves in relation to
others with regard to status, abilities, or achievements?
a. social skills
b. social relations
c. social template
d. social comparison
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 324
Skill: F
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25. ____ is how persons view themselves in relation to others with regard to status, abilities,
or achievements.
a. Animism
b. Assimilation
c. Social comparison
d. Self-concept
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 324
Skill: F
% correct 75 a= 0 b= 0 c= 75 d= 25 r = .31
26. Which of the following statements is an accurate portrayal of a 10-year-old social

comparison?
a. “I’m a fast runner and I like soccer.”
b. “I’m really good at math.”
c. “Johnny pushed me and then took my toy truck.”
Incorrect. Social comparison is how persons view themselves in relation to others with
regard to status, abilities, or achievements.
d. “I’m good at spelling, but there are three kids in my class who are better than
me.”
Correct. By age 10, children can compare themselves to others.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 324
Skill: C
27. Social comparisons reflect advances in the cognitive ability of ____; they learn to ____
themselves more accurately in abilities relative to other children.
a. a feared self; describe
b. ethnocentrism; picture
Incorrect. Social comparisons reflect advances in the cognitive ability of seriation.
Children learn to rank themselves more accurately in their abilities relative to other
children.
c. animism; express
d. seriation; rank
Correct. Social comparisons reflect advances in the cognitive ability of seriation.
Children learn to rank themselves more accurately in their abilities relative to other
children.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 324
Skill: C
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28. What is the term that is used to describe a person’s overall sense of worth and well-
being?
a. self-concept
b. self-esteem
c. self-evidence
d. self-comparison
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 325
Skill: F
29. ____ is a person’s overall sense of worth and well-being.

a. Self-esteem
b. Self-concept
c. Self-efficacy
d. Self as an individual
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 325
Skill: F
30. In what culture is self-criticism a virtue and high self-esteem a character fault?
a. current American culture
b. traditional Japanese culture
c. traditional Eastern European
d. Hispanic culture
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 325
Skill: F
31. Self-esteem ____ in the transition from early childhood to middle childhood.
a. dramatically drops
b. remains constant
c. increases steadily
Incorrect. Self-esteem declines slightly in the transition from early childhood to middle
childhood, as children enter a school environment in which social comparisons are a
daily experience.
d. declines slightly
Correct. Self-esteem declines slightly in the transition from early childhood to middle
childhood, as children enter a school environment in which social comparisons are a
daily experience.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 325
720
Skill: C
32. During middle childhood, overall self-esteem is ____ for most children, reflecting
generally ____ emotional states.
a. low; positive
b. high; negative
Incorrect. During middle childhood, overall self-esteem is high for most children,
reflecting generally positive emotional states.
c. low; negative
d. high; positive
Correct. During middle childhood, overall self-esteem is high for most children,
reflecting generally positive emotional states.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 325
Skill: C
33. In Western cultures, low self-esteem is associated with ____.

a. cooperation and happiness
b. anxiety, depression, and antisocial behavior
c. euphoria, social effectiveness, and popularity
d. bullying, suicidal thoughts, and substance abuse
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 325
Skill: F
34. You are worried about your 11-year-old daughter. She loves to watch all kinds of sports
on television and in person, but she is not coordinated and definitely not very good at
playing sports. What is the likelihood of her self-esteem being affected by these factors?
As much as she loves sports, ____.
a. her self-esteem is probably very low
b. she is probably extremely depressed; you should get her a personal coach
Incorrect. Her self-esteem is only going to be affected if she believes that she should be
good at sports rather than just enjoying watching them.
c. her self-esteem might be affected, but she might also be interested in watching
sports and not necessarily playing sports
Correct. Her self-esteem is only going to be affected if she believes that she should be
good at sports rather than just enjoying watching them.
d. there is absolutely no relationship between her interest in sports, her lack of
athletic ability, and self-esteem
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 325
Skill: A
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35. What is the type of self that is promoted by individualistic cultures?

a. intergenerational self
b. interdependent self
c. ego-driven self
d. independent self
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 325
Skill: F
36. What is the type of self that is promoted by collectivistic cultures?

a. intergenerational self
b. interdependent self
c. ego-driven self
d. independent self
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 325
Skill: F
37. In discussing cultural differences in conceptions of the self, scholars typically distinguish
between the ____ promoted by individualistic cultures and the ____ promoted by
collectivistic cultures.
a. independent self; interdependent self
b. interdependent self; independent self
c. self as an object; self as a being
d. self as a being; self as an object
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 325
Skill: F
38. Collectivistic cultures promote ____, whereas individualistic cultures promote ____.
a. an independent self; an interdependent self
b. an interdependent self; an independent self
c. the self as an object; the self as a being
d. the self as a being; the self as an object
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 325
Skill: F
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39. Who was the individual who first coined the term “self-esteem”?
a. Eric Erikson
b. Jean Piaget
c. William James
d. Sigmund Freud
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 325
Skill: F
40. Which of the following terms was coined by William James in the late 19th century?
a. self-esteem
b. self-efficacy
c. social comparison
d. self-concept
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 325
Skill: F
41. In collectivistic cultures, the emphasis is placed on ____.

a. the success of the individual, their career, and their income
b. me, myself, and I
Incorrect. In collectivistic cultures, the interests of the group—the family, the kinship
group, the ethnic group, the nation, the religious institution—are supposed to come first,
before the needs of the individual.
c. the sole person and individual successes
d. family, the kinship group, and the ethnic group
Correct. In collectivistic cultures, the interests of the group—the family, the kinship
group, the ethnic group, the nation, the religious institution—are supposed to come first,
before the needs of the individual.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Page: 326
Skill: C
% correct 94 a= 0 b= 0 c= 6 d= 94 r = .42
42. Globally, parents in most places and times have been more worried that their children
would become too ____ than that they would have ____ self-esteem, and have ____ self-
inflation as part of family socialization.
a. independent; high; encouraged
b. selfish; low; discouraged
c. independent; low; discouraged
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d. selfish; high; encouraged

Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 326
Skill: F
43. American children who are exposed to parenting that is critical and negative show what
types of effects?
a. depression and poor academic performance
Correct. Children within the American majority culture who are exposed to parenting
that is critical and negative show negative effects such as depression and poor academic
performance.
b. good self-esteem and high performance academically
Incorrect. Children within the American majority culture who are exposed to parenting
that is critical and negative show negative effects such as depression and poor academic
performance.
c. euphoria and moderately good academic performance
d. a great work ethic and tremendous success
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 326
Skill: C
44. Most cultures’ gender roles become more ____ during middle childhood.
a. nurturing
b. flexible
c. divided
d. inconsistent
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Page: 326
Skill: F
45. In the past, and in many developing countries today, men have been responsible for ____,
whereas women have been responsible for ____.
a. hunting, fishing, and caring for domestic animals; caring for young children,
tending the crops, and running the household
Correct. In the past, and still today in many developing countries, men have been
responsible for hunting, fishing, caring for domestic animals, and fighting off animal and
human attackers. Women have been responsible for caring for young children, tending
the crops, food preparation, and running the household.
b. caring for young children, tending the crops, and running the household; hunting,
fishing, and caring for domestic animals
Incorrect. In the past, and still today in many developing countries, men have been
responsible for hunting, fishing, caring for domestic animals, and fighting off animal and
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human attackers. Women have been responsible for caring for young children, tending
the crops, food preparation, and running the household.
c. food preparation, seeding the fields, and gathering wild edibles; fighting off
animal and human attackers
d. nursing children, tending to the elderly, and caring for children; clearing the
forest, gathering wild edibles, and teaching boys how to hunt
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 326
Skill: C
46. In an early study of 110 traditional cultures (Barry et al., 1957) and more recent analyses
of gender socialization in traditional cultures (Banerjee, 2005; LeVine, 2008), boys were
socialized to develop ____.
a. interdependence and a strong sense of community
b. nurturance and compliance
c. independence and toughness
d. warmth and gentleness
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 326
Skill: F
47. In an early study of 110 traditional cultures (Barry et al., 1957) and more recent analyses
of gender socialization in traditional cultures (Banerjee, 2005; LeVine, 2008), girls were
socialized to develop ____.
a. interdependence and a strong sense of community
b. nurturance and compliance
c. independence and toughness
d. warmth and gentleness
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 326
Skill: F
48. In modern developed countries, children’s gender attitudes and behavior during middle
childhood ____.
a. become more stereotyped
Correct. In modern developed countries, children’s gender attitudes and behavior
become more stereotyped in middle childhood.
b. are heavily influenced by their parents
Incorrect. In modern developed countries, children’s gender attitudes and behavior
become more stereotyped in middle childhood.
c. become more rigid and less flexible
d. are very accepting and integrated
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Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 327
Skill: C
49. In traditional cultures, gender-segregated play is a consequence of ____.

a. differential brain development for boys and girls
b. estrogen and testosterone within the bloodstream
c. the X and Y chromosomes imposing on the child
Incorrect. In traditional cultures, gender-segregated play is a consequence of the gender-
specific work boys and girls are each doing by middle childhood.
d. the gender-specific work of boys and girls
Correct. From early childhood, children learn the rules that males and females have as a
part of their daily duties.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 327
Skill: C
50. In a study that examined gender roles in 12 traditional cultures, same-gender play groups
occurred in about 30–40% of 2- to 3-year-olds, but occurred in what percentage in middle
childhood?
a. about 10%
b. remained the same at 30–40%
c. about 70%
d. over 90%
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Page: 327
Skill: F
51. Your 8 year-old daughter came home singing, “Girls go to college to get more
knowledge, boys go to Jupiter to get more stupider.” You thought that this was pretty
funny, but did not say so. From your development course, you know that this behavior
occurs ____.
a. as your daughter attempts to gain dominance over boys
b. because there is a deep-seated hatred for the opposite sex during this age
Incorrect. Thorne (1986) calls this “border work” and sees its function as clarifying
gender boundaries during middle childhood. It can also be seen as the first tentative step
toward the romantic relations that will develop in adolescence.
c. as a tentative first step toward romantic relationships that will occur later in
adolescence
Correct. Thorne (1986) calls this “border work” and sees its function as clarifying
gender boundaries during middle childhood.
d. because there is a great sense of natural competition between girls and boys
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Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 327
Skill: A
52. Girls who are in middle childhood become more likely to define themselves in
“feminine” terms such as “warm” and “compassionate,” but they become no less likely to
add “masculine” traits to their self-perceptions. How else might they describe
themselves?
a. pretty and soft
b. submissive and passive
c. emotional and sensitive
d. forceful and self-reliant
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 327
Skill: F
53. What is the term used to describe the situation in which parents provide broad guidelines
for behavior, but children themselves provide a substantial amount of independent, self-
directed behavior?
a. coregulation
b. cohabitation
c. coparenting
d. comorbidity
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 329
Skill: F
54. In middle childhood, children become more capable of going about their daily activities
without constant monitoring and control by others. They are better at functioning
independently, with a little guidance from others, also called ____.
a. independent regulation
b. coregulation
c. unilateral regulation
d. we-regulation
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 329
Skill: F
% correct 75 a= 19 b= 75 c= 6 d= 0 r = .42
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55. According to the text, older siblings often help their younger siblings with ___________.
a. family duties and sports
b. showing affection and obtaining material resources
c. chores, romantic relationships, and work issues
d. academic, peer, and parent issues
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 329
Skill: F
56. Sibling conflict ____ in middle childhood.

a. peaks
b. is nonexistent
c. slowly declines
d. plateaus
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 329
Skill: F
57. When does sibling conflict peak?

a. early childhood
b. middle childhood
c. adolescence
d. adulthood
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 329
Skill: F
58. You come from a large family in which you and your siblings get along very well. Your
neighbor knows you well and has two sons aged 8 and 10 years. She tells you that she is
concerned because her boys “fight and bicker constantly.” What would you tell her?
a. Sibling conflict reaches its peak in middle childhood.
Correct. Sibling conflict peaks at middle childhood and will diminish thereafter.
b. She should probably seek counseling for her boys. They are doomed to have
serious conflict their entire lives.
Incorrect. Sibling conflict peaks in middle childhood.
c. Sibling conflict is much worse with girls; she should count herself lucky.
d. Children rarely fight in middle childhood; she must be imagining it.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 329
Skill: A
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% correct 81 a= 81 b= 13 c= 6 d= 0 r = .24
59. Kramer et al. (1999) examined sibling conflict and found that the average frequency of
conflict was once every ____.
a. 10 minutes they were together
b. 20 minutes they were together
c. 45 minutes they were together
d. 60 minutes they were together
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 329
Skill: F
60. Sibling conflicts are the highest when one sibling perceives the other as ____.
a. thinking he or she is smarter and cooler because he or she is older
b. receiving more affection and material resources from the parents
Correct. Sibling conflict occurs at its highest when one child believes that he or she is not
receiving equal affection and material resources from the parent(s).
c. having better looks and intelligence
Incorrect. Sibling conflict occurs at its highest when one child believes that he or she is
not receiving equal affection and material resources from the parent(s).
d. being more popular at school and having more friends
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 329
Skill: C
61. About how many children in the United States and Canada will experience their parents’
divorce in middle childhood?
a. a quarter (25%)
b. nearly half (50%)
c. almost three quarters (75%)
d. nearly all (92%)
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 330
Skill: F
62. Children who display impulsive or unruly behavior and experience high conflict with
others are showing ____.
a. internalizing problems
Incorrect. Unruly behavior and conflict with mothers, siblings, peers, and teachers are
examples of externalizing problems.
b. externalizing problems
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Correct. Unruly behavior and conflict with mothers, siblings, peers, and teachers are
examples of externalizing problems.
c. existential problems
d. incomplete dominance problems
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 331
Skill: C
% correct 100 a= 0 b= 100 c= 0 d= 0 r = .0
63. When divorce occurs in early childhood, children blame themselves. What about middle
childhood? Children in middle childhood ____.
a. also blame themselves
b. understand that there are other reasons that their parents divorced that have
nothing to do with them
Correct. Children in middle childhood definitely care about their parents’ divorce, but
also understand that they are not the reason.
c. are at a time in their development when they do not really care that their parents
divorce
Incorrect. By middle childhood, most children are less egocentric and more capable of
understanding that their parents may have reasons for divorcing that have nothing to do
with them.
d. are so successful at adapting to changes that it has little effect upon them
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 331
Skill: C
% correct 69 a= 31 b= 69 c= 0 d= 0 r = .47
64. Hetherington and Kelly (2002) classified ____ of the children in divorced families as
having severe emotional or behavioral problems, compared to ____ of children in two-
parent non-divorced families.
a. 25%; 10%
b. 45%; 5%
c. 10%; 25%
d. 5%; 45%
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 331–332
Skill: F
% correct 100 a= 100 b= 0 c= 0 d= r = .00
65. When is the worst time for children who have experienced divorce?
a. the first two months
b. one year later
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c. two years later

d. when the children enter college
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 332
Skill: F
66. Caleb’s parents are in the process of divorce. Every so often he will get into arguments
with his mom where he in turn responds more harshly than he normally would because of
the added stress. As an individual in middle childhood, Caleb does not understand what
his mother is going through, but responds with greater resistance and more defiant
behaviors. From both Caleb’s and his mother’s perspective, their battle continues to
escalate. Which of the following best describes the scenario?
a. coercive cycle
Correct. The added stress of the divorce process intensifies an individual’s response to
situations.
b. escalation effect
Incorrect. A coercive cycle is a pattern in relations between parents and children in
which children’s disobedient behavior evokes harsh responses from parents, which in
turn makes children even more resistant to parental control, evoking even harsher
responses.
c. the Cold War phenomenon
d. mitigating forces
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 332
Skill: A
% correct 75 a= 75 b= 12 c= 0 d= 13 r = .46
67. What percentage of mothers retain custody of their children after divorce?
a. 30%
b. 50%
c. 70%
d. 90%
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Page: 332
Skill: F
68. In about ____ of cases, the ____ retains custody of the children, so the ____ leaves the
household and the children no longer see that parent on a daily basis.
a. 90%; mother; father
b. 90%; father; mother
c. 50%; mother; father
d. 50%; father; mother
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Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 332
Skill: F
69. Within a few years after divorce, what percentage of mother-custody children see their
fathers on a weekly basis?
a. 15 to 20%
b. 35 to 40%
c. 55 to 60%
d. 75 to 80%
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 332
Skill: F
70. When the father remarries, as most do, his contact with children from the first marriage
____.
a. declines steeply
b. declines slowly
c. increases steeply
d. increases slowly
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 332
Skill: F
71. When a professional mediator meets with divorcing parents to help them negotiate an
agreement that both will find acceptable, this is ____.
a. divorce mediation
b. divorce reconciliation
c. divorce child rearing
d. divorce co-counseling
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 332
Skill: F
72. Your friend is confiding in you that he is getting a divorce from his wife of 10 years.
They have two children aged 6 and 8 years. He knows that he is unlikely to get custody
and is afraid that he will not see his children as much as he would like. What suggestions
do you have for him? What would you recommend?
a. Find a divorce mediator.
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Correct. A divorce mediator is the best bet since they help to negotiate an agreement that
both parents will find acceptable.
b. Hire an attorney who will be extremely forceful.
Incorrect. A divorce mediator is the best bet since they help to negotiate an agreement
that both parents will find acceptable.
c. Give up and be resigned that he will never see his children again.
d. Kidnap his children. You know that they would be better off with him.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 332
Skill: A
73. What happens when a stepfather enters the family?

a. The psychological health of the family improves dramatically.
b. There is essentially no difference in family relations. Whether the family was
operating at a low or high level, it continues to do so.
Incorrect. Frequently, children take a turn for the worse once a stepfather enters the
family.
c. Often the children in the family begin having serious issues including lower self-
esteem and great behavior problems.
Correct. Frequently, children take a turn for the worse once a stepfather enters the
family.
d. The mother’s happiness increases, which is then followed by an increase in the
children’s happiness.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 333
Skill: C
74. According to one estimate, about ____ of children in stepfamilies have serious problems
in at least one aspect of functioning in middle childhood, compared to ____ of their peers
in non-divorced families.
a. 40%; 30%
b. 30%; 20%
c. 20%; 10%
d. 10%; 5%
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 333
Skill: F
75. Your brother just remarried a woman who has been divorced for a year. He is now the
stepfather of three children ranging in ages from 2 to 7 years. He is trying to do his best
and support his new wife with parenting duties and to show her children that he cares for
733
them. He called last night and was very upset. He found a picture that his oldest stepchild
drew and it did not include him. What would you tell him?
a. The biological father probably told the children to draw pictures of the family
with him omitted to purposefully hurt his feelings.
b. Not to worry. This picture was probably drawn before he was part of the family.
Incorrect. Many children refuse to regard their stepfather as a “real” father and may in
fact regard him as taking their biological father’s rightful place. In fact, when asked to
draw a picture of their families, many children in stepfamilies literally leave their
stepfathers out of the picture (Stafford, 2004).
c. You have no idea why his stepchild did this. The stepchild was probably
confused.
d. This is typical. There is quite a bit of disruption when a divorce occurs and
children typically resent their stepfathers.
Correct. Many children refuse to regard their stepfather as a “real” father and may in
fact regard him as taking their biological father’s rightful place. In fact, when asked to
draw a picture of their families, many children in stepfamilies literally leave their
stepfathers out of the picture (Stafford, 2004).
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Page: 333
Skill: A
76. Many stepfathers and stepchildren eventually form harmonious, close relationships. How
does this happen?
a. The stepfather brings home gifts frequently and establishes weekly allowances.
b. The stepfather completely ignores his stepchildren until they are ready to
approach him.
Incorrect. Many stepfathers and stepchildren form harmonious, close relationships if the
stepfather is warm and open to his stepchildren and does not immediately try to assert
stern authority.
c. The stepfather acts warmly and openly to his stepchildren and does not
immediately try to assert stern authority.
Correct. Many stepfathers and stepchildren form harmonious, close relationships if the
stepfather is warm and open to his stepchildren and does not immediately try to assert
stern authority.
d. The stepfathers assert themselves immediately so that the stepchildren know who
the disciplinarian is.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 333
Skill: C
77. What is the main basis of friendship, not just during middle childhood but at all ages?
a. frequency of interaction
b. social economic status
c. proximity
d. similarity
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Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 334
Skill: F
78. People tend to prefer being around others who are like themselves, a principle called
____.
a. matching hypothesis
b. selective segregation
c. selective association
d. psychosocial discretion
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 334
Skill: F
79. Salima is in 2nd grade, does well in school, plays youth soccer, attends a Catholic church,
and gets along with others. Based upon selective association principles, Salima will most
likely be friends with ____.
a. Heidi, who is in Salima’s class, plays on her soccer team, and attends the church
Correct. Heidi holds the most similar traits to Salima; therefore, she is the one that
Salima will most likely be friends with.
b. Tom, who attends Salima’s church but is in a different class and plays youth
football
c. Barbara, who is friends with Salima’s older brother and lives in the same
neighborhood
Incorrect. Heidi holds the most similar traits to Salima; therefore, she is the one that
Salima would most likely be friends with.
d. Gary, who was in Salima’s first grade class, invited her to his birthday party, and
does poorly in school
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 334
Skill: A
80. In middle childhood, what becomes very important for friendships?

a. shared activities
Incorrect. In middle childhood, shared activities are still an important part of
friendships, but now trust, too, becomes important.
b. shared interests
c. trust
Correct. All of these attributes of a friendship are important, but trust becomes very
important.
d. a sense of belonging
Answer: C
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Difficulty: 2
Page: 334
Skill: C
81. In middle childhood, what is one of the main reasons for ending a friendship?
a. differences in interests
b. a betrayal of trust
Correct. As trust becomes more important to friendships in middle childhood, breaches of
trust also become the main reason for ending friendships.
c. moving away from the neighborhood
Incorrect. As trust becomes more important to friendships in middle childhood, breaches
of trust also become the main reason for ending friendships.
d. fighting or bickering over a member of the opposite sex
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 334
Skill: C
% correct 69 a= 12 b= 69 c= 6 d= 13 r = .26
82. Your 10-year-old daughter and her best friend just ended their nearly four-year-long
friendship. Your daughter will not tell you why. Thinking about middle childhood from
your development class, what is probably the reason?
a. Her friend betrayed her trust.
Correct. As trust becomes more important to friendships in middle childhood, breaches of
trust also become the main reason for ending friendships.
b. Her friend probably showed interest in a boy that your daughter likes.
Incorrect. As trust becomes more important to friendships in middle childhood, breaches
of trust also become the main reason for ending friendships.
c. They probably just have different interests now.
d. Her friend probably told her that she is moving to a new school.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 334
Skill: A
% correct 56 a= 56 b= 19 c= 25 d= 0 r = .45
83. Play in middle childhood becomes ____.

a. less socially based and more rigid
b. less complex and more aggressive
Incorrect. Play in middle childhood becomes more complex and more rule-based.
c. more complex and more rule-based
Correct. Due to cognitive growth and peer relations, play in middle childhood becomes
more complex and more rule-based.
d. more simplistic and less socially based
Answer: C
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Difficulty: 3
Page: 335
Skill: C
84. According to cross-cultural studies, what games are popular all over the world in middle
childhood?
a. tag and hide-and-seek
b. “king of the hill” and soccer
c. hopscotch and capture the flag
d. four square and baseball
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 335
Skill: F
85. What 21st century character game(s) became popular worldwide, especially with boys?
a. Pokemon
b. “king of the hill” and soccer
c. hopscotch and capture the flag
d. four square and baseball
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 335
Skill: F
86. Age is a key determinant of ____, in that older children tend to have more authority than
younger children.
a. social knowledge
b. social status
c. social with-it-ness
d. social construct
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 335
Skill: F
87. Based on children’s ratings of who they like or dislike among their peers, researchers
have described four categories of social status: ____.
a. socially isolated, hostile, preppy, and smart children
b. sub-average, average, above average, and three-deviations-from-the-mean
children
c. popular, rejected, neglected, and controversial children
d. social, accepted, rejected, and unpopular
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Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Page: 335
Skill: F
% correct 69 a= 0 b= 0 c= 69 d= 31 r = .36
88. Researchers have described four categories of social status. Which children were the ones
who most often were rated as “liked” and rarely rated as “disliked”?
a. popular
Correct. Popular children are the ones who most often rated as “liked” and rarely rated
as “disliked.”
b. rejected
c. neglected
d. controversial
Incorrect. Popular children are the ones who most often rated as “liked” and rarely
rated as “disliked.”
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 335
Skill: C
89. Researchers have described four categories of social status. Which children were the ones
who were the most often “disliked” and rarely “liked”?
a. popular
b. rejected
Correct. Rejected children are most often “disliked” and rarely “liked” by other
children, mainly being disliked for being overly aggressive.
c. neglected
d. controversial
Incorrect. Rejected children are most often “disliked” and rarely “liked” by other
Answer: B
Difficulty: 1
Page: 335
Skill: C
90. Which of the following best describes rejected children?

a. rarely mentioned as either liked or disliked; other children have trouble
remembering who they are
b. the ones who are most often rated as “liked” and rarely rated as “disliked”
c. most often disliked and rarely liked by other children
Correct. Rejected children are most often “disliked” and rarely “liked” by other
d. liked by some children but disliked by others; they may be aggressive at times
but are friendly at other times
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Incorrect. Rejected children are most often “disliked” and rarely “liked” by other
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 335
Skill: C
91. Researchers have described four categories of social status. Which children were rarely
mentioned as either “liked” or “disliked”?
a. popular
b. rejected
c. neglected
Correct. Neglected children are rarely mentioned as either “liked” or “disliked”; other
children have trouble remembering who they are.
d. controversial
Incorrect. Neglected children are rarely mentioned as either “liked” or “disliked”; other
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Page: 335
Skill: C
% correct 81 a= 0 b= 19 c= 81 d= 0 r = .27
92. Miriam is in 2nd grade. When her classmates are asked who she is, they have difficulty
remembering her and find it hard describing her. She is neither liked nor disliked by her
classmates, but for the most part, goes unnoticed. From the four categories of social
status, Miriam would fall into the category of ____.
a. popular
b. rejected
Incorrect. Neglected children are rarely mentioned as either “liked” or “disliked”; other
c. controversial
d. neglected
Correct. The key phrase is that she is neither liked nor disliked and goes unnoticed.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 335
Skill: A
93. Researchers have described four categories of social status. Which children were “liked”
by some children but “disliked” by others?
a. popular
b. rejected
c. neglected
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Incorrect. Controversial children are “liked” by some children but “disliked” by others.
They may be aggressive at times but are friendly at other times.
d. controversial
Correct. Controversial children are “liked” by some children but “disliked” by others.
They may be aggressive at times but are friendly at other times.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Page: 335
Skill: C
94. Your nephew is extremely intelligent. Your family jokes with him that he is a giant nerd
not just because he is very intelligent, but because he also likes to learn and studies quite
a bit. He has great social skills and enjoys the joking around. What would you guess
about his popularity at school?
a. Intelligence enhances popularity in middle school for those with good social
skills, so he probably is quite popular.
Correct. Abundant research indicates that the strongest influence on popularity is social
skills. Also, despite the popular idea of the “nerd” or “geek” as a kid who is unpopular
for being smart, in general, intelligence enhances popularity in middle childhood.
b. Since he is “nerdish” he probably has very few, if any, friends.
Incorrect. Abundant research indicates that the strongest influence on popularity is
social skills. Also, despite the popular idea of the “nerd” or “geek” as a kid who is
unpopular for being smart, in general, intelligence enhances popularity in middle
childhood.
c. Since other students are jealous of his intelligence, he is probably not very
popular.
d. He is probably very popular since students really respect intelligence regardless
of how good his social skills are.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Page: 336
Skill: A
% correct 69 a= 69 b= 25 c= 6 d= 0 r = .22
95. Kayla accidently bumped into a boy in the hall at school, causing his books to fall to the
ground. He yelled at her that she did it on purpose and became very angry even though
she tried to help him pick up his books. He is likely a ________ child who has poor
_____________.
a. neglected; information processing skills
b. rejected; social information processing skills
c. controversial; self-esteem
d. popular; social skills
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 336
Skill: A
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96. Which type of child is more likely to experience low social status, aggressiveness, and
higher rates of conflict with peers, parents, and teachers?
a. popular
b. rejected
c. neglected
d. controversial
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 336
Skill: C
97. Bullying is defined by ____.

a. aggression, repetition, and power imbalance
b. high self-worth, internal aggression, and power imbalance
c. passiveness, external aggression, and depression
d. submissiveness, power imbalance, and low self-worth
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 337
Skill: F
% correct 94 a= 94 b= 6 c= 0 d= 0 r = .42
98. Researchers have identified three components of bullying: aggression, repetition, and
____.
a. anger/hostility toward others
b. power imbalance
c. larger physical size
d. low self-esteem
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 337
Skill: F
99. The prevalence of bullying ____ through middle childhood and ____ in early
adolescence, then ____ substantially by late adolescence.
a. declines; rises; declines
b. rises; declines; rises
c. declines; plateaus; rises
d. rises; peaks; declines
Answer: D
Difficulty: 3
Page: 337
Skill: F
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% correct 88 a= 0 b= 6 c= 6 d= 88 r = .27
100. Victims of bullying are most often ____ children who are ____ and ____.
a. controversial; high in self-esteem; low social skills
b. neglected; low in self-esteem; high in social skills
Incorrect. Victims of bullying are most often rejected-withdrawn children who are low in
self-esteem and social skills.
c. popular; high in self-esteem; high in social skills
d. rejected-withdrawn; low in self-esteem; low in social skills
Correct. Victims of bullying are most often rejected-withdrawn children who are low in
self-esteem and social skills.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 337
Skill: C
101. The International Labor Organization has estimated that about 73 million children ages
5–11 are employed worldwide. What percentage of these children are employed in
developing countries?
a. 35%
b. 55%
c. 75%
d. 95%
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 339
Skill: F
102. The International Labor Organization (ILO) has estimated that about ____ children and
adolescents are employed worldwide, and that ____ of them are in developing countries.
a. 73 million; 95%
b. 400 million; 75%
c. 600 million; 55%
d. 800 million; 35%
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 339
Skill: F
103. What is the most common form of childhood employment in developing nations?
a. making clothes
b. agriculture
c. factory work
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d. begging on the streets

Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 339
Skill: F
104. Sefu is a 7-year-old boy living in a developing nation. His country does not have child
labor laws and his family has an expectation that he earn his keep and help support the
family. In which of the following locations would Sefu most likely work?
a. a small farm
Correct. Agricultural work is by far the most common form of employment for children in
developing nations.
b. a textile factory
Incorrect. Agricultural work is the most common form of child employment in developing
countries.
c. a mine
d. a commercial fishing boat
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 339
Skill: A
105. According to the ILO, the number of child laborers ages 5–11 is ___________
worldwide.
a. sharply increasing
b. rapidly declining
c. about the same as in the past
d. slowing increasing
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 340
Skill: A
106. About how many hours of television per day does the average American in middle
childhood watch?
a. 1 hour
b. 2 hours
c. 3 hours
d. 4 hours
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 340
Skill: F
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107. What percentage of children in middle childhood engage in media multitasking?

a. 10%
b. 25%
c. 50%
d. 75%
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 340
Skill: F
108. Your sister called last evening complaining that her 10-year-old daughter is frequently
playing video games while watching television, which your sister thinks is a ridiculous
amount of “media multitasking.” She is wondering if her daughter has an attention
problem. What would you tell her?
a. Many children this age engage in media multitasking.
Correct. By middle childhood, about one-fourth of children’s media use involves media
multitasking.
b. Your niece probably does have some attention problems. This behavior is quite
unusual.
Incorrect. By middle childhood, about one-fourth of children’s media use involves media
multitasking.
c. Only children with attention problems engage in media multitasking.
d. Engaging in too much media multitasking will lead to dementia.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Page: 340
Skill: A
109. ____ is the simultaneous use of more than one media form, such as playing an electronic
game while watching TV.
a. Media multitasking
b. Unconscious attention by multimedia
c. Multimedia applications
d. Cognitive overload by multimedia
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Page: 340
Skill: F
110. Thirty-four studies found that prosocial content in children’s television shows had
positive effects on four areas: ____.
a. civil service, apathy, prosocial behaviors, and internal aggression
b. altruism, positive social interactions, self-control, and combating negative
stereotypes
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c. empathy, social problem-solving, internal anxiety, and combating discrimination

d. self-efficacy, self-worth, self-esteem, and self recognition
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Page: 341
Skill: F
111. The average child in the United States witnesses how many acts of violence on television
by age 18?
a. 200
b. 2,000
c. 20,000
d. 200,000
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Page: 341
Skill: F
112. Your older brother watches R-rated movies with his 9-year-old son that include
considerable violence. He believes that because he and his son are watching the movies
together, it is not posing a problem. What do you think?
a. Your brother is correct. The fact that they are watching the movies together
eliminates the potential problems.
b. There is irrefutable evidence that exposure to violent media increases aggression.
So, regardless of whether he watches these movies with his son, it is not really a
good idea.
Correct. Several studies have shown that watching high amounts of violent television in
middle childhood predicts aggressive behavior at later life stages.
c. Watching violent movies actually reduces aggression in males.
Incorrect. Several studies have shown that watching high amounts of violent television in
middle childhood predicts aggressive behavior at later life stages.
d. There has been very little research on the topic, so no one knows.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Page: 341
Skill: A
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113. Finish the sentence below as if you were a 6-year-old boy, and again as if you were a 12-
year-old boy: “I am…”
Answer: 6-year-old: “I am tall, a boy, and a fast runner.” 12-year-old: “I am athletic, really
nice, good at science, but bad at math.”
Page: 324
114. Why does self-esteem decrease from early childhood to middle childhood?
Answer: Increases in social comparison lead to more realistic appraisals.
Page: 325–326
115. You overhear two people talking after they see two gay parents attending their adopted
child’s “back to school night.” One says, “I feel really sorry for their daughter; she would be
better off being raised in a single-parent family with no father in the picture rather than in a
family with two fathers.” The other agrees and adds, “She is going to be all screwed up.” Is there
research evidence to support any of their claims?
Answer: Research shows that children raised by gay and lesbian couples are similar to
children raised in heterosexual families in many ways. Later on, children whose parents are
gay are no more likely to be homosexual, suggesting that they do not learn sexual
orientation via modeling. Given the many stressors that single parents face and the risk
factors for children in terms of poorer academic achievement and behavior problems, gay
parents may be able to provide a more stable home. If the father has disappeared in a single
parent family, the child has to cope with feelings of rejection and anger.
Page: 329–330
116. Imagine you observe the play of children in middle childhood in either a developed or
developing country. Give an example of what you might see and mention how it compares to the
play you would see in early childhood. Be sure to include whether it is a developed or a
developing country.
Answer: In both types of countries, there is more gender segregation than there was at
earlier points in development. In a developed country, you might see boys playing football,
with girls occasionally coming over and making a comment to get their attention.
Page: 334–335
117. How are friendships different in middle childhood compared to early childhood?
Answer: Trust becomes an important component of friendships in middle childhood.
Page: 334
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118. Provide a scenario for two first graders and two fifth graders that explains why they are no
longer friends.
Answer: In early childhood, a girl and a boy who played together as neighbors might no
longer be friends because they have different interests and prefer friends of the same sex. In
middle childhood, a person may not want to be friends with a person because he insulted
him at school several times in front of his other friends.
Page: 334
Essay Questions
119. Describe a study that would benefit from using the Experience Sampling Method (ESM
method). Be sure to include the definition of this term, the research question under investigation,
and the reason this method would be advantageous.
Answer: The beeper method requires participants to fill out questionnaires at various times
throughout their day when they are paged. It avoids problems of retrospective recall. A
research question might be: Are adolescents more moody than adults or children?
Page: 323
120. Describe one important determinant of whether children respond positively or negatively
after their parents’ divorce. How long does it take for things to “get back to normal”? Are there
sex differences? Why?
Answer: The level of conflict between the mother and father has a significant impact on the
psychological adjustment of their children. Couples with lower conflict (or at least the
ability to control it and/or keep the children out of it) have children who adjust better. After
about a year, children usually seem to get back to their previous level of functioning,
however, boys have more difficulty adjusting than girls. This may be because they often live
with their mothers, so they lose the same-sex role model and they may challenge her
authority.
Page: 331-332
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TOTAL
GUIDE Revel Multiple Choice Assessments
Learning Objective Factual Conceptual Application Analytical

Learning Objective 7.1 EOC_Q7.1,
EOM_Q7.1.1,
EOM_Q7.1.2
EOM_Q7.1.4,
EOC_Q7.5,
EOM_Q7.1.5
EOM_Q7.1.3
EOM_Q7.2.3 EOM_Q7.2.1
EOM_Q7.2.2
EOM_Q7.2.4,
EOM_Q7.2.5
Learning Objective 7.5 EOM_Q7.3.1,
EOC_Q7.6
EOM_Q7.3.2
EOM_Q7.3.4
EOM_Q7.3.3
Learning Objective 7.7 EOC_Q7.8 EOM_Q7.3.5
Learning Objective 7.8 EOM_Q7.4.1,
EOC_Q7.10
EOM_Q7.4.2
Learning Objective 7.9 EOC_Q7.11 EOM_Q7.4.4 EOM_Q7.4.3
EOM_Q7.5.1, EOM_Q7.5.2
EOM_Q7.5.3
Learning Objective 7.11 EOC_Q7.9 EOM_Q7.5.5 EOM_Q7.5.4
EOM_Q7.6.1
EOM_Q7.6.2
EOM_Q7.6.3,
EOM_Q7.6.4
Learning Objective 7.15 EOM_Q7.7.2 EOM_Q7.7.1 EOC_Q7.16
Learning Objective 7.16 EOM_Q7.7.3 EOC_Q7.17
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Revel Multiple Choice Assessment Questions
EOM_Q7.1.1
During middle childhood _________________.

a. girls are usually taller and heavier than boys
b. girls and boys are more likely to be slim than at any other time
c. the incidence of myopia decreases
d. ear infections are more likely than they were earlier in the lifespan because of more
exposure to germs during the school years
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Changes in physical and sensory development during middle childhood
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 7.1 Identify the changes in physical and sensory development that take place during middle
childhood.
EOM_Q7.1.2
During middle childhood, _______________________________.

a. bodies are pudgier than they were in toddlerhood with a higher body mass index
b. children run longer and faster because of expanded lung capacity
c. the proportion of body fat is identical for girls and boys
d. growth continues at the same rate as in infancy
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Changes in physical and sensory development during middle childhood
Skill: FACTUAL
childhood.
EOM_Q7.1.3
During middle childhood, there is an increase in myelination of the _________ that accelerates
the reaction time for both boys and girls.
a. Broca’s area
b. Wernicke’s area
c. corpus callosum
d. pituitary gland
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Motor development in middle childhood
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 7.2 Explain how motor development advances in middle childhood and how these
advancements are related to participation in games and sports.
EOM_Q7.1.4
For 6-year-old Emannuel, which of the following fine motor tasks is developmentally
appropriate?
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a. Writing complete sentences and spelling multi-syllable words, such as “hippopotamus”

b. Running a 4-minute mile, jumping over hurdles, and dribbling a basketball
c. Writing the letters of the alphabet, writing his name, and writing numbers from 1 to 10
d. Writing in cursive
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Motor development advances in middle childhood
Skill: APPLICATION
EOM_Q7.1.5
By the time Shawna has reached the end of middle childhood, what abilities are close to adult
maturity?
a. Fine motor abilities
b. Gross motor abilities
c. Eye-hand coordination
d. Psycho-motor skills
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Motor development advances in middle childhood
Skill: APPLICATION
EOM_Q7.2.1
What is the current understanding of how genetics influence obesity?

a. Genetics is a good explanation for recent rises in obesity rates during childhood; however
it does little to explain the rates of obesity for adulthood.
b. Genetics only explains obesity with regard to females.
c. Obesity is more likely to be caused by genetics than the environment.
d. Genetics cannot explain recent rises in obesity rates, but rather, genetics provides only a
risk for overweight and obesity.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Obesity
Skill: ANALYTICAL
LO 7.3 Describe the negative effects of both malnutrition and obesity on development, and
identify the causes of obesity.
EOM_Q7.2.2
Rates of childhood obesity _______________.

a. are higher in the United States than in most other developed countries
b. are equally high in different parts of the United States
c. have stayed relatively stable in the last decade
d. are highest among Americans from economically advantaged backgrounds who have
access to more foods
Answer: A
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Difficulty: 2
Topic: Obesity
Skill: FACTUAL
EOM_Q7.2.3
Your neighbors eat out quite a bit, and most of it is fast food. Their 8-year-old daughter is obese
with a BMI of 24. Which of the following statements is most accurate?
a. They should not be concerned because most children outgrow their obesity.
b. As long as they emphasize that “beauty is from within,” they should not be concerned
about emotional problems.
c. They should be concerned because she is at heightened risk for kidney failure and
blindness.
d. They should be concerned because of an increased chance of ADHD correlated with the
stress of being obese.
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Obesity
Skill: APPLICATION
EOM_Q7.2.4
In developed countries, __________________________.

a. lead poisoning continues to be one of the top causes of death during middle childhood
b. middle childhood is the least safe time of life because of an increased need for
independence at this period in development
c. even children who do not receive vaccinations are less susceptible to fatal diseases in
middle childhood than they were earlier in their development
d. rates of minor illnesses have increased during recent decades, even though rates of more
serious illnesses have declined
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Rates of injury during middle childhood
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 7.4 Explain why rates of illness and injury are relatively low in middle childhood, and why
rates of asthma have risen.
EOM_Q7.2.5
Which of the following is a risk factor for asthma?

a. Being male
b. Living in the Western part of the United States
c. Having French ancestry
d. Being underweight
Answer: A
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Asthma
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Skill: FACTUAL
EOM_Q7.3.1
Maurice is 8 years old and is shown two round balls of clay that are equal in size. He watches as
the experimenter rolls one ball into a long sausage shape. When asked, “Which has more clay?”
he will likely reply __________________.
a. the ball
b. the long one that looks like a sausage
c. I’m not sure; I’ll need to weigh them
d. they’re both the same
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Concrete operations
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 7.5 Explain the major cognitive advances that occur during Piaget’s concrete operations
stage.
EOM_Q7.3.2
Marina is 9 years old and is capable of concrete operational thought. Like most other children her
age, she should __________________.
a. pass the three mountain task, but fail the abstract thinking task
b. still have great difficulty with seriation tasks, such as arranging items from shortest to
longest
c. be able to organize and manipulate information mentally
d. think in terms of hypotheticals
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Skill: APPLICATION
stage.
EOM_Q7.3.3
Research on ADHD __________________________.

a. has found similar treatments utilized across the various countries that have been studied
b. has found that less than half of children diagnosed with this disorder in the United States
receive medication
c. has shown that like the American studies, studies in other countries found higher rates
among boys than among girls
d. has shown that two of the most common side effects of medication are weight gain and
stuttering
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: ADHD
Skill: FACTUAL
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LO 7.6 Describe how attention and memory change from early childhood to middle childhood,
and identify the characteristics of children who have ADHD.
EOM_Q7.3.4
Selective attention ____________________________.

a. refers to the placement of things into meaningful categories
b. refers to thinking about thinking
c. refers to focusing on the relevant stimuli, while ignoring what is irrelevant
d. is a common measure of intelligence
Answer: C
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Selective attention
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
EOM_Q7.3.5
Both Gardner’s and Sternberg’s theory of intelligence propose ______________________.

a. that there are multiple components of intelligence
b. that there are three different types of intelligence
c. that creativity is genetically determined
d. an IQ score that allows comparisons among individuals
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Gardner’s and Sternberg’s theories
Skill: ANALYTICAL
LO 7.7 Describe the main features and critiques of intelligence tests, and compare and contrast
Gardner’s and Sternberg’s approaches to conceptualizing intelligence.
EOM_Q7.4.1
Compared to her brother in first grade, Fari, a 9-year-old in fourth grade, will be MORE likely to
___________________.
a. have trouble understanding jokes because children take everything literally at this age
b. use fewer conditional sentences because children are aware that others may misinterpret
them
c. realize that what people say is not always what they mean
d. use longer sentences, but with less complex grammar
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Advances in vocabulary, grammar, and pragmatics during middle childhood
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 7.8 Identify the advances in vocabulary, grammar, and pragmatics during middle childhood.
EOM_Q7.4.2
After his mother accidentally put the peanut butter in the refrigerator, Carl heard his father say,
“Well, that was smart.” Carl understood that his father was not giving his brother a compliment
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and it did not mean his brother was especially intelligent. This is an example of increased
understanding of _____________.
a. pragmatics
b. conditional sentences
c. the past imperfect tense
d. decentering
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Pragmatics
Skill: APPLICATION
EOM_Q7.4.3
Children who are bilingual ________________________.

a. are usually behind their single-language counterparts in meta-linguistic skills
b. take longer to master the second language when they learn it after already becoming
fluent in the first language
c. learn the second language better after age 12 because they have a more sophisticated
understanding of syntax by this point in development
d. score lower on tests of metalinguistic skills, but higher on IQ tests
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Consequences for cognitive development of growing up bilingual
Skill: ANALYTICAL
LO 7.9 Explain the consequences for cognitive development of growing up bilingual.
EOM_Q7.4.4
S. grew up in Shanghai, China; one cousin grew up in Japan, and another grew up in Italy. It is
most likely that all three learned _________ as their second language.
a. French
b. German
c. English
d. Spanish
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Consequences for cognitive development of growing up bilingual
Skill: APPLICATION
EOM_Q7.5.1
Which statement best describes the history of education in the United States?
a. During the late 19th century, children went to school mostly during the spring and
summer because it was too expensive to heat the schoolhouse in other times of the year.
b. Enrollment in school decreased throughout much of the 19th century.
c. In the late 19th century, classrooms were segregated by gender and age.
d. Prior to 1800, about half of children did not attend school.
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
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Topic: Variations worldwide in school enrollment

Skill: FACTUAL
LO 7.10 Summarize the variations worldwide in school enrollment, socialization practices, and
academic achievement during middle childhood.
EOM_Q7.5.2
Which of the following is one of several features of Asian schools that reflect collectivistic
cultural beliefs?
a. Children are required to help maintain the cleanliness and order of the school.
b. Children are required to go to school fewer days than children in Western cultures.
c. Rather than wearing a school uniform, parents decide how their children will dress.
d. Children often work alone so they can master difficult skills as quickly as possible.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Variations worldwide in school enrollment, socialization practices, and academic
achievement during middle childhood
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
EOM_Q7.5.3
Zarena would have both the shortest school day and school year if she lived in ______________.
a. South Korea
b. China
c. Japan
d. The United States
Answer: D
Difficulty: 1
Topic: Variations worldwide in school enrollment, socialization practices, and academic
achievement during middle childhood
Skill: FACTUAL
EOM_Q7.5.4
Research on reading and math skills has shown that ____________________.

a. children who have trouble learning to read often have trouble mastering early math skills
as well
b. in the last two decades, girls are more likely to be diagnosed with dyslexia than are boys
c. only humans have any awareness of numeracy
d. all approaches to reading are equally effective when children are first learning to read
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Variations in approaches to teaching reading and math skills from early childhood to
middle childhood
Skill: ANALYTICAL
LO 7.11 Describe how reading and math skills develop from early childhood to middle childhood
and the variations in approaches to teaching these skills.
755
EOM_Q7.5.5
When first learning to read, Kara was taught using the phonics approach and Yolanda was taught
with the whole-language approach. Which of the following outcomes is most likely based on
existing research?
a. Kara will learn to read faster than Yolanda.
b. Yolanda will learn to read faster than Kara.
c. Both of them will learn to read equally well.
d. Kara is more at risk of developing dyslexia because of the confusion between the sound
and appearance of letters linked to the phonics approach.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Variations in approaches to teaching reading and math skills from early childhood to
middle childhood
Skill: APPLICATION
EOM_Q7.6.1
During middle childhood ___________________________________________.

a. children are less content than in adolescence mostly because they do not have the social
skills required to manage peer conflict
b. it is harder for children to hide their emotions than in early childhood because they
become so much more intense at this period of development
c. children are aware that they can experience two contradictory emotions at once
d. the ability to self-regulate decreases from early childhood, mostly because of the many
different contexts they experience
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Features of emotional self-regulation and understanding in middle childhood and how
other life stages compare
Skill: ANALYTICAL
LO 7.12 Describe the main features of emotional self-regulation and understanding in middle
childhood and how other life stages compare.
EOM_Q7.6.2
Dr. Marinello is using the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) method for her research. She is
mostly likely measuring _________________.
a. emotions
b. self-esteem
c. self-concept
d. meta-cognitive awareness
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Features of emotional self-regulation and understanding in middle childhood and how
other life stages compare
Skill: FACTUAL
756
EOM_Q7.6.3
Nine-year-old Xinyin is a boy from China, a collectivistic culture. He would be more likely than
his counterpart in the United States to answer the fill-in-the-blank question, “I am
_____________” with the following,
a. one of the smartest kids in my class
b. a boy with brown hair
c. a son
d. good at soccer and tennis
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: The self
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 7.13 Explain how different ways of thinking about the self are rooted in cultural beliefs, and
summarize how self-concept and self-esteem change in middle childhood.
EOM_Q7.6.4
When compared to her 6-year-old sister, Isabelle, an 8th grader, is more likely to describe herself
in terms of _________ characteristics
a. physical
b. concrete
c. psychological
d. external
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Topic: The self
Skill: APPLICATION
EOM_Q7.6.5
During middle childhood ___________________________________.

a. both boys and girls come to see occupations they associate with men as having higher
status than occupations they associate with women
b. gender segregation is unique to play groups in the United States
c. boys feel less competent than their female counterparts in math and science even when
they have equal abilities in these areas based on their grades
d. play groups in traditional cultures become less gender-segregated than they were in early
childhood
Answer: A
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Beliefs and behavior regarding gender in middle childhood, including cultural variations
Skill: ANALYTICAL
LO 7.14 Describe how beliefs and behavior regarding gender change in middle childhood,
including cultural variations.
EOM_Q7.7.1
Which of the following best illustrates coregulation?
757
a. A child makes her bed without being asked because she knows that her parents expect the
house to stay clean.
b. Siblings both run to their mother to tell her what the other did to get that child in trouble.
c. A parent tells her child how disappointed she is in her behavior.
d. A child speaks for her younger, nonverbal sibling.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Features of family relations in middle childhood
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
LO 7.15 Explain the distinctive features of family relations in middle childhood, and describe the
consequences of parental divorce and remarriage.
EOM_Q7.7.2
Which of the following statements about families is TRUE?

a. Most children of gay and lesbian couples are heterosexual.
b. In an effort to escape poverty, children of single-parent families have higher achievement
in school than their counterparts from two-parent families.
c. Single motherhood is highest among Hispanic-Americans.
d. Compared to other countries, rates of single motherhood are lowest in Northern Europe.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Features of family relations in middle childhood and the consequences of parental divorce
and remarriage
Skill: FACTUAL
EOM_Q7.7.3
In middle childhood, _______________ becomes the main reason for children ending
friendships.
a. having less leisure time as a result of more homework
b. different religious backgrounds
c. violating trust
d. increased competitiveness
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Friendships in middle childhood
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 7.16 Explain the main basis of friendships in middle childhood, and describe the four
categories of peer social status and the dynamics between bullies and victims.
EOM_Q7.7.4
Around the world, child labor _________________________.

a. is most likely to involve working in service industries, such as cleaning
b. is highest in Germany and Spain
c. has been declining as a result of greater attention to the problem of exploitation
d. is no longer a problem as a result of an increase in the number of years children are
required to go to school
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Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Work in middle childhood
Skill: ANALYTICAL
LO 7.17 Describe the kinds of work children do in middle childhood, and explain why work
patterns differ between developed and developing countries.
EOM_Q7.7.5
Marin, an 8-year-old boy, watches high amounts of violence on the television in his room and his
parents are usually not around to monitor the content or enforce time limits on his viewing.
Which of the following is most accurate based on research?
a. He is more likely to be aggressive in adulthood.
b. He is no more likely to be aggressive in adulthood than his counterparts who watch either
little or no violence.
c. He is less likely to be aggressive in adulthood than his counterparts who watch either
little or no violence because he was able to work out his frustrations vicariously through
watching others.
d. No longitudinal research has examined this question.
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: The negative effects of television
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 7.18 Summarize the rates of daily TV-watching among children worldwide, and describe the
positive and negative effects of television, especially the hazards related to TV violence.
EOC_Q7.1
Which best describes sensory changes during middle childhood?

a. Hearing problems increase due to higher rates of ear infections.
b. The incidence of myopia increases
c. Vision and hearing both improve dramatically.
d. Rates of farsightedness increase while myopia decreases.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Physical growth and sensory development
Skill: FACTUAL
childhood.
EOC_Q7.2
Rates of overweight and obesity _______________________________.

a. are rising worldwide
b. are lowest among African American females compared to all other ethnic groups in the
United States
c. are lower among Latinos and Native Americans than among European Americans
d. are lowest in the most affluent regions of the world, such as North America and Europe
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Malnutrition and obesity
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Skill: FACTUAL
EOC_Q7.3
In developed countries ________________________.

a. rates of lead poisoning in children have fallen over the last several decades
b. middle childhood is one of the least safe and healthy times of life because of children’s
increased need for independence
c. the most common cause of injury is poisoning
d. asthma rates are at their lowest point in decades
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Illness and injuries
Skill: FACTUAL
EOC_Q7.4
In middle childhood, ______________________________.

a. girls are more likely than their male counterparts to be on a sports team because they are
more collaborative
b. children are more likely to be involved in organized sports than they were when they
were younger
c. children are less coordinated than they were in early childhood because they are going
through an awkward phase
d. children have a slower reaction time than they did early in childhood because they are
less impulsive
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Motor development
Skill: FACTUAL
advancements are related to new skills and participation in games and sports.
EOC_Q7.5
By the end of middle childhood ___________________________________.

a. fine motor development has nearly reached adult maturity
b. children’s drawings look about the same as they did in early childhood in terms of level
of detail
c. improvements in fine motor skills are seen primarily among children who were educated
in a formal school setting
d. most children are just beginning to learn to tie their shoes
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Motor development
Skill: FACTUAL
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advancements are related to new skills and participation in games and sports.
EOC_Q7.6
When capable of concrete operational thought, children __________________________.

a. still have great difficulty with seriation tasks, such as arranging items from shortest to
longest
b. can organize and manipulate information mentally
c. can reason about abstractions
d. are likely to be misled by appearances
Answer: B
Difficulty: 3
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
stage.
EOC_Q7.7
In the United States, about _______ of children between ages 4 and 10 are diagnosed with
ADHD.
a. 1%
b. 4%
c. 7%
d. 15%
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Information processing
Skill: FACTUAL
EOC_Q7.8
The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV) ______________________.

a. is the most widely used intelligence test for children
b. has been criticized for focusing too much on creativity and not enough on core skills of
reading and writing
c. has both math and performance subtests
d. has only been predictive of the future outcomes of gifted children
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Intelligence and intelligence tests
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 7.7 Describe the main features and critiques of intelligence tests, and compare and contrast
Gardner’s and Sternberg’s approaches to conceptualizing intelligence.
EOC_Q7.9
Research on reading and math skills _________________________.
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a. has only been conducted in the United States and Canada

b. has shown that girls are more likely to be diagnosed with dyslexia than are boys
c. has shown that the whole-language approach is more effective than the phonics approach
for children who are first learning to read
d. has found that even some nonhuman animals have a primitive awareness of numeracy
Answer: D
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Learning the cognitive skills of school: reading and mathematics
Skill: FACTUAL
EOC_Q7.10
Compared to younger children, those in middle childhood __________________________.

a. use less complex grammar, but longer sentences
b. are more serious and therefore have more difficulty understanding the punch lines in
jokes
c. are more likely to realize that what people say is not always what they mean
d. are less likely to use conditional sentences (e.g., If you do this, I will do that....) because
they know that it may be interpreted negatively
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Vocabulary, grammar, and pragmatics
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
EOC_Q7.11
Compared to single-language children, those who are bilingual __________________________.

a. are behind in metalinguistic skills
b. have better metalinguistic skills
c. are worse at detecting mistakes in grammar
d. score lower on general measures of cognitive ability
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Bilingualism
Skill: FACTUAL
EOC_Q7.12
Compared to Asian students, American schoolchildren _______________________.

a. spend more time studying art and music
b. work in groups and help teach one another difficult concepts
c. have a longer school year
d. care about the maintenance of their schools
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: School experiences and achievement
Skill: FACTUAL
762
EOC_Q7.13
During middle childhood, ___________________________________.

a. children learn how to conceal their emotions and show socially acceptable emotions
b. children tend to be less happy than they were in early childhood because they engage in
more social comparison
c. children experience less emotional stability than they did at early stages in development
because they are changing social contexts more often
d. children’s emotions become more intense, so they are not yet able to conceal their true
feelings
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Smooth sailing: advances in emotional self-regulation
Skill: FACTUAL
EOC_Q7.14
A 9-year-old boy from a collectivistic culture, such as Japan, would be most likely to describe
himself as ____________________.
a. really good at math
b. shy
c. a son
d. funny as can be
Answer: C
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Self-Understanding
Skill: APPLICATION
EOC_Q7.15
In terms of gender development, during middle childhood

_________________________________.
a. children increasingly view personality traits as associated with one gender or the other
b. play groups become less gender-segregated than they were in early childhood
c. gender roles become less rigid than earlier in life
d. play groups become less gender-segregated in developed countries only
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Gender development
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
LO 7.14 Describe how beliefs and behavior regarding gender change in middle childhood,
including cultural variations.
763
EOC_Q7.16
Which of the following best illustrates coregulation?

a. Siblings negotiate a conflict without resorting to physical aggression.
b. A child is able to prepare himself breakfast, provided that he follow his parents’ rules and
not use the stove.
c. A child counts to three and tells himself to calm down after getting angry at his brother.
d. A child describes himself in relation to others.
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Family relations
Skill: APPLICATION
EOC_Q7.17
Sam is unpopular and has trouble making friends. He is aggressive and just last week started a
fight by punching a boy who disagreed with him. Which of the following is most likely the case?
Sam is a(n) ________ child.
a. neglected
b. rejected
c. controversial
d. average
Answer: B
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Friends and peers
Skill: APPLICATION
LO 7.16 Explain the main basis of friendships in middle childhood, and describe the four
categories of peer social status and the dynamics between bullies and victims.
EOC_Q7.18
Child labor _____________________________________.

a. has declined worldwide in the last decade
b. is most common in Mexico and Hawaii
c. is considered legal in most countries
d. is difficult to monitor because no international labor organizations exist
Answer: A
Difficulty: 2
Topic: Work
Skill: FACTUAL
LO 7.17 Describe the kinds of work children do in middle childhood, and explain why work
patterns differ between developed and developing countries.
EOC_Q7.19
Watching violent television in middle childhood ________________________.

a. has been found to be less harmful than for adolescents
b. has only been studied with male participants
764
c. has been associated with a number of negative outcomes later in development

d. has been linked with aggression only in the United States
Answer: C
Difficulty: 3
Topic: Media use
Skill: CONCEPTUAL
LO 7.18 Summarize the rates of daily TV-watching among children worldwide, and describe the
positive and negative effects of television, especially the hazards related to TV violence.
765
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Human Development A Cultural

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Essentials of Human Development A Life Span View 2nd

Section 1 Physical Development .................................................................................. 648

Learning Objective Remember Understand Apply

Section 1 Physical Development

Test Item File

Multiple Choice Questions

4. What is the measure of the ratio of weight to height called?

5. ____ is a measure of the ratio of weight to height.

8. From ages 6 to 12 years, how many primary teeth do children lose?

9. How many primary teeth do children have?

13. What term describes nearsightedness?

Learning Objective: 7.1

14. Myopia is also known as ____.

16. What is a factor that can lead to children developing nearsightedness?

Incorrect. Reading is associated with nearsightedness—myopia.

22. Agility is ____.

34. 6-year-olds can ____, whereas 8-year-olds can ____.

a. divide numbers in their head; add numbers in their head

38. When are children less vulnerable to the effects of malnutrition?

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

42. Children are considered to be overweight if they ____.

43. Children are considered to be obese if they ____.

68. By middle childhood, obesity is a risk factor for ____.

70. Even in middle childhood, obesity can result in ____.

71. What percentage of children remain obese/overweight in adulthood?

74. _____ of parents of obese children view their children as overweight.

75. In developed and developing countries, middle childhood is ____.

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Apply

82. An asthma attack can be triggered by ____.

83. When are the rates of asthma the highest?

85. What is a risk factor associated with childhood asthma?

88. What ethnic group is especially likely to have childhood asthma?

89. What is the most common cause of injury in middle childhood?

Short Answer Questions

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

93. What are two risk factors for asthma?

Section 2 Cognitive Development

Bloom’s Taxonomy Level: Understand

9. What is the ability to arrange things in a logical order called?

d. subliminal information processing; focused attention

18. What percentage of children have ADHD in the United States?

19. Boys, compared to girls, are ___________ to be diagnosed with ADHD.

21. A child’s ____ usually makes the diagnosis of ADHD.

22. When is ADHD usually diagnosed?

Learning Objective: 7.6

Learning Objective: 7.6

Learning Objective: 7.6

33. Rehearsal is ____.

a. repeating information over and over

47. What is the most widely used IQ test?

34. 6-year-olds can , whereas 8-year-olds can .