Formulae -

AL STATISTICS
*
Poisson Distribution
~

Discrete Probability distribution

~

Ahhliable to events that occur in

given interval
of space or time .

Representation : X -
Po CX ) where I mean

g?!
Formulae P(X )
'
: -
x =
E where * o.

Criteria : D Occur Randomly in space or time

2) Occur singly ( not simultaneously )

3) Occur Independently

4) Occur at constant rate

Expectation I Mean : ECM =

y
-
X
'

Variance : r =
Van Cx) =
X

→
BINOMIAL TO POISSON APPROXIMATION
~
If XNB ( n, h) & n > 50 and nh e5 ,

'

then
'

X can be approximated to W -
Po CX)

where a- nip

No correction Ccc )
continuity required
~
as discrete discrete
-

→
POISSON TO NORMAL APPROXIMATION
~
If Xu Po ( x) and X > 15 then ,

" "

X be to MN ( X 2)
can approximated ,

Continuity correction to be applied discrete Continous

~

as →

Eg .
P CX > 55 ) -
B P ( X > 55.5)
g
PCX > 55) →
P (x > 44.5)

P ( Xe 30) use p ( Xe 29.5) PHE 30) p (X

g
→ e 30 -

5)
* LINEAR COMBINATION OF RANDOM VARIABLES :

Hain
D Y -
Xi b -

2) Y -
all IMPORTANT :

i:c: i:c: it:c: : ::::c : deranges:c:yes*xm

" taken
.

3) Y -
ax + b 4) Y -
axe bw If two values are not independent
ECM -
a EG) b t E-Cx) =
a ECM + b Ecw) Var ( 2X) = 22 Var CX)
Vor =
a' var Cx) var =
Ivar Cx) t b' Van Cw)

NOTE :

Variance is added
always
~

" "

If XEY
'l l'
~
:
are
.

Normally distributed axt by is Normally Distributed .

equal)
"
"

•
Poisson distributed then only Xt Y is poisson distributed ( as mean } Variance are

Binomially Distributed then BINOMIAL x DISTRIBUTED

• " "
xxx is NOI

• Continous Random Variable

The
probability density function of
' '
Continous random variable
~
a .
X is such that :

feel DX I
(Area
ci , 2)
=
under the curve =

full 30 for all ( The

function
"

negative)
"

a- is x is never

~
Pca exe b) = abffcx) doe

Medien (M) ~
Mean Ctu) /Expectation ,
Ecx,
-
Variance ,
Van CX) let
P (X E M) = pff da -

I µ -
E Cx ) =
pffocfcxjdx Var Cx) = or = pffoefcxsdx -

yr
BE SAMPLING
~
Entire collection is POPPULATION
~
SUBSECTION of population is a SAMPLE

Investigating pohpulation
~
entire is CENSUS

v0
WHY IS CENSUS NOT PREFERRED
•
MORE TIME AND EFFORT REQUIRED

•
MORE ERRORS LIKELY DURING MEASUREMENT OF ANALYSIS

•
TASK IS MORE COMPLEX AND CAN BE EXPENSIVE

•
MAY LEAD TO DISTINCTION OF POPULATION .

SAMPLING

1) BIASED SAMPLING →
OVER REPRESENTING OR UNDER REPRESENTING A FEATURE OF THE POPULATION .

2) RANDOM SAMPLING TB A RANDOM SAMPLE OF SIZE

'
!
n IS A SAMPLE CHOOSEN IN SUCH A WAY THAT EACH POSSIBLE GROUP OF

'
OF BEING PICKED
'
SIZE N WHICH COULD BE TAKEN FROM THE POPULATION HAS THE SAME CHANCE -

HOW TO SELECT A RANDOM SAMPLE ?

① RANDOM NUMBER TABLE :

Number objects starting from 1 .

Based on the number of digits present leg .
three digit no ) start selecting numbers from the table .

Reject

repeated & items beyond the given number of objects

② Generate Random numbers from calculator

⑦ Label objects & hick chits .

④ Use coin / dice for lesser number

of objects

•
SAMPLE MEAN { VARIANCE

IF A RANDOM SAMPLE and I

' '
HAS '
observations of a Random Variable is the sample mean ,
'

n X

ECI ) Varcñ)
µ and
In
= =
BA
CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM
For ✓
independently distributed random variables X, Xa and variances
'

, g . . . . with mean , y if n' is

sufficiently large Cn > 30), then I is normally distributed with mean , µ & variance ,
of .

In short ,

If n> 30 ,
In N ( sus E)

PLEASE NOTE
mm mm
:

Tf "
"

X is distributed then I will distributed whatever be the size

normally be
normally of
u ' '

Note : when all the individual elements of n have If all the elements have not been sampled ,

been sampled (Normal) g

or in binomial z will be :

if hohhulation size is atleast 10 times sample size : I -

Ju
or
I -
ju

A ESTIMATION

① If V' is
'

of taken from
' '
of size
the sample sample hohpulation
"
variance a n a with an

'

unknown variance ,
o then :

'
E- Cv)
And
=
x o

② If random values of X, , Xz . . . .
Xn is taken from a
hoppulation then ;

unbiased estimate of ( sample )

of y
mean
=
mean

poppulation

fee CELI) K¥5 ]

5
of variance of
fair
unbiased estimate
eh
= -
I -

=
-

n -
I ,

hohhulation
③ Confidence Interval
Confidence Interval for the mean, is a values which has the probability of trapping the poppredation mean
range of

' µ
-
← c →

c
i

Ju
e- c→

µ +e
.
tax

z
z
-

✗ %
Confidence Interval

Confidence Interval : I -
z
§n ,
I -12
-5 ]
where ,
I =
sample mean

oh =
hohulation variance

n =
sample size
2 =
0 (2) =
I -1-2 a-

IFa sample from

* random
of size n'
'

large is chooser a noppalation with

( proportion)
'

of members
'

h with an attribute ,
the confidence interval

[ Ps ZHI -

, hs +2T¥ ]
The confidence Interval is approximateas :

•
A discrete data is approximated to continues

A correction has not

continuity applied
•
been

•
Population variance is estimated from the sample and the estimate used is biased .

The distribution
'

approximately normal
'

Ps
of is
•
Bat
Hypothesis Testing
null C theory of change )
Ho hypothesis
=
no

Alternate ( of
change)
H
hypothesis theory
=
,

One tail :
Ho :p =
x

H , :X
> X or H ,
:
ja e ×

Reject Ho if
Probating E X t .

Two tail :
Ho ×
-
:
ju

Hi :
yet I

Reject Ho if
Probability e-
f-
I
'

* Errors

Type I error :
Reject Null
Hypothesis if it is true

PC )
Null
Hypothesis Rejected 1 True

Remeber : P (Type 1 Error ) =

signifance level

Type 2 error :
Accept Null
Hypothesis if it is false

PC Null
Hypothesis Accepted / False )

Notes
By Jay Sha
:

insta : @ picture hrs