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CHAPTER 9
Problem 9.1
A uniform rigid bar of total mass m is supported on two springs k1 and k 2 at the two ends and subjected
to dynamic forces as shown in Fig. P9.1. The bar is constrained so that it can move only vertically in the
plane of the paper. (Note: This is the system of Example 9.2.) Formulate the equations of motion with
respect to the two DOFs defined at the left end of the bar.
u1 pt
u2 pθ
k1 k2
L/2 L/2 Figure P9.1
• • •
Solution:
pt From the above equations, the vector of equivalent forces

u1 rigid bar is
pθ
u2
R| p t U|
S| p L + p V|
m
k1 k2 p = t (c)
L /2 L /2 T2 θ
W
1. Determine the force vector. 2. Determine the stiffness matrix.
Introduce a virtual displacements δu1 along DOF 1. Apply a unit displacement u1 = 1 with u2 = 0 and
The work done by the applied forces pt and pθ , and by the identify the resulting forces and the stiffness influence
coefficients, k11 and k21 .
equivalent forces p1 and p2 is
δW = pt ( δu1 ) + pθ ( 0 ) k 11
(a)
= p1 ( δu1 ) + p2 ( 0 )
u1= 1 k 21
p1 pt
k1 k2
δ u1
p2 pθ By statics,
k11 = k1 + k2 k21 = k2 L
Similarly, introduce a virtual displacement δu2 along DOF
Similarly, apply a unit displacement u2 = 1 with u1 = 0
2. The work done by the applied and equivalent forces is
and identify the resulting forces and the stiffness influence
δW = pt
FG δu L IJ
2
+ pθ (δu2 )
coefficients, k12 and k22 .
H 2 K (b)
= p1 (0) + p2 (δu2 ) k 12
k 22 u 2= 1
p1 pt
δ u 2 L /2
δ u2 δ u2 L 0 k2 L
p2 pθ
© 2017 Pearson Education, Inc., Hoboken, NJ. All rights reserved. This material is protected under all copyright laws as they currently
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By statics, 4. Write the equations of motion.
k12 = k2 L k22 = k2 L2 Substituting Eqs. (c), (d) and (e) in Eq. (9.2.12), with
c = 0 , gives
Thus the stiffness matrix is
LM m OP && U|
OP RSu UV = R|S p L p
mL
Lk + k O
k2 L
MM m L PP RSTu&&u UVW + LMNk k+Lk k2 L t
p V|
2
k = M
k L PQ
1 2 1 1 2 1
(d) k L Q Tu W
N kL T| 2 +
t
m L2 2
2 2
2
MN 2 3 PQ 2 2 2 2 θ
W
3. Determine the mass matrix. (f)
Impart a unit acceleration u&&1 = 1 with u&&2 = 0 , These two differential equations are coupled because of
determine the distribution of acceleration and the mass coupling and stiffness coupling.
associated inertia forces, and identify the influence
coefficients, m11 and m21 .
&&u 1= 1
m 11
Inertia forces = m / L
m 21
By statics,
mL
m11 = m m21 =
2
Similarly, impart a unit acceleration u&&2 = 1 with u&&1 = 0 ,
determine the distribution of acceleration and the
associated inertia forces, and identify the influence
coefficients, m12 and m22 .
&&u 2 = 1
m 12
Inertia forces = ( m / L )/x
m 22 x
By statics,
mL m L2
m12 = m22 =
2 3
Thus the mass matrix is
LM m mL OP
m=M 2
PP (e)
MM m L m L2
PQ
N2 3
Problem 9.2
A uniform simply supported beam of length L , flexural rigidity EI , and mass m per unit length has been
idealized as the lumped-mass system shown in Fig. P9.2. The applied forces are also shown.
(a) Identify the DOFs to represent the elastic properties and determine the stiffness matrix. Neglect the
axial deformations of the beam.
(b) Identify the DOFs to represent the inertial properties and determine the mass matrix.
(c) Formulate the equations governing the translational motion of the beam.
p 1(t) p 2(t)
EI
mL/3 mL/3
L/3 L/3 L/3

• • • •
Figure P9.2
Solution:
p1 ( t ) p2 ( t ) k 11 k 21
k 51 k 61
k 31 k 41
mL /3 mL /3
324 EI / L 3
L /3 L /3 L /3
54 EI / L
2
54 EI / L
2
54 EI /L
2
Part a 324 EI / L 3
The elastic properties of the beam (neglecting axial

deformation) are represented by six DOFs: two By statics,
translational displacements and four rotational 648 EI − 324 EI
displacements. k11 = k21 = k31 = 0
L3 L3
u1 u2 54 EI − 54 EI
k41 = k51 = k61 = 0
L2 L2
u5 u3 u4 u6
R|u U|3
Similarly to obtain the third column, apply u3 = 1 with all
u =
RSu UV
t
ut =
RSu UV1
u0
|u |
= S V
4
other u j = 0 and identify the resulting elactic forces and
the stiffness influence coefficients.
Tu W
0 Tu W 2 ||u ||
5
Tu W6 k 13 k 23
k 53 k 63
The coefficients of the stiffness matrix corresponding to
these DOF are computed following Example 9.4. For k 33 k 43
instance, to obtain the first column of the stiffness matrix, 2
54 EI / L
apply a unit displacement u1 = 1 while the other 6EI / L
displacements u j = 0 , j = 2, 3, ···, 6. Identify the resulting
6EI / L 12 EI / L 2
elastic forces and the stiffness influence coefficients. 54 EI / L
Other elements of the stiffness matrix are obtained u&&1 = 1 u2= 1
&&
similarly. Apply a unit displacement ui = 1 while
u j = 0 , j ≠ i . Identify the resulting elastic forces and by
statics obtain the stiffness coefficients kij . m11 m 21 m12 m 22
The complete stiffness matrix is
LM 648 − 324 0 54 L − 54 L 0 OP
mL /3 0 0 mL /3
MM − 324 648 − 54 L
2
0
2
0 54 L
2
PP
0 − 54 L 24 L 6L 6L 0
k =
EI
L M
3 M 54 L 0 6 L2 24 L2 0 6 L2
PP m11 =
mL
3
m12 = 0 m22 =
mL
3
m21 = 0
MM− 54 L 0 6 L2 0 12 L2 0 PP
MN 0 54 L 0 6L 2
0 12 L2
PQ Thus the mass matrix is
(a)
m =
mL 1 0 LM OP (c)
The stiffness matrix is partitioned: 3 0 1 N Q
k =
LM k tt kt0 OP (b)
Nk 0t k 00 Q Part c
The condensed stiffness matrix for the two vertical
where the subscript t identifies the translational DOF is
displacements, u1 and u2 , and the subscript 0 identifies the
k$ = k − k k − 1 k
tt tt ⇒ t0 00 0t
rotational displacements, u3 , u4 , u5 and u6 .
Part b k$ tt =
162 EI 8 −7 LM OP (d)
The DOF representing the inertial properties are the
5L 3 −7 8 N Q
two translational displacements u1 and u2 associated with The force vector is given by
the concentrated masses.
p(t ) =
RS p (t ) UV
1
(e)
u1 u2
T p (t ) W
2
Substituting Eqs. (c), (d) and (e) in Eq. (9.2.12) with

c = 0 , gives the equation governing the translational
motion of the beam:
RSu UV
u = ut =
1
Tu W
2
LM OP RSu&& UV +
mL 1 0 1 162 EI LM 8 −7 OP RSu UV = RS p (t ) UV
1 1
N Q Tu&& W
3 0 1 2 5L 3
N− 7 8Q Tu W
2 T p (t ) W
2
To obtain the coefficients of the mass matrix for these (f)

DOF, apply first a unit acceleration u&&1 = 1 , while
u&&2 = 0 . Next apply a unit acceleration u&&2 = 1 , while
u&&1 = 0 . Determine the associated inertia forces and
identify the mass coefficients:
u&&1 = 1, u&&2 = 0 u 1 = 0, &&

&& u2= 1
Problem 9.3
Derive the equations of motion of the beam of Fig. P9.2 governing the translational displacements u1
and u2 by starting directly with these two DOFs only.
Solution:
p1 ( t ) p2 ( t )
3. Write the equations of motion.
Using Eqs. (d) and (e), the equation governing the
translational motion of the beam is the same as in Problem
mL /3 mL /3
9.2:
L /3 L /3 L /3
LM OP RSu&& UV + 162 EI LM 8
mL 1 0 1 −7 OP RSu UV = RS p (t ) UV
1 1
1. Determine the stiffness matrix.

3 0 1N Q Tu&& W 5L N− 7
2
3 8Q Tu W
2 T p (t ) W
2
The flexibility matrix is calculated first and inverted to (f)

obtain the stiffness matrix. The flexibility influence
coefficient f$ij is the displacement in DOF i due to unit load
applied along DOF j. The deflections due to unit load at
node 1 are computed by standard procedures of structural
analysis to obtain two of the influence coefficients:
4 L3 7 L3
f$11 = f$21 = (a)
243 EI 486 EI
The deflections due to unit load at node 2 are computed to
obtain the other two influence coefficients:
7 L3 4 L3
f$12 = f$22 = (b)
486 EI 243 EI
f$11 f$21 f$12 f$22
1 1
Thus the flexibility matrix is
f$ =
L3 LM OP
8 7
(c)
N Q
486 EI 7 8
The stiffness matrix is obtained by inverting f$ :
k = f$ − 1 =
162 EI 8 −7LM OP (d)
5L 3 −7 8 N Q
2. Determine the mass matrix.
The mass matrix for the translational DOF is same as
in Problem 9.2:
m =
LM OP
mL 1 0
(e)
N Q
3 0 1
Problem 9.4
A rigid bar is supported by a weightless column as shown in Fig. P9.4. Evaluate the mass, flexibil-
ity, and stiffness matrices of the system defined for the two DOFs shown. Do not use a lumped-mass
approximation.
u2
•
L Rigid; total mass = m
Figure P9.4
u1
•
L EI, massless
By statics,
•
m m
m12 = m22 = (b)
6 3
Solution:
Thus the mass matrix is
u2
m ⎡2 1⎤
m = ⎢1 2 ⎥ (c)
6 ⎣ ⎦
L Rigid; total mass = m
2. Determine the flexibility matrix.
u1
Apply a unit force p1 = 1 along DOF 1 with p2 = 0
along DOF 2. The first two displacements or influence
L EI, massless
coefficients due to this force are computed following
standard procedures of structural analysis:
L3 L3 F L IL =
2
5 L3
1. Determine the mass matrix. f$11 =
3EI
f$21 =
3EI
+ GH 2 EI JK 6 EI
(d)
Impart a unit acceleration u&&1 = 1 , with u&&2 = 0 ,
determine the acceleration distribution and the associated Similarly, apply a unit force p2 = 1 , with p1 = 0 . The
inertia forces. other two displacements or influence coefficients due to
m 21 this force are
u2 = 0
&&
5 L3 5 L3 F 3L I L =
2
7 L3
x
Inertia forces
= (m/L)(x/L)
f$12 =
6 EI
f$22 =
6 EI
+ GH 2 EI JK 3EI
(e)
u 1= 1
&& m11
f$21 = f$11+ θ L f$22 = f$12+ θ L
p2 = 1
θ =L2/2EI θ =L2/2EI + L2/EI

2
=3L /2EI
θ θ
By statics, p =1
1
f$11 =L3/3EI f$12 =L3/3EI + (L2/2EI )L
m m
m11 = m21 = (a) =5 L3/6EI
3 6
Similarly, impart a unit acceleration u&&2 = 1 , with u&&1 = 0 ,
determine the acceleration distribution and the associated
inertia forces. Thus the flexibility matrix is
u2= 1
&& m 22
f$ =
L3 2 5 LM OP (f)
x Inertia forces 6 EI 5 14N Q
= (m/L)(x/L)
&&u 1 = 0 m12 The stiffness matrix is computed by inverting the
flexibility matrix f$ :
EI
k = f$ − 1 = 3
28 − 10 LM OP (g)
L − 10 4 N Q
Problem 9.5
Using the definition of stiffness and mass influence coefficients, formulate the equations of motion for
the two-story shear frame with lumped masses shown in Fig. P9.5. The beams are rigid and the flexural
rigidity of the columns is EI. Neglect axial deformations in all elements.
m/2 Rigid beams

p2(t)
•
h
m
p1(t)
•
h EI EI
•
2h
• •
Figure P9.5
Solution:
1. Determine the stiffness matrix. m/2

m 21
The story stiffness is
k = 2
FG 12 EI IJ =
24 EI m u1 = 1
&&
m 11
Hh K 3
h3 m
Apply u1 = 1, u2 = 0 and determine ki1 :
k21 = – k
u1= 1 Apply u&&2 = 1 , u&&1 = 0 ⇒

k11 = 2k
m
m12 = 0 m22 =
2
m/2 u2 = 1
&&
m22
Apply u2 = 1, u1 = 0 and determine ki 2 : m/2
m
k22 = k m12
u 2= 1
k12 = – k
Thus, the mass matrix is
m = m
LM1 OP
Thus, the stiffness matrix is
N 0.5Q
k = k
LM 2 OP
−1 3. Write the equations of motion.
N− 1 1Q LM1 OP RSu&& UV + k LM 2
1 OP RSu UV = RS p (t ) UV
−1 1 1
m
N 0.5Q Tu&& W N− 1
2 1Q Tu W T p (t )W
2 2
Apply u&&1 = 1 , u&&2 = 0 ⇒
m11 = m m21 = 0
Problem 9.6
Figure P9.6 shows a two-story frame with lumped masses subjected to lateral forces, together with some
of its properties; in addition, the flexural rigidity is EI for all columns and beams.
(a) Identify the DOFs to represent the elastic properties and determine the stiffness matrix. Neglect axial
deformations in all elements.
(b) Identify the DOFs to represent the inertial properties and determine the mass matrix. Assume the
members to be massless and neglect their rotational inertia.
(c) Formulate the equations governing the motion of the frame in the DOFs in part (b).
m/2 EI
p2(t)
•
h
m
p1(t)
•
h EI EI Figure P9.6
•
2h
• •
Solution:
p (t) m/2
2 This matrix can be written in partitioned form as follows:
p (t) m
h
k =
LM k tt kt0 OP (b)
1
Nk 0t k 00 Q
h Part b
The DOFs representing the inertial properties are the
L=2h
two translational displacements u1 and u2 .
Part a
m/2
u2
The elastic properties of the shear frame (neglecting
axial deformation) are represented by six DOFs: two
horizontal displacements and four rotational displacements. m
u1
The coefficients of the stiffness matrix corresponding
to these DOF are computed following Example 9.7.
u2
u5 u6
u = ut =
RSu UV
1
u3 u4
u1
Tu W
2
The mass matrix is
LM1 OP
R|u U| 3
m = m
N 0.5Q
(c)
u =
RSu UV
t
ut =
RSu UV
1
u0
|u |
= S V
4
Part c
Tu W
0 Tu W
2 ||u || 5
The condensed stiffness matrix is
Tu W 6
−1
The complete stiffness matrix is k$ tt = ktt − kt 0 k00 k0t
LM 48 − 24 0 0 − 6h − 6h O EI LM 37.15 − 1512
. OP
6hPP
= (d)
MM− 24 24 6h 6h 6h h 3
N− 1512
. 1019
. Q
6h 10h 2 1h 2 2h 2 0P
k =
EI
h3
MM 00 6h 1h 2 10h 2 0 2h P
P
2 (a) Substituting Eqs. (c) and (d) in Eq. (9.2.12) gives
MM− 6h 2h 2 6h 2 1h P2 LM1 OP RSu&& UV + 1 EI LM

37.15 − 1512
. OP RSu UV = RS p (t ) UV
1 1
MN− 6h
6h
6h 0 2h 2
0
1h 2
P
6h PQ
2
m
N 0.5Q Tu&& W 2 h 3 − 1512
. N .
1019 Q Tu W T p (t )W
2 2
Problem 9.7
Using the definition of stiffness and mass influence coefficients, formulate the equations of motion
for the three-story shear frames with lumped masses shown in Figs. P9.7 and P9.8. The beams are
rigid in flexure, and the flexural rigidity of the columns is as shown. Neglect axial deformations in all
elements.
m/2 Rigid beams
p3(t)
•
h EI EI
m
p2(t)
•
h EI EI
m
p1(t)
•
h EI EI
•
2h
• •
Figure P9.7
Solution:
Since the beams are rigid in flexure and axial Apply u2 = 1 , u1 = u3 = 0 and determine ki 2 :
deformation is neglected in columns, three DOFs
associated with each story represent the properties of this k 32 = – k
three-story shear building. The corresponding story masses
and story stiffness are: u 2= 1
k 22 = 2k
m
m1 = m m2 = m m3 = (a)
2
12 EI 24 EI k 12 = – k
k1 = k2 = k3 = 2 3 = ≡ k (b)
h h3
Apply u1 = 1 , u2 = u3 = 0 and determine ki1 :
Apply u3 = 1 , u1 = u2 = 0 and determine ki 3 :
k 31 = 0
k 33 = k
u 3= 1
k 21 = – k
k 23 = – k
u 1= 1
k 11 = 2k
k 13 = 0
The stiffness matrix is Apply u&&3 = 1 , u&&1 = u&&2 = 0 ⇒
LM 2 −1 0 OP m33 =
m
m13 = m23 = 0
k = k M− 1 2 − 1P (c) 2
m/2
MN 0 −1 1PQ m/2
m 33
u3 = 1
&&
2. Determine the mass matrix. m

m 23
Apply u&&1 = 1 , u&&2 = u&&3 = 0 ⇒
m11 = m m21 = m31 = 0 m
m 13
m/2
m 31
m
m 21
The mass matrix is
u1 = 1
m && LM1 OP
m 11 m = mM 1 P (d)
NM 0.5QP
m

L1 OP R|u&& U| LM 2 −1 0 OP R|u U| R| p (t ) U|
m MM
1 1 1
Apply u&&2 = 1 , u&&1 = u&&3 = 0 ⇒
m22 = m m12 = m32 = 0
MN
1 PP S|u&&&& V| + k MM− 1
2 2 −1 PP S|u V| = S| p (t )V|
2 2
0.5Q Tu W3 N0 −1 1Q Tu W
3 T p (t ) W
3
m/2 (e)
m 32
u 2= 1
m &&
m 22
m
m
m 12
Problem 9.8
Using the definition of stiffness and mass influence coefficients, formulate the equations of motion
for the three-story shear frames with lumped masses shown in Figs. P9.7 and P9.8. The beams are
rigid in flexure, and the flexural rigidity of the columns is as shown. Neglect axial deformations in all
elements.
m/2 Rigid beams
p3(t)
•
h EI/3 EI/3
m
p2(t)
•
h 2EI/3 2EI/3
m
p1(t)
•
h EI EI
•
2h
• •
Figure P9.8
Solution:
Since the beams are rigid in flexure and axial Apply u2 =1, u1 = u3 = 0 and determine ki2 :
deformation is neglected in columns, the three floor
displacements are the three DOFs. The floor masses and k 32 = – k
story stiffnesses are:
m1 = m m2 = m m3 = m / 2 (a) u 2= 1
k 22 = 3k
12( EI / 3) 8 EI
k3 = 2 = 3 ≡k
h3 h
k 12 = –2 k
k1 = 3k k2 = 2k (b)

Apply u1 =1, u2 = u3 = 0 and determine ki1 : Apply u3 =1, u1 =u2 = 0 and determine ki3 :
k 33 = k
k 31 = 0 u 3= 1
k 23 = – k
k 21 = –2 k
u 1= 1 k 13 = 0
k 11 = 5k
The stiffness matrix is The mass matrix is
⎡ 5 −2 0 ⎤ ⎡1 0 0 ⎤
k = k ⎢⎢− 2 3 − 1⎥⎥ (c) m = m ⎢⎢0 1 0 ⎥⎥ (d)
⎢⎣ 0 − 1 1 ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 0 1 2⎥⎦

Apply u&&1 =1, u&&2 =u&&3 = 0⇒ 3. Write the equations of motion.
m11 =m m21 = m31 = 0

⎡1 0 0 ⎤ ⎧ u&&1 ⎫ ⎡ 5 - 2 0 ⎤ ⎧ u1 ⎫ ⎧ p1 (t ) ⎫
m/2 ⎢0 1 0 ⎥ ⎪ && ⎪ + k ⎢- 2 3 - 1⎥ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ( )⎪
m 31 m⎢ ⎥ ⎨u 2 ⎬ ⎢ ⎥ ⎨u 2 ⎬ = ⎨ p 2 t ⎬
⎢⎣0 0 1 2⎥⎦ ⎪⎩u&&3 ⎪⎭ ⎢⎣ 0 - 1 1 ⎥⎦ ⎪⎩u 3 ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ p 3 (t ) ⎪⎭
m
m 21 (e)
u1 = 1
m &&
m 11
m
Apply u&&2 =1, u&&1 =u&&3 = 0⇒
m22 =m m12 =m32 =0
m/2
m
32
u 2= 1
m &&
m 22
m
m
m 12
Apply u&&3 =1, u&&1 = u&&2 = 0⇒
m33 =m/ 2 m13 =m23 = 0

m/2
m
u3 = 1
&& m/2 33
m
m 23
m
m 13
Problem 9.9
Figures P9.9–P9.12 show three-story frames with lumped masses subjected to lateral forces, together
with the flexural rigidity of columns and beams.
axial deformation of the members.
m/2 EI
p3(t)
•
h EI EI
m EI
p2(t)
•
h EI EI
m EI
p1(t)
•
h EI EI
•
2h
• •
Figure P9.9
Solution:
p (t) EI m/2
3
EI h
p (t) EI m
2
EI
h
p (t) EI m
1
EI h
L= 2h
Part a
The elastic properties of the frame (neglecting axial
deformation) are represented by 9 DOFs: three horizontal
displacements and six rotational displacements.
u3
u8 u9
u2
u6 u7
u1
u4 u5
⎧u 4 ⎫ The mass matrix is
⎪ ⎪
⎧ u1 ⎫ ⎪u 5 ⎪ ⎡1 ⎤
⎧u ⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪u ⎪⎪ ⎢
m = m⎢ 1 ⎥ (c)
u = ⎨ t ⎬ u t = ⎨u 2 ⎬ u 0 = ⎨ 6 ⎬ ⎥
⎩u 0 ⎭ ⎪u ⎪ ⎪u 7 ⎪ ⎢⎣ 0.5⎥⎦
⎩ 3⎭ ⎪u 8 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ Part c
⎪⎩u 9 ⎪⎭
The condensed stiffness matrix for the three lateral
The coefficients of the stiffness matrix corresponding to DOFs is
these DOFs are computed following Example 9.7. The −1
k$ tt = ktt − kt 0 k00 k0t
complete stiffness matrix is
⎡ 40.85 −23.26 5.11⎤
− 24 − 6h − 6h EI ⎢
31.09 −14.25⎥⎥
⎡ 48 0 0 0 0 0⎤
⎢ − 24 = − 23.26 (d)
⎢ 48 − 24 6h 6h 0 0 − 6h − 6h ⎥⎥ 3 ⎢
h ⎢ 5.11 −14.25 10.06⎥
⎢ 0 − 24 24 0 0 6h 6h 6h 6h ⎥ ⎣ ⎦
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 6h 0 10h 2 1h 2 2h 2 0 0 0⎥
EI ⎢
k = 0 6h 0 1h 2 10h 2 0 2h 2
0 0⎥
h3 ⎢ ⎥
The equation governing the translational motion of the
⎢ − 6 h 0 6h 2 h 2 0 10h 2 1h 2 2h 2 0⎥
⎢− 6h 0 6h 0 2h 2 1h 2 10h 2 0 2h 2 ⎥ building is
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 − 6h 6h 0 0 2h 2 0 6h 2 1h 2 ⎥ ⎧ u&&1 ⎫ ⎧ u ⎫ ⎧ p1(t ) ⎫
⎢ ⎥ ⎡1 ⎤ ⎡ 40.85 − 23.26 5.11⎤
2h 2 1h 2 6h 2 ⎦ ⎪ ⎪ EI ⎪ 1⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎣ 0 − 6h 6h 0 0 0 m ⎢⎢ 1 ⎥
⎥ ⎨u&&2 ⎬ + 3
⎢− 23.26
⎢ 31. 09 −14 .25⎥⎥ ⎨u2 ⎬ = ⎨ p2 (t ) ⎬
⎢⎣ 0.5⎥⎦ ⎪u&& ⎪ h ⎢⎣ 5.11 −14.25 10.06⎥⎦ ⎪u ⎪ ⎪ p (t ) ⎪
⎩ 3⎭ ⎩ 3⎭ ⎩ 3 ⎭
(a)
The stiffness matrix can be written in partitioned form as (e)
follows:
⎡k k t0 ⎤
k = ⎢ tt (b)
⎣k 0t k 00 ⎥⎦
Part b
three translational displacements, u1 , u2 and u3 .
m/2
u3
m
u2
m
u1
⎧ u1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪
u = u t = ⎨u 2 ⎬
⎪u ⎪
⎩ 3⎭
Problem 9.10
m/2 EI/2
p3(t)
•
h EI EI
m EI/2
p2(t)
•
h EI EI
m EI/2
p1(t)
•
h EI EI
•
2h
• •
Figure P9.10
Solution:
EI/2 m/2
p3 (t )
EI m h
EI/2
p2 ( t )
EI m h
EI/2 p1 ( t )
EI h
L=2h
Part a
The elastic properties of the frame (neglecting axial
u3
u8 u9
u2
u6 u7
u1
u4 u5
⎧u 4 ⎫ ⎧ u1 ⎫
⎪u ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ 5⎪ u = u t = ⎨u2 ⎬
⎧ u1 ⎫ ⎪u ⎪
⎧u t ⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪u 6 ⎪⎪ ⎩ 3⎭
u = ⎨ ⎬ u = ⎨u 2 ⎬ u 0 = ⎨ ⎬
⎩u 0 ⎭ ⎪u ⎪ ⎪u 7 ⎪
⎩ 3⎭ ⎪u 8 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ The mass matrix is
⎪⎩u 9 ⎪⎭
⎡ ⎤
⎢1 0 0⎥
The coefficients of the stiffness matrix corresponding to m = m ⎢0 1 0⎥ (c)
⎢ 1⎥
these DOFs are computed following Example 9.7. The ⎢0 0 ⎥
complete stiffness matrix is ⎣ 2⎦
LM48 −24 0 0 0 −6 h −6 h 0 0 O Part c

−6 h P
MM 48 −24
24
6h
0
6h
0
0
6h
0
6h
−6 h
6h 6h P
P The condensed stiffness matrix for the three lateral
DOFs is
MM 9h 2
1 2
h 2h2 0 0 0 P
P −1
EI M k$ tt =k tt − k tok oo
0 P
2
2 k ot
9h 0 2h2 0
h M P
k= 3
MM 9h 2
1 2
h 2h2 0 P ⎡ 39.38 − 22.68 5.486 ⎤
2h P
2
EI ⎢
27.13 − 11.75⎥⎥
2 2
MM Symm 9h 0
5h 2 h P
1 2
P =
3⎢
h ⎢ Symm
(d)
7.418 ⎥⎦
MN 2
2h Q
2 P ⎣
(a) The equations governing the translational motion of the

building are
The stiffness matrix can be written in partitioned form
as follows: ⎡ ⎤
⎢1 0 0 ⎥ ⎧ u&&1 ⎫ ⎡ 39.38 − 22.68 5.486 ⎤ ⎧ u1 ⎫ ⎧ p1(t ) ⎫
⎪ ⎪ EI ⎢ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎡k k to ⎤ m ⎢0 1 ⎥
0 ⎨u2 ⎬ +
& &
⎢ 27.13 − 11.75⎥⎥ ⎨u2 ⎬ = ⎨ p2 (t ) ⎬
k = ⎢ tt ⎢ ⎥
1 ⎪ && ⎪ h ⎢ 3
7.418 ⎥⎦ ⎪⎩u3 ⎪⎭ ⎪ p (t ) ⎪
⎣k ot k oo ⎥⎦ ⎢0 0
⎣ 2⎦
⎥ ⎩u3 ⎭ ⎣ Symm ⎩ 3 ⎭
(b)
Part b (e)

m/2
u3
m
u2
m
u1
Problem 9.11
m/2 EI
p3(t)
•
h EI EI
m EI
p2(t)
•
h EI EI
m EI
p1(t)
•
h EI EI
•
2h
• •
m/2
p3(t) EI/3
•
h EI/3 EI/3
m
p2(t) 2EI/3
•
h 2EI/3 2EI/3
m
p1(t) EI
•
h EI EI
•
2h
• •
Figure P9.11
Solution:
Part a
EI/3 m/2 The elastic properties of the frame (neglecting axial
p3 (t ) deformation) are represented by 9 DOFs: three horizontal
EI/3 h
m
2EI/3 u3
p2 ( t )
u8 u9
2EI/3 m h
EI p1 ( t ) u2
u6 u7
EI h
u1
u4 u5
L=2h
⎧u 4 ⎫ ⎧ u1 ⎫
⎪u ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ 5⎪ u = u t = ⎨u2 ⎬
⎧ u1 ⎫ ⎪u ⎪
⎧u t ⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪⎪u ⎪⎪ ⎩ 3⎭
u = ⎨ ⎬ u = ⎨u 2 ⎬ u 0 = ⎨ 6 ⎬
⎩u 0 ⎭ ⎪u ⎪ ⎪u 7 ⎪ The mass matrix is
⎩ 3⎭ ⎪u 8 ⎪
⎪ ⎪ ⎡ ⎤
⎪⎩u 9 ⎪⎭ ⎢1 0 0⎥
m = m ⎢0 1 0⎥ (c)
⎢ 1⎥
The coefficients of the stiffness matrix corresponding to ⎢0 0 ⎥
⎣ 2⎦
these DOFs are computed following Example 9.7. The
LM40 −16 0 2h 2h −4 h −4 h 0 0 OP Part c
MM 24 −8
8
4h
0
4h
0
2h
2h
2h
2h
−2 h − 2 h
2h 2h
PP The condensed stiffness matrix for the three lateral
DOFs is
MM 26
h
2
h2
4 2
h 0 0 0 P
P
EI M kˆ tt = k tt − k to k oo
−1
0 PP
3 3 k ot
h M
26 2 4 2
k= h 0 h 0
3
MM ⎡ 33.36 − 14.91 1.942 ⎤
0 P
3 3
16 2 4 2 2 2
(d)
MM Symm
3
h 3
h
16 2
h
3
0
h
h P
2 2 P EI ⎢
= 3 ⎢ 15.96 − 5.489⎥⎥
MM
3
2h2
3
h P
1 2 P h ⎢
⎣ Symm 3.923 ⎥⎦
2 h PQ
3
N 2
(a) building is
LM1 0 0
OPRu&& U L 33.36 −14.91 1.942 OPR|u U| R| p bt gU|
PP|Su&& |V + EIh MM
1 1 1
m M0 1 0 −5.489 Su V = S p bt gV
P | | |
The stiffness matrix can be written in partitioned form as
follows:
MM0 0
1
PQ|Tu&& |W MNSymm
2 3
15.96
3.923 PQ |
2 2
Tu W T p bt g W
N 2
3 3 3
⎡k k to ⎤ (e)
k = ⎢ tt
⎣k ot k oo ⎥⎦
(b)
Part b
m/2
u3
m
u2
m
u1
Problem 9.12
m/2 EI/2
p3(t)
•
h EI EI
m EI/2
p2(t)
•
h EI EI
m EI/2
p1(t)
•
h EI EI
•
2h
• •
m/2
p3(t) EI/6
•
h EI/3 EI/3
m
p2(t) EI/3
•
h 2EI/3 2EI/3
m
p1(t) EI/2
•
h EI EI
•
2h
• •
Figure P9.12
Solution:
Part a
EI/6 m/2
p3( t ) The elastic properties of the frame (neglecting axial
EI/3 h displacements and six rotational displacements.
m
EI/3
p2( t )
u3
2EI/3 m h u8 u9
EI/2
p1( t )
u2
EI h u6 u7
u1
u4 u5
L=2h
⎧u4 ⎫ ⎧ u1 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ u5 ⎪ u = u t = ⎨u 2 ⎬
⎧u ⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪u ⎪
⎧⎪ u t ⎫⎪ ⎪⎪ 1 ⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ u 6 ⎪⎪ ⎩ 3⎭
u=⎨ ⎬ ut = ⎨u2 ⎬ u0 = ⎨ ⎬
⎪⎩ u 0 ⎪⎭ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪u7 ⎪ The mass matrix is
⎪⎩ u 3 ⎪⎭ ⎪ ⎪
⎪u8 ⎪ ⎡ ⎤
⎪ ⎪ ⎢1 0 0⎥
⎪⎩ u 9 ⎪⎭ m = m ⎢0 1 0⎥ (c)
⎢ 1⎥
The coefficients of the stiffness matrix corresponding to ⎢0 0 ⎥
⎣ 2⎦
these DOFs are computed following Example 9.7. The
⎡40 − 16 0 2h 2h − 4h − 4h 0 0 ⎤ Part c
⎢ 24 − 8 4h 4h 2h 2h − 2h − 2h ⎥⎥
⎢ The condensed stiffness matrix for the three lateral
⎢ 8 0 0 2h 2h 2h 2h ⎥
⎢ 23 2 1 2 4 2 ⎥ DOFs is
⎢ h 2
h 3
h 0 0 0 ⎥
3
⎢ 23 2 4 2 ⎥
EI ⎢ 3
h 0 3
h 0 0 ⎥
k= 3⎢
0 ⎥
14 1 2 2
h2 h h2 −1k
h ⎢ 3 3 3 ⎥ kˆ tt = k tt − k to k oo ot
⎢ Symm
14 2
h 0
2 2⎥
h
⎢ 3 3 ⎥
⎢ 5 2
h
1 2⎥
h ⎡ 30.77 − 14.01 2.43 ⎤
⎢ ⎥ EI ⎢
13.82 − 4.80⎥⎥
3 6
⎢ 5 2⎥ = (d)
⎢ h ⎥ 3 ⎢
⎣ 3 ⎦ h ⎢ Symm 2.92 ⎥⎦
⎣
(a)
The stiffness matrix can be written in partitioned form as building is
follows:
⎡ k tt k to ⎤
k =⎢ (b) ⎡1 0 ⎤ ⎧ u&&1 ⎫ ⎡ 30.77 − 14.01 2.43 ⎤ ⎧ u1 ⎫ ⎧ p1 (t ) ⎫
k oo ⎥⎦
0
⎣ k ot ⎢ ⎥ ⎪ ⎪ EI ⎢
0 ⎨u&&2 ⎬ +
⎪ ⎪
13.82 − 4.80⎥ ⎨u 2 ⎬ =
⎪ ⎪
m 0
⎢ 1 ⎨ p 2 (t ) ⎬
1 ⎥ ⎪ && ⎪ h 3 ⎢ ⎥
Part b 2.92 ⎦ ⎪
⎩u3 ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩ p3 (t ) ⎪⎭
⎣⎢ 2 ⎦⎥ ⎩ 3 ⎭ ⎣ Symm
0 0 u
The DOFs representing the inertial properties are the (e)

m/2
u3
u2
m
u1
m
Problem 9.13
An umbrella structure has been idealized as an assemblage of three flexural elements with lumped
masses at the nodes as shown in Fig. P9.13.
(a) Identify the DOFs to represent the elastic properties and determine the stiffness matrix. Neglect axial
deformations in all members.
(b) Identify the DOFs to represent the inertial properties and determine the mass matrix.
(c) Formulate the equations of motion governing the DOFs in part (b) when the excitation is (i) horizon-
tal ground motion, (ii) vertical ground motion, (iii) ground motion in direction b–d , (iv) ground motion
in direction b–c, and (v) rocking ground motion in the plane of the structure.
m 3m m
c EI a EI d
L EI
b
L L
Figure P9.13
Solution:
m EI 3m EI m
displacements are zero, i.e., u j = 0 , j = 2, 3, ···, 6; identify
the resulting elastic forces, and by statics obtain the
EI L stiffness coefficients:
k 31 u 1= 1 k 21
L L
k 11
k 51 k 41 k 61
Part a
The elastic properties of the umbrella (neglecting axial
deformation of the elements) are represented by six DOFs:
three translational displacements and three rotations. 6EI / L
2
12 EI / L
3
u3 u2
u1
u5 u4 u6
12 EI
k11 = k21 = 0 k31 = 0
L3
⎧ u1 ⎫ ⎧u 4 ⎫
⎧ut ⎫ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ 6 EI
u = ⎨ ⎬ u t = ⎨u 2 ⎬ u 0 = ⎨u5 ⎬ k41 = k51 = 0 k61 = 0
⎩u 0 ⎭ ⎪u ⎪ ⎪u ⎪ L2
⎩ 3⎭ ⎩ 6⎭
The coefficients of the stiffness matrix corresponding
to these DOFs are computed following Example 9.4. For
instance, to obtain the first column of the stiffness matrix,
apply a unit displacement u1 = 1 while the other
Other columns of k are determined similarly. The complete Next apply a unit acceleration u&&2 = 1 , while u&&1 = 0 and
stiffness matrix is u&&3 = 0 .
⎡ 12 0 0 6L 0 0⎤ m32 m22
⎢ 0 12 0 − 6 L 0 − 6 L ⎥
⎢ ⎥ m12
EI ⎢ 0 0 12 6L 6L 0⎥
k = ⎢ ⎥ (a)
L ⎢ 6 L − 6 L 6 L 12 L 2 L
3 2 2 2
2L ⎥ m
⎢ 0 0 6 L 2 L2 4 L2 0⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎣⎢ 0 − 6 L 0 2 L2 0 4 L2 ⎦⎥
m12 = 0 m22 = m m32 = 0
The stiffness matrix can be written in partitioned form as

follows: Finally, apply a unit acceleration u&&3 = 1 , while u&&1 = 0
and u&&2 = 0 .
⎡k k t0 ⎤
k = ⎢ tt (b)
⎣k 0t k 00 ⎥⎦ m33 m23
where the subscript t identifies the translational m13
displacements, u1 , u2 and u3 , and the subscript 0 identifies
the rotational displacements u4 , u5 and u6 .
m
Part b
three translational displacements u1 , u2 and u3 . m13 = 0 m23 = 0 m33 = m
u3 u2
Thus, the mass matrix is
u1 ⎡5 ⎤
m = m ⎢⎢ 1 ⎥⎥ (c)
⎢⎣ 1⎥⎦
Part c
⎧ u1 ⎫ The condensed stiffness matrix for the three
⎪ ⎪ translational DOFs is
u = u t = ⎨u 2 ⎬
⎪u ⎪ −1
k$ tt = ktt − kt 0 k00 k0t
⎩ 3⎭
To obtain the coefficients of the mass matrix for these ⎡ 28 6 −6⎤
DOF, first apply a unit acceleration u&&1 = 1 , while u&&2 = 0 3EI ⎢
= 6 7 3⎥⎥ (d)
and u&&3 = 0 . 3 ⎢
10 L ⎢−6 3 7 ⎥
⎣ ⎦
m31 m21
The equations governing the translational DOFs are
m11
m 3m m ⎧ t⎫
⎡5 ⎤ ⎪ u&&1 ⎪ ⎡ 28 6 −6⎤ ⎧ u1 ⎫ ⎧0⎫
⎪ t⎪ 3EI ⎢ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎢ ⎥
m ⎢ 1 ⎥ ⎨u 2 ⎬ +
& &
⎢ 6 7 3⎥⎥ ⎨u 2 ⎬ = ⎨0⎬
3
⎢⎣ 1⎥⎦ ⎪u&&t ⎪ 10 L ⎢⎣−6 3 7⎥⎦ ⎪⎩u 3 ⎪⎭ ⎪⎩0⎪⎭
⎪⎩ 3 ⎪⎭
m11 = 5 m m21 = 0 m31 = 0

(e)
(i) If the excitation is horizontal ground motion ugx ( t ), the (iv) If the excitation is ground motion u gbc (t ) in the
total and relative displacements are related as follows: direction b-c,
⎧u1t ⎫ ⎧ u1 ⎫ ⎧− 1 2⎫
⎧u t ⎫ ⎪ t⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ 1 ⎪ ⎧ u1 ⎫ ⎧1⎫ ⎨u 2 ⎬ = ⎨u 2 ⎬ + ⎨ 1 2 ⎬u gbc (l)
⎪ t⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨u 2 ⎬ = ⎨u 2 ⎬ + ⎨0⎬ u gx (f) ⎪u t ⎪ ⎪u ⎪ ⎪ 1 2⎪
⎪ t ⎪ ⎪u ⎪ ⎪0⎪ ⎩ 3⎭ ⎩ 3⎭ ⎩ ⎭
⎪⎩u 3 ⎪⎭ ⎩ 3 ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
Substituting Eq. (l) into Eq. (e) gives a matrix equation
Substituting Eq. (f) in Eq. (e) gives with its left hand side the same as Eq. (g) and the right
hand side is
⎧ − 5m 2⎫
⎡5 ⎤ ⎧ u&&1 ⎫ ⎡ 28 6 −6⎤ ⎧ u1 ⎫ ⎧5m⎫ ⎪ ⎪
⎪ ⎪ 3EI ⎢ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ p eff (t ) = −⎨ m
m ⎢ 1 ⎥⎥
⎢
⎨u2 ⎬ +
& & 6 7 ⎥
3⎥ ⎨u2 ⎬ = − ⎨ 0 ⎬ u&&gx (t ) 2 ⎬u&&gbc (t ) (m)
3⎢ ⎪ m
⎢⎣ 1⎥⎦ ⎪u&& ⎪ 10 L ⎢−6 3 7⎥ ⎪u ⎪
⎩ 3⎭ ⎣ ⎦ ⎩ 3⎭
⎪0⎪
⎩ ⎭ 2⎪
⎩ ⎭
(g) (v) If the excitation is rocking ground motion defined by

counter-clockwise rotation u gθ (in radians) in the plane of
(ii) If the excitation is vertical ground motion ugy ( t ), the structure,
⎧u t ⎫
⎪ 1 ⎪ ⎧ u1 ⎫ ⎧0⎫ ⎧u1t ⎫ ⎧ u1 ⎫ ⎧− L ⎫
⎪ t⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ t⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨u 2 ⎬ = ⎨u 2 ⎬ + ⎨1⎬ u gy (h) ⎨u 2 ⎬ = ⎨u 2 ⎬ + ⎨ L ⎬u gθ (n)
⎪ t ⎪ ⎪u ⎪ ⎪1⎪ ⎪u t ⎪ ⎪u ⎪ ⎪− L ⎪
u ⎩ 3⎭ ⎩ ⎭ ⎩ 3⎭ ⎩ 3⎭ ⎩ ⎭
⎩⎪ 3 ⎭⎪
Substituting Eq. (h) in Eq. (e) gives a matrix equation with
its left hand side same as Eq. (g) and the right side is Substituting Eq. (n) into Eq. (e) gives a matrix equation
with its left hand side the same as Eq. (g) and the right
⎧0⎫ hand side is
⎪ ⎪
p eff (t ) = −⎨m⎬ u&&gy (t ) (i)
⎪m ⎪ ⎧ − 5mL ⎫
⎩ ⎭ ⎪ ⎪
p eff (t ) = −⎨ mL ⎬u&&gθ (t ) (o)
⎪ − mL ⎪
(iii) If the excitation is ground motion u gbd (t ) in the ⎩ ⎭
direction b-d,
⎧u1t ⎫ ⎧ u1 ⎫ ⎧1 2⎫
⎪ t⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨u 2 ⎬ = ⎨u 2 ⎬ + ⎨1 2 ⎬u gbd (j)
⎪u t ⎪ ⎪u ⎪ ⎪1 2⎪
⎩ 3⎭ ⎩ 3⎭ ⎩ ⎭
Substituting Eq. (j) into Eq. (e) gives a matrix equation

with its left hand side the same as Eq. (g) and the right
hand side is
⎧5m 2⎫
⎪ ⎪
p eff (t ) = −⎨ m 2 ⎬u&&gbd (t ) (k)
⎪ m 2⎪
⎩ ⎭
Problem 9.14
Figure P9.14 shows a uniform slab supported on four columns rigidly attached to the slab and clamped
at the base. The slab has a total mass m and is rigid in plane and out of plane. Each column is of
circular cross section, and its second moment of cross-sectional area about any diametrical axis is
as noted. With the DOFs selected as u x , u y , and uθ at the center of the slab, and using influence
coefficients:
(a) Formulate the mass and stiffness matrices in terms of m and the lateral stiffness k = 12EI/h3 of the
smaller column; h is the height.
(b) Formulate the equations of motion for ground motion in (i) the x-direction, (ii) the y-direction, and
(iii) the direction d–b.
a b
uθ uy
2I I
b O ux
d c
•
h 2I I
Figure P9.14
Solution:
b By statics,
a b kxx = 6 k kyx = kθx = 0
uy
2k uθ k
b ux Apply uy = 1 , ux = uθ = 0 :
d c
u y= 1
2k k a b
2k k
k yy
Part a
1. Formulate the stiffness matrix. k xy
kθ y
Apply ux = 1, uy = uθ = 0 :
u x= 1 c d
a 2k k
2k k b
k yx
By statics,
k xx kxy = 0
kθ x
kyy = 6 k
kθ y = 2 k
FG b
− 2k
b IJ = − kb
2k
c
k
d
H 2 2 K
exist. No portion of this material may be reproduced, in any form or by any means, without permission in writing from the publisher. 24
Apply uθ = 1 , ux = uy = 0 : Apply u&&y = 1 , u&&x = u&&θ = 0 ⇒
myy = m mxy = mθy = 0
2kb/2 kb/2
2kb/2 kb/2
a b
m yy
kyθ
mθ y
kxθ uy= 1
&&
uθ=1 m xy
kθθ O
m
2kb/2 c d kb/2
Apply u&&θ = 1 , u&&x = u&&y = 0 ⇒
2kb/2 kb/2
mθθ = IO mxθ = myθ = 0
By statics,
kxθ = 0
F b − 2k b IJ = − kb
= 2 Gk
m yθ
k yθ
H 2 2K
O
&&
uθ = 1 mθ θ
mxθ
F b I b + FG 3k b IJ b + FG 2k b IJ b
= G 3k J
kθθ
H 2K 2 H 2K 2 H 2K 2 IO
F b I b = 3k b
+ G 4k J 2
H 2K 2
Hence the stiffness matrix is Hence the mass matrix is
LM
6 0 0 OP LM1 OP
k = k 0 MM 6 −b PP m = mM 1 PP
N0 − b 3b 2 Q MN r2 Q
where where
k =
12 EI IO 1 b2 + b2 b2
r2 = = m =
h3 m m 12 6
2. Formulate the mass matrix.
Part b: Formulate the equations of motion.
Apply u&&x = 1, u&&y = u&&θ = 0 ⇒ && t + ku = 0
mu (a)
mxx = m myx = mθx = 0 (i) Ground motion in the x-direction.
R|u&& U| Ru&& U Ru&& U
t
S|u&& V| = |S|u&& |V| + |S| 0 |V|

x x gx
t
y y
m yx
u x =1
&& mθ x Tu&& W Tu&& W T 0 W
t
θ θ
O
m m xx LM1 OP LM6 0 0 OP 1 R| U|
mM 1 S| V|
MN b 6PPQ MM PP
&& + k 0
u 6 − b u = − m 0 u&&gx (t )
2
N0 − b 3b 2 Q 0 TW
(b)
(ii) Ground motion in the y-direction. The influence vector is
R| U| Ru&& U R 0 U
u&&xt R|1 2 U|
S| V| = |S|u&& |V| + |S|u&& |V|
x
u&&ty ι = S1 2 V
y
Tu&& W Tu&& W T 0 W
θ
t
θ
gy
|T 0 |W
Substituting Eq. (b) in Eq. (a) gives an equation with The equations of motion have the same left side as Eq. (b)
the left side same as Eq. (b) but the right side is but the right side is
R|0U| R|1 2 U|
p eff (t ) = − m S1V u&&gy ( t ) p eff (t ) = − m ι u
&& g (t ) = − m S1 2 V u&& (t )
|T0|W |T 0 |W g
(iii) Ground motion in the d-b direction.
ug = 1
1 2
O
1 2
Problem 9.15
Repeat Problem 9.14 using the second set of DOFs shown in Fig. P9.15.
u3
u2
a b
2I I
b
d c u1
•
h 2I I
Figure P9.15
Solution:
u3
b
a u2
b
2k k
b
d c u1
2k k
Part a
1. Formulate the stiffness matrix.
Apply u1 = 1 , u2 = u3 = 0 :
k 31
k
k 21
a b
O'
O
u 1= 1
c d
2k k 11
k
k
By statics,
k11 = 5 k k21 = − 2 k k31 = 2 k
Apply u2 = 1 , u1 = u3 = 0 : 2. Formulate the mass matrix.
Apply u&&1 = 1 , u&&2 = u&&3 = 0 :
k 32 k
k m31
2k k 22 1/b
a b m 21
u 2= 1 IO (1/b) = mb/6
O
O'
1/2 O m/2
m/2
c d 1/2 m11
k 12
k
u1 =1
&&
By statics,
k12 = − 2 k k22 = 5 k k32 = − 2 k By statics,
2m m m
Apply u3 = 1 , u1 = u2 = 0 : m11 = m21 = − m31 =
3 6 2
k 33
2k k Apply u&&2 = 1 , u&&1 = u&&3 = 0 :

u 3= 1
k 23 u2 =1
&&
a b m32
1/b m 22
O'
O m/2
1/2 O m/2
mb/6
c d
k 13
m12
2k k 1/2
By statics, By statics,
m 2m m
k13 = 2 k k23 = − 2 k k33 = 6 k m12 = − m22 = m32 = −
6 3 2
Hence the stiffness matrix is
L 5 −2 2 OP Apply u&&3 = 1 , u&&1 = u&&2 = 0 :
k = k MM− 2 5 −2 PP
MN 2 −2 6 Q
u3 = 1
&& m 33 (ii) Ground motion in the y-direction.
m 23
ι3 = 1 ι2 = 0
ugy = 1
O
m
m 13
ι1 = 0
By statics,
m13 =
m
m23 = −
m
m33 = m
R|0U|
2 2 p eff (t ) = − m S0V u&& (t )
Hence the mass matrix is |T1|Wgy
LM 2 3 −1 6 12 OP R| 1 2U|
m = m M− 1 6 = − m S− 1 2 V u&& (t )
MN 1 2
2 3 −1 2 PP |T 1|W gy
−1 2 1 Q
Part b: Formulate the equations of motion.
mu&& + ku = − m ι u&&g ( t ) (a) (iii) Ground motion in the d-b direction.
14243
peff (t ) ι3 = 1 2 ι2 = 1 2
(i) Ground motion in the x-direction.

ι3 = 0
ι2 = 1 ug = 1
ugx = 1 ι1 = 1 2
R|1 2 U|
ι1 = 1 p eff (t ) = − m S1 2 V u&& (t )
R|1U| |T1 2 |W g
p eff (t ) = − m S1V u&& (t ) R|1 2 U|

|T0|W
gx
= − m S 0 V u&& (t )
R|1 2U| |T1 2 |W g
= − m S1 2V u&& (t )
|T 0 |W gx
Problem 9.16
Repeat Problem 9.14 using the DOFs shown in Fig. P9.16.
a b
uθ uy 2I I
b O ux
d c
•
h 2I I
Figure P9.16
Solution:
b
By statics,
uy
a b k xx = 6k k yx = kθx = 0
uθ ux k
2k
Apply u y = 1, u x = uθ = 0 :
d c
2k k b uy = 1
a b
2k k
Part a k yy
1. Formulate the stiffness matrix. k xy
kθy
Apply u x = 1, u y = uθ = 0 :
ux = 1
2k k d c
a b
2k k
k yx
By statics,
k xx
kθx k xy = 0
k yy = 6k
d c
2k k kθy = 2kb
Apply 1, 0:
uθ = u x = u y =
0 kb Apply u&&y = 1, u&&x = u&&θ = 0 ⇒
2k b 2
b
a kb 2 m xy = 0 m yy = m mθy = m
b 2
k yθ
uθ = 1
kθθ
k xθ m yy
u&& y = 1 m
2k b 2 mθy m xy
d c kb 2
0 kb
By statics,
k xθ = 0 Apply u&&θ = 1, u&&x = u&&y = 0 ⇒
k yθ = 2kb mxθ = 0
⎛ b⎞b ⎛ b⎞b mb
kθθ = ⎜ 3k ⎟ + ⎜ 3k ⎟ + (2kb )b m yθ =
⎝ 2⎠ 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2 2
7 bb ⎛ b2 + b2 ⎞ 2 2
= kb 2 mθθ = I O + m = m⎜ ⎟ + m b = 5mb
2 22 ⎜ 12 ⎟ 4 12
⎝ ⎠
Hence the stiffness matrix is
⎡6 0 0 ⎤
⎢ 2b ⎥⎥
k = k ⎢0 6
⎢⎣0 2b 7b 2 / 2⎥⎦ u&&θ = 1 m yθ IO
k
where O mθθ m xθ
EI mb 2
k = 12
h3

Hence the mass matrix is
Apply u&&x = 1, u&& y = u&&θ = 0 ⇒
⎡1 0 0 ⎤
mxx = m m yx = mθx = 0 ⎢
m = m ⎢0 1 b 2 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣0 b 2 5b 2 12⎥⎦
m yx
u&&x = 1 m Part b: Formulate the equations of motion.
O mθx m xx
&&t + ku = 0
mu (a)
(i) Ground motion in the x-direction. (iii) Ground motion in the d-b direction.
⎧u&&tx ⎫ ⎧u&&x ⎫ ⎧u&&gx ⎫

⎪ t⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
⎨u&&y ⎬ = ⎨u&&y ⎬ + ⎨ 0 ⎬
⎪u&&t ⎪ ⎪u&& ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪
⎩ θ⎭ ⎩ θ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
⎡1 0 0 ⎤ ⎡6 0 0 ⎤ ⎧1⎫ O 1 2
m ⎢⎢0 1 b / 2 ⎥⎥u && + k ⎢0 6 2 b ⎥u = −m⎪0⎪u&& (t )
⎢ ⎥ ⎨ ⎬ gx 1 2
⎢⎣0 b / 2 5b 2 / 12⎥⎦ ⎢⎣0 2b 7b 2 / 2⎥⎦ ⎪0⎪
⎩ ⎭
(b)
(ii) Ground motion in the y-direction. The influence vector is
⎧u&&tx ⎫
⎧u&&x ⎫ ⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎧1 2 ⎫
⎪ t⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
= ⎨u&&y ⎬ + ⎨u&&gy ⎬
⎨u&&y ⎬ (c) ι = ⎨1 2 ⎬
⎪ t⎪ ⎪u&& ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪ ⎪ 0 ⎪
⎩uθ ⎭ ⎩ θ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
&&
⎩ ⎭
Substituting Eq. (c) in Eq. (a) gives an equation with the
The equations of motion have the same left side as Eq. (b)
left hand side the same as Eq. (b) but the right side is
but the right side is
⎧ 0 ⎫ ⎧1 2 ⎫
⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
p eff (t ) = −m⎨ 1 ⎬u&&gy (t ) p eff (t ) = −m ι u&&g (t ) = − m⎨ 1 2 ⎬u&&g (t )
⎪b / 2⎪ ⎪b 2 2 ⎪
⎩ ⎭
⎩ ⎭
Problem 9.17
Repeat Problem 9.14 using the DOFs shown in Fig. P9.17.

u3 u2
a b
2I I
b
d c u1
•
h 2I I
Figure P9.17
k 22
Solution:
k 32 u2 = 1
u3 u2 k
2k
a b k
a b
b 2k k
d c
u1
2k b k
d c k12
Part a
k
By statics,
Apply u1 = 1, u 2 = u 3 = 0 :
k12 = −3k k 22 = 5k k 32 = −3k
k 31 k 21 Apply u 3 = 1, u1 = u 2 = 0 :
2k k k 33
a b
2k u3 = 1 k 23
2k a k
b
d c k11
2k k
u1 = 1
By statics, d c
k11 = 6k k 21 = −3k k 31 = 3k k13
2k
Apply u 2 = 1, u1 = u 3 = 0 :
By statics, u&&3 = 1 m33 m 23
k13 = 3k k 23 = −3k k 33 = 7k
Hence the stiffness matrix is 1b

I 0 (1 b) = m b 6
⎡ 6 −3 3⎤ −
⎢ 12 m 2
k = k ⎢− 3 5 − 3⎥⎥
⎣⎢ 3 − 3 7 ⎥⎦
12 m 2
where
m13
EI
k = 12
h3 Hence the mass matrix is
2. Formulate the mass matrix. ⎡ 1 −1 2 1 2⎤
Apply u&&1 = 1, u&&2 = u&&3 = 0 ⇒ m = m ⎢⎢ − 1 2 2 3 − 1 6 ⎥⎥
⎢⎣ 1 2 16 2 3⎥⎦
m m
m11 = m m 21 = − m31 =
2 2
m31 m 21 Part b: Formulate the equations of motion.
&& + ku = −m ι u&&g (t )
mu (a)
14243
p eff (t )
m
i) Ground motion in the x-direction.
m11
u&&1 = 1 ι3 = 0 ι2 = 0
Apply u&&1 = 1, u&&2 = u&&3 = 0 ⇒

m 2m m
m12 = − m 22 = m32 = −
2 3 6
u2 = 1 m32 m 22 u gx = 1
1b
I 0 (1 b) = m b 6 ι1 = 1
12 m 2 ⎧1⎫
⎪ ⎪
p eff (t ) = −m ⎨0⎬u&&gx (t )
m 2 ⎪0⎪
12 ⎩ ⎭
⎧ 1⎫
m12 ⎪ ⎪
= −m⎨− 1 2⎬u&&gx (t )
Apply u&&3 = 1, u&&1 = u&&2 = 0 ⇒ ⎪ 1 2⎪
⎩ ⎭
m m 2m
m13 = m 23 = − m33 =
2 6 3
(iii) Ground motion in the d-b direction.
(ii) Ground motion in the y-direction.
ι3 = 1 2 ι2 = 1 2
ι3 = 1 ι2 = 1
ug =1
u gy = 1
ι1 = 0
⎧1 2 ⎫
⎪ ⎪
⎧0⎫ p eff (t ) = −m ⎨1 2 ⎬u&&g (t )
⎪ ⎪ ⎪1 2 ⎪
p eff (t ) = −m ⎨1⎬u&&gy (t ) ⎩ ⎭
⎪1⎪
⎩ ⎭ ⎧1 2 ⎫
⎪ ⎪
⎧0⎫ = −m⎨ 0 ⎬u&&g (t )
⎪ ⎪ ⎪1 2 ⎪
= −m⎨1 2⎬u&&gy (t )
⎪1 2⎪ ⎩ ⎭
⎩ ⎭
Problem 9.18
Figure P9.18 shows a three-dimensional pipe abcd clamped at a with mass m at d. All members are made
of the same material and have identical cross sections. Formulate the equations of motion governing the
uz
z uy
m d
ux
b
L
L
L
y
c
Figure P9.18
a x
DOFs ux , uy, and uz when the excitation is ground motion in (i) x -direction, (ii) y -direction, (iii) z-
direction, and (iv) direction a–d . First express the flexibility matrix in terms of E, I, G, J, and L ; then
specialize it for GJ = 45 EI. Consider flexural and torsional deformations but neglect axial deformations.
Solution:
uz
z uy
3. Determine flexibility matrix.
m
L Compute the flexibility matrix, f̂ , in terms of the
d ux DOF u x , u y and u z using the principle of virtual forces.
b L
c
L
y
3.1 Establish the curvatures and rates of twist in the

a x
elements due to real forces Px, Py and Pz applied at the
mass in the x, y and z directions respectively:
1. Sign Convention.
The assumed positive sense of the internal bending
moments and torques acting on each element are as shown: (i) Apply real force Px
Px
d
b c
b c
z Px L Px L
a ψz = φz =
y EI GJ
Px ( z − L)
ψy =
x EI
Px ( L − y )
ψz =
2. Determine mass matrix. EI
The mass matrix, m, for this structure is Curvatures, ψ Rate of twist, φ
⎡m ⎤
⎢ ⎥
m=⎢ m ⎥
⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ m⎥⎦
(ii) Apply real force Py δM z = δPx L δM z = δPx L
Py
δM z = δPx ( L − y )
δM y = δPx (z − L)
Virtual Virtual
Py ( x − L) − Py L Bending Moments Torques
ψz = φz =
EI GJ
Equate external and internal virtual work due to δPx
Py ( L − z )
ψx = L
EI Px ( L − y )
∫
δPx u x = δPx ( L − y )
0
EI
dy
Curvatures, ψ Rate of twist, φ L

⎡ Px L + Py ( x − L) ⎤
0
∫
+ δPx L ⎢
⎣⎢ EI
⎥ dx
⎦⎥
(iii) Apply real force Pz L

⎡ P ( z − L) + Pz L ⎤
Pz 0
∫
+ δPx ( z − L) ⎢ x
⎣ EI ⎥ dz
⎦
L
⎡ Px L − Py L ⎤
0
∫
+ δPx L ⎢
⎢⎣ GJ
⎥ dx
⎥⎦
Hence,
⎡ 5L3 L3 ⎤ ⎡ L3 L3 ⎤ ⎡ L3 ⎤
u x = Px ⎢ + ⎥ + Py ⎢− − ⎥ + Pz ⎢− ⎥
Pz ( y − L) − Pz L ⎢⎣ 3EI GJ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 EI GJ ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 EI ⎥⎦
Pz ( L − x )
ψy = ψx = φx =
EI EI GJ and
5L3 L3 L3 L3 L3
f̂ xx = + f̂ xy = − − f̂ xz = −
3EI GJ 2 EI GJ 2 EI
− Pz L Pz L 3.3 Determine deflection uy due to forces Px, Py and Pz.
ψx = ψy =
EI EI Apply virtual force δPy in the direction of DOF uy
Curvatures, ψ Rate of twist, φ

δPy
3.2 Determine deflection ux due to forces Px, Py and Pz.

Apply virtual force δPx in the direction of DOF u x
δPx δM z = δPy ( x − L) δM z = −δPy L
δM y = δPz ( L − x) δM x = δPz ( y − L) δM x = −δPz L
δM y = δPz L
δM x = δPy ( L − z )
δM x = −δPz L
Virtual Virtual
Bending Moments Torques Virtual Virtual
Bending Moments Torques
Equate external and internal virtual work due to δPy
L
⎡ Py ( x − L) + Px L ⎤
∫
δPy u y = δPy ( x − L) ⎢ ⎥ dx L
⎡ − Pz L + Py ( L − z ) ⎤
∫
⎣⎢ EI ⎦⎥ + − δPz L ⎢
0 ⎥ dz
⎢
⎣ EI ⎦⎥
L 0
⎡ Py ( L − z ) − Pz L ⎤
∫
+ δPy ( L − z ) ⎢ ⎥ dz L
⎡ P L + Px ( z − L) ⎤
∫
⎢⎣ EI ⎥⎦ + δPz L ⎢ z
0
EI ⎥ dz
0
⎣ ⎦
L
⎡ − Py L + Px L ⎤
0
∫
+ − δPy L ⎢
⎣⎢ GJ
⎥ dz
⎦⎥ L
⎡− P L⎤
Hence, 0
∫
+ − δPz L ⎢ z ⎥ dx
⎣ GJ ⎦
⎡ L3 L3 ⎤ ⎡ 2 L3 L3 ⎤ ⎡ L3 ⎤ Hence,
u y = Px ⎢− − ⎥ + Py ⎢ + ⎥ + Pz ⎢− ⎥
⎣⎢ 2 EI GJ ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 3EI GJ ⎦⎥ ⎣⎢ 2 EI ⎦⎥
⎡ L3 ⎤ ⎡ L3 ⎤ ⎡ 8L3 L3 ⎤
and u z = Px ⎢− ⎥ + Py ⎢− ⎥ + Pz ⎢ + ⎥
⎢⎣ 2 EI ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 2 EI ⎥⎦ ⎢⎣ 3EI GJ ⎥⎦
L3 L3 2 L3 L3 L3
f̂ yx = − − f̂ yy = + f̂ yz = − and
2 EI GJ 3EI GJ 2 EI
L3 L3 8 L3 L3
f̂ zx = − f̂ zy = − f̂ zz = +
3.4 Determine deflection uz due to forces Px, Py and Pz. 2 EI 2 EI 3EI GJ
Apply virtual force δPz in the direction of DOF uz.
Therefore the flexibility matrix, f̂ , is
δPz ⎡ 5L3 L3 L3 L3 L3 ⎤
⎢ + − − − ⎥
⎢ 3EI3 GJ3 2 EI GJ 2 EI ⎥
⎢ L L 2 L3 L3 L3 ⎥
f̂ = ⎢− − + −
2 EI GJ 3EI GJ 2 EI ⎥
⎢ 3 ⎥
⎢ − L L3 8L3
L3 ⎥
− +
⎢⎣ 2 EI 2 EI 3EI GJ ⎥⎦
Equate external and internal virtual work due to δPz
L
⎡ Pz ( y − L) ⎤
∫
δPz u z = δPz ( y − L) ⎢
0
⎣ EI ⎥ dy
⎦
L
⎡ P ( L − x) ⎤
0
∫
+ δPz ( L − x) ⎢ z
⎣ EI
⎥ dx
⎦
4. Determine stiffness matrix.
The stiffness matrix, k, is obtained by inverting f̂ .

For the case when GJ = 4/5 EI:
⎡ 35 − 21 − 6⎤
L ⎢
3 ⎥
fˆ = ⎢ − 21 23 − 6⎥
12 EI ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣ − 6 − 6 47 ⎥⎦
⎡0.9283 0.9088 0.2345⎤

EI ⎢ ⎥
k = 3 ⎢0.9088 1.4294 0.2985⎥
L ⎢ ⎥
⎢⎣0.2345 0.2985 0.3234⎥⎦
5. Formulate the equations of motion u = [ ux, uy, uz ]T

&& + ku = − mι u
mu && g
where m and k are given above and influence vector

ι = static displacements of DOF due to ug = 1.
(i) ground motion in x-direction : ι =[ 1 0 0 ]T
(ii) ground motion in y-direction : ι = [ 0 1 0 ]T
(iii) ground motion in z-direction : ι = [ 0 0 1 ]T
(iv) ground motion in direction a-d:
1
ι= [1 1 1]T
3
Problem 9.19
Formulate the equations of motion for the system shown in Fig. P9.19 subjected to support displacements
ug1 (t ) and ug2 (t). These equations governing the dynamic components of displacements u1 and u2 (total
displacements minus quasistatic displacements) should be expressed in terms of m, k, üg1 (t), and üg2 (t).
ug1 u1 u2 ug2
m m
k k k
Figure P9.19
Solution:
ug 1 ug 2 ug 1 = 0 ug2 = 1
u1 u2
1/3 2/3
k k k
1. Determine the stiffness matrix..

u1 u2 u g1 u g 2
ι = − k −1 k g =
LM2 3 OP
13
B B B B N1 3 23Q
L 2 −1 −1 0O
LM k kg OP = k MM−1 2 0 −1PP 4. Write the equations of motion..
mu&& + ku = peff ( t )
Nk T
g k gg Q MM−1 0 1 0PP
N 0 −1 0 1Q where
LM2 3 OP RSu&& (t ) UV
13
where p eff (t ) = − m ι u
&& g (t ) = − m
g1
k = k
LM 2 − 1OP N1 3 23Q Tu&& (t )W
g2
N− 1 2Q
k = kM
L− 1 0OP
g
N 0 − 1Q
k = kM
L 1 0OP
gg
N0 1Q
2. Determine the mass matrix..
m = mM
L1 OP
N 1Q
3. Determine the influence matrix..
ug1 = 1 ug 2 = 0
2/3 1/3
Problem 9.20
Figure P9.20 shows a simply supported massless beam with a lumped mass at the center subjected to
motions ug1 (t) and ug2 (t ) at the two supports. Formulate the equation of motion governing the dynamic
component of displacement u ( = total displacement − quasi-static displacement) of the lumped mass.
Express this equation in terms of m, EI, L, üg1 (t ), and üg2 (t).
ug1 u ug2
EI m
L L
• • • Figure P9.20
Solution:
ug1 u ug2
u , ug1 and ug2 :
EI m Stiffness matrix in DOFs
⎧ 1 ⎫
⎡ k kg ⎤ ⎪ ⎪ 6 EI
L L ⎢ T ⎥ = ⎨− 1 2 ⎬ 3 1 − 1 2 − 1 2
k
⎣⎢ g k gg ⎦⎥ ⎪− 1 2 ⎪ L
⎩ ⎭
1. Formulate the stiffness matrix.. ⎡ 1 − 1 2 − 1 2⎤
6 EI ⎢
= −1 2 14 1 4 ⎥⎥
$f
11 L3 ⎢
⎢⎣ − 1 2 14 1 4 ⎥⎦
⎡ 6EI ⎤
k = ⎢ ⎥
⎣ L3 ⎦
1 6 EI
kg = −1 2 −1 2
( 2 L )3 L3 L3
f$11 = =
48 EI 6 EI 6 EI ⎡1 4 1 4 ⎤
k gg =
$k = 6 EI L3 ⎢⎣1 4 1 4 ⎥⎦
11
L3
Coordinate transformation: 2. Write the mass matrix..
m = m
u 1′
3. Determine the influence matrix..
ug1 u u g2 ug1 =1
u s = 1/2
ug1 =1 u g2 =1
u 1′ = – 1/2
u s = 1/2
u g2 =1
u 1′ = – 1/2 By kinematics
ι = 12 12
u=1 Alternatively,
L3 6 EI
ι = − k −1 k g = − −1 2 −1 2
6 EI L3
u 1′ = 1
= 12 12
⎧ u ⎫ 4. Write the equation of motion.
⎪⎪ ⎪⎪ 6 EI ⎪⎧ u&&g1 (t ) ⎪⎫
u1′ = 1 −1 2 −1 2 ⎨ u g1 ⎬ mu&& + u = −m 12 12 ⎨ ⎬
⎪ ⎪ L3 ⎪⎩u&&g 2 (t ) ⎪⎭
⎩⎪u g 2 ⎭⎪
Problem 9.21
Figure P9.21 shows a pipe in an industrial plant. The pipe is clamped at supports a and b and has a 90 o
bend at c . It supports two heavy valves of mass m as shown. Neglecting axial deformations and pipe
mass, formulate the equations of motion for this system subjected to support displacements ug1 (t) and
ug2 (t). These equations governing the dynamic component (= total displacement − quasi-static com-
ponent) of the displacements u1 and u2 should be expressed in terms of m, EI, and L . How do these
governing equations differ from the case of identical motion at both supports?
L/2 L/2
• • •
u2
c m
ug2
•
EI e b
L/2
m
u1
•
d
L/2
EI
a
ug1 Figure P9.21
•
Solution:
L/2 L/2 Element d-c
u1 u4 u5 u6
u2 c u4 = ug2
c m u6 ⎡ 24 − 24 − 6 L − 6 L ⎤
ug2 ⎢
EI e b 4 EI − 24 24 6L 6 L ⎥⎥
L/2 kˆ d −c = 3 ⎢
m L ⎢− 6 L 6 L 2 L L2 ⎥
2
u1 ⎢ ⎥
d L2 2 L2 ⎦
L/2 EI u1 ⎣− 6 L 6 L
a u5 d
ug1
1. Define the degrees of freedom.
u2 Element c-e
u2 u6 u7
u4= ug2 u2
u6 u7 ⎡ 24 − 6 L − 6 L ⎤
4 EI ⎢
u1
ˆk
c −e = 3 ⎢
− 6 L 2 L2 L2 ⎥⎥
u5 u6 c e L
u7 ⎢⎣− 6 L L2 2 L2 ⎥⎦
u3 = ug1
2. Formulate stiffness matrix..

Construct the element stiffness matrices
Element a-d
u1 u3 u5
d u1
u5 ⎡ 24 − 24 6 L ⎤
4 EI ⎢
ˆk
a−d = − 24 24 − 6 L ⎥⎥
L3 ⎢
⎢⎣ 6 L − 6 L 2 L2 ⎥⎦
a u3 = ug1
Element e-b 5. Write the equations of motion.
&& + ku = −m ι u
mu && g (t ) (a)
u2 u2 u7
4 EI ⎡ 24 6 L ⎤ ⎧u ⎫ ⎪⎧ u&&g1 (t ) ⎪⎫
kˆ e −b = 3 ⎢6 L 2 L2 ⎥ where u = ⎨ 1 ⎬ and u
&& g (t ) = ⎨ ⎬
u7 e b L ⎣ ⎦ ⎩u2 ⎭ ⎩⎪u&&g 2 (t ) ⎭⎪
Add element stiffness matrices into global stiffness 6. For the case of identical ground motion.
matrix
⎧1⎫
u&&g 2 (t ) = u&&g1 (t ), i.e. u
&& g (t ) = ⎨ ⎬ u&&g1 (t )
u1 u2 u3 u4 u5 u6 u7 ⎩1⎭
⎡ 48 0 − 24 − 24 0 − 6L 0 ⎤ Therefore, the equations of motion become
⎢ − 6 L 0 ⎥⎥
⎢ 0 48 0 0 0 ⎧1⎫
⎢ − 24 0 24 0 − 6L 0 0 ⎥ && + ku = − mι ⎨ ⎬ u&&g ( t ) = − mιˆ u&&g1
mu (b)
k tt k tθ ⎤ 4 EI ⎢ ⎥ ⎩1⎭
⎡ ⎥ = 3 ⎢ − 24 0 0 24 6L 6L 0 ⎥
⎢k θ t k θθ ⎦ L ⎢ ⎧1⎫ ⎧1 ⎫
⎣ 0 0 − 6 L 6 L 4 L2 L2 0 ⎥ where ιˆ = ι ⎨ ⎬ = ⎨ ⎬
⎢ ⎥
⎢− 6 L − 6 L 0 6L L 2
4L 2
L2 ⎥ ⎩1⎭ ⎩0 ⎭
Condense out⎢⎣the0 rotational
0 DOF
T
0 [u5,0u6, u7]0 L2 4 L2 ⎥⎦ Note that this influence vector can be interpreted as the
displacement {u1, u2}T due to a simultaneous unit
T displacement of ug1 and ug2.
Condense out the rotational DOF u5 , u6 , u7
⎡ k kg ⎤ −1
⎢ T ⎥ = k tt − k tθ k θθ k θ t
⎢⎣k g k gg ⎥⎦ Observe that
⎡ 176 − 48 − 100 − 76⎤ ⎧m ⎫

p eff (t ) = − ⎨ ⎬u&&g1 (t ) ,
⎢ 12 36⎥⎥ ⎩0⎭
6 EI − 48 176
= 3 ⎢
7 L ⎢− 100 12 67 33⎥ implying that the effective force in the vertical DOF is zero
⎢ ⎥
⎣ − 76 36 33 43⎦ because the horizontal support motions are identical.
u1 u2 ug1 ug2 When different, even horizontal support motions create
effective force in the vertical DOF; see Eq. (a).
3. Write the mass matrix.
u1 u2
⎡m ⎤
m=⎢
⎣ m⎥⎦
4. Determine the influence matrix.

1 ⎡ 266 182 ⎤
ι = − k −1k g =
448 ⎢⎣ 42 −42 ⎥⎦
Note that each column of ι can be interpreted as the

displacement {u1, u2}T due to a unit displacement of one of
the supports. The first column corresponds to ug1 = 1 and
the second column corresponds to ug2 = 1.
Problem 9.22
Figure P9.22 shows a single-span bridge. Neglecting axial deformations, formulate the equations of
motion for this system subjected to support displacements ug1 (t) and ug2 (t ). These equations governing
the dynamic component (= total displacement − quasi-static component) of the displacements u1 and u2
should be expressed in terms of m, EI, and L . How do these governing equations differ from the case of
identical motion at both supports?
L/2 L/2
• • •
u2
m/4 m/2 m/4
u1
•
c EI EI e
d
L/2
EI EI
a ug1 b ug2 Figure P9.22
•
Solution:
L/2 L/2
Element b-e
u1 u4 u7
u2
m/4 m/2 m/4 e u1 ⎡ 24 − 24 6 L ⎤
u1 4 EI ⎢
− 24 24 − 6 L ⎥⎥
u7 ˆk
c EI d EI e b−e = 3 ⎢
L
⎢⎣ 6 L − 6 L 2 L2 ⎥⎦
L/2 EI EI
b u4 = ug2
a ug1 b ug2

Element c-d
u2 u2 u5 u6
u2
u1 ⎡ 24 − 6 L − 6 L ⎤
4 EI ⎢
u5 u6 u7 kˆ c − d = 3 ⎢− 6 L 2 L2 L2 ⎥⎥
L
u5 c u6 d ⎢⎣− 6 L L2 2 L2 ⎥⎦
u3 = ug1 u4 = ug2 Element d-e

u2 u6 u7
u2
2. Formulate stiffness matrix. ⎡ 24 6 L 6 L ⎤
4 EI
Construct the element stiffness matrices kˆ d − e = 3 ⎢⎢6 L 2 L2 L2 ⎥⎥
L
u6 d u7 e ⎢⎣6 L L2 2 L2 ⎥⎦
Element a-c
u1 u3 u5
c u1
u5 ⎡ 24 − 24 6 L ⎤
4 EI ⎢
kˆ a − c = 3 ⎢− 24 24 − 6 L ⎥⎥
L
⎢⎣ 6 L − 6 L 2 L2 ⎥⎦
a u3 = ug1
Add element stiffness matrices into global stiffness matrix 6. For the case of identical ground motion.
u1 u2 u3 u4 u5 u6 u7 ⎧1⎫
u&&g 2 (t ) = u&&g1 (t ), i.e. u
&& g (t ) = ⎨ ⎬ u&&g1 (t )
⎩1⎭
⎡ 48 0 − 24 − 24 6 L 0 6L⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ 0 48 0 0 − 6L 0 6L⎥ Therefore, the equations of motion become
⎢− 24 0⎥
⎡ k tt k tθ ⎤ 4 EI ⎢
0 24 0 − 6L 0
⎥ && + ku = −m ι
mu
RS1UV u&&
g1 ( t ) = − m ι$ u&&g1 (t ) (b)
⎥= − 24 0 0 24 0 0 − 6L⎥
⎢
⎣k θ t k θθ ⎦ L3 ⎢
⎢ 6L − 6L − 6L 0 4 L2 L2 0⎥
T1W
⎢ 2 2 2⎥ ⎧1⎫ ⎧1⎫
⎢ 0 0 0 0 L 4L L ⎥ where ˆι = ι ⎨ ⎬ = ⎨ ⎬
⎢ 6L 6L 0 − 6L 0 L 4 L2 ⎥⎦
2 ⎩1⎭ ⎩0⎭
⎣
Note that this influence matrix can be interpreted as the
displacement {u1, u2}T due to a simultaneous unit
Condense out the rotational DOF [u5, u6, u7]T displacement of ug1 and ug2.
Observe that
⎡ k kg ⎤ −1
⎢ T ⎥ = k tt − k tθ k θθ k θ t ⎧m ⎫
⎢⎣k g k gg ⎥⎦ p eff (t ) = − ⎨ ⎬u&&g1 (t ) ,
⎩0⎭
⎡ 128 0 − 64 − 64⎤
⎢ 0 140 − 42 42⎥ implying that the effective force in the vertical DOF is zero
6 EI
= 3 ⎢ ⎥ because the horizontal support motions are identical.
7 L ⎢− 64 − 42 67 − 3⎥ When different, even horizontal support motions create
⎢ ⎥ effective force in the vertical DOF; see Eq. (a).
⎣− 64 42 − 3 67⎦
u1 u2 ug1 ug2
3. Write the mass matrix.
u1 u2
⎡m ⎤
m=⎢ ⎥
⎣ m / 2⎦
ι = − k -1k g =
LM0.5 0.5 OP
N0.3 −0.3 Q
Note that each column of ι can be interpreted as
the displacement {u1, u2}T due to a unit displacement of
one of the supports. The first column corresponds to u g1
= 1 and the second column corresponds to ug2 = 1.

mu bg
&& + ku = − m ι u
&& g t (a)
Ru U && bt g = R|Su
where u = S V and u
1 g1 bt gU|V
Tu W 2 |Tu g
g2 bt g|W
Problem 9.23
Figure P9.23 shows a uniform slab supported on four identical columns rigidly attached to the slab and
clamped at the base. The slab has a total mass m and is rigid in plane and out of plane. Each column is
of circular cross section, and its stiffness about any diametrical axis is as noted. With the DOFs selected
as ux , uy , and uθ , formulate the equations of motion for the system subjected to ground displacements
uga (t), ugb (t), u gc (t ), and ugd (t ) in the x-direction at the supports of columns a, b, c, and d, respectively.
These equations governing the dynamic component (= total displacement − quasi-static component) of
the displacements ux , uy , and uθ should be expressed in terms of m, b , and k = 12EI/h 3 of the columns.
How do these governing equations differ from the case of identical ground motion ug (t) at all column
supports?
•
a b
uθ uy
k k
b O ux
uga ugb
d c
•
h k k
ugd ugc
b
• • Figure P9.23
Solution:
a uy b 2. Formulate stiffness matrix.

k uθ
b
uga(t)
ux
ugb(t)
k
[ ]
Apply u T uTg = [1 0 0 0 0 0 0]
T
d c ux = 1
kax kbx
k k
ugd(t) ugc(t)
kxx
b
kdx kcx
[u T
] [
uTg = u x u y uθ u ga u gb u gc u gd ]T k xx = 4k k yx = 0 kθ x = 0
k ax = − k kbx = − k kcx = −k k dx = −k
2. Formulate mass matrix.
From Problem 9.10
⎡ ⎤
⎢1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥
m=m⎢ 1 ⎥
⎢ b2 ⎥
⎢ 6 ⎥⎦
⎣
[ ]
Apply uT uTg = [0 1 0 0 0 0 0]
T
[ ]
Apply uT uTg = [0 0 0 0 1 0 0]
T
k k kθb
kxb
uy = 1
kbb
ugb = 1
kyy
k xb = −k k yb = 0 kθ b = kb 2
k k k ab = 0 kbb = k k cb = 0 k db = 0
k xy = 0 k yy = 4k kθ y = 0
ka y = 0 kb y = 0 kc y = 0 kd y = 0
[ ]
Apply u T u Tg = [0 0 0 0 0 1 0]
T
[ ]
Apply u T uTg = [0 0 1 0 0 0 0]
T
kθc
kxc
kb 2
kb 2 uθ = 1
kaθ kbθ
kθθ
kcc
ugc = 1
kcθ k xc = −k k yc = 0 kθ c = − kb 2
kdθ k ac = 0 kbc = 0 k cc = k k dc = 0
kb 2
kb 2
k xθ = 0 k yθ = 0 kθθ = 2kb 2 [ ]
Apply u T u Tg = [0 0 0 0 0 0 1]
T
k aθ = kb 2 kbθ = kb 2 kcθ = − kb 2 k dθ = − kb 2
kθd
kxd
Apply [u ] = [0 0]
T T
uTg 0 0 1 0 0
kθa
kxa
kaa kdd u gd = 1
uga = 1
k xd = − k k yd = 0 kθ d = − kb 2
k ad = 0 kbd = 0 k cd = 0 k dd = k
k xa = −k k ya = 0 kθ a = kb 2
k aa = k kba = 0 k ca = 0 k da = 0
Assemble the stiffness influence coefficients Therefore, the equations of motion become
R|1U|
⎡4
⎢0
0
4 0
−1 −1
0
0 0
−1
0
−1 ⎤
0 ⎥⎥ mu
|1|
&& + ku = −mι S V u&& bt g = − m ι$ u&& bt g
⎢
⎢0 0 2b 2
b 2 b 2 − b 2 − b 2⎥ ||1||g g
⎡k
⎢ T
kg ⎤ ⎢
⎥ = k ⎢− 1 0 b 2 1 0 0 0 ⎥
⎥
T1W
⎢⎣k g k gg ⎥⎦
⎢− 1
⎢
0 b 2 0 1 0 0 ⎥
⎥
R|1U| R1U
⎢− 1 0 −b 2 0 0 1 0 ⎥ |1| | |
where ι$ = ι S V = S0V
⎢− 1 1 ⎥⎦
⎣ 0 −b 2 0 0 0
||1|| |T0|W
T1W
Note that this result implies that, for the case of identical
⎡ 1 1 1 1⎤
1 ground motions, the structure responds in the x-direction
ι = −k −1k g = ⎢⎢ 0 0 0 0 ⎥⎥ (a)
only.
4
⎢⎣− 1 b − 1 b 1 b 1 b ⎥⎦
Note that each column of ι can be interpreted as the

displacement [ux uy uθ]T due to a unit displacement of one
of the supports. The first column corresponds to uga = 1,
the second column to ugb = 1, the third column to ugc = 1
and the fourth column to ugd = 1.

&& + ku = −m ι u
mu && g (t )
where
T
u = ux uy uθ
and
T
&& g (t ) = u&&ga (t ) u&&gb (t ) u&&gc (t ) u&&gd (t )
u
Observe that the equations of motion are uncoupled

(matrices k and m are diagonal). Therefore, because the
second row of the influence matrix, which corresponds to
displacement uy, consists of zeros, there is no response in
the y-direction. However, although the ground motion is
only applied in the x-direction, torsional motion will occur
in general due to the non-zero terms in the third row of the
influence matrix. See Eq. (a).
6. For the case of identical ground motion at all supports.
u&&ga (t ) = u&&gb (t ) = u&&gc (t ) = u&&gd (t ) = u&&g (t )

⎧1⎫
⎪1⎪
⎪⎪
i . e ., u
&& (t ) = ⎨ ⎬ u&&gof
Therefore, theg equations (t )motion becom (e)
⎪1⎪
⎪⎩1⎪⎭
Problem 9.24
Formulate the equations of motion for the system of Problem 9.14 subjected to ground displacements
u ga (t), ugb (t), ugc (t ), and ugd (t) in the x -direction at the supports of columns a, b, c, and d, respectively.
These equations governing the dynamic component (= total displacement − quasi-static component)
of the displacements u x , u y , and uθ should be expressed in terms of m, b, h, and the lateral stiffness
k = 12EI/h3 of the smaller column. How do these governing equations differ from the case of identical
ground motion ug (t ) at all column supports?
Solution:
uy
2k k between the support degrees of freedom and the structural
u ga ( t )
ux degrees of freedom, k g , are computed by giving a unit
a uθ u gb ( t ) b displacement at a support degree of freedom, and
computing the reactions at the support and structural
degrees of freedom.
k
u gd ( t ) 2k ugc (t )
Apply u a = 1, u b = 0, u c = 0, u d = 0
d c
kya
Data (from Problem 9.10). 2k kθa k
a kxa
m = 0.2331 kip - sec / in 2
kaa
b
k = 1.5 kip/in 2k 1
k
b = 25 ft d c
ζ n = 5%, n = 1, 2 and 3
k aa = 2 k k ba = 0 k ca = 0 k da = 0
1. Define DOFs.
k xa = −2k k ya = 0 kθa = bk
T
u = ux uy uθ

Apply u b = 1, u a = 0, u c = 0, u d = 0
From Problem 9.14:
⎡ ⎤
kyb
⎢1 ⎥
⎢ ⎥ 2k kθb k
m = m⎢ 1 ⎥ (a) a kxb b
⎢ b2 ⎥ kbb
⎢ ⎥ 1
⎣ 6 ⎦ 2k k
d c
From Problem 9.14:
k ab = 0 k bb = k k cb = 0 k db = 0
⎡6 0 0 ⎤
k xb = − k k yb = 0 kθb = 0.5bk
k = k ⎢0 6 − b ⎥⎥
⎢ (b)
⎢⎣0 − b 3b 2 ⎥⎦
The stiffness matrix associated with support degrees

of freedom, k gg , and the coupling stiffness matrix
Apply u c = 1, u a = 0, u b = 0, u d = 0
kyc
2k kθc k ⎡ ⎤
kxc ⎢ 0.3333 0.1667 0.1667 0.3333 ⎥
a b ⎢ ⎥
ι = −k −1k g = ⎢ − 0.0588 − 0.0294 0.0294 0.0588 ⎥
2k ⎢ ⎥
k ⎢ 0.3529 0.1765 0.1765 0.3529 ⎥
d c ⎢− b −
b b b ⎥⎦
kcc ⎣
1 (e)
k ac = 0 k bc = 0 k cc = k k dc = 0 5. Formulate the equations of motion.
k xc = − k k yc = 0 kθc = −0.5bk The dynamic components of the displacements are

governed by
&& + k u = p eff (t )
mu (f)
Apply u d = 1, u a = 0, u b = 0, u c = 0
where m and k are defined by Eqs. (a) and (b), and
2k kθc
kyc
k
bg
p eff t = − Σ m ι u&&gι t
ι
bg
a kxc b = mι a u&&ga bt g + mι u&& bt g + mι u&& bt g + mι u&& bt g
b gb c gc d gd
2k k
(g)
d c
kdd where
1
T
0.3529
ι a = 0 .3333 − 0.0588 −
b
k ad = 0 k bd = 0 k cd = 0 k dd = 2 K
T
k xd = −2 k k yd = 0 kθd = − bk 0.1765
ι b = 0 .1667 − 0.0294 −
b
Assembling the stiffness influence coefficients gives k gg
T
and k g : 0.1765
ι c = 0 .1667 0.0294
b
⎡2 0 0 0⎤
⎢0 1 0 0⎥⎥ 0.3529
T
k gg =k ⎢ ι d = 0 .3333 − 0.0588 −
⎢0 0 1 0⎥ b
⎢ ⎥
⎣0 0 0 2⎦
6. Special case: Identical support motions.
(c)
Equation (f) applies with
⎡− 2 − 1 −1 − 2⎤
⎢ p eff (t ) = −m ι u&&g (t )
kg = k ⎢ 0 0 0 0 ⎥⎥ (d)
⎢⎣ b 0.5b − 0.5b − b⎥⎦ where
T
ι= 1 0 0
Problem 9.25
An intake–outlet tower fixed at the base is partially submerged in water and is accessible from the edge
of the reservoir by a foot bridge that is axially rigid and pin-connected to the tower (Fig. P9.25). (In
practice, sliding is usually permitted at the connection. The pin connection has been used here only
for this hypothetical problem.) The 200-ft-high uniform tower has a hollow reinforced-concrete cross
section with outside diameter = 25 ft and wall thickness =1 ft 3 in. An approximate value of the flexural
mL/4
u2
•
•
25 ′ Bridge
ug2
•
100 ′
mL/2
u1
•
100 ′
ug1
•
Figure P9.25
stiffness EI may be computed from the gross properties of the concrete section without the reinforce-
ment; the elastic modulus of concrete E = 3.6 ×10 3 ksi. For purposes of preliminary analysis the mass
of the tower is lumped as shown at two equally spaced locations, where m is the mass per unit length
and L the total length of the tower; the unit weight of concrete is 150 lb/ft 3 . (The added mass of the
surrounding water may be neglected here, but it should be considered in practical analysis.) It is desired
to analyze the response of this structure to support motions ug1 (t) andug2 (t). Formulate the equations
of motion governing the dynamic components of displacements u1 and u 2 (dynamic component = total
displacement − quasi-static component).
Solution:
L  200ft x  25ft
L
L1  L1  100 ft
2
L2  L  x L2  175 ft
d o  25ft t  1ft  3in d i  d o  2 t d i  22.5 ft
Ao    d o  d i 
π 2 2 4 2
Ao  1.343  10  in
4  
γc  150
lbf γc Ao lbf  s
2
3 mo  mo  3.02
ft g 2
in
2 2
L s L s
m1  mo m1  3.623 kip m2  mo m2  1.812 kip
2 in 4 in
 d  4 4

π o  di  3 4
Ec  3600ksi Ic         Ic  6.594  10  ft
4  2   2 
11 2
EI  Ec Ic EI  4.923  10  kip in

The stiffness matrix can be formulated by the direct stiffness method and condensing the
rotational DOFs. Instead we use a different method. We use the flexibility approach to
determine k for DOFs u1, u2 and u3 :
3 2
L1  L1 
L1
f11  f21  L  
3 EI 2 EI  3 
3 2
f22 
L  L1 L1 
3 EI f31    L2  
2 EI  3 
3
L2 2
f33   L2 
L2
3 EI f23  L  
2 EI  3 
 f11 f21 f31   1.17  10 3 2.925  10 3 2.487  10 3 

 
 
f   f21 f22 f23  
f  2.925  10  3  3  3   in
 9.361  10 7.615  10  kip
f 
 31 f23 f33
  3 3  3
 2.487  10 7.615  10 6.271  10 
 9.359  103 7.701  103 1.306  104 

1  
k 1  f 
k 1  7.701  10 3 4 4   kip
 1.509  10 2.138  10  in
 4 4 4 
 1.306  10 2.138  10 3.129  10 
Define the following transformation:
 1 0 1 0 
a   0 1 1 0 
 
 0 0 1 1 
The stiffness matrix in DOFs u1, u2 , ug1 and ug2 is T

k 2  a  k 1  a
 9.359  103 3 3 4
7.701  10 3.998  10  1.306  10
 3 4 3 4
7.701  10 1.509  10 1.415  10 2.138  10  kip
k2   
 3 3 3 3  in
 3.998  10 1.415  10 2.269  10 3.143  10

 1.306  104 4 3 4 
 2.138  10 3.143  10 3.129  10 
where  9.359  103 7.701  103  kip

: 
k  submatrix k 2 1 2 1 2  k 
 3 4
in
 7.701  10 1.509  10 
   3.998  103 1.306  10  kip
4
k g  submatrix k 2 1 2 3 4
 
kg  4  in

 1.415  10 2.138  10 
3
2. Formulate the equations of motion.
where:
 m1 0   3.623 0   kip s
2
m.   m.   
 0 m2   0 1.812  in
 9.359  103 7.701  103  kip

k 
 3 4  in
 7.701  10 1.509  10 
1  0.603 0.397 
ι  k  kg ι  
 0.214 1.214 
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The plant called “life everlasting” is one which grows in dry, open,
sunny places. It clothes its leaves with silky hairs, and so prevents
them from throwing off too quickly the small amount of water its roots
are able to provide. Without this silky coat, the sun would suck its
leaves quite dry of water.
Sometimes a leaf has only a few of the little leaf mouths through
which most of the water passes. As these mouths are wide open
only in the sunlight, and as often the rest of the leaf is covered with a
thick skin which prevents the water from slipping away (as a little of it
nearly always does) through the cell walls, such a leaf will hold its
water supply and keep fresh for a long time. Such leaves as these
we find on what we call “evergreen” plants. The pines and hemlocks
which light up the woods all winter have these thick-skinned, few-
mouthed leaves, which throw off so little water that even when the
ground is frozen hard, and gives no drinking water to the roots, they
are able to keep fresh by the careful way in which each one hoards
its own little supply.
WOOLLY AND “DUSTY” LEAVES
C URIOUSLY enough, some plants put on a hairy coat for just the
opposite reason from the one which makes life everlasting
clothe itself in that fashion. Life everlasting fears lest its leaves throw
off their water, or perspire too quickly.
Down by the stream that runs through the meadow grow great
clusters of the pink-flowered steeple bush. If you look at the lower
sides of the leaves of the steeple bush, you see that they are very
woolly. As this wool is not between the sun and the leaf blade, it
cannot be meant to protect the leaves from the heat of the sun; and
indeed in this wet meadow, close to the river, never mind how quickly
the leaves throw off their water, the roots can have no difficulty in
finding close by more than enough to make good the loss. No, the
fact is that these leaves need to throw off water very freely indeed to
make room for the ever-fresh supply that is pushing up the stem, and
their woolly covering is intended to help them do this very thing. Its
object is to aid perspiration. In swampy places the moisture rises
every night from the wet ground, and settles on the plants about. The
little mouths on the under surfaces of the leaves of the steeple bush
would soon be clogged with the moisture rising from below, if they
were not protected in some way; and if they became so clogged,
they could not throw off the water with which the whole plant is
charged. Thus, by having this thick coat of hair, the water that
otherwise would cling to the outer surface of the leaf blade is kept at
a distance from the little mouths, and these are not interrupted in the
performance of a duty so necessary to the health of the plant.
This same habit of coating its lower leaf surfaces with hair, you
notice in the speckled or swamp alder, a shrub which grows also in
wet places, and therefore runs the same risk of having its leaf
mouths clogged with water.
So when you see only the upper surface of a leaf covered with
hair, you can guess that the object of the plant is to prevent too much
perspiration; but when you see only its lower side clothed in this
same way, you can guess that the plant fears too little perspiration.
Sometimes you find a plant with leaves which have a coating of
what looks almost like dust on one or both of their surfaces. This
dust we call “bloom.” We see it in apples and grapes, as well as on
leaves. It is made up of a waxy material which is put forth by the
plant just as it puts forth hair. This bloom the plant uses also as a
help to free perspiration. By thus clothing its leaves it shields the little
mouths from water clogging; and so you can be sure that the little
mouths have not been filled with water, and thus prevented from
doing their work.
The cabbage leaf has mouths on both of its surfaces, and so both
sides are covered with this protecting bloom. If you dip a cabbage
leaf in water and then shake it, the drops roll off and leave it quite
dry.
PRICKLES AND POISON
L EAVES need to protect themselves from other enemies than too

great heat and too much water.
We found that the prickly armor of the thistle enabled it to live in
pastures where the cattle had killed most of the other plants.
Many animals like to eat green leaves, so we are not surprised to
find that plants invent different ways of protecting themselves.
One look at the leaf of the thistle is enough to persuade us that it
would not be very good eating.
The red-berried holly, with which we decorate our churches and
houses at Christmas time, is another plant with prickly leaves.
Some plants cover their leaves with bristles, which the cattle dread
almost as much as the stout prickles.
As we read before, the mullein defends its leaves by a fuzzy coat
of hair. Such an armor as this is less warlike than that of the thistle,
but quite as effective.
Other plants fill their leaves with juices which are either poisonous
or unpleasant.
It seems as if animals guessed the presence of these unfriendly
juices by the plant’s smell, for they will munch the different growing
things all about such a plant as this, and leave the harmful leaves
severely alone.
The nettles cover their leaves with stinging hairs. These stiff hairs
break off when handled, burying themselves in the flesh, and
sending out a burning acid that punishes severely the meddler, man
or beast, as it may happen to be.
By this time I think you realize that leaves are well worth noticing.
And when you have looked at a leaf so fully as to be able to carry in
your mind its outline, I hope you will then discover whether it wears a
coat of hair, or a dusty bloom, or a prickly armor, or a thick,
evergreen skin, and that you will decide what enemies it is trying to
escape.
SOME CRUEL TRAPS
H AVE you ever seen a leaf like the one in this picture (Fig. 152)?
It is shaped something like a pitcher; and the plant on which it
grows has been named the “pitcher plant.”
Fig. 152
The pitcher plant lives in low, wet place, such as the shaded
swamp, or the marsh down by the lake.
On account of its curious leaves it is brought to the cities, and is
sold on the street corners or at the florists’.
In June comes the great flower of the pitcher plant. Sometimes
this is a dull red; again it is a delicate pink or perhaps a light green;
and it has faint, pleasant fragrance.
Next June I hope that some of you children will find these beautiful
flowers and these curious leaves.
Why should a leaf be shaped like a pitcher, do you suppose?
These leaves are not only pitcher-like in shape, but also in their
way of holding water; for if you succeed in discovering a settlement
of pitcher plants, you will find that nearly every pitcher is partly filled
with rain water. Usually this water is far from clear. It appears to hold
the remains of drowned insects; and sometimes the odor arising
from a collection of these pitcher plants is not exactly pleasant.
Perhaps you wonder how it happens that dead insects are found
in every one of these pitchers; and possibly you will be surprised to
learn that apparently these curious leaves are built for the express
purpose of capturing insects.
It is easy to understand that these odd leaves are not so well fitted
as more simple ones to cook the plant’s food in the sun, or to take
carbon from the air; but if they are unfitted to provide and prepare
ordinary food, possibly they are designed to secure food that is
extraordinary.
It seems likely that the pitcher plant is not content to live, like other
plants, upon the simple food that is taken in from the earth and from
the air. We are led to believe that it wishes something more
substantial; that it needs a meat diet; and that to secure this, it
teaches its leaves to capture flies and insects in order that it may
suck in their juices.
These leaves are veined in a curious and striking fashion. The
bright-colored veins may convince the insects of the presence of the
sweet nectar in which they delight. At all events, in some way they
are tempted to enter the hollow leaf; and, once they have crawled or
tumbled down its slippery inner surface, they find it impossible to
crawl back again, owing to the stiff hairs, pointing downward, which
line the upper part of the pitcher.
Even if they have wings, it is difficult for them to fly upward in so
straight a line as would be necessary to effect their escape.
When tired out in their efforts to get out of this cruel trap, they fall
into the water at the bottom of the pitcher, and are drowned. Their
bodies decay and dissolve; and it is thought that this solution is
taken in by the leaf, and turned over to the plant as food.
It is just the old, sad story of the spider and the fly, you see, only
now it is the pitcher and the fly.
But be sure to examine one of these pitchers if you possibly can,
and then you will understand better how the whole thing is managed.
The leaf in this picture (Fig. 153), for it is a leaf, you cannot find in
our North American swamps. It grows on a plant called Nepenthes, a
plant which lives in hot countries far from the United States.
Fig. 153
The leaf in the picture is full grown, and all ready for its work of
trapping animals. Before it was old enough to do this, the lid which is
now lifted was laid nicely across the opening to the pocket, and so
prevented any unseasonable visits.
Sometimes these pockets are so large as to be able to hold and to
hide from sight a pigeon. They are gayly colored, and the rim around
their border is covered with a sugary, tempting juice. So you can
guess that the animals in search of nectar are not slow in accepting
the invitation offered by color and sweets, and that some of these
are imprudent enough to venture across the sticky edge. In this
event they are pretty sure to lose their footing on the slippery inner
surface of the pocket, and to fall into the watery liquid with which it is
filled. Even if they do not slip immediately, their efforts to crawl back
over the rim are defeated by a row of teeth such as you see in the
picture.
The liquid at the bottom of the leaf is not rain water, as in the
pitcher plant. It is given out by the leaf itself; and it contains an acid
which dissolves the animals’ bodies, so that their more nourishing
parts can easily be taken in by certain little cells which line the lower
part of the pocket, and which have been brought up to this work.
Fig. 154
The next picture (Fig. 154) shows you a water plant. It is called the
“bladderwort,” because of the little bags or bladders which you see
growing from the branches under water. The little bladders are traps
set for water animals, which swim into them in their wish, perhaps, to
escape some enemy. But they are quite unable to swim out again;
for the door into the bladder is transparent, and looks like an open
entrance with a nice hiding place beyond. It opens easily from the
outside, but is so arranged that it will not open from within. So when
the poor little animal hurriedly swims into what seems to it a cozy
resting spot, and draws a long breath of relief at getting safe inside, it
is hopelessly caught, and must slowly starve to death, for there is no
chance of escape. It may live for nearly a week in this prison; but at
last it dies. Its body decays, and is taken in as food by the cells set
apart for that purpose.
Strangely enough, though we ourselves do not hesitate to kill
animals for food, and sometimes, I am sorry to say, for nothing but
amusement, we give a little shiver of disgust when we find these
plants doing the same thing. Some lines that came out in one of the
magazines a few years ago express this feeling:—
“What’s this I hear

About the new Carnivora?
Can little plants
Eat bugs and ants
And gnats and flies?
A sort of retrograding!
Surely the fare
Of flowers is air,
Or sunshine sweet.
They shouldn’t eat
Or do aught so degrading.”
MORE CRUEL TRAPS
T HE plants about which we read in the last chapter do not take

any active part in capturing insects. They set their traps, and
then keep quiet. But there are plants which lay hold of their poor
victims, and crush the life out of them in a way that seems almost
uncanny.
This leaf (Fig. 155) belongs to a plant which lives in North
Carolina. It is called Venus’s flytrap.
Fig. 155
You see that the upper, rounded part of the leaf is divided by a rib
into two halves. From the edges of these rounded halves run out a
number of long, sharp teeth; and three stout bristles stand out from
the central part of each half. When an insect alights upon this
horrible leaf, the two halves come suddenly together, and the teeth
which fringe their edges are locked into one another like the fingers
of clasped hands.
The poor body that is caught in this cruel trap is crushed to pieces.
Certain cells in the leaf then send out an acid in which it is dissolved,
and other cells swallow the solution.
After this performance the leaf remains closed for from one to
three weeks. When finally it reopens, the insect’s body has
disappeared, and the trap is set and ready for another victim.
The next picture (Fig. 156) shows you a little plant which is very
common in our swamps,—so common that some of you ought to find
it without difficulty next summer, and try upon it some experiments of
your own.
Fig. 156
It is called the “sundew.” This name has been given to it because

in the sunshine its leaves look as though wet with dew. But the pretty
drops which sparkle like dew do not seem so innocent when you
know their object. You feel that they are no more pleasing than is the
bit of cheese in the mouse trap.
When you see this plant growing in the swamp among the
cranberry vines and the pink orchids, you admire its little white
flowers, and its round red-haired leaves, and think it a pretty,
harmless thing. But bend down and pluck it up, root and all, out of
the wet, black earth. Carry it home with you, and, if you have a
magnifying glass, examine one of its leaves.
The picture (Fig. 157) shows you a leaf much larger than it is in
life. The red hairs look like pins stuck in a cushion, and the head of
each pin glistens with the drop that looks like dew.
Fig. 157
But the ants and flies do not take these drops for dew. They
believe them to be the sweet nectar for which they long, and they
climb or light upon the leaves in this belief.
And then what happens?
The next two pictures will show you (Figs. 158, 159).
Fig. 158
Fig. 159
The red hairs close slowly but surely over the insect whose legs
are already caught and held fast by the sticky drops it mistook for
nectar, and they hold it imprisoned till it dies and its juices are
sucked in by the leaf.
I should like you to satisfy yourselves that these leaves act in the
way I have described. But a bit of fresh meat will excite the red hairs
to do their work quite as well as an insect, and I hope in your
experiments you will be merciful as well as inquiring.
So you see that the little sundew is quite as cruel in its way as the
other insect-eating plants. But its gentle looks seem to have
deceived the poet Swinburne, who wonders how and what these
little plants feel, whether like ourselves they love life and air and
sunshine.
“A little marsh-plant, yellow-green

And tipped at lip with tender red,
Tread close, and either way you tread,
Some faint, black water jets between
Lest you should bruise its curious head.
“You call it sundew; how it grows,

If with its color it have breath,
If life taste sweet to it, if death
Pain its soft petal, no man knows,
Man has no sight or sense that saith.”
THE FALL OF THE LEAF
Y OU know that in autumn nearly all the leaves fall from the trees.
To be sure, a few trees (such as the pines and hemlocks) and
some plants (such as the laurel and wintergreen and partridge vine)
do hold fast their leaves all winter; but these are so few as compared
with the many plants which lose their leaves, that they hardly count.
Perhaps you never stopped to wonder why most plants get rid of
their leaves before winter comes on; but you feel pretty sure now
that there is some good reason for a habit that is adopted by nearly
all the plants that live in this part of the country.
When we were talking about the way in which leaves defend
themselves from different dangers, we found that evergreen leaves,
the leaves which hold fast to the tree and keep fresh all winter,
manage to keep their water safe inside their cells by wearing a very
thick skin, and by not having too many little leaf mouths. For when a
leaf has a thin skin and a great many mouths, its water leaks away
very quickly. And if many such leaves should remain upon a plant
into the winter, might it not happen that they would let off all its water
at a time when its roots could not find any more in the frozen
ground? And thus might not the leaves kill the plant by draining it
quite dry?
So you can see why it is well for most plants to shed their leaves
before winter comes on and the root’s drinking water is turned into
ice.
But when a plant is about to shed its leaves, it takes care not to
waste the precious food which they hold. This food it draws back into
its stem and roots, laying it away in safe places beneath the buds
which are to burst another year.
It is this action on the part of the plant which changes the color of
the leaves every fall. That material which makes them green is
broken up, and part of it is taken away. That which is left is usually
yellow or brown or reddish, and gives the leaves the beautiful colors
we see in our October woods.
So whenever you see the woods changing color, losing their fresh
green and turning red and yellow, you can be sure that the trees
have begun to prepare for winter. You know that they are stowing
away their food in warmer, safer places than can be supplied by the
delicate leaves. And when all the food has been drawn out of the
leaves, and packed away in the right spots, then the plant finishes a
piece of work it began some time before. This piece of work is the
building-up of a row of little cells just where the leafstalk joins the
stem or branch. When this row is complete, it acts almost like a
knife, loosening the stalk from the stem.
Then the leaf’s life work is over; and with the first breeze, the
empty shell, which is all that is left, breaks away from the parent
plant, and drifts earthward.
Part VI—Flowers
THE BUILDING PLAN OF THE CHERRY

BLOSSOM
O NE day your teacher brought to school a branch broken from

the cherry tree. This she placed in water, standing the tumbler
on the sunny window sill; and now its buds have burst into a glory of
white blossoms.
To-day I want you to study the flower of the cherry; for if you know
all about this flower, which is put together in a rather simple way, one
that is easy to study, it will not be so difficult for you to understand
other, less simple flowers.
You may wonder why I do not wait till the cherry tree outside is in
blossom; but if we waited till May, other flowers, which are not built
on quite so simple a plan, would have come and gone, and you
would not have been able to understand them so well as if you had
first studied the simple make-up of the cherry blossom.
Last fall we learned a little about this flower, but we had only its
picture to help us in our work: so I think it well to begin all over again.
In looking at the cherry blossom (Fig. 160), we should first notice
the green cup which holds the rest of the flower.
This cup is divided into five green leaves.
During the babyhood of the flower, when it was quite too young to
face the cold, windy world, these green leaves were folded together
so as to shut away from all harm its more delicate parts.
Above this green cup we see a circle made up of five white leaves.
These pretty leaves are spread outward as if they were quite proud
of themselves, and eager to attract attention.
And that is just what they are trying to do; for the cherry blossom is
not wise enough to know that here in the schoolroom there are no
bee visitors to bring it yellow dust, and to help it grow into a cherry.
These leaves are the little handkerchiefs which the cherry tree, just
like the apple tree we read about long ago, uses in signaling the
bees.
Fig. 160
Within the circle of white leaves you see a quantity of what we

named “pins with dust boxes.” You remember that these dust boxes
hold the powdery material which is as wonderful as Cinderella’s fairy
godmother in its power to do strange and surprising things.
And in the very center of the flower you find a single “pin,” as we
called it, with a flat top which is not a dust box.
But you remember that at the foot of this pin is another sort of box,
a seedbox (Fig. 161).
And you have not forgotten that it is on the flat top of this pin that
the bee brushes the yellow dust which gives new life to the seed
below, and turns the little case of the seedbox into the juicy cherry.
So now what do we find in the cherry blossom? We find
1. A green cup cut above into separate leaves.
2. A circle of white leaves.
3. Some pins with dust boxes.
4. One pin with a seedbox.
Fig. 161
Here you have the plan on which the cherry blossom is built (for
flowers, like houses, are built on different plans), and the building
plan of the cherry blossom is one of the simplest of all. So it is well,
before studying more difficult flowers, to feel quite at home with this
one. And you must try to remember first what work each part of the
flower is expected to perform; for you see that the leaves of the
green cup, the pretty white leaves, the pins with dust boxes, and the
pin with a seedbox, have each and all their special task,—a task
which they alone are able to accomplish.
Now, in talking about a flower it is troublesome to use a great
many words where one would answer every purpose, so I will tell
you what these different parts of the flower have been named; and
by taking a little trouble to remember these names, we can save a
good deal of time.
The green cup is called the “calyx.”
“Calyx” is a Greek word meaning “cup.”
The circle of leaves which grow above the green cup or calyx is
called the “corolla.”
“Corolla” comes from a word which means “crown.”
The pins with dust boxes are called “stamens.”
“Stamen” comes from a word meaning “to stand.”
The pin with a seedbox is called the “pistil.”
“Pistil” is another form of the word “pestle.” A pestle is an
instrument used in the drug shops for pounding and mixing
medicines. You might ask to look at one the next time you are sent to
the drug shop, and then you can see for yourselves if it really looks
like its namesake, the pin with a seedbox.
Perhaps at first you may find it a little difficult to bear in mind these
four words with their meanings; but soon they will become quite
easy, and will save you much trouble.
Green cup,—calyx.
Circle of flower leaves,—corolla.
Pins with dust boxes,—stamens.
Pin with seedbox,—pistil.
If you remember the names of these four parts of the flower, how
the different parts look, and what they do, you will have made a good
start in the study of flowers.

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pt From the above equations, the vector of equivalent forces

L/3 L/3 L/3

The elastic properties of the beam (neglecting axial

Substituting Eqs. (c), (d) and (e) in Eq. (9.2.12) with

To obtain the coefficients of the mass matrix for these (f)

u&&1 = 1, u&&2 = 0 u 1 = 0, &&

1. Determine the stiffness matrix.

The flexibility matrix is calculated first and inverted to (f)

f$11 f$21 f$12 f$22

Thus the flexibility matrix is

The stiffness matrix is obtained by inverting f$ :

θ =L2/2EI θ =L2/2EI + L2/EI

m/2 Rigid beams

1. Determine the stiffness matrix. m/2

Apply u1 = 1, u2 = 0 and determine ki1 :

u1= 1 Apply u&&2 = 1 , u&&1 = 0 ⇒

Thus, the mass matrix is

The mass matrix is

MM− 6h 2h 2 6h 2 1h P2 LM1 OP RSu&& UV + 1 EI LM

2. Determine the mass matrix. m

3. Write the equations of motion.

1. Determine the stiffness matrix.

2. Determine the mass matrix.

m11 =m m21 = m31 = 0

Apply u&&2 =1, u&&1 =u&&3 = 0⇒

m22 =m m12 =m32 =0

Apply u&&3 =1, u&&1 = u&&2 = 0⇒

m33 =m/ 2 m13 =m23 = 0

LM48 −24 0 0 0 −6 h −6 h 0 0 O Part c

(a) The equations governing the translational motion of the

The DOFs representing the inertial properties are the

LM40 −16 0 2h 2h −4 h −4 h 0 0 OP Part c

The DOFs representing the inertial properties are the (e)

The stiffness matrix can be written in partitioned form as

m11 = 5 m m21 = 0 m31 = 0

(g) (v) If the excitation is rocking ground motion defined by

Substituting Eq. (j) into Eq. (e) gives a matrix equation

S|u&& V| = |S|u&& |V| + |S| 0 |V|

(iii) Ground motion in the d-b direction.

2k k Apply u&&2 = 1 , u&&1 = u&&3 = 0 :

(i) Ground motion in the x-direction.

p eff (t ) = − m S1V u&& (t ) R|1 2 U|

Repeat Problem 9.14 using the DOFs shown in Fig. P9.16.

2. Formulate the mass matrix.

⎧u&&tx ⎫ ⎧u&&x ⎫ ⎧u&&gx ⎫

Repeat Problem 9.14 using the DOFs shown in Fig. P9.17.

Hence the stiffness matrix is 1b

Apply u&&1 = 1, u&&2 = u&&3 = 0 ⇒