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 An American Fight Becomes a Global Conflict 129
Quebec Taken and North America Refashioned 129
Conclusion 131

6 The Limits of Imperial Control, 1763–1775 133

New Challenges to Spain’s Expanded Empire 135
Pacific Exploration, Hawaiian Contact 135
The Russians Lay Claim to Alaska 136
Spain Colonizes the California Coast 137
New Challenges to Britain’s Expanded Empire 138
Midwestern Lands and Pontiac’s War for Indian Independence 139
Grenville’s Effort at Reform 140
The Stamp Act Imposed 140
The Stamp Act Resisted 142
“The Unconquerable Rage of the People” 145
Power Corrupts: An English Framework for Revolution 145
Americans Practice Vigilance and Restraint 146
Rural Unrest: Tenant Farmers and Regulators 147
A Conspiracy of Corrupt Ministers? 149
The Townshend Duties Prompt an American Boycott 149
The Boston Massacre 150
Creating Committees of Correspondence 152
Launching a Revolution 152
The Tempest over Tea 153
The Intolerable Acts 153
From Words to Action 155
Conclusion 157

7 Revolutionaries at War, 1775–1783 159

“Things are Now Come to That Crisis” 161
The Second Continental Congress Takes Control 161
“Liberty to Slaves” 162
The Struggle to Control Boston 162
Declaring Independence 164
“Time to Part” 164
The British Attack New York 166
“Victory or Death”: A Desperate Gamble Pays Off 166
The Struggle to Win French Support 169
Breakdown in British Planning 169
Saratoga Tips the Balance 171
Forging an Alliance with France 171
Legitimate States, A Respectable Military 173
The Articles of Confederation 173
Creating State Constitutions 173
Tensions in the Military Ranks 175
Shaping a Diverse Army 175
The War at Sea 176
vii
 The Long Road to Yorktown 177
Indian Warfare and Frontier Outposts 177
The Unpredictable War in the South 178
The Final Campaign 181
Winning the Peace 182
Conclusion 184

8 New Beginnings: The 1780s 187

Beating Swords into Plowshares 190
Will the Army Seize Control? 190
The Society of the Cincinnati 191
Renaming the Landscape 193
An Independent Culture 194
Competing for Control of the Mississippi Valley 195
Disputed Territory: The Old Southwest 195
Southern Claims and Indian Resistance 196
“We Are Now Masters”: The Old Northwest 197
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 199
Debtor and Creditor, Taxpayer and Bondholder 200
New Sources of Wealth 200
“Tumults in New England” 202
Shays’ Rebellion: The Massachusetts Regulation 203
Drafting a New Constitution 204
Philadelphia: A Gathering of Like-Minded Men 204
Compromise and Consensus 206
Questions of Representation 206
Slavery: The Deepest Dilemma 207
Ratification and the Bill of Rights 209
The Campaign for Ratification 209
Dividing and Conquering the Anti-Federalists 210
Adding a Bill of Rights 212
Conclusion 213

9 Revolutionary Legacies, 1789–1803 215

Competing Political Visions in the New Nation 217
Federalism and Democratic-Republicanism in Action 218
Planting the Seeds of Industry and Persistent Inequality 219
Echoes of the American Revolution: The Whiskey Rebellion 221
Securing Peace Abroad, Suppressing Dissent at Home 221
People of Color: New Freedoms, New Struggles 224
Blacks in the North 224
Manumissions in the South 226
Continuity and Change in the West 227
Land Speculation and Slavery 227
Indian Wars in the Great Lakes Region 229
Patterns of Indian Acculturation 230
viii
 Shifting Social Identities in the Post-Revolutionary Era 232
Artisan-Politicians and Menial Laborers 232
Republican Mothers and Other Well-Off Women 234
A Loss of Political Influence: The Fate of Nonelite Women 235
The Election of 1800: Revolution or Reversal? 236
The Enigmatic Thomas Jefferson 236
Protecting and Expanding the National Interest 237
Conclusion 238

10 Defending and Expanding the New Nation, 1804–1818 241

A Contest over Land and Sea 243
The Embargo of 1807 244
On the Brink of War 245
The War of 1812 248
Pushing North 249
Fighting on Many Fronts 250
An Uncertain Victory 251
The “Era of Good Feelings”? 253
Praise and Respect for Veterans After the War 255
A Thriving Economy 255
Transformations in the Workplace 257
The Market Revolution 257
The Rise of the Cotton Plantation Economy 259
Regional Economies of the South 259
Black Family Life and Labor 260
Resistance to Slavery 261
Conclusion 262

11 Society and Politics in the “Age of the Common Man,” 1819–1832 265
The Politics Behind Western Expansion 267
The Missouri Compromise 268
Ways West 269
The Panic of 1819 and the Plight of Western Debtors 272
The Monroe Doctrine 274
Andrew Jackson’s Rise to Power 275
Federal Authority and Its Opponents 276
Judicial Federalism and the Limits of Law 276
The “Tariff of Abominations” 278
The “Monster Bank” 279
Americans in the “Age of the Common Man” 280
Wards, Workers, and Warriors: Native Americans 280
Slaves and Free People of Color 282
Legal and Economic Dependence: The Status of Women 285
Ties That Bound a Growing Population 286
New Visions of Religious Faith 286
Literate and Literary America 287
Conclusion 289
ix
12 Peoples in Motion, 1832–1848 291
Mass Migrations 293
Newcomers from Western Europe 293
The Slave Trade 295
Trails of Tears 296
Migrants in the West 298
New Places, New Identities 299
A Multitude of Voices in the National Political Arena 300
Whigs, Workers, and the Panic of 1837 300
Suppression of Antislavery Sentiment 301
Nativists as a Political Force 303
Reform Impulses 305
Public Education 305
Alternative Visions of Social Life 306
Networks of Reformers 308
The United States Extends Its Reach 309
The Lone Star Republic 309
The Election of 1844 310
War with Mexico 312
Conclusion 315

13 The Crisis Over Slavery, 1848–1860 317

Regional Economies and Conflicts 319
Native American Economies Transformed 319
Land Conflicts in the Southwest 320
Ethnic and Economic Diversity in the Midwest 320
Regional Economies of the South 322
A Free Labor Ideology in the North 322
Individualism Versus Group Identity 324
Putting into Practice Ideas of Social Inferiority 324
“A Teeming Nation”—America in Literature 325
Challenges to Individualism 327
The Paradox of Southern Political Power 329
The Party System in Disarray 329
The Compromise of 1850 330
The Violent Politics of Expansionism 331
The Republican Alliance 332
The Deepening Conflict over Slavery 336
The Rising Tide of Violence 336
The Dred Scott Decision 338
The Lincoln-Douglas Debates 338
Harpers Ferry and the Presidential Election of 1860 339
Conclusion 340

14 “To Fight to Gain a Country”: The Civil War 343

Mobilization for War, 1861–1862 345
The Secession Impulse 345
x
 Preparing to Fight 349
Barriers to Southern Mobilization 350
Indians and Immigrants in the Service of the Confederacy 351
The Course of War, 1862–1864 352
The Republicans’ War 352
The Ravages of War 354
The Emancipation Proclamation 355
Persistent Obstacles to the Confederacy’s Grand Strategy 356
The Other War: African American Struggles for Liberation 357
Enemies Within the Confederacy 357
The Ongoing Fight against Prejudice in the North and South 358
Battle Fronts and Home Fronts in 1863 359
Disaffection in the Confederacy 360
The Tide Turns Against the South 360
Civil Unrest in the North 361
The Desperate South 363
The Prolonged Defeat of the Confederacy, 1864–1865 364
“Hard War” Toward African Americans and Indians 364
“Father Abraham” 365
The Last Days of the Confederacy 365
Conclusion 367

15 Consolidating a Triumphant Union, 1865–1877 369

The Struggle over the South 371
Wartime Preludes to Postwar Policies 372
Presidential Reconstruction, 1865–1867 372
The Postbellum South’s Labor Problem 377
Building Free Communities 378
Congressional Reconstruction: The Radicals’ Plan 379
Claiming Territory for the Union 381
Federal Military Campaigns Against Western Indians 382
The Postwar Western Labor Problem 383
Land Use in an Expanding Nation 384
Buying Territory for the Union 386
The Republican Vision and Its Limits 386
Postbellum Origins of the Women’s Suffrage Movement 387
Workers’ Organizations 388
Political Corruption and the Decline of Republican Idealism 389
Conclusion 391

16 Standardizing the Nation: Innovations in Technology,

Business, and Culture, 1877–1890 393
The New Shape of Business 395
New Systems and Machines—and Their Price 396
Alterations in the Natural Environment 397
Innovations in Financing and Organizing Business 398
xi
 Immigrants: New Labor Supplies for a New Economy 399
Efficient Machines, Efficient People 400
The Birth of a National Urban Culture 403
Economic Sources of Urban Growth 403
Building the Cities 405
Local Government Gets Bigger 405
Thrills, Chills, and Toothpaste: The Emergence of Consumer Culture 406
Shows and Sports as Spectacles 406
Mass Merchandising as Spectacle 408
Defending the New Industrial Order 409
The Contradictory Politics of Laissez-Faire 410
Social Darwinism and the “Natural” State of Society 412
Conclusion 415

17 Challenges to Government and Corporate Power, 1877–1890 417

Resistance to Legal and Military Authority 419
Chinese Lawsuits in California 419
Blacks in the “New South” 420
Jim Crow in the West 422
The Ghost Dance on the High Plains 423
Revolt in the Workplace 425
Trouble on the Farm 425
Militancy in the Factories and Mines 427
The Haymarket Bombing 431
Crosscurrents of Reform 431
The Goal of Indian Assimilation 433
Transatlantic Networks of Reform 434
Women Reformers: “Beginning to Burst the Bonds” 435
Conclusion 436

18 Political and Cultural Conflict in a Decade of Depression and War: The 1890s 439
Frontiers at Home, Lost and Found 441
Claiming and Managing the Land 441
The Tyranny of Racial Categories 443
New Roles for Schools 444
Connections Between Consciousness and Behavior 446
The Search for Domestic Political Alliances 447
Class Conflict 447
Rise and Demise of the Populists 450
Barriers to a U.S. Workers’ Political Movement 451
Challenges to Traditional Gender Roles 452
American Imperialism 454
Cultural Encounters with the Exotic 454
Initial Imperialist Ventures 456
The Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War of 1898 457
Critics of Imperialism 462
Conclusion 462
xii
19 Visions of the Modern Nation: The Progressive Era, 1900–1912 465
Expanding National Power 467
Theodore Roosevelt: The Rough Rider as President 467
Protecting and Preserving the Natural World 468
Expanding National Power Abroad 468
William Howard Taft: The One-Term Progressive 469
Immigration: Visions of a Better Life 470
The Heartland: Land of Newcomers 472
Asian Immigration and the Impact of Exclusion 472
Newcomers from Southern and Eastern Europe 476
Work, Science, and Leisure 476
The Uses and Abuses of Science 478
Scientific Management and Mass Production 478
New Amusements 479
Sex O’Clock in America 479
Reformers and Radicals 481
Muckraking, Moral Reform, and Vice Crusades 481
Women’s Suffrage 482
Radical Politics and the Labor Movement 483
Resistance to Racism 484
Conclusion 484

20 War and Revolution, 1912–1920 487

A World and a Nation in Upheaval 489
The Apex of European Conquest 489
Confronting Revolutions in Asia, Europe, and the Americas 489
Social Conflicts at Home 491
American Neutrality and Domestic Reform 494
“The One Great Nation at Peace” 494
Reform Priorities at Home 494
The Great Migration 495
Limits to American Neutrality 497
The United States Goes to War 497
The Logic of Belligerency 498
Mobilizing the Home Front 499
Ensuring Unity 499
The War in Europe 501
The Struggle to Win the Peace 503
Peacemaking and the Versailles Treaty 504
Waging Counterrevolution Abroad 505
The Red and Black Scares at Home 505
Conclusion 506

21 All That Jazz: The 1920s 509

The Business of Politics and the Decline of Progressive Reform 511
Women’s Rights After the Struggle for Suffrage 511
Prohibition: The Experiment That Failed 512
xiii
 Reactionary Impulses 513
Marcus Garvey and the Persistence of Civil Rights Activism 514
Warren G. Harding: The Politics of Scandal 516
Calvin Coolidge: The Hands-Off President 516
Herbert Hoover: The Self-Made President 517
Hollywood and Harlem: National Cultures in Black and White 518
Hollywood Comes of Age 518
The Harlem Renaissance 518
Radios and Autos: Transforming Leisure and Connecting the Country 519
Science on Trial 521
The Great Flood of 1927 522
The Triumph of Eugenics: Buck v. Bell 522
Science, Religion, and the Scopes Trial 523
Consumer Dreams and Nightmares 524
Marketing the Good Life 524
Writers and Critics 524
Poverty amid Plenty 526
The Stock Market Crash 527
Conclusion 529

22 Hardship and Hope: The Great Depression of the 1930s 531

The Great Depression 533
Causes of the Crisis 533
Surviving Hard Times 534
Enduring Discrimination 536
The Dust Bowl 537
Presidential Responses to the Depression 538
Herbert Hoover: Failed Efforts 539
Franklin Delano Roosevelt: The Pragmatist 539
“Nothing to Fear but Fear Itself ” 542
The New Deal 542
The First Hundred Days 542
Protest and Pressure from the Left and the Right 545
The Second New Deal 546
FDR’s Second Term 548
A New Political Culture 549
The Labor Movement 549
The New Deal Coalition 551
A New Americanism 552
Conclusion 552

23 Global Conflict: World War II, 1937–1945 555

The United States Enters the War 557
Fascist Aggression in Europe and Asia 557
The Great Debate over Intervention 558
The Attack on Pearl Harbor 559
Japanese American Relocation 560
xiv
 Foreign Nationals in the United States 560
Wartime Migrations 561
Total War 561
The Holocaust 561
The War in Europe 562
The War in the Pacific 563
The Home Front 567
Propaganda and Building Morale 568
Home Front Workers, Rosie the Riveter, and Victory Girls 568
Racial Tensions at Home and the “Double V” Campaign 570
The End of the War 572
Conclusion 573

24 Cold War and Hot War, 1945–1953 575

The Uncertainties of Victory 577
Global Destruction 577
Vacuums of Power and a Turn to the Left 577
Postwar Transition to Peacetime Life 578
Challenging Racial Discrimination 579
Class Conflict between Workers and Owners 580
The Quest for Security 581
Redefining National Security 581
Conflict with the Soviet Union 581
The Policy of Containment 582
Colonialism and the Cold War 584
The Impact of Nuclear Weapons 584
American Security and Asia 585
The Chinese Civil War 585
The Creation of the National Security State 586
At War in Korea 586
A Cold War Society 591
Family Lives 591
The Growth of the South and the West 592
Harry Truman and the Limits of Liberal Reform 592
Cold War Politics at Home 593
Who Is a Loyal American? 594
Conclusion 595

25 Domestic Dreams and Atomic Nightmares, 1953–1963 597

Cold War, Warm Hearth 599
Consumer Spending and the Suburban Ideal 599
Race, Class, and Domesticity 600
Women: Back to the Future 602
The Civil Rights Movement 603
Brown v. Board of Education 605
White Resistance, Black Persistence 606
Boycotts and Sit-Ins 606
xv
 The Eisenhower Years 608
The Middle of the Road 608
Eisenhower’s Foreign Policy 609
Cultural Diplomacy 612
Outsiders and Opposition 613
Rebellious Men 613
The Kennedy Era 614
Kennedy’s Domestic Policy 615
Kennedy’s Foreign Policy 615
1963: A Year of Turning Points 618
Conclusion 619

26 The Nation Divides: The Vietnam War and Social Conflict, 1964–1971 621
Lyndon Johnson and the Apex of Liberalism 623
The New President 623
The Great Society: Fighting Poverty and Discrimination 623
The Great Society: Improving the Quality of Life 625
The Liberal Warren Court 625
Into War in Vietnam 627
The Vietnamese Revolution and the United States 627
Johnson’s War 627
Americans in Southeast Asia 628
1968: The Turning Point 631
“The Movement” 631
From Civil Rights to Black Power 632
The New Left and the Struggle Against the War 632
Cultural Rebellion and the Counterculture 634
Women’s Liberation 635
The Many Fronts of Liberation 636
The Conservative Response 637
Backlashes 638
The Turmoil of 1968 at Home 638
The Nixon Administration 639
Escalating and De-Escalating in Vietnam 640
Conclusion 641

27 Reconsidering National Priorities, 1972–1979 643

Twin Shocks: Détente and Watergate 645
Triangular Diplomacy 645
Scandal in the White House 646
The Nation After Watergate 647
Discovering the Limits of the U.S. Economy 648
The End of the Long Boom 649
The Oil Embargo 652
The Environmental Movement 652

xvi
 Reshuffling Politics 653
Congressional Power Reasserted 654
Jimmy Carter: “I Will Never Lie to You” 654
Rise of a Peacemaker 656
The War on Waste 657
Diffusing the Women’s Movement 659
Pressing for Equality 659
New Opportunities in Education, the Workplace, and Family Life 659
Equality under the Law 660
Backlash 660
Conclusion 662

28 The Cold War Returns—and Ends, 1979–1991 665

Anticommunism Revived 667
Iran and Afghanistan 669
The Conservative Victory of 1980 670
Renewing the Cold War 671
Republican Rule at Home 672
“Reaganomics” 673
The Environment Contested 674
The Affluence Gap 675
Cultural Conflict 676
The Rise of the Religious Right 677
Dissenters Push Back 679
The New Immigrants 679
The End of the Cold War 681
From Cold War to Détente 681
The Iran-Contra Scandal 682
A Global Police Force? 682
Conclusion 685

29 Post–Cold War America, 1991–2000 687

The Economy: Global and Domestic 689
The Post–Cold War Economy 689
The Widening Gap Between Rich and Poor 690
Service Workers and Labor Unions 690
Industry Versus the Environment 692
Tolerance and Its Limits 693
The Los Angeles Riots: “Can We All Get Along” 693
Values in Conflict 693
Courtroom Dramas: Clarence Thomas and O. J. Simpson 694
The Changing Face of Diversity 695
The Clinton Years 697
Clinton: The New Democrat 697
Clinton’s Domestic Agenda and the “Republican Revolution” 698

xvii
 The Impeachment Crisis 699
Trade, Peacemaking, and Military Intervention 699
Terrorism and Danger at Home and Abroad 701
Weapons and Health 705
The Contested Election of 2000 706
The Campaign, the Vote, and the Courts 707
The Aftermath 707
Legacies of Election 2000 709
Conclusion 709

30 A Global Nation in the New Millennium 711

Politics in the New Millennium 713
The President and the War on Terrorism 713
Security and Politics at Home 714
Into War in Iraq 715
From Bush to Obama 717
The American Place in a Global Economy 721
The Logic and Technology of Globalization 721
Free Trade and the Global Assembly Line 722
Who Benefits from Globalization? 723
The Stewardship of Natural Resources 725
Ecological Transformation in the Twentieth Century 725
Pollution 726
Environmentalism and Its Limitations 726
The Expansion of American Popular Culture Abroad 727
A Culture of Diversity and Entertainment 727
U.S. Influence Abroad Since the Cold War 727
Resistance to American Popular Culture 729
Identity in Contemporary America 731
Social Change and Abiding Discrimination 731
Still an Immigrant Society 733
Conclusion 734

Appendix A-1–A-16
Glossary G-1–G-8
Credits C-1–C-4
Index I-1–I-26

xviii
 Special Features

Video Series 8.3 Shays’ Rebellion 188

1.1 A New World: to 1607 2 8.4 The Constitutional Convention 188

1.2 The First Americans 2 9.1 Revolutionary Legacies: 1789–1803 216

1.3 The Expansion of Europe 2 9.2 People of Color: New Freedoms, New Struggles 216

1.4 The Protestant Reformation 2 9.3 Continuity and Change in the West 216

2.1 Beginnings of English Colonial Societies: 9.4 Shifting Social Identities in the Post-Revolutionary
1607–1660 26 Era 216

2.2 Jamestown 26 10.1 The New Republic: 1789–1824 242

2.3 New England 26 10.2 The Louisiana Purchase and Lewis

and Clark 242
2.4 The Chesapeake 26
10.3 The War of 1812 242
3.1 Different Colonial Models: France,
Spain and England: 1660–1715 52 10.4 The “Era of Good Feelings” 242

3.2 France and the American Interior 52 11.1 Expanding Democracy, 1819–1832 266

3.3 The Spanish Empire on the Defensive 52 11.2 Andrew Jackson’s Rise to Power 266

3.4 England’s Empire Takes Shape 52 11.3 The Indian Removal Act 266

4.1 The Age of Discovery and Slavery 80 11.4 The “Monster Bank!” 266

4.2 Race Slavery 80 12.1 Manifest Destiny Marches West: 1832–1858 292

4.3 The Evolution of Slavery in North America 80 12.2 The Oregon Trail 292

4.4 Slavery in the Colonies 80 12.3 War with Mexico 292

5.1 Great Britain’s Empire in North America: 12.4 Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo 292
1713–1763 106 13.1 Slavery at the Watershed: 1848–1860 318
5.2 Scots-Irish Migration 106 13.2 The Compromise of 1850 318
5.3 The First Great Awakening 106 13.3 The Dred Scott Decision 318
5.4 Seven Years’ War 106 13.4 The Lincoln–Douglas Debates 318
6.1 The Burdens of an Empire: 1763–1775 134 14.1 The Civil War: 1861–1865 344
6.2 The Stamp Act 134 14.2 The Emancipation Proclamation 344
6.3 Boston Massacre 134 14.3 Gettysburg: The Turning Point 344
6.4 The Boston Tea Party 134 14.4 The Surrender at Appomattox Court house 344
7.1 The American Revolution: 1763–1783 160 15.1 Reconstruction and Its Missed Opportunities:
7.2 The Second Continental Congress 160 1865–1877 370

7.3 Declaring Independence 160 15.2 The Amendments of Freedom 370

7.4 Battle of Saratoga 160 15.3 Presidential Reconstruction 370

8.1 The Making of a New Nation: 1783–1789 188 15.4 The Compromise of 1877 370

8.2 Land Ordinances 188 16.1 The Rise of an Industrial Giant: 1865–1900 394

xix
 16.2 The Gilded Men 394 26.1 The Sixties: 1960–1968 622
16.3 The New American City 394 26.2 Lyndon Johnson 622
16.4 The Making of a Consumer Culture 394 26.3 Vietnam 622
17.1 Captains of Industry vs. Knights of Labor: 26.4 For Everything There Is a Movement 622
1877–1900 418 27.1 From a Great Society to a Conservative One:
17.2 Government and Industry: A Trust unto Itself 418 1969–1988 644
17.3 The Workers Strike Back 418 27.2 Watergate 644
17.4 The Age of Reform 418 27.3 The Women’s Movement 644
18.1 The American Empire 440 27.4 Jimmy Carter 644
18.2 Coup in Hawaii 440 28.1 Ending the Cold War: 1980–1991 666
18.3 The Spanish-American War 440 28.2 The Comeback of the Cold Warriors 666
18.4 War in the Philippines 440 28.3 Republican America 666
19.1 The Progressive Era: 1900–1916 466 28.4 The Cold War: Where Did the Enemy Go? 666
19.2 Theodore Roosevelt 466 29.1 Post-Cold War America: 1991–2000 688
19.3 Industrial Workers of the World 466 29.2 The Los Angeles Riots 688
19.4 Nineteenth Amendment 466 29.3 The Clinton Years 688
20.1 World War I: 1914–1920 488 29.4 The Election of 2000 688
20.2 A World and a Nation in Upheaval 488 30.1 America in Its Third Century 712
20.3 The United States at War 488 30.2 Politics in the New Millennium 712
20.4 Winning a Hard-Fought Peace 488 30.3 Globalization 712
21.1 The Twenties: 1920–1928 510 30.4 Natural Resources 712
21.2 Women’s Rights 510
21.3 The Scopes Trial 510 Explore Series
21.4 The New Power of Advertising 510 1 Global Exploration 13

22.1 The Great Depression and the Promise of the New Deal: 2 English Colonization 39
1929–1940 532 3 Changes in the Southwest 63
22.2 The Great Depression 532 4 Transatlantic Slave Trade 84
22.3 Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression 532 5 Seven Years’ War 130
22.4 The New Deal 532 6 Imperial Crisis 143
23.1 World War II: 1939–1945 556 7 The American Revolution 183
23.2 Origins of World War II 556 8 Ratification of the Constitution 211
23.3 Japanese American Internment 556 9 The Northwest Territory 231
23.4 The End of the War 556 10 The War of 1812 252
24.1 The Cold War: 1945–1953 576 11 The Missouri Compromise 270
24.2 Origins of the Cold War 576 12 The War with Mexico 314
24.3 Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan 576 13 Sectional Crisis 335
24.4 The Korean War 576 14 Civil War 362
25.1 The Affluent Society: 1953–1960 598 15 Reconstruction 376
25.2 The Suburban Ideal 598 16 Foreign-Born Population 402
25.3 The Age of Ike 598 17 Labor Strikes and Disputes 429
25.4 The Civil Rights Movement 598 18 Spanish-American War 460

xx
 19 Immigrants and Migrants in the Early Twentieth Century 475 8.2 Southern Land Debates After 1783 196
20 World War I 502 9.1 The Northwest Territory 228
21 Racial Violence in the United States, 1880–1930 515 9.2 Western Land Claims of the States 229
22 The Great Depression 535 10.1 Lewis and Clark, 1803–1806 245
23 World War II in the Pacific 566 10.2 The Public Domain in 1810 247
24 The Korean War 589 10.3 The Northern Front, War of 1812 249
25 Civil Rights Movement 604 11.1 The Missouri Compromise 268
26 Vietnam War 630 11.2 Principal Canals Built by 1860 272
27 Energy and Conservation in the 1970s 651 11.3 Mexico’s Far Northern Frontier in 1822 273
28 Conflict in the Middle East 668 11.4 The Cherokee Nation After 1820 278
29 Election of 2000 708 12.1 Western Trails 294
30 Afghanistan and Iraq 718 12.2 Indian Removal 297
12.3 The U.S.-Mexican War 312
Maps
13.1 Territorial Expansion in the Nineteenth Century 321
1.1 Opening New Ocean Pathways Around the Globe,
1420–1520 12 13.2 The Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 333

1.2 The Extent of European Exploration of North America by 13.3 The Underground Railroad 337
1592 21 14.1 Slavery in the United States, 1860 345
2.1 The Spanish Southwest in the Early Seventeenth 14.2 The Secession of Southern States, 1860–1861 347
Century 29
14.3 Sherman’s March to the Sea, 1864–1865 366
2.2 European and Native American Contact in the
15.1 Radical Reconstruction 379
Northeast, 1600–1660 33
16.1 Agricultural Regions of the Midwest and
2.3 Cultures Meet on the Chesapeake 48
Northeast 397
3.1 France in the American Interior, 1670–1720 54
16.2 Population of Foreign Born, by Region, 1880 401
3.2 Changes in the Southwest 60
17.1 Indian Lands Lost, 1850–1890 424
4.1 Regions of the African Slave Trade in 1700 89
18.1 Indian Reservations, 1900 442
4.2 One Century in the Transatlantic Slave Trade
18.2 Manufacturing in the United States, 1900 448
(1700–1800): African Origins, European Carriers,
American Destinations 92 18.3 The Spanish-American-Cuban-Filipino War of
1898 458
4.3 English-Spanish Competition and the Expansion of
Slavery into Georgia 101 19.1 Areas Excluded from Immigration to the United States,
1882–1952 474
5.1 The Horse Frontier Meets the Gun Frontier,
1675–1750 110 20.1 U.S. Interests and Interventions in the Caribbean
Region, 1898–1939 491
5.2 Economic Regions of the British Colonies 118
20.2 World War I in Europe and the Western Front,
5.3 The British Conquest of New France, 1754–1760 128
1918 501
6.1 Spanish Exploration After 1760 and the Founding
21.1 The Mississippi River Flood of 1927 521
of the California Missions 138
21.2 Americans on the Move, 1870s–1930s 526
6.2 British North America, 1763–1766 144
22.1 Dust and Drought, 1931–1939 537
6.3 British North America, April 1775 156
22.2 Areas Served by the Tennessee Valley Authority 544
7.1 The Revolutionary War in the North 170
23.1 World War II in Europe 563
7.2 The Revolutionary War in the West 178
23.2 World War II in the Pacific 565
7.3 The Revolutionary War in the South 180
24.1 Europe Divided by the Cold War 583
8.1 The Spread of Smallpox Across North America,
1775–1782 189 24.2 The Korean War, 1950–1953 590
xxi
 25.1 Major Events of the African American Civil Rights
Movement, 1953–1963 607
25.2 Cold War Spheres of Influence, 1953–1963
26.1 The American War in Vietnam 629
27.1 America’s RustBelt 649
27.2 Building Nuclear Power Plants 658
28.1 Trouble Spots in the Middle East, 1979–1993
28.2 The Soviet Bloc Dissolves 684
29.1 States with Large Numbers of Undocumented
Immigrants, 1995 691
29.2 The Breakup of the Former Yugoslavia
30.1 Iraq and Afghanistan 715
30.2 State of Gay Marriage in the States
Tables
9.1 The Election of 1796 223
9.2 The Election of 1800 236
10.1 The Election of 1804 243
Figures
2.1 The Tough Choice to Start Over 45
610
4.1 Goods Traded in Africa 88
7.1 British Government Expenses on Armed Forces
Throughout the World (in Millions of Pounds),
1774–1782 172
669 8.1 Concentration of Security Notes in the Hands of a Few:
The Example of New Hampshire in 1785 203
19.1 Number of Immigrants Entering the United States,
1821–2000. 472
21.1 Number of Immigrants and Countries of Origin,
701
1891–1920 and 1921–1940 514
21.2 Urban and Rural Population, 1890–1990 518
733
25.1 Marital Status of the U.S. Adult Population,
1900–2010 600
27.1 Imported Petroleum as Share of U.S. Petroleum
Consumption 653
29.1 Childhood Overweight Rates for Boys and Girls Age
6–17, 1960s and 1990s 706

10.2 The Election of 1808 246 30.1 Top Ten U.S. Trading Partners, 2011 724

10.3 The Election of 1812 248 30.2 Self-Described Religious Affiliation in the United States,
2000 732
10.4 The Election of 1816 253
11.1 The Election of 1820 274
11.2 The Election of 1824 275
11.3 The Election of 1828 275
11.4 The Election of 1832 279
12.1 The Election of 1836 301
12.2 The Election of 1840 303
12.3 The Election of 1844 310
13.1 The Election of 1848 330
13.2 The Election of 1852 331
13.3 The Election of 1856 334
13.4 The Election of 1860 340
14.1 The Election of 1864 367
15.1 The Election of 1868 381
15.2 Estimates of Railroad Crossties Used and Acres of
Forest Cleared, 1870–1910 385
15.3 The Election of 1872 391
15.4 The Election of 1876 391
16.1 The Election of 1880 410
16.2 The Election of 1884 411
16.3 The Election of 1888 412

xxii
 Preface

New to This Edition

The fourth edition of Created Equal has a greatly strengthened focus on the overarching
theme of contested equality. This strong emphasis on one theme renders the text a
strikingly more effective pedagogical tool. Students will be more engaged and will
appreciate the chance to think critically about ongoing struggles over equal rights and
shifting boundaries of inclusion and acceptance. Amid all the new challenges of the
twenty-first century, this unifying theme feels more relevant than ever.

Personalize Learning with New MyHistoryLab

This text features full integration with the new MyHistoryLab—a rich resource that
delivers proven results in helping students succeed, provides engaging experiences that
personalize learning, and comes from a trusted partner with educational expertise and
a deep commitment to helping students and instructors achieve their goals.
• The Pearson eText, with a new streamlined design for tablet devices, lets students
access Created Equal anytime, anywhere, and any way they want—and they
can listen to and download every chapter. Section tabs on the margin of every
page make the text much easier to navigate. The new Pearson eText is now fully
interactive and links to all the learning resources in MyHistoryLab.
• Chapter launcher videos introduce students to the material, helping to engage
them even before they begin reading the chapter. Each chapter has a 15-minute
segment, comprised of a three-minute overview and three four-minute videos
on specific topics. The videos are featured on the second page, directly after the
chapter opener.
• In the new MyHistoryLibrary with audio, students can read, listen to, annotate,
download, and print over 200 of the most commonly assigned primary source
documents. These documents can also be annotated by instructors.
• With the new History Explorer, students visualize and analyze historical
evidence in a powerful mapping resource. The modules cover topics from English
Colonization to the Civil Rights Movement, and each contains an assignable
exercise with automated assessment. They are also featured in every chapter of the
text in a special box.
• The new automated writing assessment engine allows students to further explore
key topics by responding to them in essay form. The system offers ten formal
prompts on standard topics like the American Revolution, the Lewis and Clark
expedition, and the New Deal. Each assignment is based on one of MyHistoryLab’s
engaging Author Video Lectures.
• A personalized study plan for each student, based on Bloom’s Taxonomy, promotes
critical thinking skills and helps students succeed in the course and beyond.
• Assessment tied to videos, applications, and chapters enables instructors and
students to track progress and get immediate feedback. Instructors will be able to
find the best resources for teaching their students.

xxiii
 • MyHistoryLab icons are paired with images in the text for more thorough
integration between the book and online resources.
• The new Instructor’s eText makes it easier than ever for instructors to access
subject-specific resources for class preparation. Housed within MyHistoryLab,
it serves as the hub for all available instructor resources—including the new
MyHistoryLab Instructor’s Guide.
• The new MyHistoryLab Instructor’s Guide outlines the basic steps for registering
and building a course in MyHistoryLab and describes the key resources and
assignments available for each chapter of Created Equal.
• The Class Preparation Tool collects the best class presentation resources in one
convenient online destination. Resources include PowerPoint slides, streaming
audio and video, audio clips for class tests and quizzes, and all illustrations for
creating interactive lectures.

Engage Students and Improve Critical Thinking

• Chapter introductory vignettes provide brief firsthand accounts of individuals
whose personal journeys share common ground with the themes of equality that
pervade American history. Their journeys, often made more difficult, complicated,
or exhausting by the struggle to achieve an inclusive definition of American
citizenship, are the stories that Created Equal was specifically designed to tell.
• Chapter images are bigger, visually interesting, and instructive. New annotations
that accompany all photographs encourage students to turn a critical eye on their
content and style and to answer, with reasoned opinion, questions that address
multiple layers of meaning.
• Interpreting History essays are guided historical inquiries into primary sources
that directly engage students with the singular voices of America’s past. Every
chapter features a full-page Interpreting History essay, which relates the content of
that chapter to the unique perspective of a particular person from a particular place
and time.

Support Instructors
• Learning Objective questions highlight the important issues and themes. Each
is linked to one of the chapter’s main sections, and they are all emphasized in the
chapter overview.
• The Chapter Review on the last page addresses all Learning Objective questions
from the beginning of each chapter in brief answers, summarizing the important
issues and themes.
• The Thematic Timeline ending each chapter reinforces the essential points of the
narrative, as events are tied to key terms from the text.

xxiv
Another random document with
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even listened to. And all the while that old faded ribbon had
been lying carefully folded up in her drawer.

What, then, can have brought about this remarkable visit?

It is a diplomatic arrangement between the "heads of
houses." First of all, Alice made a friendly call on Bella,
taking with her a nosegay of spice pinks and sweet-
williams, and cursorily mentioning Miles' name some dozen
times, always in a highly favorable manner. This she
considered to be particularly skilful, and even very deep.

Then the eldest Hartley youth called to see Miles in return,

and carried home the news that "he was wasted to an
atomy, and looked as quiet like as schoolmaster himself."
This report produced an extraordinary sensation at Scarf
Beck Farm; and the impression was followed up by a
ceremonious visit from old Geordie Garthwaite, with the
present of a fat little black pig from the widow Lawson to
Mrs. Hartley, which was graciously accepted, the faithful
feudal emissary taking occasion to drop sundry laudatory
remarks about "young master's talk being now as good as
any sermon," and "if he went on much longer of that
fashion, he was frightened of seeing him soon a saint in
heaven; for he was right away too good for this evil world."
Bella ran off to her little chamber when she heard this, and
did not appear again that day.

Next came Old Ann, with an offering of a favorite guinea-

hen for Miss Bell, remarking "as how 'twas young master
that sent it, though he wasn't so bold as to show his face in
it." This was spoken in a very audible voice just under
Bella's window. But of course the guinea-hen walked and
flew home again as soon as the hour came for sounding
that strange muezzin cry from the top of the round
chimney, "Come back, come back."
Then, at last, Mrs. Hartley ordered the shandry, and drove
over to The Yews to report the loss of the sentimental fowl.
She was received with extraordinary alacrity, and was
engaged with Mrs. Lawson in the old oak parlor, with closed
doors, for a mysteriously long time. The result of this
interview was an announcement that the whole Hartley
family were coming over to tea and supper on the afternoon
which has been previously introduced.

Poor Miles evidently has not the strength or the courage to

encounter the excitements of this grand arrival. He is sitting
in the deep shadow of the pointed porch, almost justifying
by his emaciated appearance and changed expression of
countenance, the eulogium and the fear expressed by his
old retainer, Geordie Garthwaite. He waits until Bella Hartley
passes by, and then nervously calls her by name; she stops
and kindly holds out her hand, "Miles, how ill you look; how
changed you are!"

"God grant I may be changed indeed, Bella, for 'twas high

time; and the good of his long-suffering is, that it leads to
repentance."

The tears were in her eyes in a moment, but the smile that
shone through that summer shower was a very rainbow of
beauty.

"There are too many folks about for us to have a talk now,
Bella; but will you walk with me down to the alder shade by
the beck after tea, and give me your arm to help me on?
For I haven't got the strength in me to walk so far without
it."

"Yes; and I will give it to you now in face of them all," said
she, her face crimsoning like a sun-rise.
He took her arm, and she led his tottering steps over to the
group beneath the yew tree. They all rose to receive them
with silent respect and sympathy. Mrs. Hartley gave him her
seat on the rustic bench; but he said, "Bella must be
alongside o' me, if you please; for now that I have found
out the strength that there is in her arm, I shall want it to
lean upon for the rest of my life."

Old Geordie and Old Ann were anxiously watching the

family proceedings from the gate leading into the farm-
yard; and they ever after maintained that a great scene
hereupon ensued, "that all women-folk greeted, and all
men-folk laughed, and clapped their hands."

The wicket gate had opened just before this denouement,

and the schoolmaster had dropped into the festal group.
Perhaps a close observer might have perceived that some
other guest was expected, from the flutter in Alice's
manner, and her rather distracted attentions to her friends.
How ever that may be, now that Mark Wilson has taken the
empty seat, her eye never wanders towards the wicket gate
any more. Mark had come over by invitation from his
present place of tarrying, the hamlet in the neighboring
valley, in order to be present at what was fully expected to
be a family betrothal; that is, if things worked well. And
that they had answered expectations, he perceived at a
glance.

"Why, Miles, thou art looking a stronger and a heartier man

already, now that thy mind is at rest. God bless thee, Bella
Hartley, for being willing to trust one who has put his trust
in Christ."

Tea over, Mat conducted the young Hartley's round the

farm, as usual, to see the stock. Mr. and Mrs. Hartley sat in
the porch with the widow Lawson. Bella redeemed her
promise to lend her strong arm to Miles as they slowly
walked down to the alder shade, that made a bower beside
the brook, and there they communed of the painful past, of
the happy present, and of the promised future. Truly did
they take sweet counsel together, because their hope was in
the Lord their God; and this was the spirit of their prayerful
resolve, "As for me, and my house, we will serve the Lord."

What has become of the schoolmaster? And Alice, she is

missing too. Mark had said to her after tea, "You took my
arm, once before, Alice—will you take it again now?" She
did not refuse; and they have walked on beside the brook
altogether forgetting that it was a "babbler."

When they had all returned from their several walks, Mark
Wilson went up to the widow's rocking chair, and bending
down, said, in a low voice, "Mother, dost thou think thou
hast two blessings to bestow? Could'st thou bless a new son
as well as a new daughter?"

"Bless the good lads; and bless the dear maidens!" was the
ready reply. "But, Mark, I can tell thee I am giving thee
what I can ill afford."

"Your easy chair is never to move from where it now

stands; we have quite fixed that," whispered Bella.

"These are the children of my old age," said the widow,

laying her shaking hands on the head of Mark Wilson and
Bella Hartley. "As to Alice there, she has always been my
one pet lamb. Mat is a good lad, and I have faith to believe
he will be a staff to my failing strength. And as to thee,
Miles, my eldest born, what shall I say but that, 'It was
meet we should make merry, and be glad; for this my son
was dead, and is alive again; and was lost, and is found.'"
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK MILES
LAWSON ***

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