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CHAPTER 6 APPLICATIONS OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS
6.1 VOLUMES USING CROSS-SECTIONS
 x   x  
2
(diagonal)2 b 4 4
1. A( x)    2 x; a  0, b  4; V   A( x) dx   2 x dx   x 2   16
2 2 a 0  0
   
2 2
  2 x 2  x2    2 1 x 2 
2. A( x) 
 (diameter)2
4
 
4

 
4 
  1  2 x 2  x 4 ; a  1, b  1; 
 
1
b 1
V   A( x) dx    1  2 x 2  x 4 dx    x  23 x3  x5   2 1  23  51  16  
5

a 1   1 15
2 2
3.

  

A( x)  (edge)2   1  x 2    1  x 2     2 1  x 2   4 1  x 2 ; a  1, b  1;
 
 
 
1
b 1
V   A( x) dx   4 1  x 2 dx  4  x  x3   8 1  13  16  
3
a 1   1 3
   2 1 x 
2 2
 1 x 2   1 x 2  2
4. A( x) 
(diagonal)2
2


2

2 2 
 2 1  x 2 ; a  1, b  1;
1 
1  x 2  dx  2  x  x3   4 1  13   83
b 1 3 1
V   A( x) dx  2
a   1

5. (a) STEP 1) A( x)  12 (side)  (side)  sin 3  12  2 sin x  2 sin x sin 3  3 sin x     
STEP 2) a  0, b  
b  
STEP 3) V   A( x) dx  3  sin x dx    3 cos x   3(1  1)  2 3
a 0 0
(b) STEP 1) A( x)  (side)2  2 sin x   2 sin x  4 sin x 
STEP 2) a  0, b  
b  
STEP 3) V   A( x) dx   4 sin x dx   4 cos x 0  8
a 0
6. (a) STEP 1) A( x) 
 (diameter)2
4
 4 (sec x  tan x)2  4 sec2 x  tan 2 x  2sec x tan x  

 4 sec2 x  sec 2 x  1  2 sin2x 
 cos x 

STEP 2) a   3 , b  3
 
 /3
b
STEP 3) V   A( x) dx  
a
 /3 
 /3 4
2 sec2 x  1  2 sin2 x dx  4  2 tan x  x  2  cos1 x 
cos x    /3  
      
 4  2 3  3  2   11    2 3  3  2   11     4 4 3  23  
 2     2    
  
Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 431

432 Chapter 6 Applications of Definite Integrals
(b) STEP 1) A( x)  (edge) 2  (sec x  tan x)2  2sec 2 x  1  2 sin2x  cos x


STEP 2) a   3 , b  3
b
STEP 3) V   A( x) dx  
a
 /3
 /3  2sec 2
 
x  1  2sin2 x dx  2 2 3  3  4 3  23
cos x

7. (a) STEP 1) A( x)  (length)  (height)  (6  3 x)  (10)  60  30 x
STEP 2) a  0, b  2
b 2 2
STEP 3) V   A( x) dx   (60  30 x) dx   60 x  15 x 2   (120  60)  0  60
a 0  0
(b) STEP 1) A( x)  (length)  (height)  (6  3x )   20 2(63 x )
2   (6  3x)(4  3x)  24  6x  9x 2
STEP 2) a  0, b  2
 24  6 x  9 x2  dx  24 x  3x2  3x3 0  (48  12  24)  0  36

b 2 2
STEP 3) V   A( x)dx  
a 0
8. (a) STEP 1) A( x)  12 (base)  (height)   

x  2x  (6)  6 x  3 x
STEP 2) a  0, b  4
0
6 x1/2  3x  dx   4 x3/2  32 x 2   (32  24)  0  8
b 4 4
STEP 3) V   A( x) dx  
a  0
2
 diameter   
 
3/ 2 1 2
2 x  2x   x  x  4 x   x  x3/2  1 x 2
(b) STEP 1) A( x)  12   2
 12    2   2 4 8 4
 
STEP 2) a  0, b  4
0
x  x3/2  14 x 2  dx   12 x 2  25 x5/2  12
0 8  3 8
b 4 4
STEP 3) V   A( x) dx  8  1 x3    8  64  16   (0)  
a  5 15
 
2
9. A( y )  4 (diameter)2  4 5 y2  0  54 y 4 ;
d
c  0, d  2; V   A( y ) dy
c
2

2 5
0 4

   y5  

y 4 dy   54  5    4 25  0  8
   0

2 2
10.
  

A( y )  12 (leg)(leg)  12  1  y 2    1  y 2    12  2 1  y 2   2 1  y 2 ; c  1, d  1;
 
 
1
d
c
1
 

V   A( y ) dy   2 1  y 2 dy  2  y 
1 
y3 
3 
1

 4 1  13  83
Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Section 6.1 Volumes Using Cross-Sections 433
11. The slices perpendicular to the edge labeled 5 are triangles, and by similar triangles we have b  4  h  34 b.
h 3
The equation of the line through (5, 0) and (0, 4) is y   54 x  4, thus the length of the base   45 x  4 and
the height  3
4   54 x  4   53 x  3. Thus A( x)  12 (base)  (height)  12   54 x  4    53 x  3
 
b 5 6 2 5
 6 x2  12 x  6 and V   A( x) dx   x  12 x  6 dx   25
2 x3  6 x 2  6 x   (10  30  30)  0  10
25 5 a 0 25 5  5 0
12. The slices parallel to the base are squares. The cross section of the pyramid is a triangle, and by similar
 53 y 
2 d 5 9 2
triangles we have b
h
 35  b  35 h. Thus A( y )  (base)2   9 y2
25
 V   A( y ) dy   y dy
c 0 25
5
  25
3 y 3   15  0  15
 0
13. (a) It follows from Cavalieri’s Principle that the volume of a column is the same as the volume of a right
prism with a square base of side length s and altitude h. Thus,
STEP 1) A( x)  (sidelength)2  s 2 ;
STEP 2) a  0, b  h;
b h
STEP 3) V   A( x) dx   s 2 dx  s 2 h
a 0
(b) From Cavalieri’s Principle we conclude that the volume of the column is the same as the volume of the
prism described above, regardless of the number of turns  V  s 2 h
14. 1) The solid and the cone have the same altitude
of 12.
2) The cross sections of the solid are disks of
diameter x   2x   2x . If we place the vertex of
the cone at the origin of the coordinate system
and make its axis or symmetry coincide with
the x-axis then the cone’s cross sections will
be circular disks of diameter 4x   4x  2x  
(see accompanying figure).
3) The solid and the cone have equal altitudes and
identical parallel cross sections. From
Cavalier’s Principle we conclude that the solid
and the cone have the same volume.
 
2
 
2 2 2 2
R( x)  y  1  2x  V     R ( x) dx    1  2x dx    1  x  x4 dx    x  x2  12
x3 
2 2 2
15.
0 0 0   0
 8  2
  2  42  12 3 
  dy   
2 3y 2
2 29 2
R( y )  x  2  V     R( y ) dy    2
3y 2
16. y 2 dy    43 y3     43  8  6
0 0 0 4  0
 
17. R( y )  tan 4 y ; u  4 y  du  4 dy  4 du   dy; y  0  u  0, y  1  u  4 ;
 
2
1
0
2 1
V     R( y )  dy     tan 4 y  dy  4
0   
0
 /4
tan 2 u du  4 
0
 /4  /4
1  sec2 u du  4  u  tan u 0

 4  4  1  0  4  
18. R( x)  sin x cos x; R ( x)  0  a  0 and b  2 are the limits of integration;

 /2  /2  /2 (sin 2 x )2
  R( x)  dx   
2
V  (sin x cos x)2 dx    4
dx; u  2 x  du  2 dx  du
8
 dx
4
;
0 0 0
 
  2
x  0  u  0, x  2  u     V    18 sin 2 u du  8  u2  14 sin 2u   8  2  0  0  16
0 0  
2
19. R( x)  x 2  V     R ( x ) dx
2
0
 x2 
2 2 2 2
dx    x 4 dx    x5   325
5
 
0 0   0
2
20. R( x)  x3  V     R( x)  dx
2
0
0 
2 2 2 2
dx    x 6 dx    x7   128
7
  x3 
0   0 7
3
21. R( x)  9  x 2  V     R ( x)  dx
2
3
3  9  x  dx   9 x  x3  3

3 3 3
2

 2 9(3)  27   2  π 18  36π

3 
1
22. R( x)  x  x 2  V     R ( x ) dx
2
0
0   
1 2 1
   x  x 2 dx    x 2  2 x3  x 4 dx
0
1
   x3  24x  x5    13  12  15  
3 4 5
  0
 (10  15  6)  
 30 30
 /2
  R( x)  dx
2
23. R( x)  cos x  V  
0
 /2  /2
  cos x dx   sin x 0   (1  0)  
0

 /4
  R ( x ) dx
2
24. R( x)  sec x  V  
 /4
 /4  /4
 sec2 x dx    tan x  /4   [1  (1)]  2
 /4
1 1
25. R( x)  e x  V    [ R ( x)]2 dx    (e x )2 dx
0 0
1 2 x 1
 e dx   2 e 2 x   2 (e 2
 1)
0 0
 
 2 1  12 
 (e2 1)
e 2
2e
 /6  
 /2  /2 2  /2  /2 cos x
26. R( x)  cot x  V    [ R( x)]2 dx    cot x dx    cot x dx    dx   [ln(sin x)] /2
/6
 /6  /6  /6 sin x

  ln1  ln 12   ln 2 
  dx 
2
27. R( x) 
2 x
1 V  
4
1/4
 [ R( x)]2 dx   
4
1/4 2 x
1  4 1
4 1/4 x 
dx  4 [ln x]1/4
4
 
 4 ln 4  ln 14  2 ln 4
3 3 3
28. R( x)  e x 1  V    [ R( x)]2 dx    (e x 1 )2 dx    e 2 x 2 dx  2 [e2 x  2 ]13  2 (e4  1)  84.19
1 1 1
 /4
  R( x) dx
2
29. R( x)  2  sec x tan x  V  
0
 /4
 
2
 2  sec x tan x dx
0

0
 /4
2  2 2 sec x tan x  sec2 x tan 2 x dx 
 /4  /4
    2 dx  2 2  sec x tan x dx
 0 0
 /4
  (tan x)2 sec2 x dx 
0 
  /4 
 /4  /4
    2 x 0  2 2 sec x 0   tan3 x 
3
  0 
 

   2  0  2 2
   
2  1  13 (13  0) 


  2  2 2  11
3 

 /2
  R ( x) dx
2
30. R( x)  2  2sin x  2(1  sin x)  V  
0

 /2
0
4(1  sin x)2 dx  4 
 /2
0 1  sin 2 x  2sin x  dx
 /2
 4  1  1 (1  cos 2 x)  2sin x  dx
 2 
0
 4 
0
 2
 /2 3 cos 2 x
 2sin x
2 
 /2
 4  32 x  sin42 x  2 cos x 
0
 4 
  3
4 
 0  0  (0  0  2)    (3  8)

1 1
31. R( y )  5 y 2  V     R ( y ) dy  
2 4
1 15 y dy
1
   y5    [1  (1)]  2
  1
2 2
32. R( y )  y 3/2  V     R( y )  dy    y 3 dy
2
0 0
2
 y4 
   4   4
 0
 /2
  R( y )  dy
2
33. R( y )  2sin 2 y  V  
0
 /2  /2
 2sin 2 y dy     cos 2 y 0
0
  [1  (1)]  2
y 0
 V     R ( y ) dy
2
34. R( y )  cos 4 2
0
   cos
2   dy  4 sin
y
4
 y 0
4  2
 4[0  (1)]  4
3 3 1
    R( y ) dy  4 
2 V 2
35. R( y )  y 1
dy
0 0 ( y 1) 2
3
 4   y11   4   14  (1)   3
 0

1
 V     R ( y ) dy
2y 2
36. R( y )  2
y 1 0
 
1 2
   2 y y2 1 dy; [u  y 2  1  du  2 y dy;
0
y  0  u  1, y  1  u  2]
2 2
 V    u 2 du     u1      12  (1)   2
1 1
37. For the sketch given, a   2 , b  2 ; R ( x)  1, r ( x)  cos x; V   

a
b
 R ( x ) 2
  r ( x)
2
 dx

 /2
 /2
 (1  cos x) dx  2 
 /2
0
(1  cos x) dx  2  x  sin x 0
 /2
 
 2 2  1   2  2
38. For the sketch given, c  0, d  4 ; R ( y )  1, r ( y )  tan y; V   

d
c  R( y )  2
  r ( y)
2
 dy

 /4
0 1  tan 2 y  dy   0 /4  2  sec2 y  dy   2 y  tan y 0 /4    2  1  2   2
39. r ( x)  x and R( x)  1  V   
1
0  R ( x)  2
  r ( x) 
2
 dx
 
1
0
1
   1  x 2 dx    x 

x3 
3  0  
   1  13  0   23
 
40. r ( x)  2 x and R( x)  2  V   
0
1
 R( x)  2
  r ( x)
2
 dx
1
1
   (4  4 x) dx  4  x  x2   4 1  12  2  
2
0   0
41. r ( x)  x 2  1 and R( x)  x  3
V   
2
1  R( x)  2
  r ( x)
2
 dx
2 
 
2
    ( x  3) 2  x 2  1  dx
1  
2
  
    x 2  6 x  9  x 4  2 x 2  1  dx
1   
1 
 x 4  x 2  6 x  8  dx     x5  x3  6 2x
2 2
 8x
5 3 2

  1

    32
 5 3 2
 8  24  16   15  13  62  8
    33
5
 3  28  3  8     530533   1175 

42. r ( x)  2  x and R( x)  4  x 2
V   
2
1  R( x)  2
  r ( x)
2
 dx
2 
   (2  x)2  dx
2
    4  x2
1 
   16  8 x 2  x 4    4  4 x  x 2   dx
2
1  
   12  4 x  9 x 2  x 4  dx   12 x  2 x 2  3 x3  x5 
2 2 5
1   1
 
   24  8  24  32
5  
 12  2  3  15    15  33
 5
 1085    
43. r ( x)  sec x and R( x)  2
V  
 /4
 /4 
  R ( x)   r ( x) 
2 2
 dx

 /4
 /4  2  sec2 x  dx   2x  tan x/4/4
  
   2  1   2  1    (  2)
  
44. R( x)  sec x and r ( x)  tan x  V   

1
0  R ( x)  2
  r ( x)
2
 dx
1
 
   sec2 x  tan 2 x dx    1 dx    x 0  
0
1
0
1
45. r ( y )  1 and R( y )  1  y  V   
1
0  R ( y ) 2
  r ( y)
2
 dy
1 1

   (1  y )2  1 dy    1  2 y  y 2  1 dy
0  0 
1
1
 

   2 y  y 2 dy    y 2 
0 
y3 
3 
0

  1  13  43 
46. R( y )  1 and r ( y )  1  y  V   
1
0  R( y ) 2
 r ( y)
2
 dy
1
0  
1
0  
   1  (1  y ) 2  dy    1  1  2 y  y 2  dy 
1
1
 

   2 y  y 2 dy    y 2 
0 
y3 
3 
0

  1  13  23 

47. R( y )  2 and r ( y )  y V   
0
4
 R( y )  2
  r ( y )
2
 dy
4
4  y2 
   (4  y ) dy    4 y  2 
  (16  8)  8
0  0
48. R( y )  3 and r ( y )  3  y 2
V  
0
3
   R( y )  2
  r ( y)
2
 dy
3
 
3  3  y 2  dy   3 y 2 dy    y    3
3 3
  
0   0  3  0
49. R( y )  2 and r ( y )  1  y  V   
1
0   R( y )  2
  r ( y)
2
 dy
1
   
2 
   4  1  y  dy      1  2 y  y dy
0
1
1
 
   3  2 y  y dy   3 y  43 y 3/2 
0 
y2 
2 
0
   3  43  12     18683   76
50. R( y )  2  y1/3 and r ( y )  1  V   

1
0  R ( y ) 2
  r ( y)
2
 dy
1
  
 
2 1
    2  y1/3  1 dy    4  4 y1/3  y 2/3  1 dy
0  0
1
1
  3 y 5/3 
   3  4 y1/3  y 2/3 dy   3 y  3 y 4/3  5 
0 

0

  3  3  35  35 
51. (a) r ( x)  x and R ( x )  2
V   
4
0  R ( x) 2
  r ( x)
2
 dx
4 4
   (4  x) dx    4 x  x2    (16  8)  8
2
0   0
 
2
2 2  y5 
(b) r ( y )  0 and R( y )  y 2  V     R( y)2   r ( y )2 dy    y 4 dy    5   325
0 0  0
(c) r ( x)  0 and R( x)  2  x  V   
0
4
 R( x) 2
  r ( x) 
2
 dx     2  x  dx
4
0
2
4
4
4  4 
x  x dx    4 x  8 x3  x 
 
3/ 2 2
   16  64  16  83
0  2  0 3 2

 R ( y )  dy    2
   dy
2 2
  r ( y)
2 2
(d) r ( y )  4  y 2 and R ( y )  4  V    16  4  y
2
0 0 
2
2
0  2 

   16  16  8 y 2  y 4 dy    8 y 2  y 4 dy    83 y3 
0 
  y5 
5 
0
  643  325   22415
y
52. (a) r ( y )  0 and R( y )  1  2
 2
 dy
 V     R ( y )   r ( y )
0
2 2
   1   dy    1  y   dy
2 y 2
  2 y2
0 2
  0 4
2

  y 

y2
2
y3 
 12    2  42  12
0

8  2
3 
y
(b) r ( y )  1 and R ( y )  2  2
V   
2
0  R( y )  2
  r ( y )
2
 dy     2  
0
2 y 2
2
 2
 1 dy     4  2 y 
 0
y2
4

 1 dy

2
2 y2   2 y 
   
3
   3  2y  8 2 8
0 4  dy   3 y  y  12    6  4  12   2  3  3
  0
53. (a) r ( x)  0 and R( x)  1  x 2  V   

1
1  R( x) 2
  r ( x) 
2
 dx
1 
1  x 2  dx    1  2 x 2  x 4  dx
1 1 2

1
1
   x  23x  x5 
   1515103   1615
3
 2 1  32  51  2
 5  1
(b) r ( x)  1 and R ( x)  2  x 2  V   
1
1  R ( x) 2
  r ( x) 
2
 dx     2  x 
1
1
2 2 
 1 dx

 4  4 x 2  x 4  1 dx     3  4 x 2  x 4  dx   3x  43 x3  x5   2  3  43  15 
1 1 5 1

1 1   1
 215 (45  20  3)  56
15
 R( x)  dx    
   dx
1 1 2
  r ( x) 
2 2
(c) r ( x)  1  x 2 and R( x)  2  V    4  1  x2
1 1 
1 
4  1  2 x 2  x 4  dx     3  2 x 2  x 4  dx   3x  23 x3  x5   2  3  23  15 
1 1 5 1

1   1
 215 (45  10  3)  64
15
54. (a) r ( x)  0 and R( x)   bh x  h
V   
b
0  R ( x) 2
  r ( x)
2
 dx

0
b
  bh x  h 
2
dx    
b h2
0 b2
2
x 2  2bh x  h 2 dx 
b
  h2  x 2   x    h2  b3  b  b    h3 b
3
x2 2
 3b b  0

 
(b) r ( y )  0 and R( y )  b 1  h  V   
y h
0  R( y )  2
  r ( y )
2
 dy   b  1  
2 h
0
y 2
h
dy
h
h
0
2 y y2 
h 

  b 2   1  h  2  dy   b2  y 

y2
h

y3
3h 2

0
2
h  b2h
   b h  h  3  3 
55. R( y )  b  a 2  y 2 and r ( y )  b  a 2  y 2
V   
a
a   R( y ) 
2
  r ( y)
2
 dy
 2 2
b  a 2  y 2    b  a 2  y 2   dy
a
  
a     

a a
 4b a 2  y 2 dy  4b  a 2  y 2 dy
a a
2
 4b  area of semicircle of radius a  4b   2a  2a 2 b 2
5 2 5
56. (a) A cross section has radius r  2 y and area  r 2  2 y. The volume is 0 2 ydy    y 0
 25 .
(b) V (h)   A(h)dh, so dV

dh
 A(h). Therefore dV
dt
 dV  dh  A(h)  dh
dh dt dt
, so dh
dt
 A(1h)  dV
dt
.
3 3
For h  4, the area is 2 (4)  8 , so dh  81  3 units  83  units .
dt sec sec
 
ha
57. (a) R( y )  a 2  y 2  V   
h a
a   
a 2  y 2 dy    a 2 y 

y3 
3 
a
 ( h  a )3 3 
   a 2 h  a3  3  a3  a3 
 
 
   a 2 h  13 h3  3h 2 a  3ha 2  a3  a3    a 2 h  h3  h 2 a  ha 2 

3

3

 h2 (3a  h)
3 
 h 2 (15 h ) 3
(b) Given dV
dt
 0.2 m3 /sec and a  5 m, find dh
dt h 4
. From part (a), V (h)  3
 5 h2   3h
 dV
dh
 10 h   h 2  dV
dt
 dV  dh   h(10  h) dh
dh dt dt
 dh
dt h  4
0.2
 4 (10  4)
 1
(20 )(6)
 1201  m/sec.
58. Suppose the solid is produced by revolving

y  2  x about the y -axis. Cast a shadow of
the solid on a plane parallel to the xy -plane.
Use an approximation such as the Trapezoid Rule,
n 2
b  d kˆ  y.
a   R( y) dy     2 
2
to estimate
k 1
59. The cross section of a solid right circular cylinder with a cone removed is a disk with radius R from which a
disk of radius h has been removed. Thus its area is A1   R 2   h 2   ( R 2  h2 ). The cross section of the
2
hemisphere is a disk of radius R 2  h2 . Therefore its area is A2    R 2  h 2    R 2  h 2 .
 
 
We can see that A1  A2 . The altitudes of both solids are R. Applying Cavalieri’s Principle we find
Volume of Hemisphere  (Volume of Cylinder)  (Volume of Cone)   R 2 R  13  R 2 R  32  R3 .    
60. x 36  x 2  V  6  R ( x ) 2 dx   6 x 2 36  x 2 dx   6 36 x 2  x 4 dx
R( x)  12     144
0 144  0   0  
 
6
 12 x3  x5    12  63  65   63 12  36 
 144
 5  0 144 5 144 5    196
144   5 
 6036  36 cm3 .
5
The plumb bob will weigh about W  (8.5)  365   192 gm, to the nearest gram.
7
16 
256  y 2  dy    256 y  3 
7 7  y  3
  R( y ) dy   
2
61. R( y )  256  y 2  V  
16   16
 
   (256)(7)  73  (256)(16)  163   
3 3
   73
3
 256(16  7)  163
3
  1053 cm 3
 3308 cm3
 R( x)2 dx   0 (c  sin x)2 dx   0  c 2  2c sin x  sin 2 x  dx

  
62. (a) R( x) | c  sin x |, so V   
0

  c2  2c sin x  1cos2 2 x  dx   0  c2  12  2c sin x  cos22 x  dx    c2  12  x  2c cos x  sin42 x 0
0

   c 2  2  2c  0   (0  2c  0)     c 2  2  4c  . Let V (c)    c 2  2  4c  . We find the

 
extreme values of V (c) : dV
dc
  (2c  4)  0  c  2 is a critical point, and V 2   4  2  8    
  and V (1)    32   4   2  (4   ) .
2 2 2
  2  4  2  4; Evaluate V at the endpoints: V (0)  2
2
Now we see that the function’s absolute minimum value is 2  4, taken on at the critical point c  2 .
(See also the accompanying graph.)
2
(b) From the discussion in part (a) we conclude that the function’s absolute maximum value is 2 , taken on
at the endpoint c  0.
(c) The graph of the solid’s volume as a function
of c for 0  c  1 is given at the right. As c
moves away from [0, 1] the volume of the solid
increases without bound. If we approximate the
solid as a set of solid disks, we can see that the
radius of a typical disk increases without
bounds as c moves away from [0, 1].
63. Volume of the solid generated by rotating the region bounded by the x-axis and y  f ( x ) from x  a to
b
x  b about the x-axis is V    [ f ( x)]2 dx  4 , and the volume of the solid generated by rotating the same
a
b b b
a   f ( x)  1 dx     f ( x) dx  8  4
2 2
region about the line y  1 is V    [ f ( x)  1]2 dx  8 . Thus
a a

b
a  f ( x) 
2
 2 f ( x)  1   f ( x)
2
 dx  4   (2 f ( x)  1) dx  4  2
a
b b
a
f ( x) dx   dx  4
b
a
b b 4b  a
  f ( x) dx  12 (b  a)  2   f ( x) dx  2
a a
64. Volume of the solid generated by rotating the region bounded by the x-axis and y  f ( x ) from x  a to x  b
b
about the x-axis is V     f ( x) dx  6 , and the volume of the solid generated by rotating the same
2
a
b
region about the line y  2 is V     f ( x)  2 dx  10 . Thus
2
a

Section 6.2 Volumes Using Cylindrical Shells 443
b
a   f ( x)  2
2 b
dx     f ( x) dx  10  6   
a
2 b
a  f ( x)  2
 4 f ( x)  4   f ( x) 
2
 dx  4
b b b b b
  (4 f ( x)  4) dx  4  4 f ( x) dx  4 dx  4   f ( x) dx  (b  a )  1   f ( x) dx  1  b  a
a a a a a
6.2 VOLUMES USING CYLINDRICAL SHELLS
1. For the sketch given, a  0, b  2;
   dx      
2
b 2 2
2 x 1  x4 dx  2  x  x4 dx  2  x2  16
x 4   2
 24  1616 
shell shell 2 3 2
V   2
a radius height 0 0   0
 2  3  6
   dx      
b 2 2 2
2 x 2  x4 dx  2  2 x  x4 dx  2  x 2  16
x 4   2 4  1  6
2 3
V   2
a
shell
radius
shell
height 0 0   0
 
3. For the sketch given, c  0, d  2;

2
V   2
d
c  shell
radius  shell
height  dy   0
2
 
2 y  y 2 dy  2 
0
2 3  y4 
y dy  2  4   2
 0
4. For the sketch given, c  0, d  3;

3
V   2
d
c  shell
radius  shell
3
    0
3  y4 
2 y  3  3  y 2  dy  2  y 3 dy  2  4   92
 0
V   2
b
a  shell
radius  shell
height  dx   0
3
2 x   x 2  1  dx;
 
u  x 2  1  du  2 x dx; x  0  u  1, x  3  u  4 
 
   23  (8  1)  143
4 4
 V    u1/2 du    23 u 3/2   23 43/2  1 
1  1
V   2
b
a  shell
radius  shell
height  dx   2 x 
0
3 9x
x3  9

 dx;

[u  x3  9  du  3x 2 dx  3 du  9 x 2 dx; x  0  u  9, x  3  u  36]
 
36 36
 V  2  3u 1/2 du  6  2u1/2   12 36  9  36
9  9
7. a  0, b  2;
V   2
b
a  shell
radius  shell
2
  
2 x  x   2x  dx

2 2 2
  2 x 2  32 dx    3 x 2 dx    x3   8
0 0  0

8. a  0, b  1;
b
V   2
a  shell
radius  shell
height  dx   2 x  2 x   dx
0
1 x
2
 2
1
0   dx    3x dx    x 
3 x2
2
1
0
2 3 1
0

9. a  0, b  1;
b
V   2
a  shell
radius  shell
height  dx   2 x (2  x)  x  dx
0
1 2
 
1 1
 2  2 x  x 2  x3 dx  2  x 2  x3  x4 
3 4
0   0

 2 1  13  14  2   121243   1012  56
10. a  0, b  1;
b
V   2
a 
  dx   2 x  2  x   x  dx
shell
radius
shell
height
1
0
2 2
 2  x  2  2 x  dx  4   x  x  dx
1 2 1 3
0 0
1
 4  x2  x4   4  12  14   
2 4
  0
11. a  0, b  1;
b
V   2
a  shell
radius  shell
height  dx   2 x 
0
1
x  (2 x  1)  dx
 
1 1
 2  x3/2  2 x 2  x dx  2  25 x5/2  23 x3  12 x 2 
0  0
 2  25  23  12   2  12302015   715
12. a  1, b  4;
b
V   2
a  shell
radius  shell
height  dx  
 32 x1/2  dx 1
4
2 x
 3  x1/2 dx  3  23 x3/2   2  43/2  1

4 4
1  1
 2 (8  1)  14
 x  sin x , 0  x   sin x, 0  x  
13. (a) x f ( x)   x  x f ( x)   ; since sin 0  0 we have
 x, x0  0, x0
sin x, 0  x  
x f ( x)    x f ( x)  sin x, 0  x  
sin x, x0

(b) V   2
b
a  shell
radius  shell
height  dx    2 x  f ( x) dx and x  f ( x)  sin x, 0  x   by part (a)
0
 
 V  2  sin x dx  2   cos x 0  2 ( cos   cos 0)  4
0
 x  tan 2 x , 0  x    tan 2 x, 0  x   /4
14. (a) x g ( x)   x 4  x g ( x)   ; since tan 0  0 we have
 x  0, x0  0, x0
 tan 2 x, 0  x   /4
x g ( x)    x g ( x)  tan 2 x, 0  x   /4
2
 tan x, x0
(b) V   2
b
a  shell
radius  shell
height  dx    0
/4
2 x  g ( x) dx and x  g ( x)  tan 2 x, 0  x   /4 by part (a)
 V  2 
 /4
0
tan 2 x dx  2 
 /4
0 sec2 x  1 dx  2  tan x  x0 /4  2 1  4   4 2 2
15. c  0, d  2;
V   2
c
d
   dy  
shell
radius
shell
height 0
2
2 y  y  ( y )  dy
2
 2 
0
2
 y  y  dy  2 
3/2 2 2 y 5/ 2
5

y3 
3 
0

 2  52

 2
5  3
 23   2

 8 2
5 
 83  16  5
2
 13 
 16 
 3 2 5
15 
16. c  0, d  2;
V   2
c
d
 shell
radius   dy  
shell
height 0
2
2 y  y 2  ( y )  dy
 
2
0  dy  2  
 2 
2
y3  y 2
y4
4
y3 
3 
0
 16  24  13 
 16  56   403
17. c  0, d  2;
V   2
c
d
    dy   2 y  2 y  y  dy
shell
radius
shell
height 0
2 2
2
 2 
0
2
 2 y  y  dy  2     2   
2 3 2 y3
3
y4
4
0
16
3
16
4
 32  13  14   3212  83

18. c  0, d  1;
d
V   2
c  shell
radius   dy   2 y  2 y  y
shell
height
1
0
2

 y dy
1
 2  y y  y 2
0   dy  2   y  y  dy
1
0
2 3
1
 y3
 2  3 

y4 
4 
0
 2  13  14   6
19. c  0, d  1;
d
V   2
c  shell
radius  shell
height  dy  2  y  y  ( y) dy
1
0
1 1
 2  2 y 2 dy  4  y 3   43
0 3  0
20. c  0, d  2;
d
V   2
c  shell
radius  shell
0
2 y y  2 dy  y

2 y2 2
 2  dy  3  y 3   83
0 2  0
21. c  0, d  2;
d
V   2
c  shell
radius  shell
0
2 y (2  y )  y 2  dy
 
2
0
2 y  y 2  y 3  dy  2  y 2  3  4 
2  y y  3 4
 2 
 0

 2 4  83  16
4 
 6 (48  32  48)  163
22. c  0, d  1;
d
V   2
c  shell
radius  shell
height  dy   2 y (2  y)  y  dy
0
1 2
1
1
0  
 2  2 y  y 2  y 3 dy  2  y 2 

 y3
3

y4 
4 
0
 
 2 1  13  14  6 (12  4  3)  56
   dx  
b 2 2 2
23. (a) V   2 shell shell
2 x (3x)dx  6  x 2 dx  2  x3   16
a radius height 0 0  0
2    dx   0
4 x  x 2  dx  6  2 x 2  13 x3 
b shell shell 2 2 2
(b) V   2 (4  x) (3x)dx  6 
a radius height 0  0
 6  8  83   32

   dx    x2  x  dx  6  13 x3  12 x2 0
b shell shell 2 2 2
(c) V   2 radius height 2 ( x  1) (3 x)dx  6 
a 0 0
 6  83  2  28
   dy      2 y  13 y 2  dy  2  y 2  19 y3 0
d shell shell 6 6 6
(d) V   2 radius height 2 y 2  13 y dy  2 
c 0 0
 2 (36  24)  24
(e) V   2
c
d
 shell
radius  shell
0

2 (7  y ) 2  13 y dy  2  14  13
3 
y  13 y 2 dy
6
0  
6
 2 14 y  13 y2  1 y3   2 (84  78  24)  60
 6 9 0
d
(f ) V   2
c  shell
radius  shell
0

2 ( y  2) 2  13 y dy  2   0
6
 4  34 y  13 y 2  dy
6
 2  4 y  23 y 2  19 y 3   2 (24  24  24)  48
 0
   dx      
b 2 2 2
24. (a) V   2 shell shell
2 x 8  x3 dx  2  8 x  x 4 dx  2  4 x 2  15 x5 
a radius height 0 0  0

 2 16  32
5
 965 
(b) V   2
a
b
 shell
radius  shell
2

2 (3  x) 8  x3 dx  2   0
2
 24  8x  3x3  x4  dx
 
2
 2  24 x  4 x 2  34 x 4  15 x5   2 48  16  12  32  264
 0 5 5
(c) V   2
a
b
 shell
radius  shell
2
 
2 ( x  2) 8  x3 dx  2  16  8 x  2 x3  x 4 dx
2
0  
 
2
 2 16 x  4 x 2  12 x 4  15 x5   2 32  16  8  32  336 
 0 5 5
   dy   2 y  y dy  2  y dy 
d 8 8 4/3 8
(d) V   2 shell shell 1/3 6  y 7/3   6 (128)  768
c radius height 0 0 7  0 7 7
2    dy   2 (8  y) y dy  2  8 y 
d 8 8 8
(e) V   shell shell 1/3 1/3
 y 4/3 dy  2 6 y 4/3  73 y 7/3 
c radius height 0 0  0
 2  96  384
7  576
7
   dy   2 ( y  1) y 0
y 4/3  y1/3  dy  2  73 y 7/3  34 y 4/3 
d shell shell 8 1/3 8 8
(f ) V   2 dx  2 
c radius height 0  0
 2π  384
7
 12   936π
7
25. (a) V   2
a
b
 shell
radius  shell
1 
2 (2  x) x  2  x 2 dx  2   2
1  4  3x2  x3  dx
 
2
 2  4 x  x3  14 x 4   2 (8  8  4)  2 4  1  14  27
  1 2
(b) V   2
a
b
 shell
radius  shell
1 
2 ( x  1) x  2  x 2 dx  2   2
1  2  3x  x3  dx
 
2
 2  2 x  32 x 2  14 x 4   2 (4  6  4)  2 2  32  14  27
  1 2

(c) V   2
c
d
 shell
radius  shell
height  dy   2 y  y    y  dy   2 y 
1
0
4
1
y  ( y  2) dy 
 y  y  2 y  dy    y   2  y 5/2 1
1 4 4
 4  y 3/2 dy  2  3/2 2 8 2 5/2  13 y 3  y 2 
0 1 5 0 5 1
 85 (1)  2  645  643  16  2  52  13  1  725
(d) V   2
c
d
 shell
radius  shell
height dy   2 (4  y)  y    y  dy  
1
0 1
4
2 (4  y )  y  ( y  2) dy 
1

 4  4 y  y 3/2
0  dy  2   y  y  6 y  4 y  8 dy
4
1
2 3/2
1 4
 4  83 y 3/2  52 y5/2   2  13 y 3  52 y 5/2  3 y 2  83 y 3/2  8 y 
 0  1
 4  83  52   2  643  645  48  643  32  2  13  25  3  83  8  1085  .
26. (a) V   2
b
a  shell
radius  shell
1 
2 (1  x) 4  3 x 2  x 4 dx  2   1
1  x5  x4  3x3  3x2  4 x  4 dx
 16  15  34  1  2  4  2  16  15  34  1  2  4  565
1
 2  16 x 6  51 x5  34 x 4  x3  2 x 2  4 x   2
  1
(b) V   2
c
d
 shell
radius  shell
height  dy   2 y 
1
0
4 y  4 y   dy  14 2 y  4 y
3



4 y
3

  dy

1 4
 4  y 5/4 dy  4  y 4  ydy [u  4  y  y  4  u  du   du; y  1  u  3, y  4  u  0]
0 3 1
 
0 1 3 3
 169  y 9/4   4  (4  u ) u du  169 (1)  4  4 u  u 3/2 du  169  4  83 u 3/2  52 u 5/2 
 0 3 3 3 0 3 0
 169  4 8 3  18
5 3

3  169  885  872
45


1
27. (a) V   2
c
d
 shell
radius  shell
height  1
 1
  y 4 y5 
dy   2 y 12 y 2  y 3 dy  24  y 3  y 4 dy  24  4  5 
0 0  0
 
 24  14  15   2420  65
(b) V   2
c
d
 shell
radius  shell
height  dy   2 (1  y) 12  y
1
0
2
  1
 y 3  dy  24  (1  y ) y 2  y 3 dy
0  
1
1
  y3
 24  y 2  2 y 3  y 4 dy  24  3 
0 
 y4
2

y5 
5 
0
 24  13  12  15   24  301   45
(c) V   2
c
d
 shell
radius  shell
height  dy   2   y  12  y
1
0
8
5
2
 
 y 3  dy  24 
0
1
 85  y   y 2  y3  dy
1
 24 
1 8
0 5  y 2  13
5
y3  y  dy  24  y  y
4 

8 3
15
13
20
4

y5 
5 
0
 24  158  1320  51 
 24 (32  39  12)  24  2
60 12
(d) V   2
c
d
 shell
radius  shell
height  dy   2  y   12  y  y  dy  24   y    y
1
0
2
5
2 3 1
0
2
5
2

 y 3 dy
1
1
0 
 24  y 3  y 4  25 y 2  y  dy  24   y  y  y  dy  24  y 
2 3
5
1 2
0 5
2

3 3
5
4 2 3
15
3
20
y4 
y5 
5 
0
 24  152  203  51   2460 (8  9  12)  2412  2

28. (a) V   2
c
d
 shell
radius  shell
0
 y2  y4 y2 
  
2
0


y4 

2
0 
y5 
2 y  2   4  2   dy   2 y  y 2  4  dy  2   y 3  4  dy

 
2
 y4 y6  24
 14  244   32  14  61   32  242   83
6
 2  4  24   2 2  32
 24
 0 4
(b) V   2
c
d
 shell
radius  shell
0
 y2  y4 y2  2  y4 
2 (2  y )  2   4  2   dy   2 (2  y )  y 2  4  dy
   0  
2
2
 2   2 y 2 
0
y4
2
 y3 
y5
4
  2 y3 y5
 dy  2  3  10 
 
y4
4
y6 
 24   2
0
 163  1032  164  6424   85
(c) V   2
c
d
 shell
radius  shell
0
 y2  y4 y2  2  y4 
2 (5  y )  2   4  2   dy   2 (5  y )  y 2  4  dy
   0  
2
2
 2   5 y 2  54 y 4  y 3 
0
y5
4
  5 y3 5 y5
 dy  2  3  20 
 
y4
4
y6 
 24   2
0
 403  160
20
 16
4
 24 
64  8
(d) V   2
c
d
 shell
radius  shell
height  dy   2  y    2
0
5
8
y2
2
 y4
 4 

y2
2
 2 5  2

  dy  0 2 y  8  y 
 
 y4
4

 dy

2
2 3 y5 5 y 4  dy  2  y  y  5 y  5 y   2
 164  6424  4024  160
160 
4 6 3 5
 2  y   58 y 2  32  4
0  4 
 
 4 24 24 160 
0
29. (a) About x-axis: V   2

d
c  shell
radius  shell
height  dy
1
  2 y
0
 
y  y dy  2  y 3/2  y 2 dy
1
0  
 52  13   215
1
 2  52 y 5/2  13 y3   2
 0
About y -axis: V   2
a
b
 shell
radius  shell
height  dx
1
 
  2 x x  x 2 dx  2  x 2  x3 dx
0 0
1
 
1
 2  x3  x4   2  13  14   6
3 4
  0
(b) About x-axis: R( x)  x and r ( x)  x 2  V   

b
a  R ( x)  2
  r ( x)
2
 dx     x
0
1 2

 x 4 dx
1
   x3  x5     13  15   215
3 5
  0
About y -axis: R( y )  y and r ( y )  y  V   

d
c  R( y )  2
  r ( y)
2
 dy     y  y  dy
1
0
2
1
 y2
  2 

y3 
3 
0
  12  13   6
30. (a) V   
a
b
 R ( x)  2
  r ( x) 
2
 dx      2 4
0
x
2
2 
 x 2  dx

0 4
 3 x 2  2 x  4  dx     x4  x 2  4 x 
4 3 4

  0
  16  16  16   16

(b) V   2
b
a  shell
radius  shell
0
 4
 0
4 2

2 x 2x  2  x dx   2 x 2  2x dx  2  2 x  x2 dx  0  
4
 2  x 2  x6   2 16  64  
3
 323
  0 6
(c) V   2
b
a  shell
radius  shell
0
 4
 0
4 2
2 (4  x) 2x  2  x dx   2 (4  x) 2  2x dx  2  8  4 x  x2 dx   0  
4
 2 8 x  2 x 2 

x3 
6  0 
 2 32  32  64
6
  64
3
(d) V   
b
a   R( x)  2
  r ( x)
2
 dx    0
4 2 x
(8  x )  6  2  
2 4
 2
 dx   0  64  16 x  x  36  6 x    x2
4  dx
 
4 3 2 4
 10 x  28 dx    x4  5 x 2  28 x    [16  (5) (16)  (7) (16)]   (3) (16)  48
3
 x
0 4   0
31. (a) V   2
d
c  shell
radius  shell
2
2 y ( y  1) dy
2
 2 
1
2
   y3 y 2 
y 2  y dy  2  3  2 
 1
 2 
  83  42    13  12 
 2  73  2  12   3 (14  12  3)  53
   dx    2 x  x2  dx  2  x2  x3 1
b 2 2 3 2
shell shell
(b) V   2 radius height 2 x(2  x) dx  2 
a 1 1

 2  4  83  1  13   2 
     
 1238    331   2  34  32   43
V   2  radius  height  dx  12 2  103  x  (2  x) dx  2 12  203  163 x  x2  dx
b shell shell
(c)
a
x  83 x 2  13 x3   2  40
 3 3 3   3 3 3 
 32  8  20  8  1   2  33   2
2
 2  20
3 1
2
(d) V   2
d
c  shell
radius  shell
2
1
2  ( y 1)3 
2 ( y  1)( y  1) dy  2  ( y  1)2  2  3   23
 1
32. (a) V   2
d
c  shell
radius  shell
2

2 y y 2  0 dy 
   8
2
2  y4  24
 2  y 3 dy  2  4   2 4
0  0
(b) V   2
b
a  shell
radius  shell
height  dx
4
  2 x 2  x dx  2 
0
  4
0  2 x  x3/2  dx
 
4 5
 2  x 2  52 x5/2   2 16  252
 0
 2 16  64
5 
 25 (80  64)   32
5
(c) V   2
b
a  shell
radius  shell
height  dx  
0
4
 
2 (4  x) 2  x dx  2  8  4 x1/2  2 x  x3/2 dx
0
4
 
 
4
 2 8 x  83 x3/2  x 2  2 x 5/2   2 32  64  16  64  215 (240  320  192)  215 (112)  224
 5 0 3 5 15

2
   dy     0
2 y 2  y3  dy  2  23 y 3  4 
 y 
d 2 2 4
shell shell
(d) V   2 radius height 2 (2  y ) y 2 dy  2 
c 0  0
 2  163  164   3212 (4  3)  83
33. (a) V   2
d
c 
  dy   2 y  y  y  dy
shell
radius
shell
height
1
0
3
1
  2  y  y  dy  2     2     
1 2 4 y3 y5 1 1 4
0   3 5 3 5 15
0
V   2    dy   2 (1  y)  y  y  dy
d shell shell 1 3
(b) radius height
c 0
1
 2   y  y  y  y  dy  2     
1 2  3  4 y2 y3 y4 y5
0   2 3 4 5
0
 2  1
2
 13  14  1
5  2
60
(30  20  15  12)  7
30
34. (a) V   2
d
c  shell
radius  shell
height  dy   2 y 1   y  y  dy
1
0
3
1
1
  y2
 2  y  y 2  y 4 dy  2  2 
0 
 y3
3

y5 
5 
0
 2  12  13  15   230 (15  10  6)  1115
(b) Use the washer method:
V  
d
c  R ( y )  2
 r ( y)
2
 dy    1   y  y   dy    1  y
1
0
2 3 2 1
0
2

 y 6  2 y 4 dy
1
 y3 y7 2 y5 
   y  3  7  5    1  13  17  52  105
 0

 (105  35  15  42)  97
105 
(c) Use the washer method:
 1  
        dy
d 2 1 2
V     R( y )    r ( y ) dy     1  y  y 3   0  dy    1  2 y  y 3  y  y 3
2 2
c 0
    0
1
1
0  
   1  y 2  y 6  2 y  2 y3  2 y 4 dy    y 

 y3
3

y7
7
 y2 
y4
2

2 y5 
5 
0
 
 (70  30  105  2  42)  121
  1  13  17  1  12  52  210 210
(d) V   2
d
c  shell
radius  shell
height dy   2 (1  y) 1   y  y  dy  2  (1  y) 1  y  y  dy
1
0
3 1
0
3
0
 y  y  y  dy  2  1  2 y  y  y  y  dy  2  y  y  
1 1  y3 y4 y5 
 2  1  y  y3 2 4 2 3 4 2
3 4
 5 
0  0

 2 1  1  13  14  15  260 (20  15  12)   23
30

35. (a) V   2
d
c  shell
radius  shell
height  dy   2 y  1
0
8 y  y 2 dy 
2
0 
2  y4 
 2  2 2 y 3/2  y 3 dy  2  4 5 2 y 5/2  4 
 0
4  2 
5
 2 

2
5
4
 24   2
  423
5
 444 
 
 2  4  85  1  85 (8  5)  245
   dx     x 
b 4 4 4
 x8 dx  2  25 x5/2  32
x4 
shell shell 2 3/2 3
(b) V   2 2 x x  x8 dx  2 
a radius height 0 0   0
 2  22
5
5 4
4  2
 32   2
5
6
 32 160
8
 160 5
7
2   2 (32  20)   2 3   2 3  9 4
48
5
36. (a) V   2
b
a 
  dx   2 x  2 x  x   x  dx
shell
radius
shell
height
1
0
2
 2  x  x  x  dx  2   x  x  dx
1 2 1 2 3
0 0
1
 2  x3  x4   2  13  14   6
3 4
  0
(b) V   2
b
a  shell
radius  shell
height  dx   2 1  x   2 x  x   x dx  2  1  x   x  x  dx
1
0
2 1
0
2
 
1
1
 2  x  2 x 2  x3 dx  2  x2  23 x3  x4   2  12  23  14   212 (6  8  3)  6
2 4
0   0
37. (a) V   
b
a   R( x)  2
  r ( x)
2
 dx     x 1
1/16
1/2
 1 dx 
 
1
   2 x1/2  x    (2  1)  2  14  16
1 
 1/16  
 7  9
  1  16 16 
(b) V   2
d
c  shell
radius  shell
height  dy   2 y  1
0
1
y4
1  dy
 16 

 
2
2  y2 
y 3  16 dy  2   12 y 2  32 
y
 2 
1  1

 2     18   12  32
  
1   2
     321 
 2 (8  1)  9
38. (a) V   
d
c  R ( y )  2
  r ( y)
2
 dy     1
2 1
y4
1  dy
 16 

2
    13 y 3  16      24

y
1 
1 1  1  1 
8 3 16     
 ( 2  6  16  3)  11
 48 48

   dx      x1/2  x  dx  2  23 x3/2  x2 1/4

b 1 1 2 1
shell shell
(b) V   2 radius height 2 1  1 dx  2 
a 1/4 x 1/4
 2 
  23  12    23  18  321     34  1  61  161   48 (4 16  48  8  3)  1148
39. (a) Disk: V  V1  V2
b b
V1   1   R1 ( x) dx and V2   2   R2 ( x)  dx with R1 ( x) 
2 2 x 2
3
and R2 ( x)  x ,
a1 a2
a1  2, b1  1; a2  0, b2  1  two integrals are required
(b) Washer: V  V1  V2
V1   1 
a1
b
 R ( x)  r ( x)  dx with R ( x) 
1
2
1
2
1
x 2
3
and r1 ( x )  0; a1  2 and b1  0;
  R ( x)    r ( x)  dx with R ( x) 
b2 2 2 x 2
V2   2 2 2 3
and r2 ( x)  x ; a2  0 and b2  1
a2
 two integrals are required
d shell
(c) Shell: V   2 radius
c   shell
height  dy   c
d

shell
2 y height 
dy where shell height  y 2  3 y 2  2  2  2 y 2 ;  
c  0 and d  1. Only one integral is required. It is, therefore preferable to use the shell method.
However, whichever method you use, you will get V   .
40. (a) Disk: V  V1  V2  V3

d
Vi   i   Ri ( y ) dy, i  1, 2, 3 with R1 ( y )  1 and c1  1, d1  1; R2 ( y ) 
2
y and c2  0 and d 2  1;
c i
R3 ( y )  ( y )1/4 and c3  1, d3  0  three integrals are required

(b) Washer: V  V1  V2
Vi   i 
ci
d
 R ( y ) 
i
2
  ri ( y ) 
2
 dy, i  1, 2 with R ( y)  1, r ( y)  1 1 y , c1  0 and d1  1;
R2 ( y )  1, r2 ( y )  ( y )1/4 , c2  1 and d 2  0  two integrals are required

b shell
(c) Shell: V   2 radius
a   shell
height  dx   b
a 
shell
2 x height 
dx , where shell height  x 2   x 4  x 2  x 4 , a  0 
and b  1  only one integral is required. It is, therefore preferable to use the shell method.
However, whichever method you use, you will get V  56 .
  R( x)   dx  
 2 
41. (a) V   
b
a
2
  r ( x)
2 4
4
   
4
4
4
4 
  25  x 2   (3) 2  dx    25  x 2  9 dx    16  x 2 dx   
   
4
  16 x  13 x3    64  64   64  64  256
  4 3 3 3
(b) Volume of sphere  43  (5)3  500   Volume of portion removed  500  256  244
3 3 3 3
b

shell
42. V   2 radius
a  shell
1
 
2 x sin x 2  1 dx; [u  x 2  1  du  2 x dx;
 
x  1  u  0, x  1    u   ]    sin u du    cos u 0   (1  1)  2
0

   dx      
b r r r
shell
43. V   2 radius shell
2 x  hr x  h dx  2   hr x 2  h x dx  2   3hr x3  h2 x 2 
a height 0 0  0
 2
 2  r 3h  r 2h  13  r 2 h
2

d shell
44. V   2 radius
c   shell
height  dy   r
0

  

2 y  r 2  y 2    r 2  y 2   dy  4  y r 2  y 2 dy
r
0
0 r 2 1/2 r2
2 2
[u  r  y  du  2 y dy; y  0  u  r , y  r  u  0]  2  2
u du  2  u du  4 u 3 2 
r2 0 3  0
 43 r 3
f (a) a
45. W (a)    [( f 1 ( y ))2  a 2 ]dy  0   2 x[ f (a)  f ( x)]dx  S (a);
f ( a) a
W (t )   [ f 1 ( f (t )))2  a 2 ] f (t )   (t 2  a 2 ) f (t ); also

t t t
S (t )  2 f (t )  x dx  2  xf ( x) dx  [ f (t )t 2   f (t )a 2 ]  2  xf ( x)dx
a a a
 S (t )   t 2 f (t )  2 tf (t )   a 2 f (t )  2 tf (t )   (t 2  a 2 ) f (t )  W (t )  S (t ). Therefore, W(t) = S(t)
for all t  [a, b].
46. V   
0
 /3
[22  (sec y )2 ]dy   [4 y  tan y ]0 /3    43  3 
 shell  shell  1
b 1
 
2 2
47. V   2   dx   2 xe x dx   e x   (e1  e0 )   1  1e
a  radius  height  0 0
48. Use washer cross sections. A washer has inner radius

r = 1, outer radius R  e x /2 , and area
 ( R 2  r 2 )   (e x  1). The volume is
ln 3 ln 3
V   (e x  1)dx   [e x  x]
0 0
  (3  ln 3  1)   (2  ln 3)
6.3 ARC LENGTH
   x2  2  x
dy 1/2
1. dx
 13  32 x 2  2  2x 
L
3
0  
1  x 2  2 x 2 dx  
0
3
1  2 x 2  x 4 dx
1  x2  dx  03 1  x2  dx   x  x3 0

3 2 3 3

0
 3  27
3
 12

Section 6.3 Arc Length 455
dy 4
2. dx
 3
2
xL 1  94 x dx;
0
u  1  9 x  du  9 dx  4 du  dx;
 4 4 9
x  0  u  1; x  4  u  10]
 94 du   94  23 u3/2 1 10 

10 10
 L   u1/2  8
27
10  1
1
 
2
3. dx
dy
 y2  1  dx
dy
 y 4  12  1
4 y2 16 y 4
3 3
L 1  y 4  12  1 4 dy   y 4  12  1 4 dy
1 16 y 1 16 y
2
3  2  3 
 y  1 2  dy    y 2  1 2  dy
1  4y  1 4y 
3
 y 3 y 1 
  3  4   27
 1

 1  13  14  9  12
3 12
1 11
3 4   
( 1 4 3) ( 2)
9 12
 9  12  53
6
   y2 
2
4. dx
dy
 12 y1/2  12 y 1/2  dy
dx 1
4
1
y
L
1
9
1  14  y  2   dy    y  2   dy
1
y 1
9 1
4
1
y
2
9   9
  12  y  1  dy  12  y1/2  y 1/2 dy
1  y  1  
9  y 3/ 2 9

 12  23 y 3/2  2 y1/2    3  y1/2 
 1  1
3
 
 33  3  13  1  11  13  32
3 
 
2
5. dx
dy
 y 3  1 3  dx
dy
 y 6  12  1 6
4y 16 y
2 2
L 1  y 6  12  1 6 dy   y 6  12  1 6 dy
1 16 y 1 16 y
2 2
2  3 y 3  2  3 y 3   y 4 y 2 
  y  4  dy  1  y  4  dy   4  8 
1      1

 16  1
4 (16)(2)  
 14  81  4  32
1 11
4 8
 12832
18 4  123
32

   
y2 2
6. dx
dy
 2  1 2  dx
dy
 14 y 4  2  y 4
2y
L
3
2 
1  14 y 4  2  y 4 dy 

3
2
1
4  y 4  2  y 4  dy
 y 2  y2  dy  12 23  y2  y 2  dy
3 2
 12 
2
3
 y3 
 12  3  y 1   12  27
 2  3 3 
 1  83  12 
   

 12 26
3  
 83  12  12 6  12  13
4 
7.
dy
dx
 x1/3  14 x 1/3  dx   dy 2 2/3
 x 2/3  12  x16
8 2/3
L 1  x 2/3  12  x16 dx
1
 x1/3  14 x1/3  dx
8 2/3 8 2
 x 2/3  12  x16 dx  
1 1
1
x1/3  14 x 1/3  dx   34 x 4/3  83 x 2/3 
8 8

 1
 83  2 x 4/3  x 2/3   83  2  24  22   (2  1) 

8
 1  
 83 (32  4  3)  99
8
dy
8. dx
 x2  2 x  1  4  x 2  2 x  1  14 1
(4 x  4) 2 (1 x )2
 (1  x)2  14 1
(1 x ) 2
 dx  
dy 2
 (1  x)4  12  1
16(1 x )4
2 (1 x )4
L 1  (1  x) 4  12  16
dx
0
2 (1 x )4
 (1  x)4  12  16
dx
0
2
2  (1 x )2 
  (1  x)2  4  dx
0  
2
0
(1 x )2 
 1
3
  (1  x) 2  4  dx; [u  1  x  du  dx; x  0  u  1, x  2  u  3]  L   u 2  14 u 2 du  
3
  u3  14 u 1   9  12    
3
1  1  1  1081 4 3  106  53
 1 3 4 12 12 6

  
2 y

dx 2 2
9. dy
 1x  4x  dx
dy
1
x
 4x  12  1  x
x 2 16 0.5
2 2 x2
L 1 1   1 x2 dx   1  1 2
 x dx  y  ln x 
1 x2 2 16 1 x2 2 16 8
2 x
1  1x  4x   
2 2 2 1
dx    4x dx  ln x  x2   0 1 2
1 x  8 
1
 ln 2  48    ln1  18   ln 2  83 0.5
 
y
dy 2
 
dy 2
10. dx
 x  41x  dx  x  41x  x 2  21  1 2
16 x 5
3 2 x 2 ln x
L 1 x  1
2
 12 dx  4 y
2

4
1 16 x 3
x  
3 3 1 2 2
 x 2  12  1 2 dx   4x
dx 
1 16 x 1 1
3 x
1  
3
x  41x dx   x2  14 ln x  
2 0 1 2 3
  1
 92  14 ln 3   12  14 ln1  4  14 ln 3
   x 
2 y
dy dy 2
11. dx
 x2  1  dx
2
 1  x 4  12  1
4 x2 4 x2 16 x 4 10
3 4
L 1 x  1
2
 14 dx  8
y
x3 1

1 16 x 6 3 4x
x 
3 3 2 4
1 x 4  12  1 dx   2
 1 dx  2
16 x 4 1 4 x2
x
1  
3
 9  121    13  13   536
3 0 1 2 3
dx   x3  41x  
3
x2  1
4 x2   1
   x 
2
dy dy 2
12. dx
 x4  1  dx
4
 1  x8  12  1
4 x4 4 x4 16 x8 y
1
L 1  x8  12  1 dx  1
1/2 16 x8 x5 1
y 
x 
1 1 2 5 12 x 3
1/2 x8  12  1 dx   4
 1 dx  0.5
16 x8 1/2 4 x4
1/2  x  dx  
1 1
4
 1 x5  1  
3
4 x4 5 12 x  1/2 x
0 0.5 1 1.5
 15  121    1601  23   373
480
 
2
13. dx
dy
 sec 4 y  1  dx
dy
 sec4 y  1
L
 /4
 /4 
1  sec4 y  1 dy     /4
 /4
sec 2 y dy
 /4
  tan y  /4  1  (1)  2

14.
dy
dx
 3x4  1   
dy 2
dx
 3x4  1
L
1
2 
1  3x 4  1 dx    1
2
3 x 2 dx
1
 3  x3  
3 3  1  (2)3   3
(1  8)  7 3
  2 3   3 3
   4x
dy dy 2 2
(b)
15. (a) dx
 2x  dx
1    dx
2 dy 2
L dx
1
2
 1  4x 2 dx
1
(c) L  6.13
16. (a)
dy
dx
 sec2 x   
dy 2
dx
 sec4 x (b)
0
L 1  sec4 x dx
 /3
(c) L  2.06
 
2 (b)
17. (a) dx
dy
 cos y  dx
dy
 cos 2 y

L 1  cos 2 y dy
0
(c) L  3.82
 
y 2 y2 (b)
18. (a) dx   dx 
dy 1 y 2 dy 1 y 2
1/2 2 1/2
y
L 1 dy   1 dy
1/2 1 y 2 1/2 1 y 2
1  y 2 
1/2 1/2
 dy
1/2
(c) L  1.05

 
2 (b)
19. (a) 2 y  2  2 dx
dy
 dx
dy
 ( y  1)2
3
L 1  ( y  1)2 dy
1
(c) L  9.29
 
dy dy 2 (b)
20. (a) dx
 cos x  cos x  x sin x  dx
 x 2 sin 2 x

L 1  x 2 sin 2 x dx
0
(c) L  4.70
 
dy dy 2 (b)
21. (a) dx
 tan x  dx
 tan 2 x
 /6  /6 sin 2 x  cos 2 x
L 1  tan 2 x dx   dx
0 0 cos 2 x
 /6 dx  /6
 
cos x 0
sec x dx
0
(c) L  0.55
 
2
22. (a) dx  sec2 y  1  dx  sec2 y  1 (b)
dy dy
L
 /4
 /3 
1  sec 2 y  1 dy     /4
 /3
| sec y | dy
 /4
 sec y dy
 /3
(c) L  2.20
23. (a)  
dy 2
dx
corresponds to 1
4x
here, so take
dy
dx
as 1 .
2 x
Then y  x  C and since (1, 1) lies on the curve,
C  0. So y  x from (1, 1) to (4, 2).

(b) Only one. We know the derivative of the function and the value of the function at one value of x.
 
2 dy
24. (a) dx corresponds to 14 here, so take dx as 12 . Then x   1y  C and, since (0, 1) lies on the curve,
dy y y
C  1. So y  1 .
1 x
(b) Only one. We know the derivative of the function and the value of the function at one value of x.

x dy  /4 2  /4  /4
25. y cos 2t dt  dx
 cos 2 x  L   1   cos 2 x  dx   1  cos 2 x dx   2 cos 2 x dx
0 0 0 0

 /4
0
2 cos x dx  2 sin x 0
 /4
 
 2 sin 4  2 sin(0)  1
2
1 x  2/3 1/ 2  1 x 2/3 1/ 2 
26. 
y  1 x 
2/3 3/2
, 4
2
 x 1
dy
dx
 3
2 1  x  
2/3 1/2
 23 x 1/3  
x1/3
L
1
2 /4
1  
 x1/3
 dx

 
1 1 1

2/3
1  1 x2/3 dx   1  1 dx  1 1 1
x 1/3 dx  32  x 2/3 
2 /4 x 2 /4
1  2/3
x  2 /4 x
1
2/3
dx   1
2 /4 x1/3
dx  
2 /4   2 /4
 
2/3
 32 (1)2/3  32 42 
 32  32 12  43  total length  8 34  6 
dy 2 2 2
27. y  3  2 x, 0  x  2  dx  2  L   1  (2)2 dx   5 dx   5 x   2 5.
0 0 0
d  (2  0)2  (3  (1))2  2 5
28. Consider the circle x 2  y 2  r 2 , we will find the length of the portion in the first quadrant, and multiply our
result by 4.
2
dy r   r 2 r r 2 dx
y  r 2  x 2 , 0  x  r  dx  2 x 2  L  4 1   2 x 2  dx  4 1  2x 2 dx  4 
r x 0  r x  0 r x 0 r  x2
2
r r
 4 r dx  4r  dx
0 r 2  x2 0 r 2  x2
29. 9 x 2  y ( y  3)2  d 9 x 2   d  y ( y  3)2   18 x dx  2 y ( y  3)  ( y  3)2  3( y  3)( y  1)

dy   dy   dy
( y 3)( y 1) ( y 3)( y 1) ( y 3)( y 1) 2 ( y 3)2 ( y 1)2

 dx   dx  dy; ds 2  dx 2  dy 2   dy   dy 2  dy 2  dy 2
dy 6x 6x  6x  36 x 2
( y 3)2 ( y 1)2  ( y 1)2  y 2  2 y 1 4 y ( y 1) 2
 2
dy 2  dy 2   4 y  1 dy 2  4y
dy 2  4y
dy 2
4 y ( y 3)  
30. 4 x 2  y 2  64  d
dx
4 x 2  y 2  
 
d
dx  64  8x  2 y dy
dx
dy
 0  dx  4yx  dy  4yx dx;
2
 2  y 2 16 x 2
ds 2  dx 2  dy 2  dx 2   4yx dx   dx 2  16 x2 dx 2   1  16 x2  dx 2 
2
dx 2  4 x 2  6416 x 2 dx 2
  y  y  y2 y2
 20 x 2 64 dx 2  4 (5 x 2  16) dx 2
y2 y2
31. 2x
0
x
1  
dy 2
dt
dt , x  0  2  1    dy 2
dx

dy
dx
 1  y  f ( x)   x  C where C is any real
number.

32. (a) From the accompanying figure and definition of the

differential (change along the tangent line) we see
that dy  f ( xk 1 ) xk  length of kth tangent fin is
  xk 2  (dy)2    xk 2   f ( xk 1 ) xk 2 .
n n
 (length of kth tangent fin)  nlim    xk    f ( xk 1 ) xk 
2 2
(b) Length of curve  lim
n  k 1  k 1
n b
 1   f ( xk 1 )  xk   1   f ( x)  dx
2 2
 lim
n  k 1 a
4
33. x 2  y 2  1  y  1  x 2 ; P  0, 14 , 12 , 43 , 1  L      xi  xi 1    yi  yi 1 
2 2
k 1
       
2 2 2 2
 14  0   12  14   34  12  1  34 
2 15 2 3 15 2 7 3 2 7
  4
1   2
 4
  4
 2
  0 4
 1.55225
y2  y1 dy
34. Let ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ), with x2  x1 , lie on y  mx  b, where m  x2  x1
, then dx
m
L
x2
x1
1  m 2 dx  1  m2  x x2  1  m 2  x2  x1   1 
x
1
 y2  y1 2
x2  x1   x2  x1 
 x2  x1 2  y2  y1 2  x2  x1 2  y2  y1 2
  x2  x1  
 x2  x1 
 x2  x1    x2  x1 2   y2  y1 2 .
 x2  x1 2
  dt  0x
dy x 2
35. y  2 x3/2  dx
 3x1/2 ; L( x)   1  3t1/2 1  9t dt ;
0
19 x 1 9 x
[u  1  9t  du  9dt ; t  0  u  1, t  x  u  1  9 x]  19  u du  2  u 3/2   2 (1  9 x)3/2 2 ;
 27
1 27  1 27
2 (10)3 2 2  2(10 10 1)

L(1)  27
 27 27
36. y x3  x 2  x  4 x1 4 
dy
 x2  2 x  1  1  ( x  1)2  1 ;
3 dx 4( x 1)2 4( x 1)2
2 2
x   x  4(t 1)4 1  x [4(t 1)4 1]2
L( x)   1  (t  1) 2  1 2  dt   1   dt  0 1  dt
 4(t 1) 
2
0  4(t 1)  0 16(t 1) 4
x 16(t 1) 4 16(t 1)8 8(t 1)4 1 x 16(t 1)8 8(t 1)4 1 x [4(t 1)4 1]2 x 4(t 1) 4 1
 4
dt   4
dt   4
dt   dt
0 16(t 1) 0 16(t 1) 0 16(t 1) 0 4(t 1)2
x  x 1
  (t  1) 2  1 2  dt ; [u  t  1  du  dt ; t  0  u  1, t  x  u  x  1]   u 2  14 u 2  du
0  4(t 1)  1  
    
x 1
  13 u 3  14 u 1   1 ( x  1)3  4( x11)  1 1 1 ( x  1)3  4( x11)  12
1 ; L(1)  8  1  1  59
 1 3 3 4 3 3 8 12 24

37-42. Example CAS commands:

Maple:
with( plots );
with( Student[Calculus1] );
with( student );
f : x - sqrt(1-x^2);a : -1;
b : 1;
N : [2, 4, 8];
for n in N do
xx : [seq( a  i*(b-a)/n, i  0..n )];
pts : [seq([x, f (x)], x  xx)];
L : simplify(add( distance(pts[i 1], pts[i]), i 1..n )); # (b)
T : sprintf("#37(a) (Section 6.3)\nn  %3d L  %8.5f \n", n, L );
P[n] : plot( [f (x), pts], x  a..b, title  T ): # (a)
end do:
display( [seq(P[n], n  N)], insequence  true, scaling  constrained );
L : ArcLength( f(x), x  a..b, output integral ):
L  evalf ( L ); # (c)
Mathematica: (assigned function and values for a, b, and n may vary)

Clear[x, f ]
{a, b}  {1, 1}; f[x_ ]  Sqrt[1  x 2 ]
p1  Plot[f[x], {x, a, b}]
n  8;
pts  Table[{xn, f[xn]}, {xn, a, b, (b  a)/n}]/ / N
Show[p1,Graphics[{Line[pts]}]}]
Sum[ Sqrt[ (pts[[i 1, 1]]  pts[[i, 1]])2  (pts[[i  1, 2]]  pts[[i, 2]])2 ], {i, 1, n}]
NIntegrate[Sqrt[ 1  f '[ x]2 ], {x, a, b}]
6.4 AREAS OF SURFACES OF REVOLUTION
1. (a)
dy
dx
 sec2 x  dx  
dy 2
 sec4 x (b)
 /4
 S  2  (tan x) 1  sec4 x dx
0
(c) S  3.84

Section 6.4 Areas of Surfaces of Revolution 463
2. (a)
dy
dx
 2 x  dx   dy 2
 4x2 (b)
2
 S  2  x 2 1  4 x 2 dx
0
(c) S  53.23
 
2
3. (a) xy  1  x  1 dx   1  dx
 dy  14 (b)
y y2 dy y
2
 S  2  1y 1  y 4 dy
1
(c) S  5.02
 
2
4. (a) dx  cos y  dx  cos 2 y (b)
dy dy

 S  2  (sin y ) 1  cos 2 y dy
0
(c) S  14.42
 
2 (b)
5. (a) x1/2  y1/2  3  y  3  x1/2
dy

 dx  2 3  x1/2   12 x1/2 
  dx   1  3x 1/2 
dy 2 2
 S  2   3  x1/2  1  1  3x 1/2  dx
4 2 2
1
(c) S  63.37
   1  y 
2
1/2 2
(b)
6. (a) dx
dy
 1  y 1/2  dx
dy
y2 y   dx
2 2
 S  2  1  1  y 1/2
1
(c) S  51.33

 
2 (b)
7. (a) dx
dy
 tan y  dx
dy
 tan 2 y y
 /3  y
 2
 S  2  0 tan t dt  1  tan y dy 1
 0  y
x   tan t dt
 /3 y
 2    tan t dt  sec y dy
0
0.5
0  0 
(c) S  2.08 x
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
 
dy dy 2 (b)
8. (a) dx
 x 2  1  dx  x2  1 y
 S  2 
1
5 x
 1
 

t 2  1 dt  1  x 2  1 dx  3
y
x
t 2  1 dt
1
2
5 x
 2  t 2  1 dt  x dx
1  1

 1
(c) S  8.55 x
0 1 2 3
  dx  S   2  
4
b dy 2 4 4
1  14 dx   2 5  x dx   2 5  x2   4 5;
dy 2
9. y x  dx  12 ; S   2 y 1  dx x
2 a 0 2 0   0
Geometry formula: base circumference  2 (2), slant height  42  22  2 5
 
 Lateral surface area  12 (4 ) 2 5  4 5 in agreement with the integral value
  dy  
d 2 2 2 2
10. y x  x  2y  dx  2; S   2 x 1  dx 2  2 y 1  22 dy  4 5  y dy  2 5  y 2 
2 dy c dy 0 0  0
 2 5  4  8 5; Geometry formula: base circumference  2 (4), slant height  42  22  2 5
 
 Lateral surface area  12 (8 ) 2 5  8 5 in agreement with the integral value
  dx   2
3
dy 2

b 3 2 3
1  12 dx   2 5  ( x  1) dx   2 5  x2  x 
( x 1) 2
11. dx  12 ; S   2 y 1 
dy a dx 1 2 1 
 
1
  25 
  92  3   12  1   2 5 (4  2)  3 5; Geometry formula: r1  12  12  1, r2  32  12  2, slant height
 (2  1)2  (3  1)2  5  Frustum surface area    r1  r2   slant height   (1  2) 5  3 5 in

agreement with the integral value
  dy  
d 2 2 2
12. y x
2
 12  x  2 y  1  dx
dy
 2; S   2 x 1  dx
dy
2 (2 y  1) 1  4 dy  2 5  (2 y  1) dy
c 1 1
2
 2 5  y 2  y   2 5  (4  2)  (1  1)   4 5; Geometry formula: r1  1, r2  3,
 1
slant height  (2  1)2  (3  1)2  5  Frustum surface area   (1  3) 5  4 5 in agreement with
the integral value

13.
dy
dx
 x2
3
   dy 2
dx
 x4
9
S
0
2 2 x3
9
4
1  x9 dx;
u  1  x4  du  94 x3 dx  1 du  x3 dx;
 9 4 9
25  25/9 1/2 1
x  0  u  1, x  2  u  9 
 S  2  u 4 du
1
 125  1  3  12527 27   98
25/9
 2  23 u 3/2   3 
 1 27 81
14.
dy
dx
 12 x 1/2    dy 2
dx
 1
4x
15/4 15/4
S  2 x 1  41x dx  2  x  14 dx
3/4 3/4
3/2 15/4
  
 154  14   34  14 
 3/2 3/2 
 2  23 x  14   43   
 3/4 

 24  
3
 43   1  43 (8  1)  28
3
 
15.
dy
dx
 1 (2 2 x )
2 2 x x2
 1 x
2xx 2
  
dy 2
dx

(1 x )2
2 x x2
1.5 (1 x )2
S  2 2 x  x 2 1  dx
0.5 2 x  x2
1.5 2 2
 2  2 x  x 2 2 x  x 122 x  x dx
0.5 2xx
1.5
dx  2  x 0.5  2
1.5
 2 
0.5
16.
dy
dx
 1
2 x 1
  
dy 2
dx
 1
4( x 1)
5 5
 S   2 x  1 1  4( x11) dx  2  ( x  1)  14 dx
1 1
3/2 5
 2 
1
5 
x  54 dx  2  32 x  54

  
1

     254   94 
3/2 3/2   3/2 3/2 
 43  5  54  1  54  
4
3   

 43  53
23
3

 33  6 (125  27)  986 
2
49
3
 
2 1 2 y 3
17. dx
dy
 y2  dx
dy
 y4  S   1  y 4 dy;
0 3
u  1  y 4  du  4 y3 dy  1 du  y3 dy;
 4
y  0  u  1, y  1  u  2  S   2
1
2
 13  u1/2  14 du 
2 2
 6  u1 2 du  6  32 u 3/2   9 ( 8  1)
1  1

18. x  13 y3/2  y1/2   0, when 1  y  3. To get positive

area, we take x    13 y 3/2  y1/2 
  12  y1/2  y 1/2    dy   14  y  2  y1 

2
 dxdy
dx
 S    2  13 y 3/2  y1/2  1  14  y  2  y 1  dy
3
1
 2   13 y3/2  y1/2  14  y  2  y 1  dy

3
1
y 
2
1/ 2
 y 1/ 2
 2 
1 3 
3 1 3/2
y y 1/2
 2
3


  3
dy    y1/2 13 y  1  y1/2  1/1 2  dy    13 y  1 ( y  1) dy
1  y  1
 
3
   
3 1 2
1 3
y  y3 y3 
 32 y  1 dy    9  3  y     27
 1  9 3 
 9  3  19  13  1    3  19  13  1
     
  9 (18  1  3)  169
 
2 15/4 15/4
19. dx
dy
 1  dy
dx  4 1 y  S   2  2 4  y 1  41 y dy  4  (4  y )  1 dy
4 y 0 0
  
15/4 15/4  3/2   3/2 3/2 
 4  5  y dy  4  23 (5  y )3/2    83  5  15  53/2    83  54 5 
0  0  4
  
  
 83 5 5  5 8 5  83 40 585 5  353 5 
 
2 1 1 1
20. dx
dy
 1 dx
 dy  2 y11  S   2 2 y  1 1  2 y11 dy  2  (2 y  1)  1 dy  2  2 y1/2 dy
2 y 1 5/8 5/8 5/8
1 
 2 2  23 y 3/2   43 2 13/2  85
  5/8 
3/2  4 2 5 5 4 2 82 2 5 5
  3 1  8 8  3 82 2

 16 2  5 5
 12      
  1    dy  2    1  (e  2  e
ln 2 e y  e y 2 ln 2 e y  e  y
21. S  2  e y e  y 1 2y 2 y
) dy
0 2 2 0 2 4
    dy  2    dy   (e  2  e
ln 2 e y  e  y 2 ln 2 e y  e  y 2 ln 2
 2  e y  e y  2y 2 y
)dy
0 2 2 0 2 2 0
   
ln 2
 2  12 e2 y  2 y  12 e 2 y   2  12 e 2 ln 2  2 ln 2  12 e2 ln 2  12  0  12 
 0  
 
 2 12  4  2 ln 2  12  14  2 2  18  2 ln 2   16 
15  ln 2
  
   
3/2 2
22. y  13 x 2  2  dy  x x 2  2 dx  ds  1  2 x 2  x 4 dx  S  2  x 1  2 x 2  x 4 dx
0
 x2  1 dx  2 0 2 x  x2  1 dx  2 0 2  x3  x  dx  2  x4  x2 0
2
 
2 2 4 2
 2  x  2 44  22  4
0

2
     
23. ds  dx 2  dy 2   y3  1 3   1 dy   y 6  12  1 6   1 dy   y 6  12  1 6  dy
 4y   16 y   16 y 
2

 4 y



 4 y

 1
2
1
2 
 4 y

 1
2
  y 3  1 3  dy   y 3  1 3  dy; S   2 y ds  2  y  y 3  1 3  dy  2π  y 4  14 y 2 dy  
2
 y5


 2  5  14 y 1   2  32
1  5 8 
 1  15  14   2 31
 5 8   
 1  240 (8  31  5)  253
20

 
24.
dy
y  cos x  dx   sin x  dx  
dy 2
 sin 2 x  S  2 
 /2
 /2
(cos x) 1  sin 2 x dx
   
1/2 dy 2
25.
dy
y  a 2  x 2  dx  12 a 2  x 2 ( 2 x )  x  dx  x2
a2  x2 a2  x2
 S  2 
a
a
a 2  x 2 1  2x
2
a x 2
dx  2 
a
a  a2  x2   x2 dx  2 aa a dx  2 a  xa a
2
 2 a [a  (a)]  (2 a)(2a)  4 a
26.
dy dy 2 2
  h 2 h 2 2
y  hr x  dx  hr  dx  r 2  S  2  hr x 1  r 2 dx  2  hr x h 2r dx  2h r
h 0 h 0 h
h2 r 2 h x
h2 
0
dx
 
h
 22r h2  r 2  x2   22r h2  r 2 h2   r h2  r 2
2 2
h 
 0  h
  dy. Now, x
d 2
2
27. The area of the surface of one work is S   2 x 1  dx
dy
 y 2  162  x  162  y 2
c
  162  y 2   y 2 dy
y 2 y2 7 y2 7
 dx
dy
  dx
dy
 2 2
; S 2 162  y 2 1  2 2
dy   2
2
16  y 2 16  y 16 16  y 16
7
 2  16 dy  32  9  288  904.78 cm 2 . The enamel needed to cover one surface of one wok is
16
V  S  0.5 mm  S  0.05 cm  (904.78)(0.05) cm3  45.24 cm3 . For 5000 woks, we need
5000  V  5000  45.24 cm3  (5)(45.24) L  226.2 L  226.2 liters of each color are needed.
 
dy 2 2 a h 2
28. y  r 2  x 2  dx   12 22 x 2  2 x 2  dy
dx  2x 2 ; S  2  r 2  x 2 1  2x dx
r x r x r x a r  x2
 2 
a
ah
 r 2  x2   x2 dx  2 r aah dx  2 rh, which is independent of a.
 
2 a h
29.
dy
y  R 2  x 2  dx   12 22 x 2  2 x 2  dy
dx  x2 ; S  2   R2  x2 1  x2 dx
R x R x R  x2
2 a R  x2
2
 2 
a
ah
 R2  x2   x2 dx  2 R aah dx  2 Rh

 
y 2 y2
30. (a) x 2  y 2  452  x  452  y 2  dx
dy
  dx
dy
 ;
452  y 2 45  y 2
2
S
45
22.5
2 452  y 2 1 
y2
452  y 2
dy  2 
45
22.5  452  y 2   y 2 dy  2  454522.5 dy
 (2 )(45)(67.5)  6075 square feet
(b) 19,085 square feet
31. (a) An equation of the tangent line segment is

(see figure) y  f (mk )  f (mk )  x  mk  . When
x  xk 1 we have
r1  f (mk )  f (mk )( xk 1  mk )
  x
 f (mk )  f (mk )  2k  f (mk )  f (mk ) 2k ;
x
when x  xk we have
r2  f (mk )  f (mk )  xk  mk 
x
 f (mk )  f (mk ) 2k ;
 
2
(b) L2k   xk    r2  r1    xk    f (mk ) 2k   f (mk ) 2k    xk    f (mk )xk 
2 2 2 x x 2 2
 
 Lk   xk 2   f (mk )xk 2 , as claimed

(c) From geometry it is a fact that the lateral surface area of the frustum obtained by revolving the tangent line
segment about the x-axis is given by Sk    r1  r2  Lk    2 f (mk )  xk 2   f (mk )xk 2 using
parts (a) and (b) above. Thus, Sk  2 f (mk ) 1   f (mk ) xk .
2
n n b
 Sk  nlim  2 f (mk ) 1   f (mk )  xk   2 f ( x) 1   f ( x)  dx
2 2
(d) S  lim
n  a
k 1 k 1
1 x 
1/ 2
  1  x     
2/3
2/3 3/2 dy 2/3 1/2 1/3 dy 2 2/3
32. y  1 x  dx
 3
2
 23 x  1/3
 dx  1 x2/3  2/3
1 1
x x x
 
2/3 3/2
   
2/3 3/2
 
1 1 1 3/2 1/3
 S  2 2 1  x 1 1  1 dx  4  1  x x 2/3 dx  4  1  x 2/3 x dx;
0 x 2/3 0 0
u 1  x 2/3  du   23 x 1/3dx   32 du  x1/3 dx; x  0  u  1, x  1  u  0
   
0 0
 S  4  u 3/2  32 du  6  25 u 5/2   6 0  25  125
1  1
6.5 WORK AND FLUID FORCES
1. The force required to stretch the spring from its natural length of 2 m to a length of 5 m is F ( x )  kx.
3 3 3
The work done by F is W   F ( x) dx  k  x dx  k2  x 2   92k . This work is equal to 1800 J
0 0   0
 92 k  1800  k  400 N/m

Section 6.5 Work and Fluid Forces 469
2. (a) We find the force constant from Hooke’s Law: F  kx  k  Fx  k  800

4
 200 lb/in.
2 2
(b) The work done to stretch the spring 2 inches beyond its natural length is W   kx dx  200 x dx
0 0
2
 200  x2   200(2  0)  400 in-lb  33.3 ft-lb
2
 0
(c) We substitute F  1600 into the equation F  200 x to find 1600  200 x  x  8 in.
3. We find the force constant from Hooke’s law: F  kx. A force of 2 N stretches the spring to 0.02 m
N . The force of 4 N will stretch the rubber band y m, where F  ky  y  F
 2  k  (0.02)  k  100 m k
4N 0.04
y N
 y  0.04 m  4 cm. The work done to stretch the rubber band 0.04 m is W   kx dx
100 m 0
0.04
0.04 (100)(0.04)2
x dx  100  x2 
2
 100    0.08 J
0   0 2
4. We find the force constant from Hooke’s law: F  kx  k  Fx  k  90

1
N . The work done to
 k  90 m
5
5 5
stretch the spring 5 m beyond its natural length is W   kx dx  90 x dx  90  x2   (90) 25  
2
 1125 J
0 0   0 2
21,714 21,714 lb
5. (a) We find the spring’s constant from Hooke’s law: F  kx  k  Fx  85  3
 k  7238 in
0.5 0.5
(b) The work done to compress the assembly the first half inch is W   kx dx  7238 x dx
0 0
0.5
(0.5)2
 7238  x2   (7238) 2
2 (7238)(0.25)
  905 in-lb. The work done to compress the assembly the
  0 2
second half inch is:
1.0 1.0 2 1.0
W  kx dx  7238 x dx  7238  x2   7238 1  (0.5)2   (7238)(0.75)  2714 in-lb
0.5 0.5 
 0.5 2   2
6. First, we find the force constant from Hooke’s law: F  kx  k  Fx  150 lb . If someone
 16 150  2, 400 in
1 16
compresses the scale x  1

8
in, he/she must weigh F  kx  2, 400    300 lb. The work done to compress the
1
8
1/8 1/8
kx dx  2400  x2   2400
2
scale this far is W    18.75 lb  in.  2.5 ft-lb
0  0 264 16
7. The force required to haul up the rope is equal to the rope’s weight, which varies steadily and is proportional
50 50
to x, the length of the rope still hanging: F ( x )  0.624 x. The work done is: W   F ( x) dx   0.624x dx
0 0
50
 0.624  x2   780 J
2
  0
8. The weight of sand decreases steadily by 72 lb over the 18 ft, at 4 lb/ft. So the weight of sand when the
b 18
bag is x ft off the ground is F ( x)  144  4 x. The work done is: W   F ( x)dx   (144  4 x) dx
a 0
18
 144 x  2 x 2   1944 ft-lb
 0

9. The force required to lift the cable is equal to the weight of the cable paid out: F ( x )  (4.5)(180  x )
180 180
where x is the position of the car off the first floor. The work done is: W   F ( x) dx  4.5 (180  x ) dx
0 0
 
180
 4.5 180 x  x2 
2 2
 4.5 1802  180  2
4.5180  72,900 ft-lb
 0 2 2
10. Since the force is acting toward the origin, it acts opposite to the positive x-direction. Thus F ( x)   k2 .
x
 
b b b k ( a b )
The work done is W    k2 dx  k   12 dx  k  1x   k 1b  1a  ab
a k a x a
11. Let r  the constant rate of leakage. Since the bucket is leaking at a constant rate and the bucket is rising at a
constant rate, the amount of water in the bucket is proportional to (20  x), the distance the bucket is being
raised. The leakage rate of the water is 0.8 lb/ft raised and the weight of the water in the bucket is
20 20
0.8 (20  x )dx  0.8  20 x  x2   160 ft-lb.
2
F  0.8(20  x). So: W  
0 
 0
12. Let r  the constant rate of leakage. Since the bucket is leaking at a constant rate and the bucket is rising at a
constant rate, the amount of water in the bucket is proportional to (20  x), the distance the bucket is being
raised. The leakage rate of the water is 2 lb/ft raised and the weight of the water in the bucket is F  2(20  x ).
20 20
2(20  x ) dx  2  20 x  x2   400 ft-lb.
2
So: W  
0  0
Note that since the force in Exercise 12 is 2.5 times the force in Exercise 11 at each elevation, the total work is
also 2.5 times as great.
13. We will use the coordinate system given.

(a) The typical slab between the planes at y and y  y
has a volume of V  (10)(12)y  120y ft3. The
force F required to lift the slab is equal to its weight:
F  62.4 V  62.4 120y lb. The distance through
which F must act is about y ft, so the work done
lifting the slab is about W  force  distance
 62.4  120  y  y ft-lb The work it takes to lift all
the water is approximately
20 20
W   W   62.4  120 y  y ft-lb.
0 0
This is a Riemann sum for the function 62.4 120 y over the interval 0  y  20. The work of pumping the
tank empty is the limit of these sums:
20
62.4  120 y dy  (62.4)(120)  2   (62.4)(120) 400  
20 y2
W  2
 (62.4)(120)(200)  1,497,600 ft-lb
0  0
(b) The time t it takes to empty the full tank with 11  
5  hp motor is t  W
250 ft-lb
sec

1,497,600 ftlb
250 ft-lb
sec
 5990.4 sec
 1.664 hr  t  1 hr and 40 min

(c) Following all the steps of part (a), we find that the work it takes to lower the water level 10 ft is
10
W   62.4  120 y dy  (62.4)(120)  2   (62.4)(120) 100  
10 y2
2
 374,400 ft-lb and the time is t  Wft-lb
0  0 250 sec
 1497.6 sec  0.416 hr  25 min

(d) In a location where water weighs 62.26 lb3 :

ft
a) W  (62.26)(24,000)  1,494,240 ft-lb .
1,494,240
b) t  250
 5976.96 sec  1.660 hr  t  1 hr and 40 min
In a location where water weighs 62.59 lb3
ft
a) W  (62.59)(24,000)  1,502,160  ft-lb
1,502,160
b) t  250
 6008.64 sec  1.669 hr  t  1 hr and 40.1 min
14. We will use the coordinate system given.

(a) The typical slab between the planes at y and y  y has
a volume of V  (20)(12) y  240y ft 3 . The force F
required to lift the slab is equal to its weight:
F  62.4V  62.4  240y lb. The distance through
which F must act is about y ft, so the work done lifting
the slab is about W  force  distance
20
 62.4  240  y  y ft-lb. The work it takes to lift all the water is approximately W   W
10
20
  62.4  240 y  y ft-lb. This is a Riemann sum for the function 62.4  240 y over the interval
10
10  y  20. The work it takes to empty the cistern is the limit of these sums:
20
20  y2 
W  62.4  240 y dy  (62.4)(240)  2   (62.4)(240)(200  50)  (62.4)(240)(150)  2,246,400 ft-lb
10  10
W 2,246,400 ft-lb
(b) t   275
 8168.73 sec  2.27 hours  2 hr and 16.1 min
275 ft-lb
sec
(c) Following all the steps of part (a), we find that the work it takes to empty the tank halfway is
15
15
10
 y2 
W   62.4  240 y dy  (62.4)(240)  2   (62.4)(240) 225
 10 2
 100
2  
 (62.4)(240) 125
2  
 936, 000 ft.
Then the time is t  W  936,000

275
 3403.64 sec  56.7 min
275 ft-lb
sec
(d) In a location where water weighs 62.26 lb3 :

ft
a) W  (62.26)(240)(150)  2, 241,360 ft-lb.
2,241,360
b) t  275
 8150.40 sec  2.264 hours  2 hr and 15.8 min
c) W  (62.26)(240) 125
2   933,900
 933,900 ft-lb; t  275  3396 sec  0.94 hours  56.6 min
In a location where water weighs 62.59 lb3 :

ft
a) W  (62.59)(240)(150)  2,253, 240 ft-lb.
2,253,240
b) t  275
 8193.60 sec  2.276 hours  2 hr and 16.56 min
c) W  (62.59)(240) 125
2   938,850
 938,850 ft-lb; t  275  3414 sec  0.95 hours  56.9 min

  , thickness y, and height below the top of the tank (10  y). So the
15. The slab is a disk of area  x 2   2
y 2
work to pump the oil in this slab, W , is 57 (10  y ) π   . The work to pump all the oil to top of the tank is
y 2
2
10
10 57
10 y 2  y3  dy  57π4 103y  4   11,875 ft  lb  37,306 ft-lb
3
y4
W 
0 4 0
16. Each slab of oil is to be pumped to a height of 14 ft. So the work to pump a slab is (14  y )( ) 2 y 2
and since
the tank is half full and the volume of the original cone is V  13  r 2 h  13  52 (10)  250
3
 ft 3 , half the
 
2
volume  250π ft 3 , and with half the volume the cone is filled to a height y, 250   1  y y  y  3 500 ft.
6 6 3 4
3
500
 
3
500 57 57π  14 y y4 
3
2 3
So W   4
14 y  y dy  4  3
 4 
 60,042 ft-lb.
0 0
17. The typical slab between the planes at y and y  y has a volume of V   (radius)2 (thickness)
 
2
  20
2
y   100 y ft 3 . The force F required to lift the slab is equal to its weight:
F  51.2V  51.2 100 y lb  F  5120 y lb The distance through which F must act is about
30 30
(30  y ) ft. The work it takes to lift all the kerosene is approximately W   W   5120 (30  y )y ft-lb
0 0
which is a Riemann sum. The work to pump the tank dry is the limit of these sums:
30
W   5120 (30  y ) dy  5120 30 y  2   5120 900  
30 y2
2
 (5120)(450 )  7,238,229.48 ft-lb
0  0
18. (a) Follow all the steps of Example 5 but make the substitution of 64.5 lb3 for 57 lb3 . Then,
ft ft
 
8
  10 y  y   64.5 108  8  64.5
  83   103  2  64.53 8
8 64.5 3 4 3 4 3
W  (10  y ) y 2 dy  64.5
4  3 4 
0 4 4 3 4 4
0
 21.5  83  34,582.65 ft-lb
(b) Exactly as done in Example 5 but change the distance through which F acts to distance  (13  y ) ft.
 
8
8  13 y3 y 4 
  83   133  2  57384 7
3 4 3
Then W   574 (13  y ) y 2 dy  574  3  4   574 1338  84  574
0  0
 (19 )(82 )(7)(2)  53,482.5 ft-lb
19. The typical slab between the planes at y and y  y has a volume of about V   (radius) 2 (thickness)
 y  y ft3. The force F ( y) required to lift this slab is equal to its weight: F ( y )  73  V
2

 73  y  y  73 y y lb. The distance through which F ( y ) must act to lift the slab to the top of the
2
reservoir is about (4  y ) ft, so the work done is approximately W  73 y (4  y ) y ft-lb. The work done
n
lifting all the slabs from y  0 ft to y  4 ft is approximately W   73 yk  4  yk  y ft-lb. Taking the limit
k 0

0  4 y  y  dy
4 4 2
of these Riemann sums as n  , we get W   73 y (4  y ) dy  73
0
 
4
 73  2 y 2  13 y 3   73 32  64  2336 ft-lb  2446.25 ft-lb.
 0 3 3
20. The typical slab between the planes at y and y  y has volume of about V  (length)(width)(thickness)
  2 25  y 2  (10)y ft 3 . The force F ( y ) required to lift this slab is equal to its weight:
 
F ( y )  53  V  53  2 25  y 2  (10) y  1060 25  y 2 y lb. The distance through which F ( y ) must act to
 
lift the slab to the level of 15 m above the top of the reservoir is about (20  y ) ft, so the work done is
approximately W  1060 25  y 2 (20  y ) y ft-lb. The work done lifting all the slabs from y  5 ft to
n
y  5 ft is approximately W   1060 25  yk2  20  yk  y ft-lb. Taking the limit of these Riemann sums as
k 0
5 5
n  , we get W   1060 25  y 2 (20  y )dy  1060 (20  y ) 25  y 2 dy
5 5
 1060   20 25  y 2 dy   y 25  y 2 dy  . To evaluate the first integral, we use we can interpret

5 5
 5 5 
5 5 5
5 25  y 2 dy as the area of the semicircle whose radius is 5, thus 5 20 25  y 2 dy  20 25  y 2 dy
5
 20  12  (5)2   250 . To evaluate the second integral let u  25  y 2  du  2 y dy; y  5  u  0,

 
y  5  u  0, thus  y 25  y 2 dy   12  u du  0. Thus, 1060   20 25  y 2 dy 
5 0 5
5 0  5

1060   20 25  y 2 dy   y 25  y 2 dy   1060(250  0)  265000  832522 ft-lb
5 5
 5 5 
2
   25  y 2  y m3 . The force F ( y ) required to lift this slab is equal to its weight:
 
2
 
F ( y )  9800  V  9800  25  y 2  y  9800 25  y 2 y N. The distance through which F ( y ) must
 
act to lift the slab to the level of 4 m above the top of the reservoir is about (4  y ) m, so the work done is
 
approximately W  9800 25  y 2 (4  y )y N  m. The work done lifting all the slabs from y  5 m to
0
 
y  0 m is approximately W   9800 25  y 2 (4  y )y N  m. Taking the limit of these Riemann sums,
5
0
 
we get W   9800 25  y 2 (4  y ) dy  9800 
5
0
5 100  25 y  4 y2  y3  dy
0

 9800 100 y  25
 2
y4 
 5

y 2  43 y 3  4   9800 500  25225  34 125  625
4
 15, 073, 099.75 J  
2
 
   100  y 2  y   100  y 2 y ft 3 . The force is F ( y )  3  V  56 100  y 2 y lb. The
 
56 lb
ft
 
distance through which F ( y ) must act to lift the slab to the level of 2 ft above the top of the tank is about
 
(12  y ) ft, so the work done is W  56 100  y 2 (12  y ) y lb  ft. The work done lifting all the slabs from
10
 
y  0 ft to y  10 ft is approximately W   56 100  y 2 (12  y )y lb  ft. Taking the limit of these
0
10

Riemann sums, we get W   56 100  y 2 (12  y ) dy  56 
0  10
0 100  y2  (12  y) dy
10
0 
1200  100 y  12 y 2  y 3  dy  56 1200 y  2  3  4 
10  100 y 12 y y  2 3 4
 56 
 0
 56 12,000  2  4 1000  4   (56 ) 12  5  4  2  (1000)  967,611 ft-lb. It would cost
10,000 10,000 5
(0.5)(967, 611)  483,805¢= $4838.05. Yes, you can afford to hire the firm.
 v dvdx  dx  m  12 v2 ( x) x
x2 x2 x2
23. F  m dv
dt
 mv dv
dx
by the chain rule  W   mv dv
dx
dx  m 
x1 x1 1
 12 m  v ( x2 )  v ( x1 )  
2 2 1 mv 2
2  1 mv 2 ,
1 as claimed.
  2 2
   2561 slugs  (160 ft / sec)2  50 ft-lb

1
2 lb; mass  weight 1 slugs; W  1
24. weight  2 oz  16 32
 32
8
 256 2
90 mi 1 hr 1 min 5280 ft 0.3125 lb

25. 90 mph    
1 hr 60 min 60 sec 1 mi
 132 ft/sec; m   0.3125
32
slugs;
32 ft/ sec2
W  12   320.3125
2
lb 
ft/sec 
2
 (132ft/sec)  85.1 ft-lb
26. weight  1.6 oz  0.1 lb  m 

0.1 lb
32 ft/ sec2
1 slugs; W  1
 320 2    3201 slugs  (280ft/ sec)2  122.5ft-lb
ft , v  153 mph  224.4 ft ; 2 oz  0.125 lb  m  0.125 lb 1 slugs;
27. v1  0 mph  0 sec 2 sec
 256
32 ft/ sec 2
  (224.4)2  12  2561  (0)2  98.35 ft-lb

x2
W  F ( x ) dx  1
2
mv22  21 mv12  1 1
2 256
x1
28. weight  6.5 oz  6.5 lb 

16
m 6.5
(16)(32)
slugs; W   12   (16)(32) 
6.5 slugs (132ft/sec) 2  110.6ft-lb
29. We imagine the milkshake divided into thin slabs by planes perpendicular to the y -axis at the points of a
partition of the interval [0, 7]. The typical slab between the planes at y and y  y has a volume of about
V   (radius) 2 (thickness)    y 17.5 2

14  y in 3 . The force F ( y ) required to lift this slab is equal to its
weight: F ( y )  4
9
V  49  y 17.5 2
14  y oz. The distance through which F ( y ) must act to lift this slab
to the level of 1 inch above the top is about (8  y ) in. The work done lifting the slab is about
  ( y 1417.5)
2
W  49 2
(8  y )y in  oz. The work done lifting all the slabs from y  0 to y  7 is approximately

7
W   4 2 ( y  17.5)2 (8  y )y in  oz which is a Riemann sum. The work is the limit of these sums as the
9.14
0
norm of the partition goes to zero:
W 
7 4
0 9142
( y  17.5)2 (8  y ) dy  4π 7
9142 0  2450  26.25 y  27 y2  y3  dy
7
 4 2   4  9 y 3  26.25
y4
y 2  2450 y   4 2   74  9  73  26.25
4
 72  2450  7   91.32 in-oz
914  2 0 914  2 
30. We fill the pipe and the tank. To find the work required to fill the tank note that radius = 10 ft, then
V   100y ft 3 . The force required will be F = 62.4  V = 62.4  100 y = 6240 y lb. The distance
through which F must act is y so the work done lifting the slab is about W1  6240  y  y lb  ft. The work it
385 385
takes to lift all the water into the tank is: W1   W1   6240  y  y lb  ft. Taking the limit we end up
360 360
385
6240 y dy  6240  2 
385 y2 6240
with W1    2
[3852  3602 ]  182,557,949 ft-lb
360  360
To find the work required to fill the pipe, do as above, but take the radius to be 4 in.  1 ft. Then
2 6
1 y ft 3 and F  62.4  V  62.4 y. Also take different limits of summation and integration:
V    36 36
  3602   352,864 ft-lb

360 360
 y2 

360 62.4
W2   W2  W2  
2
 y dy  62.4  62.4
0 36 36  2  36
0 0
The total work is W  W1  W2  182,557,949  352,864  182,910,813 ft-lb. The time it takes to fill the tank
W  182,910,813
and the pipe is Time  1650 1650
 110,855 sec  31 hr
35,780,000 1000 MG 35,780,000 dr 35,780,000

31. Work   2
dr  1000 MG   1000 MG   1r 
6,370,000 r 6,370,000 r 2 6,370,000

 (1000) 5.975  10 4
 6.672 10   11 1
6,370,000
1
 35,780,000   5.144 1010
J
32. (a) Let  be the x-coordinate of the second electron. Then r 2  (   1) 2

0
0 0 (231029 )
   2310  
  (23  1029 ) 1  1  11.5  1029
29
 W   F ( ) d    d
1 1 (  1)2  1  1 2
(b) W  W1  W2 where W1 is the work done against the field of the first electron and W2 is the work done
against the field of the second electron. Let  be the x-coordinate of the third electron. Then r12  (   1) 2
and r22  (   1)2
5
5 5
 
29 29
 W1   23102 d    2310 2 d   23  1029  11   (23 1029 ) 14  12  23  1029 , and
3 r1 3 (  1)  3 4
 61  14   231210
5 231029 5 231029 5 29
W2   d   d   23  1029  11   (23 1029 ) (3  2)
3 r22 3 (  1) 2
 3
23  1029.
 12
Therefore W  W1  W2   234 1029    1223 1029   233 1029  7.67 1029 J

33. To find the width of the plate at a typical depth y, we first find an equation for the line of the plate’s right-hand
edge: y  x  5. If we let x denote the width of the right-hand half of the triangle at depth y, then x  5  y and
the total width is L( y )  2 x  2(5  y ). The depth of the strip is ( y ). The force exerted by the water against
2 2
one side of the plate is therefore F   w( y )  L( y ) dy   62.4  ( y )  2(5  y ) dy
5 5
5 
5 y  y 2  dy  124.8   52 y 2  13 y 3   124.8   52  4  13  8     52  25  13 125  
2 2
 124.8
  5  
 (124.8)  1052  1173   (124.8)  3156234   1684.8 lb
34. An equation for the line of the plate’s right-hand edge is y  x  3  x  y  3. Thus the total width is
L( y )  2 x  2( y  3). The depth of the strip is (2  y ). The force exerted by the water is
0
3 
6  y  y 2  dy  124.8  6 y  2  3 
0 0 0  y y  2 3
F   w(2  y ) L( y ) dy   62.4  (2  y )  2(3  y ) dy  124.8
3 3   3
 
 (124.8) 18  92  9  (124.8)  27
2
 1684.8 lb  
35. (a) The width of the strip is L( y )  4, the depth of the strip is (10  y )  F   w 
b
a  strip
depth  F ( y) dy
3
3 3 
  62.4(10  y )(4)dy  249.6 (10  y ) dy  249.6 10 y 
0 0 
y2 
2 
0
 
 249.6 30  92  6364.8 lb
(b) The width of the strip is L( y )  3, the depth of the strip is (10  y )  F   w 
b
a  strip
depth  F ( y) dy
4
4 4  y2 
  62.4(10  y )(3) dy  187.2 (10  y )dy  187.2 10 y  2 
 187.2(40  8)  5990.4 lb
0 0  0
36. The width of the strip is L( y )  2 25  y 2 , the depth of the strip is (6  y )  F   w 

b
a  strip
depth  F ( y) dy
  62.4 (6  y )  2 25  y 2  dy  124.8 (6  y ) 25  y 2 dy  124.8   6 25  y 2 dy   y 25  y 2 dy 
5 5 5 5
0   0  0 0 
5
To evaluate the first integral, we use we can interpret 0 25  y 2 dy as the area of a quarter circle whose
5 5
radius is 5, thus 0 6 25  y 2 dy  6 25  y 2 dy  6  14  (5)2   75 . To evaluate the second integral let
0   2
5 0
u  25  y 2  du  2 y dy; y  0.  u  25, y  5  u  0, thus 0 y 25  y 2 dy   12  u du
25
 752  1253 
25
1 25 u1/2 du . Thus, 124.8   6 25  y 2 dy   y 25  y 2 dy   124.8
5 5
   13 u 3/2   125
2 0  0 3  0 0 
 9502.7 lb.
37. Using the coordinate system of Exercise 32, we find the equation for the line of the plate’s right-hand edge to
y 4
be y  2 x  4  x  2
and L( y )  2 x  y  4. The depth of the strip is (1  y ).
0
(a)
0 0
F   w(1  y ) L ( y ) dy   62.4  (1  y )( y  4) dy  62.4
4 4 4
0
   3 y2
4  3 y  y 2 dy  62.4  4 y  2 

y3 
3 
4
( 62.4)( 120 64)
 (62.4)  (4)(4)  64 
(3)(16) 64 )
 3 
 (62.4)( 16  24    1164.8 lb
 2 3 3
( 64.0)( 120 64)
(b) F  (64.0) (4)(4)  2  64 
(3)(16)
3 
 1194.7 lb
 3

38. Using the coordinate system given, we find an equation for the
4 y
line of the plate’s right-hand edge to be y  2 x  4  x  2
and L( y )  2 x  4  y. The depth of the strip is (1  y )
1
 F   w (1  y )(4  y ) dy  62.4 y 2  5 y  4 dy
0
1
0  
1
 y3 5 y 2 
 62.4  3  2  4 y   (62.4)
 0
 13  52  4   (62.4)  215624 
(62.4)(11)
 6
 114.4 lb
39. Using the coordinate system given in the accompanying figure,

we see that the total width is L( y )  63 and the depth of the strip
33
is (33.5  y )  F   w(33.5  y ) L( y ) dy
0

33 64
0 123
 (33.5  y )  63 dy    (63) (33.5  y) dy
64
123
33
0
    (33.5)(33)  
33
64  y2  6463 332
 (63) 33.5 y  2  2
123  0 123
(64)(63)(33)(67 33)
  1309 lb
(2)(123 )
40. Using the coordinate system given in the accompanying figure,

we see that the right-hand edge is x  1  y 2 so the total width
is L( y )  2 x  2 1  y 2 and the depth of the strip is ( y ). The
force exerted by the water is therefore
0
F   w  ( y )  2 1  y 2 dy
1
3/2  0
 62.4
0
1

1  y 2 (2 y ) dy  62.4  23 1  y 2

  
 1
 (62.4)  23  (1  0)  41.6 lb
41. (a) F  62.4  lb
ft 3
 (8 ft)  25 ft   12480 lb
2
(b) The width of the strip is L( y )  5, the depth of the strip is (8  y )  F   w 

b
a  strip
depth  F ( y) dy
5
5
0
5
0

  62.4(8  y )(5) dy  312 (8  y ) dy  312 8 y 

y2 
2 
0

 312 40  25
2 
 8580 lb
(c) The width of the strip is L( y )  5, the depth of the strip is (8  y ), the height of the strip is 2 dy
 F   w
a
b
 strip
depth  F ( y) dy   0
5/ 2
62.4 (8  y )(5) 2 dy  312 2 
5/ 2
0
(8  y ) dy
 
5/ 2
 y2  40
 312 2 8 y  2 
 312 2  25
4
 9722.3
 0 2

42. The width of the strip is L( y )  3

4 2 
3  y , the depth of the strip is (6  y ), the height of the strip is 2
3
dy
 F   w
b
a  strip
depth  F ( y) dy   2 3
0

62.4(6  y )  34 2 3  y  23 dy  93.63 02 3 12 3  6 y  2 y 3  y 2 dy 
2 3
 93.6 12 y
3 
3  3y2  y2 3 
y3 
3 
0
 93.6
3
 72  36 12 
3  8 3  1571.04 lb
43. The coordinate system is given in the text. The right-hand edge is x  y and the total width is
L( y )  2 x  2 y .
1
(a) The depth of the strip is (2  y ) so the force exerted by the liquid on the gate is F   w(2  y ) L( y ) dy
0
 
1 1 1 1
  50(2  y )  2 y dy  100 (2  y ) y dy  100 2 y1/2  y 3/2 dy  100  43 y 3/2  25 y 5/2 
0 0 0  0
 100  43  25    100
15 
(20  6)  93.33 lb
1
(b) We need to solve 160   w( H  y )  2 y dy for h. 160  100
0
 23H  25   H  3 ft.
44. Suppose that h is the maximum height. Using the coordinate system given in the text, we find an equation for
the line of the end plate’s right-hand edge is y  52 x  x  25 y. The total width is L( y )  2 x  45 y and the
h
depth of the typical horizontal strip at level y is (h  y ). Then the force is F   w(h  y ) L( y ) dy  Fmax ,
0
h
 45  0h  hy  y 2  dy  (62.4)  54   hy2 y3 
h 2
where Fmax  6667 lb. Hence, Fmax  w (h  y )  54 y dy  (62.4)  3 
0
0
 54   h2  h3   (62.4)  54  16  h3  (10.4)  45  h3  h  3  54   F10.4   3  54  6667

10.4 
3 3
 (62.4) max
 9.288 ft. The
volume of water which the tank can hold is V  1

2
(Base)(Height) 30, where Height  h and
1
2
(Base)  52 h  V   52 h2  (30)  12h2  12(9.288)2  1035ft3.
45. The pressure at level y is p( y )  w  y  the average
1 b b
pressure is p  
b 0
p( y ) dy  b1  w  y dy
0
 wb   b2   wb2 . This is the pressure at

b
 y2  2
 1b w  2  
 0
level b, which is the pressure at the middle of the
2
plate.
b
b b b  y2 
46. The force exerted by the fluid is F   w(depth)(length) dy   w  y  a dy  ( w  a )  y dy  ( w  a )  2 
0 0 0  0
w  
ab 2
2
wb
2  (ab)  p  Area, where p is the average value of the pressure.

Section 6.6 Moments and Centers of Mass 479
0  4  y 2  ( y )dy
47. When the water reaches the top of the tank the force on the movable side is 2 (62.4)  2 
0
2 
4  y2      
0 
1/2 3/2 
 (62.4)  ( 2 y ) dy  (62.4)  23 4  y 2 2
  (62.4) 3 4
3/2
 332.8 ft-lb. The force
  2
compressing the spring is F  100 x so when the tank is full we have 332.8  100 x  x  3.33 ft. Therefore
the movable end does not reach the required 5 ft to allow drainage  the tank will overflow.
48. (a) Using the given coordinate system we see that the total
width L( y )  3 and the depth of the strip is (3  y ).
3 3
Thus, F   w(3  y )L( y ) dy   (62.4)(3  y )  3 dy
0 0
3
3  y2 
 (62.4)(3)  (3  y ) dy  (62.4)(3) 3 y  2 
0  0

 (62.4)(3) 9  92  (62.4)(3)   92   842.4 lb
(b) Find a new water level Y such that FY  (0.75)(842.4 lb)  631.8 lb. The new depth of the strip is (Y  y )
Y Y
and Y is the new upper limit of integration. Thus, FY   w(Y  y )L( y ) dy  62.4  (Y  y )  3 dy
0 0
   . Therefore,
Y
Y  y2  2
Y2
 (62.4)(3)  (Y  y ) dy  (62.4)(3) Yy  2 
 (62.4)(3) Y 2  Y2  (62.4)(3) 2
0  0
2 FY 1263.6
Y (62.4)(3)
 187.2
 6.75  2.598 ft. So, Y  3  Y  3  2.598  0.402 ft  4.8 in
6.6 MOMENTS AND CENTERS OF MASS
1. Since the plate is symmetric about the y -axis and its density is
constant, the distribution of mass is symmetric about the y -axis
and the center of mass lies on the y -axis. This means that x  0.
Mx
It remains to find y  M
. We model the distribution of mass
with vertical strips. The typical strip has center of mass:

( x , y )  x, x2  4
2  , length: 4  x 2
width: dx,
 
area: dA  4  x 2 dx, mass: dm   dA   4  x 2 dx  
The moment of the strip about the x-axis is y dm     4  x  dx  16  x  dx. The moment of the
x2 4
2
2 
2
4
16  x  dx  16 x    16  2     16  2  

2 2
plate about the x-axis is M x   y dm   2 4  x5  25 25
2 2 5 2 2 5 5
2

 22 32  32
5
 128
5 
 . The mass of the plate is M   (4  x 2 ) dx    4 x  x3   2 8  8  32 .
  3  2 3 3  
 1285   12
Therefore y  Mx 
M
 323  5
The plate’s center of mass is the point  x , y   0, 12
5
.  

2. Applying the symmetry argument analogous to the one

in Exercise 1, we find x  0. To find y  Mx
M
, we use the
vertical strips technique. The typical strip has center of

2

mass: ( x , y )  x, 252 x , length: 25  x 2 , width: dx,
 
area: dA  25  x 2 dx, mass: dm   dA   25  x 2 dx.  
The moment of the strip about the x-axis is
y dm   25 x 2
2    25  x  dx   25  x 
2 
2
2 2
dx.
   625  50 x2  x4  dx
5 2 5
The moment of the plate about the x-axis is M x   y dm   2 25  x 2 dx  2 
5 5
 
5
 2 625 x  50 x5 
   83  . The mass of the plate
5
x3   2  2 625  5  50  53  55    625 5  10  1    625 
 3 5  5 3 3
 83   10.
     54 
5 5
is M   dm    25  x 2 dx    25 x  x3   2 53  53  43   53. Therefore y 
3 3 Mx

5   5 M  5   43 
3
The plate’s center of mass is the point ( x , y )  (0, 10).
3. Intersection points: x  x 2   x  2 x  x 2  0
 x(2  x)  0  x  0 or x  2. The typical vertical

strip has center of mass: ( x , y )   x,
 x x ( x) 
2
 2 
 
 2
 
 x,  x2 , length: x  x 2  ( x)  2 x  x 2 , 

width: dx, area: dA  2 x  x 2 dx, mass: dm   dA 
 
  2 x  x 2 dx. The moment of the strip about the x-axis is y dm   x2  2 x  x 2 dx; about the y -axis   2

2
it is x dm  x   (2 x  x 2 ) dx. Thus, M x   y dm    2 x 2
0 
  2 x  x2  dx   2 02  2 x3  x4  dx
  2  x2  x5    2  23  25    2  23 1  54    45 ; M y   x dm   x    2 x  x 2  dx
4 2 5 5 2
  0 0
    2 x 2  x3  dx    23 x3  x4     23  23  24   12 0  
2 2 4
2  4 ; M  dm  2  2 x  x 2 dx
4 4
0   0 3 
    2 x  x 2  dx    x 2  x3     4  83   43 . Therefore, x  M   43  43   1 and y  M
2 2 3 M M y x
0   0

  45   43    53  ( x , y )  1,  53  is the center of mass.
4. Intersection points: x 2  3  2 x 2  3x 2  3  0
 3( x  1)( x  1)  0  x  1. or x  1 Applying the
symmetry argument analogous to the one in Exercise 1,
we find x  0 The typical vertical strip has center of mass:
 2 x 2   x 2 3  
( x , y )   x,


2 

2
 
  x,  x2 3 , length: 2 x 2  x 2  3  
 
 3 1  x 2 , width: dx, area: dA  3 1  x 2 dx,  
 
mass: dm   dA  3 1  x 2 dx. The moment of the strip about the x-axis is
   
y dm  32   x 2  3 1  x 2 dx  32  x 4  3x 2  x 2  3 dx  32  x 4  2 x 2  3 dx;   
 
1
1
M x   y dm  32   x 4  2 x 2  3 dx  32   x5  23x  3x   23    2 15  32  3  3 310    
5 3
 45   32 ;
1   1 15 5
1 
1  x 2  dx  3  x  x3   3  2 1  13   4 . Therefore, y  M
1 3 1 M
M   dm  3  x
  532   85
  1 4
 
 ( x , y )  0,  85 is the center of mass.
 y  y3 
5. The typical horizontal strip has center of mass: ( x , y )   2  ,
 
length: y  y 3 , width: dy, area: dA  y  y3 dy,  
 
mass: dm   dA   y  y 3 dy. The moment of the strip about the
   
 y  y3  2
y -axis is x dm    2  y  y 3 dy  2 y  y 3 dy
 
    
 2 y 2  2 y 4  y 6 dy; the moment about the x-axis is y dm   y y  y 3 dy   y 2  y 4 dy. Thus, 
1
M x   y dm     y 2  y 4  dy    3  5     13  15   215 ; M y   x dm  2   y 2  2 y 4  y 6  dy
1 y y  3 5 1
0  0 0
1 1
 y3 2 y5 y7 
   
15  4 ; M  dm   1 ( y  y )3 dy    y  y 
2 4
 2  3  5  7   2 13  52  71  2 35342
57 105    2 4 
 0 0  0
  M
  12  14  4 . Therefore, x  My  105
4 4  16 and y 
 105    Mx
M
  215   4   158  ( x , y )   105 15 
16 , 8 is the
center of mass.
6. Intersection points: y  y 2  y  y 2  2 y  0
 y ( y  2)  0  y  0 or y  2 The typical horizontal
  y 2  y  y   y2 
strip has center of mass: ( x , y )   , y   2 , y ,
 2   
 
 
length: y  y 2  y  2 y  y 2 , width: dy,
area: dA   2 y  y 2  dy, mass: dm   dA    2 y  y 2  dy.
The moment about the y -axis is x dm  2  y 2  2 y  y 2  dy  2  2 y 3  y 4  dy; the moment about the x-axis
2
is y dm   y  2 y  y 2  dy    2 y 2  y 3  dy. Thus, M x   y dm     2 y 2  y 3  dy    3  4 
2 2y y  3 4
0  0
2
  163  164   1612 (4  3)  43 ; 2
  y4
M y   x dm   2 2 y 3  y 4 dy  2  2 
0 
 y5 
5 
0

 2 8  32
5 
2
 2  40 32
5  2 

 45 ; M   dm    2 y  y 2 dy    y 2 
0 
 y3 
3 
0
 
  4  83  43 . Therefore,
x
My
M
  45  43   35 and y 
Mx
M
  43   43   1  ( x , y )   53 , 1 is the center of mass.
7. Applying the symmetry argument analogous to the one used in

Exercise 1, we find x  0. The typical vertical strip has center
of mass: ( x , y )  x,  cos x
2  , length: cos x, width: dx,
area: dA  cos x dx, mass: dm   dA   cos x dx. The moment
of the strip about the x-axis is y dm    cos2 x  cos x dx
 2 cos 2 x dx  2  1 cos 2 x
2  dx   (1  cos 2 x) dx; thus,
4
 /2
M x   y dm  
 /2 
 /2 4
(1  cos 2 x) dx  4  x  2 

sin 2 x
   
     0   2   64 ; M   dm
  /2 4  2 

 /2
 /2
 /2
cos x dx   sin x  /2  2 . Therefore, y 
Mx
M
 4
2  
 8  ( x , y )  0, 8 is the center of mass.
8. Applying the symmetry argument analogous to the one used in

Exercise 1, we find x  0. The typical vertical strip has center
 sec2 x 
of mass: ( x , y )   x, 2  , length: sec2 x , width: dx,
 
area: dA  sec 2 x dx, mass: dm   dA   sec 2 x dx. The
moment about the x-axis is y dm    ( sec
sec2 x
2
2
x) dx
 2 sec4 x dx. M x  
 /4
 /4
y dm  2 
 /4
 /4
sec4 x dx  2 
 /4
 /4  tan 2 x  1sec2 x  dx
 /4
 tan x 2  sec2 x  dx  2  /4 sec2 x dx  2  (tan3x )
 /4  /4 3
  /4
 2    2  tan x  /4
 /4   /4
  
 2  13   13   2 1  (1)   3    43 ; M   dm   

 /4
 /4
 /4
sec 2 x dx    tan x  /4   1  (1)  2 .
Therefore, y 
Mx
M
  43  21   32  ( x , y )   0, 32  is the center of mass.
9. M y   x  1x  dx  1,
1
2
M x    21x  1x  dx  12  1 dx    21x   14 ,
2 2 2
1 1 x 2
1
21 2 My
M  dx   ln x   ln 2  X  M
 1
ln 2
 1.44 and
1 x 1
y
Mx

 14   0.36
M ln 2

10. (a) Since the plate is symmetric about the line x  y and its
density is constant, the distribution of mass is symmetric
about this line. This means that x  y The typical vertical
 9 x 2 
strip has center of mass: ( x , y )   x, 2 ,
 
length: 9  x 2 width: dx, area: dA  9  x 2 dx,
mass: dm   dA   9  x 2 dx. The moment about the

x-axis is y dm   

9 x2
2
 2  2
 9  x dx  2 9  x dx

 
 
3 3
Thus, M x   y dm   2 9  x 2 dx  2 9 x  x3   2 (27  9)  9 ; M   dm    dA    dA
0  3  0
  (Area of a quarter of a circle of radius 3)    94   94 . Therefore, y  MxM  (9 )  94   4
 
 ( x , y )  4 , 4 is the center of mass.
(b) Applying the symmetry argument analogous to the
one used in Exercise 1, we find that x  0. The
typical vertical strip has the same parameters as in
3
part (a). Thus, M x   y dm   2 9  x 2 dx
3  
3
 
 2 2 9  x 2 dx  2(9 )  18 ; M   dm    dA
0
   dA   (Area of a semi-circle of radius 3)    92   92 . Therefore, y  MM x

 2  4 , the
 (18 ) 9 
 
same y as in part (a)  ( x , y )  0, 4 is the center of mass.
11. Since the plate is symmetric about the x-axis and its density is
constant, the distribution of mass is symmetric about this line.
This means that y  0. The typical vertical strip has center of
mass: ( y , y )  ( x, 0), length: 1

1 x 2 
  1
1 x 2
,
width: dx, area: dA  2
1 x 2
dx, mass: dm   dA     dx.
2
1 x 2
The moment about the y-axis is
x dm   x   dx     dx 
2
1 x 2
2x
1 x 2
2 x
1 x 2
dx. Thus,
1 2 x
My   dx   [ln(1  x 2 )]10   ln 2.
0 1 x 2
M   dm   
1
0   dx  2 [arctan x]
2
1 x 2
1
0  2 (arctan1)  2
4
 
2
. Therefore,
x
My
M
 ln/22  2 ln
    
2  ln 4  ( x , y )  ln 4 , 0 is the center of mass.

12. Since the plate is symmetric about the line x  1 and its density
is constant, the distribution of mass is symmetric about this line
and the center of mass lies on it. This means that x  1. The
typical vertical strip has center of mass:
  2 x  x 2   2 x 2  4 x  
( x , y )   x,


2 

2
  x, x 2 2 x ,  
  
length: 2 x  x 2  2 x 2  4 x  3x 2  6 x  3 2 x  x 2   
width: dx, area: dA  3 2 x  x 2 dx, mass: dm   dA  
 
 3 2 x  x 2 dx. The moment about the x-axis is
      
2
y dm  32  x 2  2 x 2 x  x 2 dx   32  x 2  2 x dx   32  x 4  4 x3  4 x 2 dx. Thus, M x   y dm
   
2
23
 x 4  4 x3  4 x 2 dx   32   x5  x 4  43 x3    32   52  1  23 
5
  25  24  43  23   32   24
0 2  0 5
 6151510    85 ; M   dm  02 3  2 x  x2  dx  3  x2  x3 0  3  4  83   4 . Therefore,

3 2
  32   24
   85  41    52  ( x , y )  1,  52  is the center of mass.

Mx
y M
13. M y  
16
1
x   dx  
1
x
16 1/2
1
x dx  23 [ x3/2 ]116  42; M x  
1
16
   dx 
1
2 x
1
x
1 16 1 dx

2 1 x
16
 12  ln x   ln 4,
1
16 1 My Mx
M  dx  [2 x1/2 ]116  6  x  M
 7 and y  M
 ln 4
6
1 x
14. Applying the symmetry argument analogous to the one used in Exercise
1, we find that y  0. The typical vertical strip has center of mass:
 
 1  1

x3 x3 1 1 2
( x , y )   x,   ( x, 0), length:   , width: dx ,
 2  x3 x3 x3
 
area: dA  2 dx, mass: dm   dA  23 dx. The moment about the y -axis is x dm  x  23 dx  22 dx. Thus,
x3 x x x
 
a
 
a 2 a 2 ( a 1) a 2
M y   x dm   dx  2   1x   2  1a  1  ; M   dm   dx     12     12  1
1 x2 1 a 1 x3  x 1 a

 ( a 2 1)
a2
. Therefore, x 
My
M
  2 ( a 1)
a   a2
 ( a 2 1) 


2a  ( x ,
a 1
y)   a2a1 , 0 . Also, alim

x  2.
 
     x    dx
2
2 2 2
15. M x   y dm    x2     22 dx   12 2 2
1 x 1 x x2
   12   1;
2 2 2 2
 dx  2 x 2 dx  2   x 1   2   12  (1)   2
1 x2 1  1  
M y   x dm   x   
2
1   dx
2
x2
   x2  dx  212 x dx  2  x2 1  2  2  12   4  1  3;   dx   x   dx

2 2 2 2 2 2
  x x2 M   dm    2 2
1 2 1 x2 1 x2
1
2
 2 dx  2  x 1  2(2  1)  2. So x 
2 My
M
 3
2
M

and y  Mx  12  ( x , y )  23 , 12 is the center of mass. 

16. We use the vertical strip approach:

 
 x  x2    dx
2
1 x x
M x   y dm   2
0
 12   x 2  x 4  12 x dx  6   x3  x5  dx
1 1
0 0
1
 6  x4  x6 
 14  16   64  1  12 ;
4
6
 6  0
     
1
1 1 1
M y   x dm   x x  x 2   dx   x 2  x3 12 x dx  12 x3  x 4 dx  12  x4  x5   12  14  15 
4 5
 12  3;
0 0 0   0 20 5
   
1
1 1
M   dm   x  x 2   dx  12 x 2  x3 dx  12  x3  x4   12  13  14   1212  1. So x  MM
3 4 y
 3 and
0 0   0 5
y
Mx
M
 1
2
  35 , 12  is the center of mass.
 height  dx  1 2 x  x    x   dx  16 1 x dx
 shell
b
17. (a) We use the shell method: V   2 shell
4  4 4  4 x
radius a  
 23  8  23   323 (8  1)  2243 
4 4
 16  x1/2 dx  16  23 x3/2   16
1  1
(b) Since the plate is symmetric about the x-axis and its density  ( x)  1x is a function of x alone, the
distribution of its mass is symmetric about the x -axis. This means that y  0. We use the vertical strip
approach to find x : M y   x dm   x  
1 
4 4
x  
  4    dx   x  8  1x dx  8 x 1/2 dx  8  2 x1/2 
x  1
4
x 1
4
 1
4
 8(2  2  2)  16; M   dm    4  4    dx  8 1
4
1  x x  1
4
x     1
x  dx  814 x3/2 dx  8 2 x1/2 1
4
My
 8  1  (2)   8. So x  M  16
8
 2  ( x , y )  (2, 0) is the center of mass.
(c)
b
a
2
1
4
x 1
4 4
1 
18. (a) We use the disk method: V     R ( x)  dx    42 dx  4  x 2 dx  4   1x   4  41  (1) 
  [1  4]  3
 2x  
(b) We model the distribution of mass with vertical strips: M x   y dm  
4
1 2
 2x    dx  14 x2 
2
x dx
4 4 4 4 4
 2 x 3/2 dx  2  2   2  1  (2)  2; M y   x dm   x  2x   dx  2 x1/2 dx  2  2 x3 
3/ 2
1  x 1 1 1  1
4 4 4 4
 2  16  23   28 ; M   dm   2x   dx  2 xx dx  2  x 1/2 dx  2  2 x1/2   2(4  2)  4.
3 3 1 1 1  1
  28
My M
So x  M  43  73 and y  Mx  24  12  ( x , y )  73 , 12 is the center of mass.  
(c)
19. The mass of a horizontal strip is dm   dA   L dy, where L is the width of the triangle at a distance of y above
h y
its base on the x -axis as shown in the figure in the text. Also, by similar triangles we have Lb  h
 
h
h
0
h
0
  

 hy 2 y3 
0
 3
 L  bh (h  y ). Thus, M x   y dm    y bh (h  y ) dy  hb  hy  y 2 dy  hb  2  3   hb h2  h3
3
 
h
  h h
  y2 
2 2
  bh 2 12  13   bh
6
; M   dm    bh (h  y ) dy  hb  (h  y ) dy  hb  hy  2   hb h 2  h2   2bh . So
0 0  0
M
y  Mx   bh
6
2
   bh
2
  h3  the center of mass lies above the base of the triangle one-third of the way toward
the opposite vertex. Similarly the other two sides of the triangle can be placed on the x -axis and the same results
will occur. Therefore the centroid does lie at the intersection of the medians, as claimed.
20. From the symmetry about the y -axis it follows that x  0. It also follows
that the line through the points (0, 0) and (0, 3) is a median
 y  13 (3  0)  1  ( x , y )  (0, 1).
21. From the symmetry about the line x  y it follows that x  y . It also
follows that the line through the points (0, 0) and 12 , 12 is a median  
 y  x  23  12  0    
 13  ( x , y )  13 , 13 .
22. From the symmetry about the line x  y it follows that x  y . It also
follows that the line through the point (0, 0) and a2 , a2 is a median  
yx 
2 a
3 2
0   1 a  (x,
3
y)   a, a
3 3 .
23. The point of intersection of the median from the vertex (0, b) to the
 
opposite side has coordinates 0, a2  y  (b  0)  13  b3 and
 
x  a2  0  23  a3  ( x , y )   a3 , b3  .

24. From the symmetry about the line x  a2 it follows that x  a2 . It also
 
follows that the line through the points a2 , 0 and a2 , b is a median  
 y  13 (b  0)  b3  ( x , y )  a2 , b3 .  
25. y  x1/2  dy  12 x 1/2 dx  ds  (dx)2  (dy )2  1  41x dx;
3/2  2

 
2 2
Mx    x 1  41x dx    x  14 dx  23  x  14 
0 0  0
       
 3/2 3/2  2  9 3/2 3/2  2 27 1
 23  2  14  14   3  4  14 13
  3 8  8  6
  
 
2
26. y  x3  dy  3x 2 dx  dx  (dx)2  3 x 2 dx  1  9 x 4 dx;
1
M x    x3 1  9 x 4 dx;
0
[u  1  9 x 4  du  36 x3 dx  36
1 du  x 3 dx;
 
10 1 1/2 10
x  0  u 1, x  1  u  10]  M x    u du   2 u 3/2    103/2  1
 36
1 36 3 1 54
  2 
27. From Example 4 we have M x   a (a sin  )(k sin  )d  a 2 k  sin 2 d  a2k  (1  cos 2 ) d
0 0 0
2  2   2 
 a2k   sin22   a 2k ; M y   a (a cos  )(k sin  ) d  a 2 k  sin  cos  d  a2k sin 2    0;
0 0 0  0

0
 My M
M   ak sin  d  ak   cos  0  2ak . Therefore, x  M  0 and y  Mx  a 2k
2
  1
2ak   a4   0, a4  is
the center of mass.

28. M x   y dm   (a sin  )    a d   a 2 sin  1  k cos   d
0 0

 
 /2 
 a2  (sin  )(1  k cos  ) d  a 2  (sin  )(1  k cos  ) d
0  /
 /2  /2  
 a2  sin  d  a 2 k  sin  cos  d  a 2  / 2 sin  d  a 2 k  sin  cos  d
0 0  /2
 /2 
 /2 
 a 2   cos  0  a 2 k  sin2    a 2   cos   /2  a 2 k  sin2  
2 2
  0   /2
   
 a 2  0  (1)  a 2 k 12  0  a 2   (1)  0  a 2 k 0  12  a 2  a2k  a 2  a2k  2a 2  a 2 k  a 2 (2  k );
2 2

M y   x dm   (a cos  )    a d  
0

0  a2 cos  1  k cos  d
 /2 
 a2  (cos  )(1  k cos  ) d  a 2  (cos  )(1  k cos  )d
0  /2

 a2 
 /2
0
 /2 1 cos 2
cos  d  a 2 k  2 0

d  a 2

 /2 
cos  d  a 2 k
 1 cos 2
 /2 2 d   
  a 2 k  sin 2    sin 2 
 a 2 sin    2   2   a 2 sin     a2k   2  
2
0  0   
   
2 2 2 2
 a 2 (1  0)  a2k  2  0  (0  0)   a 2 (0  1)  a2k (  0)  2  0   a 2  a 4k  a 2  a 4k  0;
   
   /2 
M     a d  a 
0 0
1  k cos   d  a 0 (1  k cos  ) d a 
 /2
(1  k cos  ) d
 a   k sin  0
 /2 
   
 a   k sin   /2   2  k  0  a (  0)  2  k   a2  ak  a 2  k  a  2ak
     
 a (  2k )    2k   0, 2a2ka
k 
My 2
M a (2 k ) a (2 k )
 a(  2k ). So x  M  0 and y  Mx is the center of mass.
29. f ( x)  x  6, g ( x)  x 2 , f ( x)  g ( x)  x  6  x 2
 x 2  x  6  0  x  3, x  2;   1
3 3
M   ( x  6)  x 2  dx   12 x 2  6 x  13 x3 
2     2
  
 92  18  9  2  12  83  125
6 
3 3
6 3  x 2  6 x  x3  dx  6  1 x3  3 x 2  1 x 4 
2  x( x  6)  x  dx  125
2
1
x  125/6 2   125  3 4  2
 125  4 125 3 
6 9  27  81  6  8  12  4  1 ;
2  
3  2 2
 
3
2 3 3  x 2  12 x  36  x 4  dx  3  1 x3  6 x 2  36 x  1 x5 
1
y  125/6 2 12 ( x  6)  x  dx  125 2   125  3 5  2
  
3 9  54  108  243  3  8  24  72  32  4  1 , 4 is the center of mass.
 125 5 125 3 5 2   
30. f ( x)  2, g ( x)  x 2 ( x  1), f ( x)  g ( x)  2  x 2 ( x  1)
 x3  x 2  2  0  x  1;   1
1 1
M    2  x 2 ( x  1)  dx    2  x3  x 2  dx
0  0 
 
1
  2 x  14 x 4  13 x3   2  14  13  0  17 ;
 0 12
1 12 1  2 x  x 4  x3  dx
0 x  2  x ( x  1)  dx  17
2
1
x  17/12 0  
 
1
 12  x 2  1 x5  1 x 4   12 1  1  1  0  33 ;
17  5 4  0 17 5 4 85
1  2
   dx  176 01 4  x6  2 x5  x4  dx  176 4 x  17 x7  13 x6  15 x5 0
2 2 1
1
y  17/12 0 12  2  x ( x  1)
  
6 4  1  1  1  0  698  33 , 698 is the center of mass.
 17 7 3 5 595 85 595 

31. f ( x)  x 2 , g ( x)  x 2 ( x 1), f ( x)  g ( x)
 x 2  x 2 ( x  1)  x3  2 x 2  0  x  0, x  2;   1
2 2
M    x 2  x 2 ( x  1)  dx    2 x 2  x3  dx
0  0 
 
2
  23 x3  14 x 4   16  4  0  34 ;
 0 3
1 2 x  x 2  x 2 ( x  1)  dx  3 2  2 x3  x 4  dx
x  4/3 0   4 0  
 
2
 34  12 x 4  15 x5   43 8  32  0  56 ;
 0 5
1 2 1  x2
     dx  83 02 2 x5  x6  dx  83  13 x6  17 x7 0  83  643  1287   0  87   65 , 87  is the
2 2 2
y  4/3 0 2   x 2 ( x  1)
center of mass.
32. f ( x)  2  sin x, g ( x)  0, x  0, x  2 ;   1;
2
M 
0
 2  sin x dx   2 x  cos x 02  (4  1)  (0  1)  4 ;
2 2
x  41  x  2  sin x  0 dx  41   2 x  x sin x  dx
0 0
2 2 2 2
 41  2 x dx  41  x sin x dx  41  x 2   41 sin x  x cos x 0
0 0  0
  2
 41 4 2  0  41 (0  2 )  0  221 ; y  41  12  (2  sin x)2  (0)2  dx
0  
2 2 2
 81   4  4 sin x  sin 2 x  dx  81   4  4 sin x  dx  81  sin 2 x  dx
 0  0 0  
2 2 1cos 2 x 2 2 2
 81   4  4 sin x  dx  81   2  dx  81  4 x  4 cos x 0  161  dx  161  cos 2 x dx
0 0   0 0
2 2 4
[u  2 x  du  2dx, x  0  u  0, x  2  u  4 ]  81  4 x  4 cos x 0  161  x 0  321  cos u du
0
2 2 4
 81  4 x  4 cos x 0  161  x 0  321 sin u 0  81 (8  4)  81 (0  4)  161 (2 )  0  0  89  221 , 89 is the  
center of mass.
33. Consider the curve as an infinite number of line segments joined together. From the derivation of arc length we
have that the length of a particular segment is ds  (dx)2  (dy )2 . This implies that M x    y ds, M y    x ds
My  x ds  x ds M  y ds  y ds
and M    ds. If  is constant, then x  M   length and y  Mx   length .
 ds  ds
34. Applying the symmetry argument analogous to the one used in Exercise 1, we find that x  0. The typical vertical
 a  x2  2 2
strip has center of mass: ( x , y )   x, 24 p  , length: a  4x p , width: dx, area : dA  a  4x p dx,




 
 2

mass: dm   dA   a  4x p dx. Thus, M x   y dm   1 a x
2 pa 2 4p
2 pa
 2
 a   dx
x2
4p
2 pa 2 pa
2 pa 2 4   5   5   25 p 2 a 2 pa 
 2  a  x 2  dx  2  a 2 x  x 2   2  2  a 2 x  x 2     2a 2 pa 
2 pa  16 p   80 p  2 pa  80 p 0  80 p 2 

       
2
 2a 2 pa 1  16 2 8016  2a 2 pa 64  8a  pa ; M   dm  2 pa  a  x 2 dx
80
 2 a  pa 80 80 5 2 pa 4p
2 pa 2 pa
   ax  12x p   2    ax  12x p 
 23 pa pa 
   
3 3
4  4a pa 12  4
 2  2a pa  12 p   4a pa 1  12
  2 pa   0   12
8a pa M  8a 2 pa  3  3
 3
. So y  Mx   5   8a pa   5
a, as claimed
  
35. The centroid of the square is located at (2, 2). The volume is V  (2 )( y )( A)  (2 )(2)(8)  32 and the surface

area is S  (2 )( y )( L)  (2 )(2) 4 8  32 2 (where  8 is the length of a side).
36. The midpoint of the hypotenuse of the triangle is  32 , 3  y  2x is an

equation of the median  the line y  2 x contains the centroid. The point
 32 , 3 is 3 25 units from the origin  the x-coordinate of the centroid
 x  32 
2
solves the equation  (2 x  3)2  2
5
  
 x 2  3x  94  4 x 2  12 x  9   5
4
 5 x 2  15 x  9  1  x 2  3 x  2  ( x  2)( x  1)  0  x  1 since the centroid must lie inside the triangle

 y  2. By the Theorem of Pappus, the volume is V  (distance traveled by the centroid)(area of the region)
 2 (5  x )  12 (3)(6)   (2 )(4)(9)  72
37. The centroid is located at (2, 0)  V  (2 )( x )( A)  (2 )(2)( )  4 2
38. We create the cone by revolving the triangle with

vertices (0, 0), (h, r ) and (h, 0) about the x-axis (see the accompanying
figure).Thus, the cone has height h and
base radius r. By Theorem of Pappus, the lateral surface area swept out by the
hypotenuse L is given by S  2 yL  2 2r  h2  r 2   r r 2  h2 . To
calculate the volume we need the position of the centroid of the triangle.
From the diagram we see that the centroid lies on the
 
2 2
line y  2rh x. The x-coordinate of the centroid solves the equation ( x  h) 2  2rh x  2r  13 h 2  r4
2 r 2  4h 2 
  4h2 r 2
4h 2   2 2
 2
x 2  4 h2h r x  r4  9
 0  x  23h or 43h  x  23h , since the centroid must lie inside the
triangle  y  2rh x  3r . By the Theorem of Pappus, V   2 3r 

     12 hr   13  r 2 h.
39. S  2 y L  4 a 2  (2 y )( a)  y  2a , and by symmetry x  0
 
40. S  2  L   2 a  2a  ( a )  2 a 2 (  2)
 
 
41. V  2 y A  43  ab 2  (2 y )  2ab  y  34b and by symmetry x  0

   
3
2 a (3  4)
42. V  2  A  V   2 a  34a   2a 
  3
43. V  2 A  (2 ) (area of the region) (distance from the centroid to the line y  x  a ). We must find the
distance from 0, 34a   to y  x  a. The line containing the centroid and perpendicular to y  x  a has slope
1 and contains the point  0, 34a  . This line is y   x  34a . The intersection of y  x  a and y   x  34a is
the point  4 a 63a , 4 a63a  . Thus, the distance from the centroid to the line y  x  a is
 4a63a    34a  64a  36a   2 (46a3a )  V  (2 )  2 (46a3a )    2a   2 a 6(43 )
2 2 2 3
 
44. The line perpendicular to y  x  a and passing through the centroid 0, 2a has equation y   x  2a . The
intersection of the two perpendicular lines occurs when x  a   x    x  2a 2 a  a x 2 a  a

2 2
 2a 2 a  0    2a 2 a  22a 

2 a  a 2 2
y 2
. Thus the distance from the centroid to the line y  x  a is
a (2 ) a (2 ) 
 . Therefore, by the Theorem of Pappus the surface area is S  2  ( a )  2 a 2 (2   ).
2  2 
45. If we revolve the region about the y -axis: r  a, h  b  A  12 ab, V  13  a 2 b, and   x . By the Theorem
of Pappus: 1  a 2b
3
 2 x  12 ab   x  a3 ; If we revolve the region about the x-axis:
r  b, h  a  A  12 ab, V  13  b 2 a, and   y . By the Theorem of Pappus:
1  b2 a
3
 2 y  12 ab   y  b3   a3 , b3  is the center
of mass.
46. Let O(0, 0), P(a, c), and Q(a, b) be the vertices of the given triangle. If we revolve the region about the
x-axis: Let R be the point R(a, 0). The volume is given by the volume of the outer cone, radius  RP  c,
minus the volume of the inner cone, radius  RQ  b, thus V  13  c 2 a  13  b 2 a  13  a c 2  b 2 , the area is  
given by the area of triangle OPR minus area of triangle OQR, A  1 ac  1 ab  1 a (c  b), and   y . By
2 2 2
the Theorem of Pappus: 1

3  
a c 2  b2  2 y  12 a (c  b)   y  c 3b ; If we revolve the region about the
y -axis: Let S and T be the points S (0, c) and T (0, b), respectively. Then the volume is the volume of the
cylinder with radius OR  a and height RP  c, minus the sum of the volumes of the cone with radius
 SP  a and height  OS  c and the portion of the cylinder with height  OT  b and radius  TQ  a
with a cone of height  OT  b and radius  TQ  a removed. Thus
 
V   a 2 c   13  a 2 c   a 2b  13  a 2b   23  a 2 c  23  a 2 b  23  a 2 (a  b). The area of the triangle is the
 
same as before, A  12 ac  12 ab  12 a(c  b), and   x . By the Theorem of Pappus:
2
3
2 a ( a b )

2 a ( a b )

a 2 (a  b)  2 x  12 a (c  b)   x  3(c b )  3(c b) , c 2b is the center of mass.

CHAPTER 6 PRACTICE EXERCISES
 
2
1. A( x)  4 (diameter)2  4 x  x2

 4 x  2 x  x 2  x 4 ; a  0, b  1 
b 1
 V   A( x)dx  4   x  2 x5/2  x 4  dx
a 0 
1
 4  x2  74 x7/2  x5   4 12  74  15  
2 5
  0
 (35  40  14)  9
470 280
   
2
2. A( x)  12 (side)2 sin 3  43 2 x  x

 43 4 x  4 x x  x 2 ; a  0, b  4 
b
a
4
 V   A( x)dx  43  4 x  4 x3/2  x 2 dx
0  
4
 43  2 x 2  85 x5/2  x3   43 32  8532  64  
3
  0 3
 
 324 3 1  85  23  8153 (15  24  10)  8153
3. A( x)  4 (diameter)2  4 (2sin x  2 cos x) 2

 4  4 sin 2 x  2sin x cos x  cos 2 x   (1  sin 2 x); 
b
a  4 , b  54  V   A( x) dx
a
5 /4 5 /4
 (1  sin 2 x) dx    x  cos22 x 
 /4  /4
 cos 5 x   cos   
   54  2 2    4  2 2     2
   
2

  
 
2 4
4. A( x)  (edge)2   6 x  0  6 x  36  24 6 x  36 x  4 6 x3/2  x 2 ; a  0, b  6  V
 
 
b 6 6
  A( x) dx   36  24 6 x  36 x  4 6 x3/2  x 2 dx  36 x  24 6  23 x3/2  18 x 2 4 6  25 x5/2  x3 
3
a 0   0
3
 216  16  6 6  6  18  62  85 6 6  62  63  216  576  648  1728
5
 72  360  1728
5
 1800 51728  72
5
   
2 2 4 b
5. A( x)  4 (diameter)2  4 2 x  x4  4 4 x  x5/2  16
x ; a  0, b  4  V 
 A( x) dx a
4x  x 
4
4 x dx    2 x 2  2 x 7/2  x    32  32  8  2  32  32 1  8  2
   
4 5
 4  5/2
 16 4  7 516  0 4 7 5 4 7 5
0
 (35  40  14)  72
 835 35

Chapter 6 Practice Exercises 493
   
2
6. A( x)  12 (edge)2 sin 3  43  2 x  2 x 
 
 
2
 43 4 x  4 3x; a  0, b  1
b 1 1
 V   A( x) dx   4 3x dx   2 3x 2   2 3
a 0  0
7. (a) disk method:
 
b 1 2
V     R ( x)  dx    3x 4 dx
2
a 1
1 1
   9 x8 dx    x9   2
1   1
(b) shell method:
  shell
height  dx  0 2 x  3 x  dx  2  30 x dx  2  3  6   
b 1 1 5 1
V   2 shell 4 x  6
radius
a  0
Note: The lower limit of integration is 0 rather than 1.
(c) shell method:
  shell
height  dx  2 1 (1  x )  3 x  dx  2  5
1
b 1  3x
  
 x2   2  35  12   53  12   125 
3 6
V   2 shell 4
aradius
  1  
(d) washer method:
   R( x)  dx   
   dx
b 1 2
  r ( x) 
2 2
R( x)  3, r ( x )  3  3 x 4  3 1  x 4  V     9  9 1  x 4
a 1 
   
1 1 1
 9  1  1  2 x 4  x8  dx  9  2 x 4  x8 dx  9  25x  x9   18  52  91   2513  265
5 9
1   1   1
8. (a) washer method:
 R ( x)   dx          dx   

2 2
b
R( x)  43 , r ( x)  12  V   
2
  r ( x)
2 2 4 1 2 16 x 5  4x 
x a 1 x3 2 5 1

   516
 32 2
 1   16
5  
 14     10 2 
5 4 
1  1  16  1   ( 2  10  64  5)  57
20 20 
(b) shell method:
 
2
2
V  2  x 43  12 dx  2  4 x 1  x4   2   24  1  4  14   2 54  52     
2
1 x  1  
(c) shell method:
 height  dx  2 1 (2  x )   2  dx  2 1  
 shell 2
b shell 2 2 8
V  2  4 1 4  1  x dx
a radius x x3
x 3 2
2
 2   42  4x  x  x4   2 (1  2  2  1)  4  4  1  14   32  
2
 x 1  

(d) washer method:

V  
a
b
 R( x)  r ( x)  dx
2 2
    4   dx
2  7 2  2
 2
4
1
  x3
2

 494  16  1  2 x 3  x 6 dx
1 
2
 494  16  x  x 2  x5 
5
 1
    
 494  16  2  14  5132  1  1  15   494  16 14  160 5    4 
1  1  49  16 (40  1  32)  49  71
10
 103
20
9. (a) disk method:

5
         242  4  8
5 2 5
x  1 dx    ( x  1) dx    x2  x     25
2
V   5  12  1
1 1  1  2
(b) washer method:
 2 
  y 2  1  dy
d 2
R( y )  5, r ( y )  y 2  1  V     R( y )    r ( y ) dy     25 
2 2
c 2 
2
2 
25  y 4  2 y 2  1 dy     24  y 4  2 y 2  dy    24 y  5  23 y 3 
2 2  y  5

2   2

 2 24  2  32
5
 23  8  32 3  52  13  32
15 
 (45  6  5)  1088
15 
(c) disk method:

R( y )  5  y 2  1  4  y 2 
 
d 2 2
 V     R( y )  dy    4  y 2
2
dy
c 2
2
2 
16  8 y 2  y 4  dy   16 y  3
2  8y 3
y5 
  5
  2

 2 32  64
3
 32
5
 64 1  23  51   
 64 (15  10  3)  512
15 15
10. (a) shell method:

d
V   2 shell
c radius   shell
height  dy
4  y2  4 y3 
  2 y  y  4  dy  2   y 2  4  dy
0   0 
4
 y3 y 4 
 2  3  16   2 64
 0 3
 64
4
 212  64  323 

(b) shell method:
  shell
height  dx  0 2 x  2 0
2 x3/2  x 2  dx  2  54 x5/2  x3 
4
b 4
 4 3
V   2 shell x  x dx  2 
a radius   0

 2 45  32  64
3
 128
15


(c) shell method:
b
a radius  shell
height  dx  0 2 (4  x )  2
4
 4

x  x dx  2  8 x1/2  4 x  2 x3/2  x 2 dx
0 
4
 2  16 x3/2  2 x 2  54 x5/2  x3   2 16      
3
 8  32  54  32  64  64 34  1  54  32  64 1  54  645
 3  0 3 3
(d) shell method:
d
c 
radius
shell
height  4
  y2  4 y3 
dy   2 (4  y )  y  4  dy  2   4 y  y 2  y 2  4  dy
0   0 
4
0
4 y  2 y 2  4  dy  2  2 y 2  23 y 3  16   2  32  23  64  16   32  2  83  1  323
4 y  3
y  4
 2 
  0
11. disk method:

 
sec2 x  1 dx    tan x  x0 /3 
 /3  /3  3 3 
R( x)  tan x, a  0, b  3  V    tan 2 x dx    3
0 0
12. disk method:


V    (2  sin x)2 dx   
0

0  4  4sin x  sin 2 x  dx   0  4  4sin x  1cos2 2x  dx
   

   4 x  4 cos x  2x  sin42 x     4  4  2  0  (0  4  0  0)    92  8  2 (9  16)
0  
13. (a) disk method:
0
x2  2 x 
0
x 4  4 x3  4 x 2  dx    x5  x 4  43 x3     32
2
3 
2 2 2 5
V  dx     16  32
  0 5
 16 (6  15  10)  16

15 15
(b) washer method:
2
2 
   dx  02  dx  02  ( x  1)4 dx  2    x51 0  2    52  85
2 5
V    12  x 2  2 x  1
0 
(c) shell method:
b
a radius  shell
height  dx  2 0 (2  x )    x  2 x   dx  2 0 (2  x )  2 x  x  dx
2
 2  2 2
 2   4 x  2 x 2  2 x 2  x3  dx  2   x3  4 x 2  4 x  dx  2  x4  43 x3  2 x 2   2  4  32
2
 8
2 2 4
0 0   0 3
 23 (36  32)  83

(d) washer method:
     
2 2 2 2 2
V     2  x 2  2 x  dx    22 dx     4  4 x 2  2 x  x 2  2 x  dx  8
0  0 0  
    4  4 x 2  8 x  x 4  4 x3  4 x 2  dx  8     x 4  4 x3  8 x  4  dx  8
2 2
0 0
2
   x5  x 4  4 x 2  4 x   8   32  
5
 16  16  8  8  5 (32  40)  8  725  405  325
  0 5

14. disk method:

V  2 
 /4
0
4 tan 2 x dx  8 
0
 /4
sec2 x  1 dx  8  tan x  x0 /4  2 (4   )
15. The material removed from the sphere consists of a cylinder
and two “caps.” From the diagram, the height of the cylinder
 3   22 , i.e. h  1. Thus
2
is 2h, where h 2 
Vcy1  (2h)  3   6 ft 3 . To get the volume of a cap,

2
2
use the disk method and x 2  y 2  22 : Vcap    x 2 dy
1
2
1
2
 
 y3 
   4  y 2 dy    4 y  3     8  83  4  13 
 1      
 53 ft 3 . Therefore, Vremoved  Vcy1  2Vcap  6  103
 283 ft 3 .
x
16. We rotate the region enclosed by the curve y  12 1  4121 
and the x-axis around the x-axis. To find the
2

 
2
volume we use the disk method: V     R( x) 
a
b 2
dx  
 11/2
 12 1  4121
11/2  

11/2 
x 2  dx   11/2 12 1  4 x 2 dx
121 
1   dx  12  x    
11/2
 12 
11/2
11/2
4 x2
121
4 x3 
363  11/2

 24  11
2
 4
363 2    
11 3   132 1  4
 363
112   132 1  1
4  3  
 264   88  276 in 3
3
17.
3/ 2 dy dy 2
1
4
 
y  x1/2  x 3  dx  12 x 1/2  12 x1/2  dx  14 1x  2  x  L   1  14 1x  2  x dx    
  2  x  dx   14  x 1/2  x1/2   
4 4 2 4 4
L 1 1 dx   12 x 1/2  x1/2 dx  12  2 x1/2  32 x3/2 
1 4 x 1 1  1
 2  4  3  8    2  3    2  2  14
1 2 2 1
3
 10
  3
   
2 4 y 2/3 8 2 8 8 9 y 2/3  4
18. x  y 2/3  dx
dy
 23 y 1/3  dy
dx  9
L 1 dx
dy
dy   1 4 dy   dy
1 1 9 y 2/3 1 3 y1/3
8
 
 13  9 y 2/3  4 y 1/3 dy; [u  9 y 2/3  4  du  6 y 1/3 dy; y  1  u  13, y  8  u  40]
1
40 1/2 40
1  2 u 3/2   1  403/2  133/2   7.634
1
 L  18  13
u du  18
3 13 27  
19. y  x 2  ln8x  y   2 x  81x
 
2 256 x 4 32 x 2 1 (16 x 2 1) 2 2
 1  ( y ) 2  1  2 x  81x    168x x 1  2 x  81x
64 x 2 (8 x ) 2
 2 x  81x  dx   x2  81 ln x  1   4  81 ln 2  1  81 ln1  3  81 ln 2
2 2 2
 Length   1  ( y )2 dx  
1 1

 
2
1 y3  1   14 y 2  12  dx 1 y 4  1  1  L  2 1   1 y 4  1  1  dy
20. x  12 y
dx
dy y dy
 16 2 y4 1  16 2 y 4 
2 2
2 2   2 
 1 y 4  12  14 dy    14 y 2  12  dy    14 y 2  12  dy   12
1 y3  1 

1 16 y 1  y  1  y   y 1

 12 2 12  
8  1  1  1  7  1  13
12 2 12 
b
21. S   2 y 1 
a  
dy 2
dx
dy
dx; dx  1  dx
2 x 1  
dy 2 3
 2 x11  S   2 2 x  1 1  2 x11 dx
0
3 3 3
 2  2x 1 2 x2 dx  2 2  x  1 dx  2 2  23 ( x  1)3/2   2 2  23 (8  1)  283 2
0 2 x 1 0  0
b
22. S   2 y 1 
a   dx;
dy 2
dx
dy
dx
 x 2  dx  
dy 2 1
 x 4  S   2  x3 1  x 4 dx  6 
0
3 1
0  
1  x 4 4 x3 dx
3/2 1


 6  23 1  x 4



  9 2 2 1
0
 
 12 (4 2 y ) 
   
d 2 2 y 2 4 y  y 2  44 y  y 2
23. S   2 x 1  dx
dy
dx 
dy; dy  1  dx
dy
  4
c 4 y y 2
4 y y 2 4 y y2 4 y  y2
2 2
 S   2 4 y  y 2 4 dy  4  dx  4
1 4 y y2 1
  dy;  
d 2 2 4 y 1 6 4 y 1 6
24. S   2 x 1  dx
dy
dx
dy
dx
 1  1  dy  1  41y  4 y  S   2 y  dy    4 y  1 dy
c 2 y 2 4y 2
6
 4  32 (4 y  1)3/2   6 (125  27)  6 (98)  493
 2
25. The equipment alone: the force required to lift the equipment is equal to its weight  F1 ( x)  100 N . The
b 40
work done is W1   F1 ( x) dx   100 dx  100 x 0  4000 J; the rope alone: the force required to lift the
40
a 0
rope is equal to the weight of the rope paid out at elevation x  F2 ( x)  0.8(40  x ). The work done is
 
b 40 40
0.8(40  x) dx  0.8  40 x  x2   0.8 402  402 
2 2 (0.8)(1600)
W2   F2 ( x) dx    640 J; the total work
a  0  0 2
is W  W1  W2  4000  640  4640 J
26. The force required to lift the water is equal to the water’s weight, which varies steadily from 8  800 lb to
8  400 lb over the 4750 ft elevation. When the truck is x ft off the base of Mt. Washington, the water weight
 224750
is F ( x)  8  800  4750   9500  lb. The work done is
 x  (6400) 1  x
6400 1  9500  dx
b 4750
W   F ( x) dx   x
a 0
 6400  4750  44750

4750   4 
4750
 6400  x  29500
x  2 2
 3 (6400)(4750)  22,800,000 ft-lb
  0
27. Using a proportionality constant of 1, the work in lifting the weight of w lb from r  a to a is
 
r r
 r a wt dt  w  t2  r a  w2 r  (r  a )  w2 (2ar  a ).
2 2 2 2

28. Force constant: F  kx  200  k (0.8)  k  250 N/m; the 300 N force stretches the spring
1.2 1.2
x  Fk  300
250
 1.2 m; the work required to stretch the spring that far is then W   F ( x) dx   250 x dx
0 0
1.2 1.2
 250 x dx  125 x 2   125(1.2)2  180 J
0  0
29. We imagine the water divided into thin slabs by planes

perpendicular to the y -axis at the points of a partition
of the interval [0,8]. The typical slab between the planes at
y and y  y has a volume of about
 
2  y 2 y ft 3 .
V   (radius)2 (thickness)   54 y y  25 16
The force F ( y ) required to lift this slab is equal to its
weight: F ( y )  62.4V
(62.4)(25)
 16
 y 2 y lb. The distance through which F ( y ) must act to lift this slab to the level 6 ft above the
(62.4)(25)
top is about (6  8  y ) ft, so the work done lifting the slab is about W  16
 y 2 (14  y )y ft  lb. The
work done lifting all the slabs from y  0 to y  8 to the level 6 ft above the top is approximately
8
W 
(62.4)(25)
16
 y 2 (14  y )y ft  lb so the work to pump the water is the limit of these Riemann sums as
0
the norm of the partition goes to zero: W  

8 (62.4)(25)
0 (16)
 y 2 (14  y ) dy 
(62.4)(25) 8
16 
0 14 y 2  y3  dy
   143 83  84   418,208.81 ft-lb
8
 
  14 y 3  y   (62.4) 25
4 4
 (62.4) 25
16  3 4  16
0
30. The same as in Exercise 29, but change the distance through which F ( y ) must act to (8  y ) rather than
(6  8  y ). Also change the upper limit of integration from 8 to 5. The integral is:
5
  05 8 y 2  y3  dy  (62.4)  2516   83 y3  y4 0
5 (62.4)(25) 2 4
W  y (8  y ) dy  (62.4) 25
0 16 16
   83 53  54   54,241.56 ft-lb

4
 (62.4) 25
16
5 y  . A typical y
31. The tank’s cross section looks like the figure in Exercise 29 with right edge given by x  10 2
horizontal slab has volume V   (radius)2 (thickness)   y 2

2
y  4 y 2 y. The force required to lift this
slab is its weight: F ( y )  60   y 2 y. The distance through which F ( y ) must act is (2  10  y ) ft, so the
10
work to pump the liquid is W  60  (12  y )   dy  15  12 y 3  y 4   22,500 ft-lb; the time needed
10 y2
4   3 4 
0   0
22,500 ft-lb
to empty the tank is 275 ft-lb/sec
 257sec
32. A typical horizontal slab has volume about V  (20)(2 x)y  (20)  2 16  y 2  y and the force required
 
to lift this slab is its weight F ( y )  (57)(20)  2 16  y 2  y. The distance through which F ( y ) must act is
 
(6  4  y ) ft, so the work to pump the olive oil from the half-full tank is

 
1/2
W  57  (10  y )(20)  2 16  y 2  dy  2880 10 16  y 2 dy  1140  16  y 2
0 0 0
(2 y ) dy
4    4 4
3/2  0

 22,800  (area of a quarter circle having radius 4)  23 (1140)  16  y 2

 
  (22,800)(4 )  48, 640
 4
 335,153.25 ft-lb
33. Intersection points: 3  x 2  2 x 2  3x 2  3  0

 3( x 1)( x  1)  0  x  1 or x  1. Symmetry
suggests that x  0. The typical vertical strip has center of
 2 x 2   3 x 2  
mass: ( x , y )   x,


2 

2
  x, x 23 ,  
  
length: 3  x 2  2 x 2  3 1  x 2 , width: dx, 
   
area: dA  3 1  x 2 dx, and mass: dm    dA  3 1  x 2 dx  the moment about the x-axis is
y dm  32   x 2  31  x 2  dx  32    x 4  2 x 2  3 dx  M x   y dm  32     x 4  2 x 2  3 dx
1
1
 32    x5  23x  3 x   3   51  32  3  315 (3 10  45)  325 ; M   dm  3  1  x 2  dx

5 31 1
  1 1
1

 3  x  x3   6 1  13  4  y  Mx  532
M
  
3
  8 . Therefore, the centroid is ( x , y )  0, 8 .
  1 4 5 5
34. Symmetry suggests that x  0. The typical vertical strip

has center of mass: ( x , y )  x,   , length: x , width: dx,
x2
2
2
area: dA  x 2 dx, mass: dm    dA   x 2 dx  the

moment about the x-axis is y dm  2 x 2  x 2 dx
2 2
 2 x 4 dx  M x   y dm  2  x 4 dx  10
  x5 
2   2
35. The typical vertical strip has: center of mass: ( x , y )

 4 x2  2
  x, 2 4  , length: 4  x4 , width: dx,
 
 
  2
area: dA  4  x4 dx, mass: dm    dA

  4  x4
2
 dx  the moment about the x-axis is
 4 x2 
 4   dx  16   dx; moment about: x dm   4    x dx   4 x   dx.

 4 
y dm      x2  x4 x2 x3
2 4 2 16 4 4
Thus, M   y dm   16   dx  16 x 

4 4
   64   
x4  x5 
; M   x dm 64 128
x

2 0  16 2 516 0 2 5 5 y
    4 x   dx    2 x     (32  16)  16 ; M   dm     4   dx    4 x  

4 4 4 4
x3 2 x4 x2 x3
0 
4  16 0   0 4 12 0
 3 
64  32  x  M y  16 3  3 and y  M x  128 3  12 . Centroid is ( x , y )  3 , 12 .
  16  12 M 32 2 M 532 5 2 5  
36. A typical horizontal strip has: center of mass:

 y 2 2 y 
( x , y )   2 , y  , length: 2 y  y 2 , width: dy,
 

area: dA  2 y  y 2 dy, mass: dm    dA 
 
  2 y  y 2 dy; the moment about the x-axis

is y dm    y  2 y  y 2 dy   2 y 2  y 3 dy;   
 y2 2 y  
the moment about the y -axis is x dm    2  2 y  y 2  dy  2  4 y 2  y 4  dy  M x   y dm
2

2
0  


2 y 2  y 3 dy    23 y3 
y4 
4 
0

  32  8  16
4
  16
3 
 16
4
 12 3 
16  4 ; M   x dm
y
2 2
 2 
2
0  

4 y 2  y 4 dy  2  43 y3 

y5 
5 
0

 2 438  32
5
 32
15 
 ; M   dm   2 2 y  y 2 dy  
0    2 y3 
 y  3 
0
 
M  323  8 and y  M x  4 3  1. Therefore, the centroid is ( x , y )  8 , 1 .
  4  83  43  x  My  15  4 5 M 34 5  
37. A typical horizontal strip has: center of mass:
 y 2 2 y 
( x , y )   2 , y  , length: 2 y  y 2 , width: dy,
 

area: dA  2 y  y 2 dy, mass: dm    dA 
 
 (1  y ) 2 y  y 2 dy  the moment about the
x-axis is y  dm  y (1  y ) 2 y  y 2 dy  
   
 2 y 2  2 y 3  y 3  y 4 dy  2 y 2  y 3  y 4 dy; the moment about the y -axis is
x dm   2  (1  y )  2 y  y 2  dy  12  4 y 2  y 4  (1  y ) dy  12  4 y 2  4 y 3  y 4  y 5  dy  M x   y dm
 y 2 y  2
 
2
0
2 y 2  y 3  y4  dy   23 y3  4  5    16 5 
 16  13  14  52   16
2  y y  4 5
 3
 16
4
 32 60
4 (11)  44 ;
(20  15  24)  15 15
 0
 
2
2
0  

y5 y 6 
0
3
 5
M y   x dm   12 4 y 2  4 y 3  y 4  y 5 dy  12  43 y 3  y 4  5  6   12 432  24  25  26
6

 4 43  2  54  86  4 2  54  24
5   2
0
 2
; M   dm   (1  y ) 2 y  y 2 dy   2 y  y 2  y 3 dy
0    
2
 y3 y 4 
  y 2  3  4   4  83  16
 0 4
M

 83  x  My  24
5    83   95 and y  MM   1544  83   4044  1011 . Therefore,
x
the center of mass is ( x , y )   95 , 1011  .

38. A typical vertical strip has: center of mass: ( x , y )  x,  3
2 x3/ 2
 , length: 3
x3/ 2
, width: dx, area: dA  3
x3/ 2
dx,
mass: dm    dA    3 dx  the moment about the x-axis is y dm  3   3/3 2 dx  93 dx; the moment
x3/ 2 2 x3/ 2 x 2x
about the y -axis is x dm  x   3 dx  3 dx.
x3/ 2 x1/ 2

Chapter 6 Additional and Advanced Exercises 501
   
9 9 9 9
M x    12 93 dx  92   x2   209 ; M y    x 3/3 2 dx  3  2 x1/2   12 ;
2
(a)
1 x 
 
1 1 x  1
  3 and y  M x   9   5
9 20
9 3
dx  6  x 1/2   4  x  M  12
My
M 
1 x3/ 2  1 4 M 4 9
     
x 9
9 9 9 9 9 9
(b) M x   dx  92   1x   4; M y   x 2 3/3 2 dx   2 x3/2   52; M   x 3/3 2 dx  6  x1/2 
1 2 x 3
1 1 x  1 1 x  1
My M
 12  x  M  13
3
and y  Mx  13
2
39. F   W 
a
b
 strip
depth  2
 L( y ) dy  F  2 (62.4)(2  y )(2 y ) dy  249.6
0
2
0   
2 y  y 2 dy 249.6  y 2 

y3 
3 
0
 (249.6)  4  83   (249.6)    332.8 lb
4
3
40. F   W 
a
b
 strip
depth   L( y) dy  F   75   y (2 y  4) dy  75  y   2 y  4 y  dy
0
5/6 5
6
5/6 5
0 3
10
3
2
 y  2 y  dy  75  y  y  y   (75)          
5/6 10 2 2 5/6
 75  73 10 7 2 3 50 7 25 2 125
0 3  3  6  3 0 18 6 36 3 216
9
 (75) 25  175  250  975
216 3216 216   
(75)(3075)
(25  216  175  9  250  3)  9216  118.63 lb.
41. F   W 
a
b
 strip
depth   L( y) dy  F  62.4 4
0

(9  y )  2 
 2
y 

4 1/2
 dy  62.40 9 y  3 y 
3/2
dy 
   
4 (62.4)(176)
 62.4  6 y 3/2  52 y 5/2   (62.4) 6  8  25  32  62.4 (48  5  64)   2196.48 lb
 0 5 5
42. Place the origin at the bottom of the tank. Then F   W 

h
0  strip
depth   L( y) dy, h  the height of the mercury
h
h h  y2 
column, strip depth  h  y, L( y )  1  F   849(h  y ) 1 dy  849 (h  y ) dy  849  h y  2 
0 0  0

 849 h  h2  2 2
 849 h 2 .
2
Now solve 849 h 2
2
 40000 to get h  9.707 ft. The volume of the mercury is
s 2 h  12  9.707  9.707 ft 3 .
CHAPTER 6 ADDITIONAL AND ADVANCED EXERCISES
b x
 f ( x)2 dx  b2  ab   a  f (t )2 dt  x 2  ax for all x  a    f ( x)   2 x  a
2
1. V   
a
 f ( x)  2 xa

a x
2. V   
0
 f ( x)2 dx  a 2  a   a  f (t )2 dt  x 2  x for all x  a    f ( x)   2 x  1  f ( x) 
2 2 x 1

x
1   f (t ) dt  Cx  1   f ( x)  C  f ( x)  C 2  1 for C  1
2 2
3. s ( x)  Cx  
0
x x
 f ( x)   C 2  1 dt  k . Then f (0)  a  a  0  k  f ( x)   C 2  1 dt  a  f ( x)  x C 2  1  a,
0 0
where C  1.

4. (a) The graph of f ( x)  sin x traces out a path from (0, 0) to ( , sin  ) whose length is

L 1  cos 2  d . The line segment from (0, 0) to ( , sin  ) has length
0
(  0)2  (sin   0) 2  α 2  sin 2  . Since the shortest distance between two points is the length of
the straight line segment joining them, we have immediately that

0 1  cos2  d   2  sin 2  if 0    2 .
(b) In general, if y  f ( x ) is continuously differentiable and f (0)  0, then

1   f (t ) dt   2  f 2 ( ) for   0.
2
0
5. We can find the centroid and then use Pappus’ Theorem to calculate the volume. f ( x)  x, g ( x)  x 2 ,
 
1 1
f ( x)  g ( x)  x  x 2  x 2  x  0  x  0, x  1;   1; M   x  x 2 dx   12 x 2  13 x3 
0  0
       
1
1 1 x x  x 2 dx  6 1 x 2  x3 dx  6  1 x3  1 x 4   6 1  1  0  1 ;
 12  13  0  16 ; x  1/6 0 0 3 4 0 3 4 2
    
1 1 1  x 2  x 2  dx  3 1 x 2  x 4 dx  3  1 x3  1 x5   3 1  1  0  2  The centroid is 1 , 2 .
  
2 1
y  1/6 0 2  

0 3 5 0 3 5 3 2 5
 is the distance from  12 , 52  to the axis of rotation, y  x. To calculate this distance we must find the point
on y  x that also lies on the line perpendicular to y  x that passes through  12 , 25  . The equation of this line
is y  25  1 x  12   x  y  10 9 . The point of intersection of the lines x  y  9 and y  x is

10  209 , 209  .
Thus,    10 2  20 5  10 2
9  1 2  9  2 2  1 . Thus V  2
 101 2   16   30π 2 .
6. Since the slice is made at an angle of 45, the volume of the wedge is half the volume of the cylinder of radius

 12  
2
1
2
and height 1. Thus, V  12  (1)   8 .
 
3 3
7. y  2 x  ds  1  1 dx  A   2 x 1x  1 dx  43 (1  x)3/2   28
x 0  0 3
8. This surface is a triangle having a base of 2 a and a height of 2 ak . Therefore the surface area is
1 (2 a )(2 ak )
2
 2 2 a 2 k .
2 2 3 2 4
9. F  ma  t 2  d 2  a  tm  v  dx
dt
 3tm  C ; v  0 when t  0  C  0  dx
dt
 3tm  x  12t m  C1 ;
dt
4
x  0 when t  0  C1  0  x  12t m . Then x  h  t  (12 mh)1/4 . The work done is
(12 mh)1/ 4
(12 mh)1/ 4 (12 mh )1/ 4 2 t 3
 31m  t6    (12mh )3/ 2
6
W   F dx   F (t )  dx dt   t  3m dt  181m (12mh)6/4 
0 dt 0   0 18m
 12 mh18 m12 mh  23h  2 3mh  43h 3mh

2 lb 12 in 1/2
10. Converting to pounds and feet, 2 lb/in  
1 ln 1 ft
 24 lb/ft. Thus, F  24 x  W   24 x dx
0
 
1/2
1 lb 
 12 x 2   3 ft  lb. Since W  12 mv02  12 mv12 , where W  3 ft  lb, m  10 1  1
 0  32 ft/sec2   320 slugs,
 
and v1  0 ft/sec, we have 3   12   3201 v02   v02  3  640. For the projectile height, s  16t 2  v0t (since
v
s  0 at t  0 )  ds
dt
 v  32t  v0 . At the top of the ball’s path, v  0  t  320 and the height is
   
v 2 v v2
s  16 320  v0 320  640  364
640  30 ft.
Mx
11. From the symmetry of y  1  x n , n even, about the y -axis for 1  x  1, we have x  0. To find y  M
,
we use the vertical strips technique. The typical strip has center of mass: ( x , y )  x, 12x , length: 1  x n ,  n

  
width: dx, area: dA  1  x n dx, mass: dm  1 dA  1  x n dx. The moment of the strip about the x-axis is
1 x 
n 2
 
n 2
 
1 1 x 1 1
dx  2  12 1  2 x n  x 2n dx   x  2nx  1  x2 n  1   1  n 2 1  2n1 1
n 1 2n  1
y dm  dx  M x  
2 1 2 0   0

( n 1)(2 n 1)  2(2 n 1)  ( n 1)
( n 1)(2n 1)
2
 2 n (3nn1)(2
1 4n  2  n 1 
n 1)
2n2
( n 1)(2 n 1)
1 1
. Also, M   dA   1  x n dx
1 1  
 
1
1
 
 2 1  x n dx  2  x  xn 1   2 1  n11  n2n1 . Therefore, y  Mx  ( n 1)(2
( n 1)
 
n 1 M 2n 2   2 nn1  0, 2 nn1
0   0 n 1) 2 n
is the location of the centroid. As n  , y  12 so the limiting position of the centroid is 0,  12  .

12. Align the telephone pole along the x-axis as shown
in the accompanying figure. The slope of the top
length of pole is
 14.5
8
 89 
 1  1  (14.5  9)
40 8 40
 85.5  11 . Thus, y 
40 8 80
9  11 x
8 8 80

 81 9  80 
11 x is an equation of the line
representing the top of the pole. Then
   
b 40 2 40 2
M y   x   y 2 dx    x  81 9  80
11 x  dx  1
64 0
11 x dx;
x 9  80
a 0  
   
b 40 2 2
M    y 2 dx     1 9  11 x  dx  1 40 9  11 x dx. Thus, x  M y  129,700  23.06 (using a
a 0  8 80  64 0 80 M 5623.3
calculator to compute the integrals). By symmetry about the x-axis, y  0 so the center of mass is about 23 ft
from the top of the pole.
13. (a) Consider a single vertical strip with center of mass ( x , y ). If the plate lies to the right of the line, then the
moment of this strip about the line x  b is ( x  b) dm  ( x  b)  dA  the plate’s first moment about
x  b is the integral  ( x  b) dA    x dA    b dA  M y  b  A.
(b) If the plate lies to the left of the line, the moment of a vertical strip about the line x  b is (b  x ) dm
 (b  x )  dA  the plate’s first moment about x  b is  (b  x) dA   b dA    x dA  b  A  M y .

14. (a) By symmetry of the plate about the x-axis, y  0. A typical vertical strip has center of mass: ( x , y )
 ( x, 0), length: 4 ax , width: dx, area: 4 ax dx, mass: dm   dA  kx  4 ax dx, for some
a
proportionality constant k. The moment of the strip about the y -axis is M y   x dm   4k x 2 ax dx
0
a a 8k a a4
 4k a  x5/2 dx  4k a  72 x7/2   4k a1/2  72 a 7/2  7 . Also, M   dm   4k x ax dx
0   0 0
a a 8k a M 8k a 3 4
 4k a  x3/2 dx  4k a  52 x5/2   4k a1/2  52 a5/2  5 . Thus, x  My  7  5 3  75 a
0  0 8k a
 
 ( x , y )  57a , 0 is the center of mass.
 y2
a 
 y2 4a 2  y2
(b) A typical horizontal strip has center of mass: ( x , y )   4a
, y   , y  , length: a  4a ,
 2   8a 
 
 y2   y2 
width: dy, area:  a  4 a  dy, mass: dm   dA  y  a  4a  dy. Thus,
   
2a  y2  0  y2  2a  y2 
M x   y dm   y y  a  4 a  dy    y 2  a  4 a  dy   y 2  a  4a  dy
2 a    2 a   0  
0 2a
0  y4  2a  y4   y5   y5  4
a5  8a 4  32 a5  0;
 ay 2  4a  dy    ay 2  4a  dy    a3 y 3  20a    a3 y 3  20a    8a3  32
2 a   0     2 a  0 20 a 3 20 a
2a
M y   x dm  
2a  y 2 4a 2  

2 a  8 a    y  a 
y2 
4a 
dy  81a 
2a
2 a
y  

 4a 2  y2 
y 2  4a 2  4a  dy  1 2  y 16a 4  y 4 dy
 32 a
 
2 a
0 2a
2 a 
16a 4 y  y5  dy  1 16a4 y  y5  dy  321a
0 2a  4 2 y 
6
 4 2 y6 
 12  2 0 2  8 a y  6 
 12 8a y  6 
32 a 32a 2 a 32 a 0
32 a   32 a 
6
 16a
6

 1 2 8a 4  4a 2  646a   1 2 8a 4  4a 2  646a   1 2 32a6  323a  1 2  23 32a6  43 a 4 ;
6
16a
  
 4a  y 
     
2a 2 2 2 a 0 2a
M   dm   y  4 a  dy  41a  y 4a 2  y 2 dy  4a
1
 4a 2 y  y3 dy  41a  4a 2 y  y 3 dy
2 a   2 a 2 a 0
  
0 2a
 y4 
 41a  2a 2 y 2  4 
  2 a
 y4  4
 41a  2a 2 y 2  4   2  41a 2a 2  4a 2  164a  21a 8a 4  4a 4  2a3 . Therefore,
 0

My
x  M  43 a 4   21a   23a
3
and y 
Mx
M
 0 is the center of mass.
 b2  x2  a 2  x2 
15. (a) On [0, a ] a typical vertical strip has center of mass: ( x , y )   x, 2 ,
 
length: b 2  x 2  a 2  x 2 , width: dx, area: dA   b2  x 2  a 2  x 2  dx, mass: dm   dA
 
 
   b2  x 2  a 2  x 2  dx. On [a, b] a typical vertical strip has center of mass: ( x , y )   x, b 2 x
2 2
  ,
 
length: b 2  x 2 , width: dx, area: dA  b 2  x 2 dx, mass: dm   dA   b 2  x 2 dx. Thus,
M x   y dm   12  b2  x 2  a 2  x 2    b 2  x 2  a 2  x 2  dx   12 b2  x 2  b2  x 2 dx
a b
0     a
a
0       b
a  a
0  b

 2   b2  x 2  a 2  x 2  dx  2  b 2  x 2 dx  2  b2  a 2 dx  2  b 2  x 2 dx
a  
 2  b 2  a 2  x   2 b 2 x  x3   2  b2  a 2  a   2  b3  b3    b2 a  a3  
a 3 b 3 3
 0   a    
  
3 3 3 3 3
 2 ab 2  a3  2 32 b3  ab2  a3   3b   3a   b 3a ;   
M y   x dm   x   b 2  x 2  a 2  x 2  dx   x  b 2  x 2 dx
a b
0   a
     
a 1/2 a 1/2 b 1/2
   x b2  x2 dx    x a 2  x 2 dx    x b2  x 2 dx
0 0 a
a a b
 2 b 2  x2 3/ 2   2 a 2  x 2 3/ 2   2 b 2  x 2 3/ 2 

 2   
2   
2 
 3   3   3 
 0  0  a
 b3   a 3  
 b3  a 3 

       
3/2 
 0  a 2
3/2 
 0  b 2  a 2
3/2 3/2 
  3  b2  a 2  b2 
 3 
 3   3 3 3
 Mx;
     
2 2
We calculate the mass geometrically: M   A    4b    4a  
4
b 2  a 2 . Thus, x        My
M
  (b  a ) a 2  ab  b 2  4 a 2  ab  b 2  4 a 2  ab  b2 
 
 b3  a 3 3 3 M
 4  34 b2 a 2  34 (b  a )(b  a )  3 ( a b ) ; likewise y  Mx  3 ( a b ) .
3

 b2  a 2  b a
(b)
b a 3
2
lim 4 a aab
b
 b2
  4
3 a2 a2 a2
aa      
4
3
3a 2
2a
2a
  
 ( x , y )  2a , 2a is the limiting position of the
centroid as b  a. This is the centroid of a circle of radius a (and we note the two circles coincide when
b  a ).
16. Since the area of the triangle is 36, the diagram may
be labeled as shown at the right. The centroid of
the triangle is  a3 , 24a  . The shaded portion is
144  36  108. Write ( x y ) for the centroid of the
remaining region. The centroid of the whole square
is obviously (6, 6). Think of the square as a sheet of
uniform density, so that the centroid of the square
is the average of the centroids of the two regions,
weighted by area: 6 
36  a3 108( x ) and
144
6
36  108( y)
24
a
which we solve to get x  8  a9
144
8( a 1) 64
and y  a
. Set x  7 in. (Given). It follows that a  9, whence y  9
 7 19 in. The distances of the
centroid ( x , y ) from the other sides are easily computed. (Note that if we set y  7 in. above, we will find
x  7 19 . )

17. The submerged triangular plate is depicted in the

figure at the right. The hypotenuse of the triangle
has slope 1  y  (2)  ( x  0)  x  ( y  2)
is an equation of the hypotenuse. Using a typical
horizontal strip, the fluid pressure is

F   (62.4)  strip 
strip
depth  length dy 
2
 (62.4)( y )  ( y  2) dy
6
2
6 
y 2  2 y  dy  62.4  3  y 2 
2 y 3

 62.4
  6
   
 (62.4)   83  4   216
3
 36 
 
 (62.4)  208  32  
(62.4)(112)
3 3
 2329.6 lb
18. Consider a rectangular plate of length  and width

w. The length is parallel with the surface of the fluid
of weight density . The force on one side of the
0
0  y2  2
plate is F    ( y )() dy     2   2w .
w  w
The average force on one side of the plate is
0
0  y2 
 
2
Fav  w  ( y ) dy  w   2   2w . Therefore the force 2w  2w (w)
w  w
 (the average pressure up and down ) · (the area of the plate).

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6.1 VOLUMES USING CROSS-SECTIONS

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc. 431

(b) STEP 1) A( x)  (edge) 2  (sec x  tan x)2  2sec 2 x  1  2 sin2x  cos x

 24  6 x  9 x2  dx  24 x  3x2  3x3 0  (48  12  24)  0  36

8. (a) STEP 1) A( x)  12 (base)  (height)   

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

18. R( x)  sin x cos x; R ( x)  0  a  0 and b  2 are the limits of integration;

3  9  x  dx   9 x  x3  3

 2 9(3)  27   2  π 18  36π

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

37. For the sketch given, a   2 , b  2 ; R ( x)  1, r ( x)  cos x; V   

38. For the sketch given, c  0, d  4 ; R ( y )  1, r ( y )  tan y; V   

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

44. R( x)  sec x and r ( x)  tan x  V   

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

50. R( y )  2  y1/3 and r ( y )  1  V   

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

53. (a) r ( x)  0 and R( x)  1  x 2  V   

54. (a) r ( x)  0 and R( x)   bh x  h

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

(b) V (h)   A(h)dh, so dV

58. Suppose the solid is produced by revolving

 R( x)2 dx   0 (c  sin x)2 dx   0  c 2  2c sin x  sin 2 x  dx

   c 2  2  2c  0   (0  2c  0)     c 2  2  4c  . Let V (c)    c 2  2  4c  . We find the

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6.2 VOLUMES USING CYLINDRICAL SHELLS

1. For the sketch given, a  0, b  2;

2. For the sketch given, a  0, b  2;

3. For the sketch given, c  0, d  2;

4. For the sketch given, c  0, d  3;

5. For the sketch given, a  0, b  3;

6. For the sketch given, a  0, b  3;

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 3  x1/2 dx  3  23 x3/2   2  43/2  1

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 32  13  14   3212  83

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Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

29. (a) About x-axis: V   2

(b) About x-axis: R( x)  x and r ( x)  x 2  V   

About y -axis: R( y )  y and r ( y )  y  V   

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Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright  2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

   dx      x1/2  x  dx  2  23 x3/2  x2 1/4

40. (a) Disk: V  V1  V2  V3

R3 ( y )  ( y )1/4 and c3  1, d3  0  three integrals are required

R2 ( y )  1, r2 ( y )  ( y )1/4 , c2  1 and d 2  0  two integrals are required