MODULE 2: A World of Ideas: Cultures of Globalization

UNIT 2
Lesson 6: The Globalization of Religion

Source: Google Images

This second unit focuses on how the globalization structures discussed in Unit
1 affects various forms of cultural life. “Culture” is used here in the broadest
possible sense, referring to the daily practices of people. Thus, this unit
focused on a “large” form of globalization in the realms of religion, culture and
city life.
 ACTIVITY
What Religion Are You in?

Instructions: Answer the following questions briefly on the box provided.

1. State your religion.

1.1. Describe The religious concept of good.

 ANALYSIS
Instructions: Analyze the following concepts and kindly write your answer on the box
provided below.
❖ Each answer will be graded using the rubrics below.
Content Relevance Organization Delivery Total
(4pts) (2pts) (2pts) (2pts) (10pts)
 ABSTRACTION
Religion
According to Abenales, and Lisandro (2018) religion is concerned with the sacred,
while globalism places value on material wealth. Religion follows divine
commandments, while globalism abides by human- made laws. Religion assumes
that there is “the possibility of communication between humans and the
transcendent. Furthermore, “God,”” Allah, “or “Yahweh” defines and judges human
action in moral terms (good vs. bad). Religious people are less concerned with
wealth and all that come along with it.
Aspiration of Religious and the Globalist
The religious aspires to become a saint; the globalist trains to be shrewd
businessperson. The religious detest politics and the quest for power for they are
evidence of humanity‟s weakness; the globalist values them as both means and
ends to open up further the economics of the world. The religious is concerned with
spreading holy ideas globally while the globalist wishes to spread goods and
services.
Realities
Azra (2009) views that in most of the world, there are veritable explosions of religious
fervor, occurring in one form of another in all the major religious traditions –
Christianity, Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and even Confucianism. In other
cases, religion was the result of a shift in state policy. The Church of England, for
example, was “shaped by the rationality of modern democratic culture. In United
States, religion and law were fused together to help build this “modern secular
society.”
Religion for and against Globalization
Two of the so-called “öld world religions”- Christianity and Islam see globalization
less as an obstacle and more as an opportunity to expand their reach all over the
world. Globalization has freed communities from the constraints of the nation-state
but in the process, also threatened to destroy the cultural system that bind them
together. Religion seeks to take the place of these broken “traditional ties “to either
help communities cope with their situation or organize them to oppose this major
transformation of their lives.
Conflict
Muslims view “globalization” as a Trojan horse hiding supporters of Western values
like secularism, some liberalism, or even communism ready to spread these ideas in
their areas to eventually displace Islam. The World Council of Churches – an
association of different Protestant congregations has criticized economic
globalization‟s negative effects. It vowed that “we as churches make ourselves
accountable to the victims of the project of economic globalization,” by becoming the
latter‟s advocates inside and out “the centers of power (Abenales, and
Lisandro,2018).
 Impacts of Globalization on Religion
Lehman (2017) points out that Religion and globalization have always shared a
relation of struggle and conflict. Globalization has generally been linked with
economic and political interdependence which ultimately has brought people closer
and effect of no event is isolated but is felt in far-off places too.
Globalization stands for increased and daily contact while religions are becoming
more self-conscious for themselves as being the world religions. The basic tenets of
globalization stand against religious parochialism. By diminishing the barriers
between different cultures, globalization lands religion in a quagmire of conflicts
which reinforce social identities as some do not accept the new realities and turn to
religion to rediscover their own identity.

Source: Google Images

 APPLICATION
INSTRUCTIONS: Based on your understanding of the lessons, discuss the following
and cite some piece evidence that may support your statements. Kindly write your
answers on the box provided below.
❖ Each answer will be graded using the rubrics below.
Content Relevance Organization Delivery Total
(4pts) (2pts) (2pts) (2pts) (10pts)
 REFLECTION
INSTRUCTIONS: Write your reflection on how the major religions are affected by the
globalization due to the increase of the global market and communication.
❖ Your reflection will be graded using the rubrics below.
Content Relevance Organization Delivery TOTAL
(20pts) (10pts) (10pts) (10pts) (50pts)
 REFERENCES
Abenales, Patricio and Claudio, Lisandro E. “The Contemporary Word.”C&E Publishing
House, Quezon City, Philippines. 2018
Azra, Azyumardi and Afrianty, Dina. “Pesantren and Madrasa: The Culture and Politics of
Modern Islam” (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2009), 16.
Jose, Casanova. “Rethinking Secularization: A Global Comparative Perspective, “in Religion,
Globalization, and Culture, eds. 2016.
Lehman, David A. “Religion and Globalization “accessed December 8, 2019 (London: SAGE
Publications Ltd. 2017
Marshall, Katherine. “Religion and Global Development: Intersecting Paths,” in Religious
Pluralism, Globalization and World Politics, eds. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 20018).
 MODULE 2: A World of Ideas: Cultures of Globalization

UNIT 2
Lesson 7: Media and Globalization

Source: Google Images

This second unit focuses on different media that have diverse effects on
globalization process. At one point, it shows more likely that social media will
splinter cultures and ideas into bubbles of people who do not interact. Thus,
societies can never be completely prepared for the rapid changes in the
systems of communication.
 ACTIVITY
Asian Music and Globalization

Instructions: Answer the following questions briefly. Write your answers on the box
provided below.

1. Think of an Asian musical artist or group that became internationally famous ex.
Psy, F4, Black Pink, Boy band and etc. Then, answer the following questions:

1.1. Why do you think such musical artists became popular?

1.2. In which country did the artist become popular and how did they
reach popularity almost around the world?
 ANALYSIS
Instructions: Analyze the following concepts and write your answers on the box
provided.
❖ Each answer will be graded using the rubrics below.
Content Relevance Organization Delivery Total
(4pts) (2pts) (2pts) (2pts) (10pts)
 ABSTRACTION
Media and Its Functions
Lule (2014) describes media as “a means of conveying something, such as a
channel of communication.” Technically speaking, a person‟s voice is a medium.
Media theorist, Marshall McLuhan once declared that “the medium is the message.”
Print media – Include books, magazines, and newspapers.
Broadcast media – Involve radio, film, and television.
Digital media – Cover the internet and mobile mass communication (e-mail, internet
sites, social media and internet based-video and audio).
The Global Village and Cultural Imperialism
McLuhan (2015) used his analysis of technology to examine the impact of electronic
media. Mc Luhan declared that the television was turning the world into a “global
village.” It means that, as more and more people sat down in front of their television
sets and listened to the same stories, their perception of the world would contract.
Similarly, for John Tomlinson, cultural globalization is simply a euphemism for
“Western cultural imperialism “since it promotes “homogenized, Westernized,
consumer culture.”
Critiques of Cultural Imperialism
Proponents of the idea of cultural imperialism ignored the fact that media messages
are not just made by the producers; they are also consumed by audiences. Apart
from the challenge of audience studies, the cultural imperialism thesis has been
belied by the renewed strength of regional trends in the globalization process. Asian
culture, for example, has proliferated worldwide thorough the globalization of media.
Japanese brands – from Hello Kitty to the Mario Brothers to Pokemon – are now an
indelible part of global popular culture.
Social Media and the Creation of Cyber Ghettoes
Tomlinson (2003) claimed that apart from the nature of diverse audiences and
regional trends in cultural production, the internet and social media are proving that
the globalization of culture and ideas can move in different directions. While Western
culture remains powerful and media production is still controlled by a handful of
powerful Western corporations, the internet, particularly the social media, is
challenging previous ideas about media and globalization
Social Media
Social media have both beneficial and negative effects. On the one hand, these
forms of communication have democratized access. Anyone with an internet
connection r smart phone can use Facebook and Twitter for free. However, Social
media have their dark side. In the early 2000s commentator began referring to the
emergence of a “splinternet” and the phenomenon of “cyber balkanization” to refer to
the various bubbles of people place themselves in when they are online. The nature
of social media feeds, which leads users to read articles, memes, and videos shared
by liked-minded friends.
 APPLICATION
INSTRUCTIONS: Discuss the following questions based on your understanding of
the lessons. cite some evidences that may
support your statements.
Compare and contrast the social impacts of
television and social media

Do you think globalization leads to cultural

imperialism?
Prove you claim.

What strategies can you use to distinguish

between fake and factual information on the
internet?

All photos adopted from Google Images

 REFLECTION
INSTRUCTIONS: As a student, how do you benefit from the social media in relation
to your study?
❖ Your reflection will be graded using the rubrics below.
Content Relevance Organization Delivery TOTAL
(20pts) (10pts) (10pts) (10pts) (50pts)

Source: Google Images

 REFERENCES
Abenales, Patricio and Claudio, Lisandro E. “The Contemporary Word.”C&E Publishing
House, Quezon City, Philippines. 2018
Lule, Jack F. “Globalization and Media: Creating the Global Village, “in The Sage handbook
of Globalization, eds Manfred B. Steger, Paul Battersby, and Joseph M. Siracusa (Thousand
Oaks: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2014), 363.
Tomlinson, John K. “Globalization and Cultural Identitiy,”in The Global Transformations
Reader, 2nd Edition, eds.David Held and Andrew McGrew(Cambridge UK: Polity, 2003), 269.
Elihu Katz, Mc Luhan and Tamara Liebes. “Interacting with „‟Dallas”: Cross Cultural
Readings of American TV,” Canadian Journal of Communication 15, no. 1 (1990), 57.
Bloolquist, Karen L. ed. Communion, Responsibilty, Accountability: Responding as a
Lutheran Communion to neoliberal Globalization (Switzerland: The Luthern World
Foundation, 2018).
Schiller, Herbert I. Communication and Cultural Domination (White Plains, N.Y: International
Arts and Sciences Press, 2018.
 MODULE 2: A World of Ideas: Cultures of Globalization

UNIT 2
Lesson 8: The Global City

Source: Google Images

If you had a chance, would you move to New York? Tokyo? How about Sydney?
Chances are many of you would like to move to these major cities. You may
have relatives living there who have described buzzing metropolises, with
forest of skyscrapers and train lines that zigzag on top of each other. Not all
people have been to global cities, but most know about them. This lesson
studies globalization through the living environment of a rapidly increasing
number of people.
 ACTIVITY
A DREAM CITY

Source: Google Images

Instructions: Answer the following question briefly. Write your answers on the box
provided below
 ANALYSIS
Instructions: Analyze the following concepts and write your answers on the box
provided.
❖ Each answer will be graded using the rubrics below.
Content Relevance Organization Delivery Total
(4pts) (2pts) (2pts) (2pts) (10pts)
 ABSTRACTION
Globalization is Spatial
Abenales, and Lisandro (2018) explains that globalization is spatial because it
occurs in physical spaces. You can see it when foreign investments and capital
move through a city, and when companies build skyscrapers.
Globalization is spatial because what makes it move is the fact that it is based in
place. Los Angeles, the home of Hollywood, is where movies are made for global
consumption. The main headquarters of Sony is in Tokyo, and from there, the
company coordinates the sale of its various electronics goods and branches across
the world. In other words, cities act on globalization and globalization acts on cities.
Global City
Sociologist, Saskia Sassen (1991) popularized the term “global city” in the 1990s.
her criteria for what constitutes a global city were primarily economic. In her work,
she initially identified three global cities: New York, London, and Tokyo, all of which
are hubs of global finance and capitalism.
Indicators for Globality: Multiple Attributes of the Global City
❖ Economic Power largely determines which cities are global. New York for
example, may have the largest stock market in the world and Tokyo houses
the most number of corporate headquarters while Shanghai plays a critical
role in the global economic supply chain ever since China has become the
manufacturing center of the world.
❖ Economic Opportunities in a global city make it attractive to talents from
across the world. Since the 1970s, many of the top IT programmers and
engineers from Asia have moved to the San Francisco Bay Area to become
some of the keys figures in Silicon Valley‟s technology boom. London remains
a preferred destination for many Filipinos with nursing degrees. “Tiny”
Singapore is considered Asia‟s most competitive city because of its strong
market, efficient and incorruptible government, and livability.
❖ Centers of Authority – Washington D.C may not be as wealthy as New York,
but it is the seat of American state power. People around the world know its
major landmarks: The White House, the Capitol Building, the Supreme Court,
the Lincoln Memorial, and the Washington Monument. Centers of Higher
Learning and Culture – A city‟s intellectual influence is seen through the
influence of its publishing industry.

The Challenges of Global Cities

Global cities can be sites of great inequality and poverty as well as tremendous
violence. Urban areas consume most of the world‟s energy. Cities, especially those
with global influence, are obvious targets for terrorists due to their high populations
and their role as symbols of globalization that many terrorists despise.
 The Global City and the Poor
Economic globalization has paved way for massive inequality. In outskirts of New
York and San Francisco are poor urban enclaves occupied by African-Americans
and immigrant families who are often denied opportunities at a better life. Slowly,
they are being forced to move farther away from the economic centers of their cities.
This phenomenon of driving out the poor in favor of newer, wealthier residents is
called gentrification (Saskia Sassen,1991).
 APPLICATION
INSTRUCTIONS: Discuss the following questions based on your understanding of
the lessons. cite some evidences that may support your statements.
❖ Each answer will be graded using the rubrics below.
Content Relevance Organization Delivery Total
(4pts) (2pts) (2pts) (2pts) (10pts)

1. As a GE 113 student what do you think the qualities that a certain city should have in
order to be considered as a global city?

2. How does economic power control and secure a global city?

3. Having been living in a 21st century world, do you think there is a lot of inequality in
global city? Why?
All photos adopted from Google Images
 REFLECTION
INSTRUCTIONS: Write your reflection on what your country should have to
becoming a global city and what kind of leader that we need in the future to progress
the economic development of the nation.
❖ Your reflection will be graded using the rubrics below.
Content Relevance Organization Delivery TOTAL
(20pts) (10pts) (10pts) (10pts) (50pts)
 _
REFERENCES
Abenales, Patricio and Claudio, Lisandro E. “The Contemporary Word.”C&E Publishing
House, Quezon City, Philippines. 2018
Dodd, Tim J. “Hot Spots: Benchmarking Global City Competitiveness” (London: The Economist
Intelligent Units: Cambridge United Kingdom) 2018.
Florida, Richard. “Why Bigger Cities Are Greener, “City Lab, United States of
America, 2012.
Longworth, Richard C. “On Global Cities” (Chicago: The Chicago Council on Global
Affairs) New York City USA, 2015.
Saskia, Sassen, The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo (Princeton, New Jersey:
Princeton Printing Press, 2010)
 Rubrics for Evaluation

Criteria 5 4 3 2 1
Content - The Every detail Most of the Enough amount Very little idea No idea
was
presence of ideas, and area issues in the of knowledge and and information given
facts, knowledge, asked was questions were idea was was given in the whatsoever
examples, reasons covered. given light. gathered by the essay. about the
and etc. writer. question
being
asked.
Relevance - The Majority of the Most of the Only good Just a few The relevance of
quality or state of content given content given amount of content content connects the essay was
the answer being was accurate was aligned has relevance to with the none-existent.
close or to the with the the question or questions and
appropriate to the question and question and the lesson. also the lesson.
question. to the lesson. the lesson.
Organization - A All of these Dominantly the An average way Little or almost No organization
state of having a paragraphs essay was of writing and no consistency for the essay, no
clear and present the structured well relaying of the in the flow of the structure
consistent flow in idea of the and there were content in the essay, the topic whatsoever and
the essay, the writer. It was only little faults essay. swings back and no consistency.
conversation does logically and gaps in its forth, and it is
not wander and structured and consistency. hardly
stray out of the easy to understandable.
topic. understand.
Delivery - The The way the There were a The delivery was During some There was
mode on how the writer couple of dull enough to have time the essay nothing in the
essay was brought delivered his and dragging the reader finish starts to drag essay to look
about, how it idea kept the moments the entire essay. and skewer forward to, it
interested the reader during the further downhill starts as a
reader, how the interested and essay but all in as the reader dragging story
writer portrayed at the same all it was continuous to and does not
his/her ideas. time it was delivered read the essay. excel anymore.
creative. marvelously.
 Chapter Assessment
Instructions: encircle the letter of the correct answers to the blanks.
1. The great world religions emerged to answer the questions raised by the
of morality, mortality, and life.
a) Crises b) Globalization c) Sacred d) Religious e) globalist

2. has disrupted notions of singular identities, including

religious identity
a) Crises b) Globalization c) Sacred d) Religious e) globalist.

3. Ritual actions connect the individual and the community to the

a) Crises b) Globalization c) Sacred d) Religious e) globalist

4. is concerned with spreading holy ideas and it detests

politics.
a) Crises b) Globalization c) Sacred d) Religious e) globalist

5. are communication outlets or tools used to store and

deliver information or data
a) Media b) global village c) media scholars d) smart phone e) globalization

6. means that, as more and more people sat down in front of

their television sets and listened to the same stories, their perception of
the world would contract.
a) Media b) global village c) media scholars d) smart phone e) globalization

7. In the 1980, began to pay attention to the ways in which

audiences understood and interpreted media messages.
a) Media b) global village c) media scholars d) smart phone e) globalization

8. Today, allows users to keep in touch instantly with

multiple people at the same time.
b) Media b) global village c) media scholars d) smart phone e) globalization

9. relies on media as its conduits for the spread of global

culture and ideas.
c) Media b) global village c) media scholars d) smart phone e) globalization

10. is an urban center that enjoys significant competitive

advantages and that serves as a hub within a globalized economic
system.
a) Global city b) economic opportunities c) cultural power d) ecologists e)
urban areas
11. It attracts talents from across the world to move into the global city.
a) Global city b) economic opportunities c) cultural power d) ecologists e)
urban areas

12. It is the of global cities that ties people to the

imagination.

b) Global city b) economic opportunities c) cultural power d) ecologists e)

urban areas

13. have found that by concentrating their population in

smaller areas, cities and metros decrease human encroachment on
natural habitat.
c) Global city b) economic opportunities c) cultural power d) ecologists e)
urban areas
14. consume most of the world’s energy.
a) Global city b) economic opportunities c) cultural power d) ecologists e)
urban areas

***end of chapter***
 MODULE 3: Movement and Sustainability

UNIT 3
Lesson 9: Global Demography

Source: Google Images

One of the biggest dilemmas the human kind faces right now is the rapid
increase of population.
In this chapter, we will be introduced to the meaning of Demography and
the relevance of overpopulation that affects the economy of a country and its
advantages and disadvantages.
 ACTIVITY

Instructions: Study the graph below, analyze the line graph and answer the guide
questions on the next page.

Source: papp.iussp.org
 ANALYSIS

Instruction: Based on the activity above answer the following questions, each
question would at least contain 50 words. Use the rubrics below as a guide for this
essay.

Q Content Relevance Point of View Structure Grammar Total

(20%) (20%) (20%) (20%) (20%) 100%
1
2

1. How do you interpret the graph? List the significant details.

2. Base on the graph given, how does the birth rate and death rate affect the
population in the line graph? Elaborate.
 ABSTRACTION

Demography is the statistical study

of the size, structure, and distribution of
populations. However, it is the statistical
study of the size, structure, and distribution
of a population. This includes studying the
number of births and deaths a population
has as well as how that population
changes over time.
It is the statistical study of human
populations, especially with reference to slideshare.net

size and density, distribution (births,

marriages, deaths, etc.).

Contemporary demographic concerns include the ―population

explosion,‖ the interplay between population and economic development, the
effects of birth control, urban congestion, illegal immigration, and labour force
statistics. (britannica.com). It is also the branch of social sciences concerned with the
study of human populations, their structure and change (through births, deaths, and
migration), and their relationship with the natural environment and with social and
economic change.
Demographic indicators could include population size, population growth rate,
crude birth rate, crude death rate, total fertility rate, life expectancy and infant
mortality. As well, it would include estimated and projected gender and age
distributions according to medium, high, low and constant fertility variants. In short,
demographic changes affect all areas of human activity: economic, social, cultural
and political. (www.gnb.ca)

DEMOGRAHHIC TRANSITION
Demographic transition started in mid-or late 1700s in Europe. During those
time death rates and fertility begin to decline. High to low fertility happened 200
years in France and 100 years in the Unites States. In other parts of the world, the
transition began later. It was only in the twentieth century that mortality decline in
Africa and Asia with the exemption of Japan.
According to Maddison (2001), that life expectancy in India was only 24 years
in the early twentieth century while same life expectancy occurred in China in 1929
until 1931. Fertility decline in Asia did not begin until 1950s and so on. In the case of
Japan, it was until 1930s that total fertility rate did not drop below five births per
woman. This resulted in rapid population growth after the Second World War,
affecting the age structure of Asia and the developing world. (Aldama, 2018)
According to (Bloom and Canning, 2006) Global demographic trends and
patterns, the global population which stood at just over 2 billion in 1950, is 6.5 billion
today the world is currently gaining new inhabitants at a rate 76 million people a year
in 2050 the growth will be approximately 34 million a year and this is alarming.
 The demographic transition
theory was proposed by the American
demographer Frank W. Notestein in the
mid-twentieth century. Whereas, it is a
generalized description of the changing
pattern of mortality, fertility and growth
rates as societies move from one
demographic regime to another.

Source: paap.uissp.org

Source: paap.uissp.org

The Four (4) Stages to the Classical Demographic Transition Model

Stage 1: Pre-Transition
​ Characterized by high birth rates and high fluctuating death rate.

​ Population growth was kept by Malthusian ‗preventative‘ (late age

at marriage) and ‗positive‘ (famine, war, pestilence) checks.
Stage 2: Early transition

​ During the early stages at the transition the death rate begin to fall.

​ As birth rates remain high, the population starts to growth rapidly.

Stage 3: Late transition
​ Birth rate starts to decline.

​ The rate of population growth decelerates.

Stage 4: Post-transition
​ Post- transitional societies are characterized by low birth and low death rates.

​ Population growth is negligible or even enters a decline.

 THE OVERPOPULATION

British scholar Thomas

Malthus who warned in his 1798
“An Essay on the Principle of
Population’’ he warned that
population growth will exhaust
that will bring about the shortage
of food supply in the world by the
middle of the 19th century. But it
was revived in the late 19th
century. When American biologist
Paul R. Ehrlich and his wife, Anne, wrote the Population Bomb, that overpopulation
in the 1970s and 1980s will bring about global environmental disasters that would
lead to food shortage and mass starvation.

The rate global population increase was at its highest between 1955 and 1975
when nations were finally able to return to normalcy after the devastations wrought
by World War II. The growth rate rose from 1.8 percent per year from 1955 to 1975,
peaking at 2.06 per annual growth rate between 1965 and 1970.

Taking into account the fact that human beings appeared on Earth more than
four million years ago, what happened in our recent history for the number of
inhabitants on the planet to start multiplying exponentially? The tipping point was
generally accepted to be the Industrial Revolution, but there are many smaller
revolutions that contributed to population take-off which have brought the planet to its
current dangerous overpopulation: revolutions that are medical, technological,
agricultural, financial, transport and demographical in nature, among others. Fewer
than 800 million people populated the Earth in the mid-18th Century. Today, barely
250 years later, we are more than 7.7 billion and will continue growing until 2050 by
at least another 2 billion.

About 61 % of the global population live in Asia, the world's most populated
continent. China alone is home to 1.44 billion people and India to 1.39 billion,
accounting for 19 % and 18 % of the world's population respectively. Overpopulated
areas face many challenges, most of which stem from the impact of climate change
or human overexploitation of natural resources, but a recent study published by
Nature Communications points to rising sea levels as one of the greatest dangers.
According to this study, coastal areas currently inhabited by 300 million people are
set to experience annual flooding by 2050, unless measures are taken to hold back
the water — a figure three times higher than previous estimates.
Causes of overpopulation

1. Falling mortality rate, mainly due to medicine

2. Progress in food production
3. Migration and urban concentration
4. Early teenage pregnancy

sites.google.com

Effects of overpopulation

1. Exhaustion of natural resources

2. Environmental degradation
3. Rising unemployment
4. Technological advances
5. Depletion of resources caused
by human overpopulation
6. Degradation of the environment
7. Increase in infectious diseases resulting in pandemics and epidemics caused
by human overpopulation
8. Increase in famine, starvation and malnutrition caused by human
overpopulation (sustainability)

OTHER SOLUTIONS OF OVERPOPULATION

​ Government and personal actions to reduce human overpopulation

pressures

Overpopulation has two addressable aspects. One is managing the

availability of resources for a given number of people, the other is working out
how much resource is available and managing populations around this
'carrying capacity'. There are many examples of measures that have been
taken on both fronts. China's 'one-child' policy attempted to manage
population size - with mixed success.

​ Better education
One of the first measures that needs to be implemented on a global scale
is a shift in human awareness that resources are limited. This needs to
happen at the level of the individual and through governments via policy
development. Simply acknowledging that current activity is not sustainable is
the first step on the path to progress.
​ Family planning, sex education and efficient birth control

Raising awareness among people regarding family planning and letting

them know about the serious impact of population growth can help contribute to
curbing population growth. Safe sex techniques and contraceptives methods
should also be part of educational programs to help combat unwanted
pregnancies. Imparting sex education to children at an early (but appropriate) age
should be a must. Parents might feel shy in discussing such things with their kids
but the availability of 3rd party information or discussions with peers means that it
is always better to have constructive conversations in a controlled environment. It
is therefore important for parents and teachers to shed any existing inhibitions
and make their kids or students aware of the sex education basics.
 APPLICATION

Instructions: There will be a series of questions which we will be answering. Each

essay would at least contain 150 words, divided by 3 paragraphs, the first paragraph
is for the introduction of the topic at hand, then the second is for your general
statement and body about the topic and the third paragraph would be your own
conclusion about the subject matter. Use the rubrics below as a guide for this essay.

Q Content Relevance Point of Structure Grammar Total

(20%) (20%) View (20%) (20%) (20%) 100%
1
2

1. How can technology and interventions in development offset the pressures of

population growth?

2. Given a day to become a politician of this nation, suggest at least one idea on
how can you solve the problem of overpopulation here in the Philippines.
References

Aldama, P.K.R. (2018). The Contemporary World. Manila, Philippines: Rex book Store.
Claudio, L.E & Abinales, P.N. (2018) The Contemporary World. South, Quezon City:
C & E Publishing,Inc.

Demography/social science/ Britannica (n.d) retrieved from:

http://www.britannica.com/topic/demography

What is demography (November 7, 2019) retrieved from

http://www.suda.su.se/education/ what is demography

Sustainability for all (n.d) retrieved from:

https://www.activesustainability.com/sustainable-development/causes-
consequences-overpopulation/E

Frank W. Notestein ( n.d) retrieved from:

https://www.encylopedia.com/socialscience/encyclopedia-almanac-transcript-and-
maps

Chappelow, j. (September 29, 2019) demographics retrieved from

https://investopedia.com/terms/d/demographics.asp

Armageddonline (May 1, 2018) overpopulation. Retrieved from

https://armageddonline.org/population-clock-overpopulation/

Effects of overpopulation (2017) retrieved from: https://fote.org.ng/2017/02/4016

Cause of overpopulation (n.d) retrieved from:
https://sites.google.com/site/samewolf/hm/cause -of-overpopulation
 MODULE 3: Movement and Sustainability

UNIT 3
Lesson 10: Global Migration

Source: Google Images

In a modern world where things and information move fast, people from all
parts of the world moved from one places to another, people tend to move to
find and reach their dreams move to a better and safest place the world can
offer, but for many they move to seek for their safety in terms of social,
political and economic issues. Along the way, people suffer difficulties and
challenges. Thus, this lesson will cover all about Global Migration.
 ACTIVTY:
“Think and Write”

Source: Google Images

Instructions: Answer the following questions. Write your answers on the spaces
provided below.

1. Why are migrants mostly beneficial for receiving countries?

2. What are the benefits and detriments of economies dependent on

migrant remittances?

3. Why migrant integration a challenging issue for state?

4. How do migrants‘ prompt xenophobia and racism in receiving

countries?
 ANALYSIS:

​ In your own words, what do you understand when you here the word 'human
migration'?

​ List reasons for and theories on human migration.

​ Provide examples of human migration.

 ABSTRACTION:

Global migration entails the globalization of people. And like the broader
globalization process, it is uneven. Some migrants experience their movement as a
liberating process. A highly educated professional may find moving to another
country financially rewarding. At the other end, a victim of sex trafficking may view
the process of migration as dislocating
and disempowering.
Like globalization, moreover,
migration produces different and often
contradictory responses. On the one
hand, many richer states know that
migrant labour will be beneficial for their
economies. With their aging populations,
Japan and Germany will need workers
from demographically young countries like the Philippines. Similarly, as working
populations in countries like the United States move to more skilled careers, their
local workers are beginning to reject. And yet, despite these benefits, developed
countries continue to excessive limit and restrict migrant‘s labour.

What is Migration?
There are two types of migration: Internal migration, which refers to people
moving one area to another within one country; and International Migration in
which people cross borders of one country to another.

The latter can be further broken down into five groups. First, are those who
move permanently to another country (immigrants). Second, refers to workers who
stay in another country for fixed period (at least 6 months in a year). Third, comprise
the illegal migrants. Fourth, are migrants whose families have ―petitioned‖ them to
the destination country. Fifth are group of refugees (also known as asylum seekers)
i.e those ―unable or unwilling to return because of a well-founded fear or
persecution on account on race, religion, and nationality membership in particular
social group or political opinion.

Demographers estimate that 4 million people are currently living outside the
countries of their birth. 90% of them moved for economic reasons while the
remaining 10% were refugees and asylum seekers.
The top three regions of origin are Latin America (18% of global total),
followed by Eastern Europe and Central Asia (16%), and Middle East and North
Africa (14%). On a per country basis, India, Mexico, and China are leading with the
Philippines, together with Afghanistan, only ranking 6th in the world. The top 10
country destinations of these migrants are mainly in the West and the Middle East
with the United States topping the list.
 Fifty percent (50%) of global migrants have moved from the developing
countries to the developed zones of the world and contribute anywhere from 40% to
80% of their labor force. Their growth has outstripped the population growth in the
developed countries (3% versus only 0.6%) such that today, according to the think-
tank McKinsey Global Institute, ―first generation immigrants constitute 13% of
the population in Western Europe, 15% in North America and 48% in the GCC
countries.
The migrant influx has led to a debate in destination countries over the issue
of whether migrants are assets or liabilities to national development. Anti-immigrants
groups and nationalists argue that governments must control legal immigration and
put a stop to illegal entry of foreigners. Many of these anti-immigrant groups are
gaining influence through political leaders who share their beliefs.
Examples include US President Donald Trump and UK Prime Minister
Theresa May, who have been reversing the existing pro-immigration and refugee-
sympathetic policies of their states.
Most recently, Trump attempted to ban travel into the United States of people
from majority – Muslim countries, even those with proper documentation. He also
continues to speak about his election promise of building a wall between the United
States and Mexico.
The wisdom of these government actions has been consistently belied by the
data. A 2011 Harvard Business School survey on the impact of immigration
concluded that the likelihood and magnitude of adverse labour market effects for
native from immigration are substantially weaker often perceived.

HISTORY OF MIGRATION
Migrations from 3000 BC

In historic times, since about 3000 BC,

various clearly identifiable groups of people
have moved from area to area of the globe.
In doing so, they have profoundly influenced
the human story. There are several different
senses in which such people can be
identified as groups, but few involve racial
distinctions.
Source: Google Images

In prehistory the movement of a group is usually evident through traces of a

shared language, which the migrants bring to a new place. The spread of a cultural
influence, such as styles of pottery or religious practices, will show that there was a
close link between regions but will not necessarily prove permanent migration.

Sometimes large numbers of people arrive so suddenly, and with such hostile
intent, that they are unmistakably recognizable as a group. They usually have a
close tribal link with each other, and their names are likely to be remembered with
distaste - the Huns, for example, or the Vandals.
 On other occasions identifiable groups are moved in large numbers against
their will. The transfer of Africans to America in the slave trade is the most notable
example, and here race comes closest to being a defining factor. But groups of
voluntary immigrants to America - the Irish, for example - remain almost as
identifiable in later generations and have a similar influence on the patterns of
history.

There are therefore infinitely variable facets to the movement of peoples.

Colonial ambitions take the Spaniards to America, where they exploit the Indian
population but also interbreed with them. The same impulse takes the British to
America and Australia, where they persecute the original inhabitants but themselves
remain separate and exclusive. Persecution causes the Jews to move again and
again during the centuries, but their own exclusiveness enables them to survive as a
group.

The story of the movement of peoples given here does not attempt to keep
separate these many different strands. It merely records the fascinating sequence of
who has moved where and when and why.

Benefits and Detriments for the Sending Countries

Even if 90% of the value generated by migrants‘ workers remains in their host
countries, they have sent billions back to their home countries. In 2014, India held
the highest recorded remittances ($70 billion) followed by China ($62 billion), the
Philippines ($28 billion) and Mexico ($25 billion). These remittances make significant
contributions to the development of small and medium term industries that help
generate obs.
Remittances likewise change the economic and social standing of migrants as
shown by new and renovated homes and their relative‘s access to new consumer
goods. The purchasing power of migrants‘ family doubles and makes it possible for
children to start or continue their schooling.
Yet, there remain serious concerns about the economic sustainability of those
reliant on migrant monies. The Asian Development Bank (ADB) observes that in
countries like the Philippines, remittances ―do not have significant influence or other
key items of consumption or investment such as spending on education and health
care.
Remittances, therefore, may help in lifting ―households out of poverty, but not
in rebalancing growth especially in the long run‖
More importantly, global migration is ―siphoning qualified personnel and removing
dynamic young workers.
 Advantages and disadvantages of migration
Migration can bring advantages and disadvantages to the country which is losing
people and also to the host country.

Country losing people

Advantages Disadvantages

People of working age move out reducing the

Money sent home by migrants
size of the country's potential workforce

Gender imbalances are caused as it is typically

Decreases pressure on jobs and
men who seek to find employment elsewhere.
resources
Women and children are left

Migrants may return with new skills 'Brain drain' if many skilled workers leave

Host country

Advantages Disadvantages

Increasing cost of services such as health care

A richer and more diverse culture
and education

Helps to reduce any labour shortages Overcrowding

Migrants are more prepared to take on Disagreements between different religions

low paid, low skilled jobs and cultures

In addition, there are a number of obstacles that the migrant may need to overcome,
including:

● unemployment in new country

● racism and cultural differences
● language barriers
● lack of opportunities
 The wisdom of these government actions has been consistently belied by the
data. A 2011 Harvard Business School survey on the impact of immigration are
substantially weaker than often perceived. The fiscal impact of immigration on social
welfare was noted to be ―very small‖. Furthermore, the 2013 report on government
welfare spending by Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD) clearly shows that native-born citizen still receive higher support compared to
immigrants.
 APPLICATION:
INSTRUCTIONS: Discuss the following questions based
from the above lessons. Cite some evidences that may
support your statements. Kindly write your answers on the
box provided below.

Q Content Relevance Point of Structure Grammar Total

(20%) (20%) View (20%) (20%) 100%
(20%)
1
2
3
4

1. How does migration affect the economic well-being of a state like the
Philippines?

2. Identify the various issues in regards to migration.

3. Discuss the contributions of migration in a globalized country.

4. Is migration part or effects of globalization? Why do you say so?

 REFLECTION:
Are you in in favour or against the idea of migration? State
your reasons.

RUBRICS FOR EVALUATION

Content Relevance Point Structure Grammar TOTAL

(20%) (20%) of View (20%) (20%) (100%)
(20%)
 MODULE 3: Movement and Sustainability

UNIT 3
Lesson 11: The Problems of Human Trafficking

Source: Google Images

Human trafficking is the second largest and fastest growing criminal industry in
the world with as many as 27 million individuals living in slavery- like
conditions. This lesson will cover its elements, types, criminalization and the
problem itself.
 ACTIVITY:

“Defend Me”
Instructions: List at least 5 possible causes of Human Trafficking. Defend your
claims.

1.

2.
_

3.

4.
_

5.

ANALYSIS:

Instructions: In not less than 100 words, describe the relationship between human
trafficking and exploitation

_
 ABSTRACTION:

Human Trafficking
Trafficking in persons is a
serious crime and a grave violation of
human rights. Every year, thousands
of men, women and children fall into
the hands of traffickers, in their own
country and even abroad. Almost
every country in the world is affected
by trafficking, whether as a country of
origin, transit or destination for victims.
UNODC, as guardian of the United
Nations Convention against
Transnational Organized Crime
(UNTOC) and the Protocols thereto, assists States in their efforts to implement the
Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons (Trafficking in
Persons Protocol).

Elements of human trafficking

On the basis of the definition given in the Trafficking in Persons Protocol, it is
evident that trafficking in persons has three constituent elements;

⮚ The Act (What is done)

- Recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons

⮚ The Means (How it is done)

- Threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power
or vulnerability, or giving payments or benefits to a person in control of the
victim

⮚ The Purpose (Why it is done)

- For the purpose of exploitation, which includes exploiting the prostitution of
others, sexual exploitation, forced labour, slavery or similar practices and the
removal of organs

To ascertain whether a particular circumstance constitutes trafficking in persons,

consider the definition of trafficking in the Trafficking in Persons Protocol and the
constituent elements of the offense, as defined by relevant domestic legislation.
Criminalization of human trafficking
The definition contained in article 3 of the Trafficking in Persons Protocol is
meant to provide consistency and consensus around the world on the phenomenon
of trafficking in persons. Article 5 therefore requires that the conduct set out in article
3 be criminalized in domestic legislation. Domestic legislation does not need to follow
the language of the Trafficking in Persons Protocol precisely, but should be adapted
in accordance with domestic legal systems to give effect to the concepts contained in
the Protocol. In addition to the criminalization of trafficking, the Trafficking in Persons
Protocol requires criminalization also of:

​ Attempts to commit a trafficking offence

​ Participation as an accomplice in such an offence
​ Organizing or directing others to commit trafficking.

National legislation should adopt the broad definition of trafficking prescribed

in the Protocol. The legislative definition should be dynamic and flexible so as to
empower the legislative framework to respond effectively to trafficking which:

​ Occurs both across borders and within a country (not just cross-border)
​ Is for a range of exploitative purposes (not just sexual exploitation)
​ Victimizes children, women and men (Not just women, or adults, but also men
and children)
​ Takes place with or without the involvement of organized crime groups.

Types of Human Trafficking

Human trafficking is not the same as human smuggling.
Human smuggling is consensual, whereas trafficking is done against a person‘s
will (Rothman, 2017). There are three common types of human trafficking:

● The sex trade - is a crime when women, men and/or children are
forcefully involved in commercial sex acts.
In the United States, any minor under the age of 18 engaged in
commercial sex acts is automatically considered a victim of sex
trafficking under the law. Worldwide, it's estimated that there are 4.5
million victims of sex trafficking.

● Forced labour - can be understood as work that is

performed involuntarily and under the menace of any penalty. It refers
to situations in which persons are coerced to work through the use of
violence or intimidation or by more subtle means such as manipulated
debt, retention of identity papers or threats of denunciation to
immigration authorities.

● Domestic servitude - is the seemingly normal practice of live-in help

that is used as cover for the exploitation and control of someone,
usually from another country. It is a form of forced labor, but it also
warrants its own category of slavery because of the unique contexts
and challenges it presents.
Human Trafficking: The Problem

Human trafficking happens in almost every country around the world,

including the United States. Traffickers represent every social, ethnic, and racial
group. Various organizational types exist in trafficking, including large nationwide
gangs and criminal organizations, local street and motorcycle gangs, and individuals
with no affiliation with any one group or organization. Traffickers are not only men;
women are also perpetrators.1 Increasingly, traffickers are using fear tactics to lure
children and youth into commercial sex acts and/or compelled labour. The base of
the issue is the traffickers‘ goal of exploiting and enslaving victims and the coercive
and deceptive practices they use to do so.

Traffickers may exploit youth for the purpose of commercial sex or forced labour:

​ Recruiting, enticing, harbouring, transporting, providing, obtaining, and/or

maintaining a minor for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation

​ Exploiting a minor through prostitution

​ Exploiting a minor through survival sex (exchanging sex/sexual acts for

money or something of value, such as shelter, food, or drugs)

​ Exploiting a minor through sex tourism

​ Exploiting a minor by having her or him perform in sexual venues (e.g., peep
shows, strip clubs)

​ Exploiting a minor through forced labor, including involuntary domestic

servitude (e.g., nanny, maid)

​ Exploiting a minor through bonded labor or debt bondage

​ Exploiting a minor through forced child labor (e.g., sweatshop workers,

janitors, restaurant workers, fishery workers, hotel and tourist industry
workers, beggars)
 Young people, especially those with risk factors, are vulnerable to human
trafficking. The Administration for Children and Families at the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services issued new guidance on child trafficking to child welfare
systems and runaway and homeless youth programs because of increased
vulnerability to trafficking for youth who have experienced prior abuse or who have
run away from home. These young people are often preyed on by traffickers and
lured with false promises of love, money, or simply a better life. Traffickers may also
use a variety of techniques to instill fear in victims and ensure that they remain under
their control:

​ Physically restricting victims or restricting their freedom of movement (e.g.,

keeping victims under lock and key or constant surveillance)

​ Using debt bondage (e.g., imposing financial obligations, convincing victims

they are honour-bound to satisfy debt)

​ Isolating victims from the public (e.g., limiting contact with outsiders, ensuring
that contact is monitored or superficial)

​ Isolating victims from their family members and members of their ethnic and
religious community

​ Confiscating victims‘ passports, visas, and identification documents

​ Using or threatening to use violence toward victims and their families

​ Threatening to shame victims by exposing their circumstances to their family

​ Telling victims that they will be imprisoned for crimes they were forced to
commit or deported for immigration violations if they contact authorities

​ Controlling victims‘ money (e.g., holding their money for ―safekeeping‖)

 APPLICATION:
INSTRUCTIONS: Discuss the following questions based
from the above lessons. Cite some evidences that may
support your statements. Kindly write your answers on the
box provided below.

Q Content Relevance Point of Structure Grammar Total

(20%) (20%) View (20%) (20%) (100%)
(20%)
1
2
3
4

1. What is human trafficking?

2. How human trafficking does violates human rights?

3. Discuss the elements of human trafficking?

4. What are the types of human trafficking?
 REFLECTION
How human trafficking does differs from human smuggling?

RUBRICS FOR EVALUATION

Content Relevance Point of Structure Grammar TOTAL
(20%) (20%) View (20%) (20%) (100%)
(20%)
 MODULE 3: Movement and Sustainability

UNIT 3
Lesson 12: Environmental Crisis and Sustainable Development

Source: Google Images

The total number of human population increases as the demand of resource

usage increases per person every decade. All natural energy efficiency gains
go towards accommodating every numbers of people. We are destroying the
world natural habitat in a unimaginable way just to provide food and things
that we use in all the ways possible. Are we all ready to face the kick back of
our mother Earth?
 ACTIVITY:

“Describe Me Challenge”
Instruction: Describe the picture below.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

All photos adopted from Google Images

 ANALYSIS
Instructions: Analyze the following concepts based from the activity
above. Write your answer on the box provided below.

Rubrics for Evaluation

Q Content Relevance Point of Structure Grammar Total

(20%) (20%) View (20%) (20%) (20%) (100%)
1
2
3
4

1. What is man-made pollution?

2. Do you believe that Overpopulation can contribute to environmental crisis?

Why?

3. Is climate change a man-made disaster? Why do you say so?

4. In what way do these environmental crises affect you?

 ABSTRACTION

World’s Leading Environmental Problems

The Conserve Energy Future website list the following environmental challenges that
the world faces today:
1. The depredation caused by industrial and transportation toxins and
plastic in the ground; the defiling of the sea, river and water beds by oil
spills and acid rain; the dumping of urban waste.
2. Changes in global weather patterns (flash floods, extreme snow storms
and the spread of desert) and the surge in the ocean and land
temperature leading to a rise in sea levels (as the polar cups melt
because of the weather). Plus the flooding of many low land areas
across the world.
3. Overpopulation
4. The exhaustion of the world‘s natural non-renewable resources from oil
reserves to minerals to potable water.
5. A waste disposal catastrophe due to the excessive amount of waste
(from plastic to food packages to electronic waste) unloaded by
communities in landfills as well as on the ocean; and the dumping of
nuclear waste.
6. The destruction of million-year-old ecosystem and the loss of
biodiversity (destruction of the coral reef and massive deforestation)
that have led to the extinction of particular species and the decline of
the number of others.
7. The reduction of oxygen and the increase in carbon dioxide in the
atmosphere because of deforestation, resulting in the rise in ocean
acidity as much as 150% in the last 250 years.
8. The depletion of the ozone layer protecting the planet from the sun‘s
deadly ultraviolet rays due to chlorofluorocarbons‘ (CFC) in the
atmosphere.
9. Deadly acid rains as a result of fossil fuel combustion, toxic chemical
from erupting volcanoes and the massive rotting vegetables filling up
garbage dumps or left on the street.
10. Water pollution arising from industrial and community waste residues
seeping into underground water tables, rivers and seas.
 11. Urban sprawls hat continue to expand as a city turns into a metropolis,
destroying farm lands, increasing traffic gridlock and making smog
cloud as a permanent urban fixture.
12. Pandemic and other threats in public health arising from waste mixing
with drinking water, polluted environment that become breeding
grounds for mosquitoes and dengue carrying rodents and pollution.
13. A radical alteration of food system because of ground modification in
food production.
Many of these problems are
caused by natural changes. Volcanic
eruptions release toxins in the
atmosphere and lower the world‘s
temperature. The US Geological
Survey measures the gas emission
from the active Kilauea volcano in
Hawaii and concluded ―that Kilauea
has been releasing more than twice
the amount of noxious sulfur dioxide
gas (SO2) as the single dirties power plant on the United States mainland. The 15
million tons of sulfur dioxide that were released when Mount Pinatubo erupted on
June 15, 2001 created a ―hazy layer of aerosol particles composed primarily of
sulfuric acid droplets‖ that brought down the average global temperature by 0.6
degrees Celsius for the next 15 months. Volcanologists at the University of Hawaii
added the Pinatubo had released 15 to 20 megaton of sulfur dioxide into the
stratosphere to offset the present global warning trends and severely impact the
ozone budget.

Man Made Pollution

Man-made pollutants can threaten human health and compromise the natural
ecosystem and environment. Man-made pollution is generally a byproduct of human
actions such as consumption, waste disposal, industrial production, transportation
and energy generation. Pollutants can enter the surrounding environment in various
ways, either through the atmosphere, water systems or soil, and can persist for
generations if left untreated.

Air Pollution
Air pollution occurs when harmful chemicals or particulate matter are
introduced into the atmosphere. Depending on the type and severity, air pollution can
damage human and animal health as well as the natural environment. Major
contributors to air pollution are transportation, industry and agriculture, which
respectively release large amounts of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide and methane (to
name a few) into the atmosphere. Furthermore, as air pollution changes the chemical
composition of the atmosphere it can lead to systemic changes in climate systems.
Water Pollution
Water pollution occurs as bodies of water (oceans, lakes, rivers, streams,
aquifers and atmospheric water) become contaminated by man-made waste
substances. Water contamination can have adverse effects on human health (for
instance, when drinking water sources are contaminated) and surrounding
ecosystems. Pollution of local water systems can occur through individual activities
(for example, disposing of consumer detergents down sewer drains), industry or
agricultural (such as the runoff of chemical fertilizers).

Waterborne Pollution
According to NASA, 70% of the Earth‘s surface is water, yet only 2.5% of it is
actually safe for humans and animals to drink. With so little of the global water supply
potable, an abundance of waterborne pollutants could be catastrophic. There are
several different types of pollutants that can enter a water source, and in a number of
different ways.
⮚ Sewage - Sewage is human and animal waste primarily made up of fecal
matter and other organic materials, as well as discarded inorganic waste.
Sewage can enter a water system in a variety of ways: from a gutter along
with rainwater, which is called urban runoff; from inadequate septic system or
septic leach lines; and from faulty public sewage facilities. Sewage can
generate a high concentration of pathogenic microorganisms including
harmful bacteria such as Escherichia coli, commonly referred to as E. coli.
Once sewage is introduced into a water system, it can quickly make its way
into lakes, rivers, aquifers and streams, and eventually into drinking water.
⮚ Fertilizers - Farmers and ranchers use fertilizers to enrich the soil with
nutrients plants need to grow. Many fertilizers can contain natural chemical
compounds such as phosphates and nitrates. When these chemicals infiltrate
a water system in vast quantities, they can upset the natural balance of these
elements, creating an environment ideal for an overpopulation of algae. The
aquatic system becomes polluted when these overabundant algae decrease
the oxygen and cloud the water. Fertilizers can enter a major waterway
through agriculture runoff by way of field canals.
⮚ Eutrophication - Eutrophication is pollution caused when soil sediments such
as silt and other organic matter such as dead plants, leaves and grasses
slowly enter a water system through erosion or natural forces. The organic
material builds up in ponds, lakes, rivers and streams. The matter gradually
fills the body of water until it can no longer sustain enough light and oxygen
for aquatic plants. The water also becomes inundated with high levels of
nutrients.
⮚ Once the aquatic system becomes eutrophic with nutrients, excessive
amounts of algae begin to grow, which also causes a decrease in oxygen.
Eutrophication can also clog water inlets and outlets, essentially cutting the
natural flow of fresh water and creating a stagnant bog or lifeless pool.
Soil Pollution
Soil pollution occurs as harmful man-made substances leach into the soil.
This can be caused by pesticide run-off, leakage of underground storage tanks,
dumping, and percolation of contaminated surface water to lower soil strata or the
presence of landfills. Soil contamination by man-made pollutants can have
devastating consequences to ecosystems as contaminants travel up the food chain
from plants to higher-order carnivores. Contamination of soil used for agriculture or in
proximity to a public drinking water source can have similarly dire consequences for
human health.
Radioactive Pollution
Radioactive pollution can result from the improper disposal of nuclear waste,
the accidental discharge of core material from a nuclear power plant or the
detonation of a nuclear explosive device. Depending on the type of nuclear material
present, radioactive contamination can last for decades, as each nuclear isotope has
its own half-life. Ionizing radiation is destructive to living tissue and can cause
chronic illnesses (particularly forms of cancer), mutation and, in large doses, death
immediately following exposure.

Climate Change and Global Warming

Climate Change is the defining issue
of our time and we are at a defining
moment. From shifting weather
patterns that threaten
food production, to rising sea
levels that increase the risk of
catastrophic flooding, the impacts
of climate change are global in scope
and unprecedented in scale.

Without drastic action today, adapting to these impacts in the future will be
more difficult and costly. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
was set up by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and United Nations
Environment to provide an objective source of scientific information. In 2013 the
IPCC provided more clarity about the role of human activities in climate change when
it released its Fifth Assessment Report. It is categorical in its conclusion: climate
change is real and human activities are the main cause.

Fifth Assessment Report

The report provides a comprehensive assessment of sea level rise, and its
causes, over the past few decades. It also estimates cumulative CO2 emissions
since pre-industrial times and provides a CO2 budget for future emissions to limit
warming to less than 2°C. About half of this maximum amount was already emitted
by 2011. The report found that:
​ From 1880 to 2012, the average global temperature increased by 0.85°C.
 ​ Oceans have warmed, the amounts of snow and ice have diminished and the
sea level has risen. From 1901 to 2010, the global average sea level rose by
19 cm as oceans expanded due to warming and ice melted. The sea ice
extent in the Arctic has shrunk in every successive decade since 1979, with
1.07 × 106 km² of ice loss per decade.

​ Given current concentrations and ongoing emissions of greenhouse gases, it

is likely that by the end of this century global mean temperature will continue
to rise above the pre-industrial level. The world‘s oceans will warm and ice
melt will continue. Average sea level rise is predicted to be 24–30 cm by 2065
and 40–63 cm by 2100 relative to the reference period of 1986–2005. Most
aspects of climate change will persist for many centuries, even if emissions
are stopped.
There is alarming evidence that important tipping points, leading to irreversible
changes in major ecosystems and the planetary climate system, may already have
been reached or passed. Ecosystems as diverse as the Amazon rainforest and the
Arctic tundra, may be approaching thresholds of dramatic change through warming
and drying. Mountain glaciers are in alarming retreat and the downstream effects of
reduced water supply in the driest months will have repercussions that transcend
generations.

Global Warming of 1.5°C

In October 2018 the IPCC issued a
special report on the impacts of global
warming of 1.5°C, finding that limiting
global warming to 1.5°C would require
rapid, far-reaching and unprecedented
changes in all aspects of society. With
clear benefits to people and natural
ecosystems, the report found that limiting
global warming to 1.5°C compared to 2°C
could go hand in hand with ensuring a more sustainable and equitable society. While
previous estimates focused on estimating the damage if average temperatures were
to rise by 2°C, this report shows that many of the adverse impacts of climate change
will come at the 1.5°C mark.
The report also highlights a number of climate change impacts that could be
avoided by limiting global warming to 1.5ºC compared to 2ºC, or more. For instance,
by 2100, global sea level rise would be 10 cm lower with global warming of 1.5°C
compared with 2°C. The likelihood of an Arctic Ocean free of sea ice in summer
would be once per century with global warming of 1.5°C, compared with at least
once per decade with 2°C. Coral reefs would decline by 70-90 percent with global
warming of 1.5°C, whereas virtually all (> 99 percent) would be lost with 2ºC.
The report finds that limiting global warming to 1.5°C would require ―rapid and far-
reaching‖ transitions in land, energy, industry, buildings, transport, and cities. Global
net human-caused emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) would need to fall by about 45
percent from 2010 levels by 2030, reaching ‗net zero‘ around 2050. This means that
any remaining emissions would need to be balanced by removing CO2 from the air.
Calls for Global Action-United Nations legal instruments
​ United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

The UN family is at the forefront of the effort to

save our planet. In 1992, its ―Earth
Summit‖ produced the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as a
first step in addressing the climate change
problem. Today, it has near-universal membership.
The 197 countries that have ratified the
Convention are Parties to the Convention. The ultimate aim of the Convention is to
prevent ―dangerous‖ human interference with the climate system.

​ Kyoto Protocol

By 1995, countries launched negotiations to

strengthen the global response to climate change,
and, two years later, adopted the Kyoto Protocol.
The Kyoto Protocol legally binds developed
country Parties to emission reduction targets. The
Protocol‘s first commitment period started in 2008
and ended in 2012. The second
January 2013 and will end in 2020. There are now 197 Parties to the Convention and
192 Parties to the Kyoto Protocol.

​ Paris Agreement

At the 21st Conference of the

Parties in Paris in 2015, Parties to the
UNFCCC reached a landmark
agreement to combat climate change
and to accelerate and intensify the
actions and investments needed for a
sustainable low carbon future. The
Paris Agreement builds upon the
Convention and – for the first time – brings all nations into a common cause to
undertake ambitious efforts to combat climate change and adapt to its effects, with
enhanced support to assist developing countries to do so. As such, it charts a new
course in the global climate effort.
The Paris Agreement‘s central aim is to strengthen the global response to the
threat of climate change by keeping the global temperature rise this century well
below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the
temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius.
On Earth Day, 22 April 2016, 175 world leaders signed the Paris Agreement at
United Nations Headquarters in New York. This was by far the largest number of
countries ever to sign an international agreement on a single day. There are now 186
countries that have ratified the Paris Agreement.
 ​ 2019 Climate Action Summit

On 23 September 2019, Secretary-General

António Guterres convened a Climate Summit to bring
world leaders of governments, the private sector and civil
society together to support the multilateral process and
to increase and accelerate climate action and ambition.
He named Luis Alfonso de Alba, a former Mexican
diplomat, as his Special Envoy to lead preparations. The
Summit focused on key sectors where action can make
the most difference—heavy industry, nature-based
solutions, cities, energy, resilience, and climate finance.
World leaders reported on what they are doing and what Source: Google Images
more they intend to do when they convene in 2020 for the UN climate conference,
where commitments will be renewed and may be increased. In closing the Climate
Action Summit, the Secretary-General said ―You have delivered a boost in
momentum, cooperation and ambition. But we have a long way to go.‖
―We need more concrete plans, more ambition from more countries and
more businesses. We need all financial institutions, public and private, to choose,
once and for all, the green economy.‖
 APPLICATION
INSTRUCTIONS: Discuss the following questions based from
the above lessons. Cite some evidences that may support your
statements. Kindly write your answers on the box provided
below.

Q Content Relevance Point of View Structure Grammar Total

(20%) (20%) (20%) (20%) (20%) (100%)
1
2
3
4

1. Discuss the origin and manifestations of global environment crises in your own
words.

2. Identify the different kinds of global environmental crises.

3. Have you encountered these environmental crises in your day to day lives? Cite
examples.

4. Are these governmental programs of the world today are enough to address the
problems of the environmental? Yes or No? State your reasons.
 REFLECTION:
As a citizen of the Republic of the Philippines, which is also one of
the developing countries, do you in favour of industrialization and
modernization know the fact that it can contribute to the
environmental problems we have today? State your reasons.

RUBRICS FOR EVALUATION

Content Relevance Point of Structure Grammar TOTAL

(20%) (20%) View (20%) (20%) (100%)
(20%)
 Chapter Assessment:
Instructions: Answer the questions intelligently and thoroughly. Don‘t forget to state
your reasons.

1. How overpopulation does affect the economy of a country and the world?

2. In the next 100 years, do you think our planet Earth can still provide
food, shelter and necessities for everyone if overpopulation still exists?
3. Why do Filipinos prefer to work and live abroad?

4. Why does human trafficking still one of the unresolved problems of the
world?

5. What is the important of resolving climate change and global warming?

***end of chapter***
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 KEY TERMS

​ Bretton Woods System ​ Immigrant

​ Commoners ​ International Monetary Fund

​ Cultural imperialism ​ International Relations

​ Cyber Ghettoes ​ Interstate System

​ Domestic Servitude

​ Ethnoscape

​ Fiat currencies

​ Galleon Trade

​ General Assembly

​ Global City

​ Global Demography

​ Global Governance

​ Global Keynesianism

​ Global Village

​ Globalism

​ Globality

​ Globalization

​ Gold standard

​ Gross Domestic Product

​ Human Smuggling

​ Human Trafficking

​ Hyperglobalists
❖ Mediascape ❖ Sovereignty
❖ Migrant Influx ❖ Splinternet
❖ Oil Embargo ❖ Stagflation
❖ Population Explosion ❖ Technoscape
❖ Proletariat ❖ Technoscape
❖ Refugees ❖ The World Council of Churches
❖ Regionalism ❖ Trojan horse
❖ Secretariat ❖ Trolls
❖ Silk Road ❖ United Nations
❖ Social Media ❖ Washington Consensus
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