2022 T1 8HL LANG WORKBOOK TERMS 1 AND 2 (AutoRecovered)

PAUL ROOS GYMNASIUM
WORKBOOK & PROGRAMME OF ASSESSMENT :
GRADE 8 ENGLISH HOME LANGUAGE TERMS ONE AND TWO - 2022
NAME:___________________________________________ GRADE:___________
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CONTENTS AND ASSESSMENTS FOR TERMS ONE AND TWO:
LANGUAGE STUDY: LITERATURE STUDY: WRITING: ORAL:

TERM ONE: Poetry: ● Descriptive - Prepared Reading
Poetry Booklet Essay (to be
VERBS AND
Selection of Poems written in ………………………………………
SENTENCES:
class) ………………
● finite and GRADE 8: TERM ONE - ASSESSMENTS
non-finite verbs TASK 1: Oral [20]
Drama: TASK 2: Essay [40]
● participles
● A Midsummer
● the infinitive TASK 3: Comprehension (20) + Visual Literacy
Night’s Dream (Acts
● phrases and (10) and Language Study (20) [50]
I-V)
clauses
● transitive and WHAT TO STUDY FOR THE TEST ON
intransitive 14 FEBRUARY 2022:
verbs - finite and non-finite verbs
● simple, complex - participles
and compound - the infinitive
sentences - phrases and clauses
● subject and - transitive and intransitive
predicate verbs
● Visual Literacy - simple, complex and
● Previous Term compound sentences
Tests and - subject and predicate
Question Papers - visual iteracy
● Comprehensions
for Revision
TERM TWO: WRITING:
Finish A Midsummer ● Dialogue
● FIGURES OF GRADE 8: TERM TWO - ASSESSMENTS
Night’s Dream TASK 4: Transactional Writing (20)
SPEECH (covered Novel:
TASK 5: Comprehension (20) and Visual (10)
in the Poetry The Boy in Striped Pyjamas Summary (10) and Lang (20)
Module)
PUNCTUATION:
● Uses and
Functions of
punctuation
marks
● prose summary
● irony, sarcasm,
pun and
rhetorical
question
● literal and
figurative
language
PRACTICE COMPREHENSION:
GET TESTED…SEE HOW WELL YOU COPE WITH A HIGH SCHOOL COMPREHENSION…:
Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow:
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NIGHTMARE START TO 2020 FOR THOUSANDS OF CAPE TOWN COMMUTERS
BY MARY-ANNE GONTSANA AND TARIRO WASHINYIRA FOR GROUNDUP• TAKEN FROM THE DAILY MAVERICK OF 14 JANUARY 2020
Khayelitsha bus and train services are still suspended.
First published by GroundUp
1. It’s a nightmare start to 2020 for thousands of long-suffering Cape
Town commuters, with Metrorail’s Central Line and the MyCiTi N2 bus service
still suspended — and no sign that the services will be restored soon.
2. The City of Cape Town has no time frame for the reintroduction of the
N2 express service to Khayelitsha and Mitchells Plain from the city centre. The service was suspended in June
last year after a quarrel between the shareholders of the N2 Express company, the Congress of Democratic Taxi
Associations (Codeta), Route 6 Taxi Association, and the Golden Arrow Bus Service. According to the City’s
Mayoral Committee Member for Transport, Felicity Purchase, approximately 4,000 commuters use the service
daily.
3. Luyanda Mtamzeli from Ilitha Park in Khayelitsha used the MyCiTi bus service to get to work in Cape Town. He
said he had heard rumours about the reason for the suspension “but I do not know what the truth is”. He used to
spend R450 a month to load his MyCiTi bus card. Now he spends more than R1,000 a month to get to work by
taxi. He takes one minibus taxi from Ilitha Park to the Site C taxi rank, then another from Site C to the city
centre. “I use R52 a day for a return trip to work. So that is more than R250 a week that goes to transport. But I
have decided that I will be using Golden Arrow because it will be much cheaper,” said Mtamzeli.
4. Meanwhile the Southern and Northern Metrorail lines are not working properly and service on the Central line to
Kapteinsklip and Chris Hani stations has been suspended since last October due to vandalism between
Bonteheuwel and Nyanga. Only the Lavistown branch of the line is running. The Central line runs from Cape
Town to Langa where routes branch to Mitchell’s Plain, Chris Hani/ Kapteinsklip and Lavistown. The Lavistown
route passes through Belhar and ends in Bellville.
5. Asked what Metrorail was doing to fix the problem, spokesperson Riana Scott said: “All regions are monitoring
performance continuously and reporting diligently to enable our principals to develop cross-functional recovery
and maintenance programmes to incrementally address the most critical issues.” She said it would take “several
months at least” to restore the Chris Hani and Kapteinsklip services. “The impact of continuous metal theft,
vandalism and damage of essential infrastructure remain debilitating. Safety is a priority and operational
alternatives are implemented to ensure safe operations, inevitably leading to more frequent stoppages and
longer journey times.”
6. Dalton Ndongeni of Public Transport Voice, an organisation that advocates for quality and equality in the South
African public transport sector, said there had been no communication from Metrorail since October on when the
service will resume, or the extent of the damage. He accused the Western Cape Minister of Transport and
Public Works, Bonginkosi Madikizela, of lack of interest in the working-class struggle to access access safe,
affordable and reliable transport.
7. He said Khayelitsha commuters were now spending between R30 and R50 on a single taxi trip to Cape Town —
roughly R1,200 a month — instead of R190 a month for a Metro ticket (with unlimited trips) or R420 for a Metro
Plus ticket. A Metro weekly ticket costs R65, Metro Plus R135. A single trip on a Metro carriage is R10. It’s R16
on a Metroplus carriage.
8. The spokesperson for Madikizela, Ntomboxolo Makoba-Somdaka, said the MEC had written to national
transport minister Fikile Mbalula in November about the challenges facing the rail system but had not yet
received an answer. Makoba-Somdaka said Madikizela had held “numerous meetings with the City” to get the
bus service back on track. “The province has no jurisdiction to resolve the trains issue as it is a competency of
national government.” Newly appointed leader of the transport task team launched by the Khayelitsha
Development Forum, Michael Benu, said the team had tried to set up a meeting with MyCiTi, so far without
success. Meanwhile, it seems, commuters will have to wait months before their train and bus services are
restored. DM
QUESTION ONE:
Refer to the title of the passage:
1. “commuters” are:
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a)pedestrians walking to work.
b)people who have to get to work by private or public transport.
c)passengers on a train.
d)people who are part of a lift club.
Write down only the letter of your choice. (1)
2. Suggest a SYNONYM (word with a similar meaning) for “start” as used in the title. (1) [2]
Refer to par.1-2:
3. “long-suffering” implies that the commuters:
a) have shown patience in spite of the repeated transport problems.
b) have been suffering for a long time.
c) have never suffered this much.
d) have never been in a situation like this before.
4. Explain “The City of Cape Town has no time frame …for the reintroduction of the N2 express…” in your
own words (focus on the words in italics.) (1)
5. If a service is “suspended”, it
a) has been cancelled all together.
b) is temporarily prevented from operating.
c) will be closed soon.
d) will be restored soon.
6. A “quarrel” is the same as a f_________ . Complete this word and write in down in full as your answer.
(1)
7. Is Codeta an acronym or an abbreviation? Give a reason for your answer. (2) [6]
Refer to par.3-4:
8. How much more (approximately) does Lyanda Mtamzeli pay for transport every month now that he has to
use a taxi instead of MiCiTi? (1)
9. What is a “taxi rank”? (1)
10. “vandalism” is the deliberate destruction to public or private property. Is this TRUE or FALSE? Write down
only the underlined word of your choice. (1)
11. Has the word “branch” been used literally or figuratively? Write down only the underlined word of your
choice. (1) [4]
Refer to par.5:
12. Suggest an ANTONYM (word with an opposite meaning) for “fix”. (1)
13. What does a “spokesperson” do? (1)
14. Metrorail intends to “incrementally address” the most critical issues – does this mean that they will tackle:
a) all the problems at once?
b) the problems in stages?
c) problems one at a time?
d) the biggest problems first?
15. Name ONE inconvenient consequence of Metrorails’s effort of ensuring the passengers’ safety on the trains.
You may quote to answer this question. (1) [4]
Refer to par.6:
16. Which one of the following sentences best summarises the essence of this paragraph:
a) The Western Cape minister of transport does not seem to care enough about how ordinary people have
to get to work.
b) Public Transport Voice is frustrated about the transport minister’s seeming lack of communication and
effort regarding the crisis.
c) Nobody knows for certain when the trains will operate again.
d) Nobody knows exactly how much damage has been done.
Write down only the letter of your choice. [1]
Refer to par.7-8:
17. What are the TWO advantages of using a Metro ticket? (2)
18. Explain the PUN (play on words) in “to get the bus[train]services back on track…” (1) [3]
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Subtotal:20
SECTION B: VISUAL TEXTS

Study the following visual texts and answer the questions that follow below:
Cartoon 1:
a) Explain what it means if “minibus[taxis] …go through red robots”. (2)

b) Supply another term for “robots” as used in this context. (1)
c) Supply a SYNONYM for “amazing”. (1)
d) Is “self-driving” a compound adjective? Write YES or NO. (1)
/5/
Cartoon 2:
a) If you are “courteous”, you have good m__________ . Complete this word and write down in full as your
answer. (1)
b) Create your own ACRONYM for “South African Taxi Council”. (1)
c) Explain “launched” in your own words. (1)
d) Who is “Eve” and how do we know that she is lazy? (2) /5/ Subtotal:10 TOTAL:20+10=30
LANGUAGE CONCEPTS:
UNDERSTANDING THE VERB

COLUMNS:
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1: 2: 3: 4:
Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle Present Participle
eat ate eaten eating
kick kicked kicked kicking
cut cut cut cutting
FINITE VERBS: They have a tense, a subject and a number.
Example: She enjoys her free time.
ENJOYS = FINITE VERB: *Subject - ‘she’ (this is the 1st most important feature)
* Tense- simple present tense (this is the 2nd most important feature)
* Number – singular
A sentence is only a sentence if it has a finite verb!
NON-FINITE VERBS: They do not have the above and the following are usually non-finites:
- infinitive: - to run, to play, etc.
- present participle: - swimming, running, jumping, etc. standing alone
The following are not sentences, because there are only non-finites, no finite verbs:
1. Talking to herself.
2. To learn to play again.
ACTIVITY ONE:
Which of the following are full sentences? Write YES or NO and give a reason for your answer:
1. Oh, the wonder to see the world in colour!
2. The blind man saw his family for the first time.
3. Seeing all of this.
4. Beaten badly by their opponents.
5. Our team beat the much stronger team convincingly.
PARTICIPLES - FUNCTIONS:
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1. NB!! Present and Past Participles FORM TENSES and can therefore be verbs if there is an auxiliary verb, i.e.
they cannot be verbs on their own.
Have eaten = aux. verb + past participle/ am running = aux. verb + present participle
have + am = auxiliary verbs (NB! the aux. verb is always the 1st word in verb construction)
2. Present and Past Participles can also function as ADJECTIVES:

e.g. a swimming pool, a pair of running shoes, a smoking gun (Present Participles)
a half-eaten apple, a burnt meal, a hidden treasure (Past Participles)
3. Present Participles can also be NOUNS - then we call them GERUNDS:

e.g. Running is healthy.
Smoking causes lung problems.
Swimming is the best exercise.
ACTIVITY TWO:
1. Identify the PAST PARTICIPLES in the following sentences and give their functions:
a) Pre-cooked meals are easy.
b) We have always taken the easy way out.
c) The old man has a weather-beaten face.
d) The defeated team went home.
2. Give the function of the PRESENT PARTICIPLE in the following sentences:
a) We have a brand new swimming pool.
b) They are taking part in a marathon this weekend.
c) This is a water-purifying device.
d) They have been presenting this show for many years.
3. Which of the following contain a FINITE VERB?
a) The girl with the black hair.
b) The boy was happy to see his parents.
c) From behind the garage.
4. What part of speech is the PRESENT PARTICIPLE in the following sentence?
Jogging is fun.
PHRASES AND CLAUSES:
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A phrase is a group of words that does not contain a finite verb:
e.g. The man with the suitcase is my uncle.

A clause is a group of words that contains a finite verb:
e.g. The man who is carrying a suitcase (finite verb= is carrying) is my uncle.
ACTIVITY THREE:
Identify the non-finite verbs in the following sentences:
1) Coming around the bend, he saw an elephant in the road.
2) I love to watch movies.
3) Kicking up a fuss is not going to help.
4) They are always happy to see us.
5) Never done before.
ACTIVITY FOUR:
Say whether the following is a phrase or a clause:
a) …next to the school building…
b) …on the surface of the road…
c) …to be able to laugh again
d) …standing next to the road …
e)…what he had seen that day…
PHRASES AND CLAUSES CONTINUE:
Study the following:
A blonde girl. = adjective (describes a noun)
A girl with blonde hair. = adjectival phrase
A girl who has blonde hair. = adjectival clause (verb=HAS)

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX
She plays expertly. = adverb (says more about the verb-how/where/why/etc.)

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She plays with great expertise. = adverbial phrase
She plays like a person who has a lot of expertise. = adv. clause
ACTIVITY FIVE:
Identify the underlined parts as adjectival and adverbial phrases or clauses:
1) The boy with the black hair is new.
2) They cancelled the match because of the rain.
3) The family kept a piglet in their back garden.
4) The kids who have worked hard, did well in the test.
5) The girl in the white bikini is my sister.
6) The girl who is wearing a white bikini is my sister.
7) The house with the red roof is ours.
8) The house that has been painted red is ours.
9) I saw the movie at dawn.
10) I saw the movie when the day started dawning.
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TYPES OF SENTENCES:
❖ SIMPLE SENTENCE = HAS ONLY ONE FINITE VERB
(A main clause can also act as a simple sentence, i.e. it can stand on its own)
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❖ COMPOUND SENTENCE = MAIN CLAUSE + CO-ORDINATING CONJUNCTION+ MAIN CLAUSE

Example: I finished my work (and) then I went to the movies.
Main clause + coordinating conjunction/fanboys. + Main clause
COMPOUND SENTENCES ARE EASILY RECOGNISABLE BY THE PRESENCE OF A ‘FANBOYS’ CONJUNCTION:
Coordinating Conjunctions [FANBOYS]: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
❖ COMPLEX SENTENCE = MAIN CLAUSE + SUB-ORDINATE CLAUSE

COMPLEX SENTENCES CONTAIN EITHER SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS OR A RELATIVE
PRONOUN (or both):
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Example: The man (WHO is wearing a brown shirt) is my father.
● Main Clause starts + Subordinate Clause introduced by WHO (relative pronoun) + Main Clause
continues
● They cancelled the match (BECAUSE it started to rain heavily.)
Main Clause + subordinate conjunction (BECAUSE) introducing Subordinate Clause
Note please:
*A subordinate clause cannot stand on its own; it depends on the main clause for meaning.
*A main clause can function as a simple sentence.
Subordinating Conjunctions: as, because, although, since, before, when, once, if, even if,
whatever, whenever, during, until, unless, wherever, whether, while, as if, even if, that
Also relative pronouns: which, who, that, whose, whom
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REMEMBER:
● Step One - always find the number of FINITE VERBS first.
● Step Two - look for the conjunctions (or relative pronouns) to determine with what kind of sentence
you are dealing.
● REMEMBER: Present Participles (verb+ing) on their own and Infinitives (to+verb) are NOT verbs!
ACTIVITY SIX:
Rewrite the following sentences and carry out the instructions that follow:
● Encircle all the subjects and underline their finite verbs in every sentence
● Identify each sentence as a simple, complex or compound sentence
1. She knows how to swim.

2. You are either very lazy or you are very cunning.
3. They went to the show although it was raining hard.
4. The dog which we found belongs to our neighbours.
5. While waiting for her friends, she decided not to go with them anymore.
6. When my father arrives, he will give the directions.
7. My mother works full-time and she does all the work at home.
8. While the flowers bloom, I will plant more trees.
9. They felt strongly that the criminal must be put to death.
10. Unless you have the right size, do not try on the shoe.
11. She is beautiful, but she has a sharp tongue
12. Since I don’t have money, I will not buy anything.
13. We enjoy sitting outside at night.
14. Because I can’t wait for the bus, I will walk to school.
15. You can join the group as the other members decided to accept you.
TRANSITIVE AND INTRANSITIVE VERBS:

To determine whether a verb is used transitively (v.t.) apply the following:
Identify the verb + ask ‘verb’ whom/what and if there is an answer then it is a v.t.
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Example: She runs a few kilometres every day.
She runs what? = ‘kilometres’
Runs + what = an answer(a few kilometres) therefore it is a transitive verb
She sang a beautiful song.
she sang what? = a beautiful song therefore sang is a transitive verb.
She met a nice man.
She met whom? = an answer ( a nice man ) therefore ‘met’ is a transitive verb
IF THERE IS NO ANSWER THEN THE VERB IS INTRANSITIVE! (v.i.) Intransitive verbs have no direct object.
Example: She sang beautifully.
She sang what/whom? = no answer therefore it is an intransitive verb (we do not answer
questions of how/where/when, etc.)
NB!! If a verb is used transitively it also means that there is a DIRECT OBJECT in the sentence – the answer to the
WHAT/WHOM question is the direct object.
Example: She kissed a frog.
Direct object = a frog (whom/what did she kiss?)
An INDIRECT OBJECT is found when there is an answer to the question: to whom/what
Example: She gave the man some money.
Direct Object = what did she give = money
Indirect Object = to whom/what did she give = the man
ACTIVITY SEVEN:
Rewrite the following sentences, underline the verb and state whether it has been used transitively or
intransitively:
1. My mother always locks the door.
2. I could not see clearly.
3. They played really well.
4. They enjoy a game of twister sometimes.
5. He collected a lot of shells during the holidays.
6. Some ants fight fiercely.
7. The explosion sank the ship.
8. He spoke the truth.
9. He spoke loudly.
10. The horse kicked the boy.
11. The fire burnt only in the morning.
12. The fire burnt brightly.
13. The fire burnt up all the wood.
14. The sun rises in the morning.
15. The sun burnt a hole in the curtain.
SUBJECT AND PREDICATE:
All sentences have two essential parts: the SUBJECT and the OBJECT
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● The subject tells who or what the sentence is about
● The predicate expresses what the subject is or does and is usually the rest of the sentence once the
subject has been removed.
Example: Our family + moved to Oregon at the end of last year.
Subject + Predicate
ACTIVITY EIGHT:
Rewrite the following sentences, encircle the SUBJECT and underline the PREDICATE:
1. Alan and Bryan walked to the store on Main Road.

2. The enthusiastic fans cheered when they saw the soccer game.
3. My Aunt Sally took me to the shops yesterday.
4. The lady with the hairnet on served lunch in the cafeteria.
5. The teacher wrote the answers on the board.
6. My best friend is coming to visit me this weekend.
7. In the apartment lived a really old man.
8. Cool water flowed through the rough limestone rocks.
9. Miss Williams is going to New York.
10. I don’t remember the name of the actor in that horror movie.
8 HL REVISION: Finite verbs, Infinitives and Present and Past Participles
Rewrite the following sentences into your exercise book and carry out the instructions:
● Find all FINITE VERBS and encircle them.

● Find all PRESENT PARTICIPLES and underline. Identify their functions.
● Find all PAST PARTICIPLES and block them. Identify their functions.
1. I was charging my phone when there was a power failure.
2. He fired at the charging lion as he jumped for cover.
3. He was examining the goods when he felt the loaded gun in his back.
4. He had loaded all the goods in his truck when he realised he had a damaged rear tyre.
5. An elderly lady had lost her purse at the Waterfront on Saturday.
6. The lost dog tried to cross the busy highway.
7. Could you tell me where I have to go?
8. I came here to explain this to you.
9. I find that fishing is a form of relaxation.
10. As he is watching the prisoners, he shuts the door and turns the lock.
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11. A curtain of high flames and smoke reached the sky.
12. The terrified animals bolted away from the raging fire and scattered in fear.
13. To skate on thin ice means to be in a risky situation.
14. Fire was everywhere so no one managed to protect the burning homestead.
16. The fire was burning in the fireplace and it cast a comforting glow in the room.
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NOTES ON VISUAL LITERACY

1. Visual literacy has to do with your ability to understand and interpret things such as graphs, cartoons,
advertisements, headlines, pictures, etc.
2. You have to answer questions about the characters and the language used in a cartoon. In an
advertisement, you will answer questions about the product, the text and other advertising concepts,
e.g. identify the slogan/target audience/etc. (this will be taught later this year)
3. Popular cartoons that are used are: Madam and Eve (Thandi = little girl, Gwen = Eve’s employer, Eve =
domestic help, Grandmother Anderson = Gwen’s mother); Garfield (cat = Garfield, owner = Jon);
Treknet; etc.
The following are basic guidelines to help you prepare for the Visual Literacy question in a test or exam:
CARTOONS AND COMIC STRIPS:
PICTURES:
● FRAME: Cartoons/comics are almost always presented in frames. These frames are given a number or a letter
in an exam, e.g. explain the humour in frame 4.
● BODY LANGUAGE: The cartoonists draws his characters with very specific facial expressions, gestures,
movements, etc. to convey emotions and reactions. A frown may indicate unhappiness or confusion, a wide
open mouth may indicate surprise or shock, bent shoulders may show disappointment, etc.
● SPEECH AND THOUGHTS: The words of a character are presented in a normal speech balloon with a sharp
point to indicate the speaker and the thoughts of a character are usually in a scalloped balloon with a pointer
consisting of bubbles/ a row of tiny circles. Be on the look-out for the special use of PUNCTUATION marks – e.g.
three or more exclamation marks might convey anger or excitement, a series of random symbols indicate
strong or swear words and the combination of an exclamation mark and a question mark may show surprise or
confusion.
● VISUAL clues refer to details of the drawings, e.g. a wide open mouth(showing shock or surprise), droopy eyes
or shoulders(showing disappointment or tiredness), hands on the hips(showing anger, rebelliousness or
determination), etc. TEXTUAL clues refer to details of the writing in the cartoon, e.g. bold letters to show
loudness or emphasis, may exclamation or question marks showing strong emotion, repetition of a sound or a
word to draw attention.
TEXT:
● SLANG/INFORMAL ENGLISH: You are often asked to rewrite the slang expression of a character in STANDARD
ENGLISH, e.g. I am gonna tell your sister. This will be “going to” in standard English.
● OTHER LANGUAGE SKILLS: You are often asked to do the following:
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- write out contractions in full, e.g. will not = won’t
- explain the pun/play on words (e.g. Madam and Eve is wordplay on Adam and Eve)
- explain the meaning of an expression
- identify figures of speech
- fill in a missing preposition/ add a tag/ rewrite as a question or negative sentence.
● HUMOUR: You often have to explain the humour in a cartoon and even if you do not find the “funny” bit
particularly humorous, go ahead and explain the (sometimes very obvious) humour.
PRACTICE EXERCISES:
Study the following cartoons and answer the questions:
CARTOON A:
CARTOON B:
CARTOON C:
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QUESTIONS:
Cartoon A:
1. How do we know that the television is on in frames 1 and 2?

2. What are the textual clues that indicate:
a) that the text in frames 1 and 2 are quoted from an ongoing newscast/
b) that some words are meant to be emphasised?
3. How would you describe Thandi’s facial expression in frames 1 and 2?
4. Does the lion look unhappy and nervous in frame 3? Give a reason for your answer.
5. How do we know the human inmates are scared?
6. What is a “holding cell”?
Cartoon B:
1. What kind of conversation is happening between Grandma Anderson and Thandi?

2. What is the meaning of “every dark cloud has a silver lining”
3. What sound device is used in “SLAM”? (Hint: the word starts as follows: ono…)
Cartoon C:
1. Which word in frame 1 tells us this is a South African cartoon?
2. Explain the humour in the last frame. (The characters are Mama Taxi and a young guy.)
Cartoon D:
1. Study frame 1 – how do we know that Garfield want food?

2. How do we know that Jon (Garfield’s owner) is shocked by what Garfield has done in frame 2?
3. “clonk” is an example of ono ____________________ .
4. How do we know that Garfield is thinking and not speaking in frame 3?
5. Write out “ain’t” in Standard English.
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PREVIOUS COMPREHENSIONS AND LANGUAGE TESTS FOR REVISION:
PRACTICE NR 1: (From March 2021)
SECTION A: COMPREHENSION
QUESTION 1
Read the text below and answer the questions. Use your OWN WORDS unless you are asked to quote. All
answers must be written in FULL SENTENCES, unless asked to do otherwise.
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Sunken ivory trove highlights historic decimation of forest elephants
During diamond mining operations in 2006, a 500-year-old shipwreck was found off the coast of Namibia near
Oranjemund. Not only was $9 million worth of gold discovered but also the largest archaeological cargo of
African ivory.
1. In 1533, a Portuguese trading ship, the Bom Jesus, went missing on its way to India. Today, its recovered ivory cargo
off Namibia has revealed the decimation of forest elephants along the West African coast pre-dating European
trans-Atlantic slavery. The trading ship, discovered by offshore miners, carried a fortune in gold and other valuable
materials but to a team of geneticists, conservation biologists and archaeologists, the most precious cargo on the Bom
Jesus was the more than 100 elephant tusks found – the largest archaeological cargo of African ivory ever discovered.
2. Their analysis has managed to pinpoint the origin of the ivory and tell a sad story of forest elephants,
assumed, but never before documented in such precise detail. The finding makes it clear that ivory pre-dated
European trans-Atlantic slavery as a central driver in maritime trading systems connecting Europe, Africa and
Asia.
3. The Portuguese completed the first trans-Atlantic slave voyage to Brazil in 1526, quite possibly on the back
of an already established ivory trade. Forty years earlier they had reached the Congo River and were trading
and plundering along the West African coast. In 1482 they built a fort at an established trading post at
Elmina, on the south-western edge of the kingdom of Dahomey, known today as Benin. Their primary quest
was gold but, as a valuable commodity, ivory was next in line and along the coast and further inland were
forest elephants.
Tusks from the Bom Jesus Shipwreck Cargo (Image from “Sourcing Elephant Ivory from a Sixteenth-Century Portuguese
Shipwreck” published in Current Biology)
4. The genetic study of the sunken tusks, published in Current Biology, was able to identify 17 different herds
with distinct haplotypes (each indicating the descent of many generations of reproduction). The types of
carbon and nitrogen, called isotopes, in the tusks provided detail about where these elephants lived. The
habitats from which they came were traced to forest areas which accord with the locations of major historic
Portuguese trading ports. The fact that the tusks originated from many different herds hints that multiple
communities in West Africa were involved in supplying the ivory.
5. Having been lost at sea for nearly 500 years, the Bom Jesus ivory is incredibly well-preserved, Alida de
Flamingh, a molecular biologist at the University of Illinois told Science News.
6. “When the ship sank, the copper and lead ingots stored above the tusks kind of pushed the ivory down
into the seabed, protecting the tusks from scattering and erosion.” A frigid ocean current also runs through
this region of the Atlantic. “That really cold current probably helped preserve the DNA that was in the tusks,”
de Flamingh said. The tusks are of varying length and size (from 2 kg to 33kg) and the elephants seem to have
been hunted indiscriminately, both males and females, young and old alike.
7. Of the 17 herds identified, only four remain in the West African forests today. The other elephant lineages
most likely died out as a result of hunting or habitat destruction. According to researchers, this reflects the
disastrous effect of the ivory trade and the current reduction of the historic elephant range in West Africa of
at least 93%.
8. Today forest elephants are under threat in West Africa and locally extinct in many of the countries along
the coast. More than 60% have been poached within the past decade and the ones that remain, inhabit only
about a quarter of their historical range, according to the African Wildlife Foundation. Moreover, forest
elephant ivory is considered to be harder than savannah elephants and highly prized in Asia. “The decrease in
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population size and genetic diversity,” says the report, “are associated with negative conservation outcomes,
reduced reproductive fitness and increased risk of population annihilation. “The large number of tusks
recovered from the Bom Jesus is evidence of ivory acquisition and circulation, driving the formative stages of
globalisation.”
9. Due to the difficulty of manoeuvring large long-distance trading vessels and the dangers of sailing close to
the shore, outgoing ships on the India route typically did not sail close to the African coastline. Ivory from
West Africa was generally shipped to the islands of Cape Verde and São Tomé and sent via smaller vessels to
Casa da India in Lisbon, the central clearing house for African and Indian imports. These islands were to
become the staging posts for the slave route to the Americas.
10. According to the researchers, “Our study on the largest archaeological cargo of African ivory ever found
provides a framework for examining one of the world’s most important raw materials throughout human
history.” DM/ ML
[adapted from an article written by Don Pinnock for the Daily Maverick, dated 14/1/2021]
Refer to the title:

1. With what does one normally associate the word “trove”? (1)
Refer to par 1-2:
2. Why is “Bom Jesus” written in italics? (1)
3. What does the underlined prefix mean in the word “pre-dating”? (1)
4. Write down ONLY the letter of your choice: The word “decimation” means…
A. a tenth
B. annihilation
C. preservation (1)
5. Complete the sentence: The two most valuable cargoes on the trading ship were………………and
……………………. (2)
6. Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE?
Slavery was the motivation for the establishment of commercial ocean routes between the various continents
during the 15th century. (1)
Refer to par 3-4:
7. Explain the phrase “on the back of”. (1)
8. QUOTE a word from the text which means the act of stealing goods and property by force. (1)
9. Why was ivory seen by the Portuguese traders as a valuable commodity? (1)
10. List the THREE facts that the genetic structure of the sunken tusks tells us. USE YOUR OWN WORDS.
(3)
Refer to par 5-7:
11. Provide a synonym for the word “ingot”. (1)
12. Name the TWO main factors which helped to preserve the tusks under water over 500 years. (2)
Refer to par 8-10:
13. Write down ONE word of your OWN to describe the habitat of the savannah elephant. (1)
14. Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE? QUOTE TWO words from the passage to support your
answer.
The savannah elephant ivory is seen as the most valuable type of ivory by buyers in the East. (2)
15. Identify the use of a compound adjective. (1)
SECTION A: [20 marks]
SECTION B: VISUAL LITERACY
QUESTION 2
Study cartoons A and B below and answer the questions.
CARTOON A
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2.1. The cartoon relies on a pun to create humour. Identify and explain the humour created by the pun.
(2)
Cartoon B
Refer to Frame 1:
2.2.1. Write out the word “gonna” in Standard English. (1)
2.2.2. Write out the contraction “snow’s” in full. (1)
2.2.3. Provide ONE VISUAL clue that tells us the Flintstones live in prehistoric times. (1)
Refer to Frame 3:
2.2.4. Fill in the missing word: A mastodon is a type of ……………. (1)
Refer to Frame 7:
2.2.5. How do we know that Slugger is tickling Rosie with a feather? (1)
Refer to Frame 9:
2.2.6. Which TEXTUAL clues does the cartoonist use to convey to the reader that the “AH CHOO!” is loud? (1)
2.2.7. Provide ONE VISUAL and ONE TEXTUAL CLUE that show that Fred cannot cope with the speed of the balls
coming his way? (2)
SECTION B: [10 marks]
SECTION C: LANGUAGE
QUESTION 3
Answer the language questions below. Us the passage as reference.
Famous Shipwrecks Off The Cape Of Storms By Matthew Flax
1. Shipwrecks represent the ultimate failure. It is the flipside of the discovery and romance that we associate with adventure on the
high seas. Not all ships belonged to intrepid explorers. Some offer a glimpse into the evils of the slave trade while others were
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humble tankers and transport ships. Each ship, however, tells an astounding story of a particular period in human history and together
they provide a glimpse into the rich history of the Cape.
2. The Birkenhead HMS, found at Danger Point, Gansbaai, was en route to Algoa Bay in 1852, carrying British troops and some
civilians, when it struck a submerged rock off Danger Point. The lower compartments flooded as water poured in through the breach
and many soldiers drowned before they could reach the deck. Captain Robert Salmond gave the order to evacuate but instructed his
men to “hold fast” so that the women and children could board the lifeboats first. The conduct and courage of the soldiers onboard
would go down in legend because they obeyed the captain’s orders without question. The troops and sailors suffered heavy
casualties, but thanks to their bravery, all women and children aboard the wreck survived. Of 643 passengers and crew, only 193
people survived the wreck. The wreck itself lies in 30 metres of water, around 1.5km from the nearest shore. As a dive site, it is only
accessible by boat, with Gansbaai Harbour being the preferred departure point.
3.The Arniston was carrying 378 passengers on board at the time and had made eight uneventful voyages from England to the Far
East, but the ninth voyage was to be its last. On the night of 30 May 1815, the ship was on its way home from Ceylon (now Sri
Lanka), when it was caught in a violent storm off the Southern Cape coast. Captain George Simpson gave the order to make for
shore, incorrectly assuming that they were just off Table Bay. In fact, they had not yet passed Cape Agulhas. A fatal miscalculation,
and one that might have been avoided if the ship’s chronometer had been replaced before the journey so The Arniston, with 100
wounded soldiers, some wealthy passengers and their families aboard, struck a reef. There were only six survivors, who managed to
make their way to the shore, where they sought shelter in a nearby cave. A farmer’s son discovered them a few days later and they
soon made their way back to Cape Town. The nearby town of Waenhuiskrans was renamed Arniston in honour of those lost in the
shipwreck.
4.The wreckage lies about 900 metres offshore, under six metres of water. An underwater excavation in 1982 recovered a number of
artefacts, which are on display at the Bredasdorp Shipwreck Museum. A plaque near the beachfront, erected by the wife of Colonel
Andrew Giels, commemorates the loss of her four eldest sons, who were returning from Ceylon to visit their father in Cape Town.
3.1.1. Refer to the sentence below and write down all the finite verbs:
The lower compartments flooded as water poured in through the breach and many soldiers drowned before they could
reach the deck. (par.2) (4)
3.1.2. Which one of the two sentences below contains an infinitive (non-finite verb)? Write down only the letter of
your choice.
A. They soon made their way back to Cape Town
B. They were returning from Ceylon to visit their father in Cape Town. (1)
3.2. Write down the functions of each of the underlined participles in the following sentences:
3.2.1. Each ship, however, tells an astounding story of a particular period in human history…(par.1)
3.2.2 In fact, they had not yet passed Cape Agulhas. (par.3)
3.2.3. The Arniston was carrying 378 passengers on board at the time and had made eight uneventful voyages from
England…(par.3) (3)
3.3. State whether the following sentences are simple, complex or compound:
3.3.1. Shipwrecks represent the ultimate failure.
3.3.2. Some shipwrecks offer a glimpse into the evils of the slave trade while others were humble tankers and transport
ships.
3.3.3. The troops and sailors suffered heavy casualties but, thanks to their bravery, all women and children aboard the
wreck survived.
3.3.4. A farmer’s son discovered them a few days later and they soon made their way back to Cape Town.
(4)
3.4. Identify the following as either a phrase or a clause:
3.4.1. … around 1.5km from the nearest shore…(par.2)
3.4.2. …because they obeyed the captain’s orders without question. (par.2)
3.4.3.…who managed to make their way to the shore…(par.3.)
3.4.4. … the loss of her four eldest sons…(par.4) (4)
3.5. State whether the verbs in the sentences below are used transitively or intransitively:
3.5.1. The shipwrecks provide a glimpse into the rich history of the Cape.
3.5.2. The wreckage lies about 900 metres offshore.
3.5.3. The Arniston struck a reef. (3)
3.6. Name the subject of the sentence below:
The ship’s chronometer should have been replaced before the journey. (1)
SECTION C: [20 marks] GRAND TOTAL: 50 marks
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PRACTICE NR 2: (FROM JUNE 2018)
Read the article on ADDENDUM A entitled: “Taxiing to a dead stop” and answer the questions which follow:
1.1. Besides a taxi, which other mode of transport usually taxies along the ground? (1)
1.2. Provide a synonym for the word “dead” in the context of the heading? (1)
Refer to paragraph 1:
1.3. Choose from the options below: The word “jinks” means:
a. to bring bad luck to the other taxis
b. to come to a grinding halt in the traffic
c. to change direction suddenly and nimbly (1)
1.4. Explain the use of the parenthesis. (1)
1.5. Complete the sentence. Write down only the missing word(s): When someone is in high spirits, he is generally in
a................................... (1)
1.6. What does the following phrase imply about what Hopewell may have done?
“...a dent which [...] is in the shape of a large traffic cop...” (1)
1.7. Explain what the word “ominously” means? (1)
Refer to paragraph 4 and 5:
1.8. What are the functions of the apostrophes used in the underlined words? Write down each function and state each
function next to the word. (2)
1.9. Write down the word which tells us that this is Hopewell’s first trip as a taxi driver from the suburbs into the city?
(1)
1.10. Why is Cape Town written with a capital letter? (1)
1.11. Complete the sentence Write down only the missing word(s): “Percussion waves” refers to the .............................
emitted from the radio. (1)
1.12. What is the function of the dashes and name TWO other punctuation marks which can be used in place of these
dashes? (3)
1.13. How many in a “dozen”? Write down ONLY the number. (1)
1.14. Why do you think Denise Smith has changed colour to a “green-white”? (1)
1.15. Why does Elsbeth Brown suddenly change her mind about her destination? (1)
1.16. The fact that Elsbeth is worried about something “fleetingly” means that she only worried about it
a. before she fled from the taxi
b. for a brief moment
c. because she decided not to get out of the taxi (1)
1.17. Refer to the expression “as suddenly as a plane might stop up against a mountain” and
a. identify the figure of speech
b. explain why it is effective (2)
1.18. Is the following statement true or false: If you greet someone in a “boisterous” manner you are animated and
rowdy. (1)
1.19. Explain what is meant by “the morning’s takings”. (1)
1.20. How does the reader know that Hopewell sees himself as very fast driver? (2)
1.21. Quote a compound adjective. (1)
1.22. Explain the function of the hyphen in the word “in-bound” (1)
1.23. Provide ONE word of your own to describe the manner in which Hopewell joins mainstream traffic.
(1)
1.24. Quote FOUR consecutive words from the text which indicates that Hopewell is NOT in a great hurry.
(1)
1.25. Choose ONE word to describe the tone of this article:
a. calm
b. worried
c. humorous (1)
[30]
SECTION B: LANGUAGE IN CONTEXT
QUESTION 2
Refer to the article below by David Biggs and answer the questions that follow:
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Books stand their ground while other fads flash by
1. Scientists are doing amazing things with DNA. Quite apart from stuff like identifying the 500-year-old remains of King
Richard III, they are making artificial DNA to store all sorts of information.
2. A team of scientists at Cambridge University managed to store 154 Shakespearean sonnets, a photograph and an audio clip
of Martin Luther King’s speech, all on a speck of DNA so small it’s almost invisible to the human eye.
3. The Cambridge folk claim that this is the way to go. You can fit the entire contents of a library onto a piece of DNA smaller
than a pea.
4. I am impressed but I am not elated. Data storage has evolved amazingly fast in the last few years, but has our life improved
because of it?
5. My first computer was an Amstrad which used a special hard disk that could not be read by any other brand of computer. I
used it to write a book but publishers could not read it so I had to have it converted professionally to the floppy disk, which
was then a standard in the industry. Today nobody uses floppy disks because modern computers use CDs or flash drives.
Once we are storing all our data on microscopic specks of DNA, what will we do with all the data we have stored on our
computers and flash drives?
6. All I can say is that we should be enormously grateful to the most enduring of all data storage systems: the paper book.
Through all the changes of the electronic age, the printed book has stood firm. People find that downloading books on iPads
and Kindles is far more convenient than heavy old books but it won’t be long before we’ll be laughing at our old iPads and
Kindles. In the future we will probably carry a whole library of books in the earpiece of a pair of spectacles – all you’ll have to
do is scratch your left ear and you’ll have The Da Vinci Code right before your eyes.
7. At international conferences the delegates will stare intelligently as the speaker drones on and they will nod wisely as they
secretly absorb a new episode of Scandal or watch Delia Smith prepare a recipe for Thai vegetarian curry.
8. If you want things to be there for your grandchildren, buy a book. The DNA storage system may be obsolete by next winter.
2.1. In the title, is the phrase “...stand their ground...” used literally or figuratively? Write only the correct word as your
answer. (1)
2.2. Refer to the following sentence and write down all the finite verbs:
My first computer was an Amstrad and it used a special hard disk that no other brand of computer could read. (3)
2.3. Write down the functions of the underlined participles in the following paragraphs:
2.3.1. “...doing...” (par.1.)
2.3.2. “...amazing...” (par. 1)
2.3.3. “...evolved...” (par. 4) (3)
2.4. Write down whether the following sentences are simple, complex or compound sentences:
2.4.1. I used it to write a book but publishers found this version difficult to read.
2.4.2. The Cambridge folk claim that this is the way to go.
2.4.3. Through all the changes of the electronic age, the printed book has stood firm.
2.4.4. The DNA storage system will be obsolete by next winter. (4)
2.5. Write down whether each of the following is a phrase or a clause. Write only the correct word as your answer.
2.5.1. “...all on a speck of DNA so small...” (par.2)
2.5.2. “In the future...” (par.6)
2.5.3. “...because modern computers use CDs or flash drives.” (par.5) (3)
2.6. Identify the subject in the following sentences:
2.6.1. A team of scientists at Cambridge University managed to store 154 sonnets on a speck of DNA.
2.6.2. People download books onto their iPads and Kindles.
2.6.3. You watch Delia Smith prepare a recipe for Thai vegetarian curry. (3)
2.7. Why is the underlined word “Thai” written with a capital letter in paragraph 7? (1)
2.8.1. Why are The Da Vinci Code and Scandal written in italics? (1)
2.8.2. Name TWO other ways one could have written them to indicate your answer in 2.8.1. (2)
2. 9. Write down whether the verbs in the following sentences have been used transitively or intransitively:
2.9.1. Today nobody uses floppy disks anymore.
2.9.2. The delegates will nod wisely. (2) [23]
QUESTION 3
Study the headlines printed on Addendum B and answer the questions below:
3.1. Headline A and introductory paragraph:
3.1.1. What is the function of the hyphen in the word “feel-good”? (1)
3.1.2. In this headline explain why the word “tail” has been placed in inverted commas. (2)
3.1.3. What is a “fender bender”? (1)
3.1.4. Which word in this headline tells us that this story ends well? (1)
3.2. Headline B:
3.2.1. Identify the figure of speech in this headline. (1)
3.3. Headline C:
3.3.1. Identify the figure of speech in this headline. (1) [30]
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REVISION COMPREHENSION NR 1
THE BIRTH OF THE SKA OBSERVATORY – THE LARGEST RADIO TELESCOPE IN THE WORLD
By Elsabé Brits• 12 March 2019 (taken from The Daily Maverick)
1. A historic international treaty was signed this week to establish the Square Kilometre Array Observatory, which
will oversee the building and operation of the Square Kilometre Array for the next 50 years.
2. After three-and-a-half years of negotiations, seven countries — South Africa, Australia, China, Italy, the
Netherlands, Portugal and the United Kingdom — signed a treaty in Rome, Italy, on Tuesday.
The SKA Observatory is now an intergovernmental organisation, only the second one in the world dedicated to
astronomy, other than the European Southern Observatory.
3. Dr Catherine Cesarsky, chair of the SKA Board of directors, said this Tuesday in a video message: “This signature
is the real beginning. This is a historic date that everybody will remember.”
4. She added that the SKA will be used for up to 50 years and “you want to be part of this fantastic human
adventure of the human mind; I expect many countries will join and that it is truly going to be a world project.”
5. This means South Africa can soon benefit from contracts awarded to construct the world’s largest radio
telescope.
6. The SKA Observatory (SKAO) said contracts worth €700 million for the construction of the SKA will start to be
awarded from late 2020 to companies and providers from the SKA’s member countries. Construction will start
in 2020 on the SKA site, 90km from Carnarvon in the Northern Cape.
7. Thomas Kusel from the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory said on Tuesday evening that about 133
radio antennas will be constructed during the first phase of the SKAO. After completion South Africa’s precursor
instrument, MeerKAT, will be integrated into the SKA’s first phase. MeerKAT, which consists of 64 radio
antennas, is already observing the skies.
8. The SKAO in the Karoo will consist of three spiral arms, stretching across 150km. It will have an astronomical
collection area of 126 tennis courts, which can be compared to an optical telescope having a mirror that size.
9. While looking at the universe it will be able to collect 8.8 terabytes of data per second. (The average person is
familiar with a gigabyte – one terabyte equals 1,000 gigabytes.)At the same time, the rest of the SKAO will be
built in Western Australia. It will consist of smaller arrays – an array looks a bit like a tripod. About 133,000 of
them will be spread across 500 observation stations.
10. The construction of the SKAO, which is seen as one telescope, will be from 2021 to about 2027, but the first
scientific observations can start as soon as 2025, the organisation said on Tuesday. Kusel said that there is no
fixed date for the start of phase 2 of the project. “The idea is to construct 2,000 dishes (in South Africa), but
this will very much depend on the success of the first phase and the ability to find funding.”
11. The prototype dish is already being constructed on site in the Karoo, Kusel said. The structure will be
completed in April and afterwards a series of tests will be done for 10 months. Prof Justin Jonas, an astronomer
from the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory, said on Tuesday evening that their staff will be
responsible for much of the testing of the performance of the prototype dish. The SARAO will also provide the
equipment needed for the tests.
12. The SKA will be the largest science facility on the planet, with an infrastructure spread across three continents
in both hemispheres. Its two networks of hundreds of dishes and thousands of antennas will be distributed
over hundreds of kilometres in Australia and South Africa, with the headquarters in the United Kingdom.
25 | Page
13. Spin-offs are also expected to emerge from work to design and build the SKA, with start-ups already being
created from some of the design work and its impact reaching far beyond astronomy. Two of the world’s fastest
supercomputers will be needed to process the unprecedented amounts of data emanating from the telescopes.
Some 600 petabytes are expected to be stored and distributed to the science community worldwide every year.
It is the equivalent of over half a million laptops’ worth of data.
14. Prof Philip Diamond, Director-General of the SKA Organisation which has led the design of the telescope,
added:“Like Galileo’s telescope in its time, the SKA will revolutionise how we understand the world around us
and our place in it. Today’s historic signature shows a global commitment behind this vision, and opens up the
door to generations of groundbreaking discoveries.”
15. He said in a video message that people will look back and think that “this was the moment the SKA was
created.” He said it might seem like a piece of paper, but it is the commitment from governments to provide
funding that is key. “It makes the project more real than it ever has been before.”
16. The treaty was signed on behalf of South Africa by Mmamoloko Kubayi-Ngubane, Minister of Science and
Technology, who said:“What makes this particularly unique is the fact that for the first time, Africa, Asia,
Australasia and Europe committed on an inter-governmental level to collaborate on a large-scale science
project as equal partners. This represents the start of a new era for global science governance.” DM
QUESTIONS:
1. Has the word “birth” been used literally or figuratively? Write down only the underlined word of your
choice. [1]
Refer to par. 1-3:
2. A “treaty” is the same as an agr_____. Complete this word and write it down in full as your answer. [1]
Refer to par. 4-6:
3. Homophones are words that sound the same, but are spelled differently and therefore have different
meanings. Write down a homophone for “site” and use the word in a sentence of your own that shows its
meaning clearly. (2)
4. Will construction on the SKAO take place at the start, middle or end of 2020? Write down only the
underlined word of your choice. (1) [3]
Refer to par. 7-9:
5. Is the following True or False? Quote to substantiate your answer:
MeerKAT was used to obtain information before the SKAO project. (2)
6. “Arrays” are created to store:
a) solar energy
b) different types of data
c) the light of the stars
d) cosmic vibrations
Write down only the letter of your choice. (1) [3]
Refer to par.10-12:
7. How many years do they expect it will take to build the SKAO? (1)
8. What is the name of the “organisation” mentioned in par. 10? (1)
9. A “prototype” is:
a) a type of proton
b) a sample model
c) a protein model
d) a type of satellite dish.
10. Is an “astronomer” (par.11):
a) a scientist who studies objects in outer space?
OR
b) a person who predicts your future according to your star sign?
Write down only (a) or (b). (1)
11. Write down TWO of the three continents on which the SKA infrastructure will be present. (2)
12. What is the abbreviation for the United Kingdom? (1) [8]
26 | Page
Refer to par. 13-14:
13. A [start-up] is a new bus_________ . Complete this word and write it down in full as your answer. (1)
14. Which word in par.13 tells us that people have never dealt with this kind of volume of information before?
(1)
15. Quote two consecutive words from par.14 that tell us that the whole world supports the SKA project. (1)
[3]
16. Identify the prefix in “inter-governmental”. (1)
17. Which word in par.16 means “to work together”? (1) [2]
Subtotal:20
REVISION COMPREHENSION NR 2:
Snapshot of centre of the Milky Way reveals clearest ever image of supermassive black hole
By Shaun Smillie (16 July 2018, The Daily Maverick)
Edited MeerKAT image of the centre of the Milky Way Galaxy, seen in radio waves and showing many filaments.
(Source: SKA)
In the months and years to come, the data used to build a picture of the centre of the Milky Way will be analysed and
academic papers written, as astronomers work at answering some of our galaxy’s deeper secrets.
1. Fernando Camilo knew he had a unique picture when he found everyone talking about it at the printing shop.
“I went to the store to pick up the banner, several people from that store in Cape Town were like saying, ‘What
is this? This is amazing’,” recalls Camilo, chief scientist at the South African Radio Astronomy Observatory.
2. Camilo and his colleagues had realised that with the launch of the MeerKat telescope coming up, they had to
show the world, the gathered politicians and media something special. The idea was to take a snapshot of the
centre of the Milky Way galaxy.
3. It had been done before, but no one had got it quite right. The spot is difficult to capture; there are clouds of
gas and dust in the way that obscure it from ordinary telescopes.
4. “This is a really hard region of the galaxy to image. From a technical perspective it is super hard because you
have a combination of bright structures and very faint features. And you have some features that are very large
and some are very fine. And with the combination of all that, unless your telescope is awesome, it makes it
incredibly hard to make images of it,” explains Camilo.
5. This image would be constructed from radio signals captured by 64 dishes, in the remote Karoo, from a patch of
space 25,000 light years away. Usually, Camilo explains, these kinds of images take a while to capture, and
require a lot of tinkering with the telescope. But the engineers felt confident it could be pulled off right away,
even though MeerKat had only months earlier gone on line.
6. In June 2018, MeerKat’s 64 dishes got it – the clearest ever image of a supermassive black hole bang in the
middle of the Milky Way. It is this image Camilo had printed on that 4m x 2.5m banner that was revealed to the
world on Friday.
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7. But this is not just a pretty picture, it has a science value too. Captured in that frame are mysterious
magnetised filaments that are only found in this part of the Milky Way. They have been a mystery since they
were discovered in 1980.
8. In the months and years to come, Camilo says the data used to build that picture of the centre of the Milky Way
will be analysed and academic papers written, as astronomers work at answering some of our galaxy’s deeper
secrets.
9. “They’ve built an instrument that will be the envy of astronomers everywhere and will be in great demand for
years to come,” says Farhad Yusef-Zadeh of Northwestern University, in the US, who is an expert on those
filament structures.
10. Scientists have been working on observations from MeerKat since April. “They have received some data that
they are super excited about, but we asked those teams not to release their images until we had this
presidential inauguration of the telescope,” says Camilo.
11. For the next six years MeerKat is going to hold the title of being the largest and most sensitive radio telescope
in the southern hemisphere; that is, until the Square Kilometre Array comes on line. But the MeerKat is likely
only to be completed in the 2050s and could be in use for a long time.
12. “We are looking at a 50-year lifespan of the project, but if you look at these telescopes they function way above
that. You are probably looking at a good 100 years,” says Lorenzo Raynard, head of communications for the
South African Radio Astronomy Observatory.
13. Over the coming years, telescopes from eight other countries across Africa will be joining MeerKat and, with
these added “ears” pointed to the sky, astronomers will be getting even better resolutions of deep space. But
with a long lifespan will come challenges. This sparsely populated part of the Karoo was chosen because of its
limited Radio Frequency Interference (RFI). “Humans just give off a large volume of RFI,” says Raynard.
14. The instruments on the telescope are so sensitive that a passing satellite overhead can produce unwanted
radio interference. A nearby cellphone can destroy equipment and in the future, it is likely that radio signal
pollution will increase as technology advances and populations even in the sparsely populated Karoo grow.
15. Raynard, however, believes that government and legislation will protect the project in the future. Already the local
population in the area is having to learn to live with these restrictions, even though before the arrival of the telescopes
cellphone reception at best was patchy.
16. Scientists have been tasked with providing connectivity for the population, using alternative technologies. One of these is
a low frequency trunk radio system that has been set up, for farmers and the municipalities to use.
17. And there are also expected to be technological spin-offs from MeerKat, that will eventually filter down to other scientific
disciplines. The analysis and collection of Big Data, is likely to be one of these. MeerKat receives and processes huge
amounts of data every second. Being able to handle such large volumes of data could assist in some unusual applications.
18. “You are building an instrument that will improve peoples’ lives. With big data, physicians will be able to do diagnosis
more quickly. Another spin-off, we have seen more recently, is that instead of people monitoring the ocean line to spot
sharks you can use electronic monitoring of the ocean and determine what marine life is there. So you can identify the
threat much quicker,” explains Raynard.
19. That’s the future but for the moment, Camilo is still dealing with the response to that amazing picture. “I received
overnight 20 emails from scientists around the world, and they are asking ‘Can I have the data for that image?’ And we are
saying there is a process, and that involves South Africa.” DM
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QUESTIONS:
Refer to the heading and the sub-heading:
1. Another word for “snapshot” is p__________ . (1)
2. What is the function of the apostrophe in “galaxy’s”? (1) [2]
Refer to par. 1-4:
3. Which word in par.2 suggests that the MeerKat is something new to be introduced to the world? (1)
4. Suggest a synonym for “obscure” in par.3. (1)
5. The word “hard” is used three times in par.4 – suggest TWO other words one could use in the place of
“hard”. (2) [4]
Refer to par.5-7:
6. Which word in par.5 means ‘far away’? (1)
7. The function of the dash in par.6 is:
a) To indicate an afterthought
b) To draw the reader’s attention
c) To provide an explanation of the preceding “it”
Write down only the letter of your choice. (1) [2]
Refer to par.8-10:
8. Are “academic papers” (par.8) most likely to be found in a school or university context? Write down the
underlined word of your choice. (1)
9. Is “US” (par.9) an acronym or an abbreviation? Give a reason for your answer. (1)
10. Scientists have to wait for the telescope to be in__________ (par.10) before they release their images.
Complete and write down this word in full. (1) [4]
11. Quote the use of a compound adjective from par.12. (1)
12. Why is “ears”(par.13) in inverted commas? (1)
13. Explain “sparsely populated”(par.13) in your own words. (1)
[3]
Refer to par.14-16:
14. Name TWO things that could interfere with the instruments on the telescope. (2)
15. Is the following statement TRUE or FALSE? Quote no more than ONE word to substantiate your answer:
People living near the satellite are used to excellent cellphone reception. (2) [4]
Refer to par.17-19:
16. What are the TWO positive spin-offs of the data collected mentioned in par.18 – complete the following
sentences to answer this question:
a) Doctors will ………………………….(6/7 words)
b) Threats in the ……………………………….(6/7 words)
[2]
SUB-TOTAL:20
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TERM TWO:
PUNCTUATION:
Punctuation is incredibly important because it not only gives structure, but also meaning to our writing. The
following extracts were taken from “Eats, Shoots & Leaves” written by Lynn Truss. The title of the book comes
from the following:
A panda walks into a café. He orders a sandwich, eats it, then draws a gun and proceeds to fire it at the other
patrons.
"Why?" asks the confused, surviving waiter amidst the carnage, as the panda makes towards the exit. The
panda produces a badly punctuated wildlife manual and tosses it over his shoulder.
"Well, I'm a panda," he says. "Look it up."
The waiter turns to the relevant entry in the manual and, sure enough, finds an explanation. "Panda. Large
black-and-white bear-like mammal, native to China. Eats, shoots and leaves."
In this book, the author uses illustration and humour to show how important the comma is in a sentence. The
use and placement of the comma entirely changes the meaning of the sentence. For each pair of sentences
below, write an explanation as to how the comma makes a difference to the meaning of the sentence:
ACTIVITY ONE:
1. a) Slow, children crossing.

b) Slow children crossing.
2. a) “Go, get him doctors!”
b) “Go get him, doctors!”
3. a) Becky teased the boy with the fluffy duck.
b) Becky teased the boy, with the fluffy duck.
4. a) Look at that huge hot dog!
b) Look at that huge, hot dog!
5. a) The student, said the teacher, is crazy.
b) The student said the teacher is crazy.
PUNCTUATION MARKS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS:

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(The following pages have been scanned in – they are from the English Handbook and Study
Guide)
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ACTIVITY TWO: PUNCTUATION EXERCISE
Question One:
1. Rewrite the following sentences using CAPITAL LETTERS where necessary and giving a REASON for doing so:
a) The english soccer team played very well.
b) We saw gone with the wind last night.
c) Henry said, “we are leaving for london tonight.”
Question Two:
2. What is the FUNCTION of the comma/s in each of the following sentences:
a) Can I help you, Sir? b) Mr Muller, the Deputy-headmaster, is going overseas. c) I need a pencil, an
eraser, a ruler and a book.
Question Three:
3. Insert a SEMI-COLON in the next sentences and give a REASON for doing so:
a) He is perhaps going to Paarl Gymnasium next year he is also considering PRG.
b) They produced a few Springbok players they also had their fair share of criminals.
Question Four:
4. What is the FUNCTION of the COLON in the following sentences:
a) Let me tell you this: your behaviour is unacceptable.
b) The following players meet me now: John, Mark, Leslie and Tom.
Question Five:
5. Name THREE ways in which the title of a book/film can be written or typed.
Question Six:
6. What is the function of the INVERTED COMMAS in the following:
a) She stumbled and “flew” across the room.
b) I told him to pack his bags and “loop”!
c) Tom said, “I’m not available right now.”
Question Seven:
7. Complete the following:
a) When something is written in PARENTHESIS, it is usually an (1) ………………, an (2)
……………………………………… or
some (3)……………………………… information.
b) Parenthesis can either be inside brackets, or (1) …………………………… or a set of
(2)………………………………..
Question Eight:
8. Rewrite the following, inserting a HYPHEN where necessary and giving a REASON for doing so:
a) black and white photographs
b) reexamine
c) antidandruff shampoo
Question Nine:
9. A dash is a l_________ line that is used in a s____________________ and a hyphen is a much shorter line that is
used in w____________________. The Afrikaans word for a hyphen is a ‘k____________________’ and for a dash it is
an ‘aan______________________’.
Complete this.
Question Ten:
10. What is the FUNCTION of the DASH in the following sentences:
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a) We visited Bloemfontein – the city of roses.
b) She is a Springbok athlete, a professional coach – and she can cook!
Question Eleven:
11. What do we call the three dots at the end of this sentence and what is their function?
P.S. Meet me at eight o’clock tonight …
Question Twelve:
12. Explain the FUNCTION of the ITALICIsED words in the following sentence:
a) Apocalypto is quite a violent film.
b) Make sure you cook the pasta al dente!
ACTIVITY THREE:
Insert commas in the following sentences:
1. Carlos wants to visit Paris Italy Germany and China.
2. My favourite colours are blue red and pink.
3. I like to go hiking fishing swimming and camping during summer.
4. I have to clean my room walk the dog and take out the rubbish.
5. The tree is very tall old and green.
6. I need to visit my mother wash my car and buy six stamps.
7. They like chocolate but they like vanilla better.
8. In five minutes the building will be closed.
9. When I get home I am going to brush my teeth.
10. Until I reach my goal I will not stop working.
11. If I get a new job I will be very happy.
12.To become an astronaut it takes much hard work and determination.
13. Because she is only twelve she is not old enough to drive.
14. Daniel Garrison a farmer wakes up very early.
15. Tanner my teacher is wearing a gray shirt.
16. The car a 1967 ford mustang is very fast.
17. “I am tired” he muttered.
18.. He said “We need to lower taxes!”
19. “If I don’t wake up in time” he whispered “I will be in trouble.”
20. When school ends today at 3:15 p.m. we will play soccer.
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21. Gold watches for example are going on sale today
22.Yes I would like more water please.
23. Sorry we do not have enough room.
24. Well I hope the problem will be fixed soon.
25. However I am very good at math.
26. Wait is there another way?
27. Tomorrow will be Sunday December 2.
28. George Washington was born on February 22 1732.
29. I will be sixteen on Tuesday the 6th of July 1582.
30. September 11 2001 is a date that will be remembered.
ACTIVITY FOUR:
Fill in the missing colons.
1) I gave you the spray bottles for one reason to clean the windows.
2) You will need the following ingredients milk, sugar, flour, and eggs.
3) Johann set the alarm clock for 6 00.
4) My father ended every conversation the same way “Don’t give up.”
5) Mix the oil and vinegar at a 1 2 ratio.
6) I have invited the following people to my party Kevin, Amy, and Keeley.
7) There is only one way to make it to the top hard work.
ACTIVITY FIVE:
Rewrite the following using an apostrophe – write out the entire sentence.
That is the house of David. ◊ That is David’s house.
1) This is the shoe of the girl. ◊
2) We are at the room of the hotel. ◊
3) He is the son of Marcus. ◊
4) This is the house of Julie and Juan. ◊
5) The flowers of the plant are red. ◊
6) The website of the College is confusing. ◊

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7) I want to play the guitar of Ernesto. ◊
ACTIVITY SIX:
Use apostrophes in the following sentences to form contractions.
Example: I am your friend. ◊ I’m your friend.
1) I do not like vanilla ice cream. ◊
2) I am going to the mall. ◊
3) Who is the new student? ◊
4) They are my best friends. ◊
5) We are not waiting in the line. ◊
6) She will be the class president. ◊
7) He should not worry so much. ◊
8) They will be here in fifteen minutes. ◊
9) Where is my blue book? ◊
10) She does not eat spinach. ◊
11) This is not the key I was looking for.
ACTIVITY SEVEN:
Put appropriate punctuation marks in the following sentences.

1. A grandparents job is easier than a parents
2. It looks as if the sun goes around the earth but of course the earth really goes round the sun
3. He neither smiled spoke nor looked at me
4. Long ago in a distant country there lived a beautiful princess
5. It was my aunt who took Peter to London yesterday not my father.
6. Ruth was invited to the party but she was ill so Jane went instead of her
7. Sorry to disturb you could I speak to you for a moment
8. Is it any use expecting them to be on time
9. Johns going to sleep during the wedding was rather embarrassing
10. Having lost all my money I went home
ACTIVITY EIGHT:
Rewrite the following sentences and insert the hyphen where needed.
1. The reporter was complimented on his hard hitting exposé.
2. Your mother of pearl necklace and earrings will look beautiful with that dress.
3. Twenty five guests arrived an hour early because of a mistake on the invitations.
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4. I buy my cards for next year during the post Christmas sales; I always save at least 50 percent.
5. The seasoned mountain climber was quite self sufficient; therefore, no one bothered to call un
til his family became worried.
6. Since the first one was a failure, we should re create the experiment.
7. He is very good friends with his ex wife.
8. The building contractors used material that had been fire tested.
9. The young writer’s ill advised decision may have caused him to lose the publishing contract.
ACTIVITY NINE:
Rewrite the following sentences and insert the appropriate punctuation marks – highlight the changes:
1.We had a great time in France the kids really enjoyed it
2. Some people work best in the mornings others do better in the evenings
3. What are you doing next weekend
4. Mother had to go into hospital she had heart problems
5. Did you understand why I was upset
6. It is a fine idea let us hope that it is going to work
7. We will be arriving on Monday morning at least I think so
8. Id like to go with you if that is an option
9.The girls father sat in a corner
10. In the words of Murphys Law anything that can go wrong will go wrong
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
FIGURES OF SPEECH CONTINUED:

* IRONY:
An expression, notion, statement which has an unexpected result – it can either mean the exact
opposite or it can mean exactly what is being referred to:
Examples:
1. The English teacher has never read a book in his whole life. (opposite result – one would
expect a language teacher to enjoy reading)
2. His final words were: I will never speak to you again. He never did, because he was killed in
an accident that afternoon. (the exact result has come about)
Verbal irony is very closely related to sarcasm – sarcasm is deliberately used to hurt or
harm, whereas verbal irony mostly implies a different meaning to what is being said.
1. Example of verbal irony: Great! Someone stained my new dress. (the opposite of ‘great’ is
meant)
2. Example of sarcasm: Do you call this a work of art? (meant to insult or hurt someone’s
feelings)
Dramatic irony: This occurs when the audience is aware of something that the characters on
stage/in the play/etc. are not aware of. This is what keeps people glued to the television
screens when they are watching soap operas and series.
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1. Example of dramatic irony: Where the detective in a movie does not know that the
criminal responsible for the crimes in the city is his partner. The audience(viewers),
however, is already aware of this.
* SARCASM:
Sarcasm is derived from the French word sarcasmor, and also from the Greek word sarkazein,
which means “tear flesh,” or “grind the teeth.” Somehow, in simple words it means to speak bitterly.
It is also referred to as the lowest form of wit! (the worst way in which you can try to be funny and
sharp).
Examples of sarcasm:
1. When I look into your eyes, I see straight through to the back of your head.
2. Anyone who told you to be yourself couldn’t have given you any worse advice.
3. Are you always this stupid or are you making a special effort today?
4. He always finds himself lost in thought; it’s unfamiliar territory.
*PUN:
A pun is a play on words that produces a humorous effect by using a word that suggests two or
more meanings, or by exploiting similar sounding words that have different meanings.
Examples of puns:
1. Why do we still have troops in Germany? To keep the Russians in Czech.

2. A horse is a very stable.
3. Time flies like an arrow. Fruit flies like a banana.
4. German jokes are the wurst.
5. The tallest building in town is the library — it has thousands of stories!
6. I dropped an electron somewhere! -Are you sure! -Yes, I’m positive!
*RHETORICAL QUESTION:
A rhetorical question is asked just for effect, or to emphasise a point being discussed and no real
answer is expected. A rhetorical question may have an obvious answer, but the questioner asks it
for a very specific reason.
Examples of rhetorical questions: (study the reason or the effect of the rhetorical question in
brackets):
1. Who knows? (the speaker may be frustrated or desperate)

2. Are you stupid? (the speaker may want to draw the hearer’s attention to something frustrating
about his or her behaviour)
3. Does it look like I care? (the speaker may want to emphasise the fact that he/she is not
emotionally involved at all/does not care at all)
4. “What’s in a name? That which we call a rose by any other name would smell as sweet!”
Juliet in “Romeo and Juliet”) (Juliet has just discovered that she has fallen in love with the
enemy’s son and she is trying to justify her actions by saying a name is neither here nor
there, it is what/how you are that matters.)
LITERAL LANGUAGE:
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Literal language refers to the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences in their real or actual
sense. Literal language is the language one uses to say precisely what one means. (denotation =
definition as you would find it in a dictionary. E.g. A dog is a member of the canine family, often kept
as a pet.)
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE:
Figurative language, in contrast, is, a language in which words, phrases, and sentences have been
given extraordinary meanings.
The sentence, "The grass always looks greener on the other side.” can be understood both literally
and figuratively. In a literal sense, it would mean that the ground covering one area consistently
seems to have a better colour than the other. Figuratively, it means that other lives or situations
always seem better than your own.
Examples of literal and figurative language:
1. I told him to go jump off a cliff; I hope he didn’t take me literally.

2. You are too big for your boots now; we’ll have to buy new ones.
3. I was laughing so hard that I almost died.
4. She scaled the wall that was holding her back – she found herself a good job and is providing
for herself now.
5. I am so hungry I could eat an entire cow right now.
ACTIVITY TEN:
Explain the irony or the sarcasm that can be found in the following cartoons:
1. 2.
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4.
5.
6.
7.
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ACTIVITY ELEVEN:
Explain the literal and or figurative language in the following:
1.
2.
3. 4.
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SUMMARY WRITING:
There are TWO types of summary writing that you have to be able to do:
1. Point-form summary: you are given a passage which you have to summarise in a certain
number of points. The instructions are very specific and you are penalised if you do not carry
them out.
2. Prose summary: you are given a passage and you have to summarise it in a paragraph
according to an instruction/s. Very often you have to write about a number of points about a
certain topic and these points have to be strung together in a coherent way. We will learn
about this in the second half of the year.
PRACTICE SUMMARY EXERCISE:

Read the following passage and write a point-form summary in which you list the advantages of gaming – be
sure to carry out the following instructions:
● first read the passage to get a general idea of it
● then study the question carefully, read the passage again and use a highlighter or a ruler to
mark the relevant bits clearly.
● write a rough draft first and concentrate on choosing the right information
● edit your rough draft and make sure that your sentences are coherent.
● cross out the rough draft and write your final draft – remember to indicate the word count.
● your summary should be no more than 60 words. Indicate the number of words at the end
of your final draft
● number your points
● leave a line open between points
● every point must be in a full sentence
ADVANTAGES OF GAMING:
When an adult or child is playing a video game, he or she is not only staring at the computer inactively. The
activities and actions on the screen provide a lot of mental stimulation. For one to play, he or she will need to
coordinate their visual, audial and physical movement.
Video games involve certain rules. This means that the player has to think carefully before making any move
to ensure that they stay within the required rules of that particular game. The player needs to make split-
second decisions that will determine whether or not he or she will advance to the next level.
Playing your favourite video game may require both visual and audial memory. The player is required to read
or listen to the instructions which might only be provided at the beginning of the game, thus the need to
remember them throughout the entire game. Mastery of the keys on your keyboard helps you easily move
your characters in the game. This helps improve your memory, whether short- term or long-term.
Video games especially action games, have proven to be able to capture the player's attention for the entire
period of the game. This is brought about by the player's need to achieve certain objectives within the game,
and be able to progress to the next level.
Gaming is not only beneficial to adults and teenagers, but to children as well. Many modern education
institutions incorporate video games as a teaching methodology. This helps these children improve their
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academic skills by providing video games that are specifically aimed at enhancing their cognitive and creative
skills.
While gaming, the brain receives multiple stimulations, both Visual and audial. According to research,
individuals who play video games frequently can process these stimulators faster than others. These
stimulators ensure that the brain is continuously working to interpret them.
An action game, for example, may require you to be very observant. It requires you to be able to move your
joystick or keys while looking at the various features on your screen such as energy levels, oncoming
adversaries, ammunitions left, available time among other factors, all which are vital to winning. This ensures
that the player can observe and react accordingly to all requirements of that particular game.
Online gaming enables many players to engage in a particular game simultaneously. As such, there is constant
communication between the players which in turn results in the development of meaningful as well as casual
relationships among them.
This helps players meet new friends while also strengthening bonds with their old friends.Though computer
games might be beneficial, there is need to play them in moderation. It is also important to pick the right
game as not all of them provide the same cognitive benefits. Age should also be a factor. Small children
should not be exposed to violent games.
_________________________________________________________________________________________
REVISION OF OLD PAPERS:
REVISION NR 1:
Paul Roos Gymnasium

Grade 8 English Home Language REVISION OF JUNE LANGUAGE PAPER 2016
SECTION A: COMPREHENSION [20]
Read the following text adapted from the article “Your old phone is full of untapped precious metals” written by Bianca
Nogrady and answer the questions that follow.
Your old phone is full of untapped precious metals

1. A diamond-encrusted iPhone can set you back $95m – but if this piece of i-bling is a little out of your price
range, don’t feel despondent. Every smartphone contains precious metals including gold, silver, copper,
platinum and palladium.
2. This is more than just an amusing detail about the device that never leaves your side. These precious metals are
now looking more precious than ever, as we face the prospect of one day being no longer able to afford to dig
them out of the ground. Suddenly your smartphone is looking a lot more valuable than you might think.
3. Smartphones are pocket-sized vaults of precious metals and rare earths. A typical iPhone is estimated to house
around 0.034g of gold, 0.34g of silver, 0.015g of palladium and less than one-thousandth of a gram of platinum.
It also contains the less valuable but still significant aluminium (25g) and copper (around 15g). And that’s just
the start. Smartphones also contain a range of rare earth elements – elements that are actually plentiful in the
Earth’s crust but extremely difficult to mine and extract economically – including yttrium, lanthanum, terbium,
neodymium, gadolinium and praseodymium. Then there’s also the plastic, the glass, the battery… it’s a very
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long list of ingredients.
4. These are all present in relatively small amounts. But more than two billion people currently have a
smartphone, and that number is projected to increase. Why is this a problem? Because those two billion
smartphone users upgrade to a new phone roughly every 11 months, which means their old smartphone gets
cast into a drawer somewhere and forgotten about, or it gets thrown out. Barely 10% of these get recycled and
their precious components recovered and reused. It’s a veritable goldmine sitting in cupboards, in boxes, in
landfill. In an era when the prefix ‘peak’ is starting to be added to a whole lot of resources as well as oil, it
makes economic and environmental sense to avoiding wasting such valuable substances.
5. In case you’re thinking of trying a little electronic gold mining at the individual scale, the miniscule amounts in
each smartphone should make you think twice. But once you start thinking at the big scale, it looks a lot more
attractive: one million mobile phones could deliver nearly 16 tonnes of copper, 350kg of silver, 34kg of gold and
15kg of palladium.
6. The challenge is how to recover those minerals and materials safely and economically. A significant proportion
of e-waste – including mobile phones – gets exported or dumped in countries such as China where poorly paid
workers and children are reported to be used to break apart these electronics, often using dangerous chemicals
to get to the valuable components. One town in south-eastern China called Guiyu has claimed the dubious
distinction of being the largest e-waste site in the world. It’s causing terrible health problems for its residents
and polluting the soil, rivers and air with mercury, arsenic, chromium and lead.
7. Even e-waste that is recycled in its country of origin poses a challenge. In Australia, for example, recycling of
e-waste still involves industrial smelting which is high cost and far from environmentally-benign.
8. Is there a better way? Of course there is. Ideally, we’d stop changing our smartphones faster than we change
our underpants. But changing consumer behaviour is probably the least viable option – we need to come up
with something better.
9. Materials scientist Veena Sahajwalla from the University of New South Wales is taking a small-scale approach to
a global problem. Sahajwalla, who will be presenting at BBC Future’s WCIS event in November, sees the future
in “micro-factories”, one in every community, that can safely, cleanly and efficiently extract all the valuable
metals from obsolete mobile phones and incinerate the rest.
10. Her approach is very hands-off, minimising the need for human contact with the more dangerous materials
inside smartphones. The mobile phone is smashed apart using high-voltage current. Then the valuable printed
circuit boards are retrieved by a robot arm, and fed into a tiny furnace that uses precisely-controlled,
high-temperature reactions to draw out the valuable metal alloys. Any toxic or unwanted materials can then be
safely incinerated.
11. The whole set-up is contained in something the size of a shipping container, which could make it the ultimate
cottage industry for someone looking for gold in them rather than mountains of e-waste. Who knows – do it for
long enough and you might well be able to build your own solid-gold, diamond-encrusted smartphone.
http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20161017-your-old-phone-is-full-of-precious-metals
Refer to paragraphs 1-3
1. Identify and write down an example of each of the following from paragraph 1:
a. Compound adjective
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b. Compound noun (2)
2. Using your own words, explain why the precious metals in phones might be important
one day. (1)
3. Briefly provide a reason for the author comparing a smart phone to a “vault” (par. 3).
4. Quote one word from paragraph 3 that means the same as “contain”. (1)
5. State whether the following is true or false and quote no more than 6-8 words to substantiate your answer,
The majority of smart phones users recycle their old phones. (2
6. Why is it not feasible for smart phone users to extract the precious metals from their own
phones? USE YOUR OWN WORDS. (1)
7. Name the two factors that one must consider when extracting this element. (2)
8. Provide a word with the same meaning as “…economically…” (par.6). (1)
9. If something is “…environmentally-benign…”, it …
a. is good for the environment.
b. is bad for the environment.
c. is something that doesn’t affect the environment.
Write down only the correct letter as your answer. (1)
10. Does the author believe that changing people’s upgrading habits is a practical solution?
Quote two words to prove your answer. (2)
11. Do you think that a “…small-scale approach…” can be an effective solution to a global
problem? Provide a reason for your answer.
(No marks are awarded for writing only “yes” or “no” – you must give a good reason stating why you believe
this) (2)
12. Write down one advantage of using this “…hands-off approach…” (par.10) (1)
13. Rewrite the noun “robot” as an adjective to correct the sentence in paragraph 10.
Write only the corrected word as your answer. (1)
14. Write down the two different ways fire is used in this process. (2
Total Section A: 20
SECTION B: LANGUAGE [20] (Begin this section on a new page)
Use the following text adapted from the article “The reason people shout into their mobile phones” to answer the
questions that follow.
The reason people shout into their mobile phones.
1. We’ve all winced at least once at the deafening sound of a commuter loudly conversing with someone on
a mobile phone. But why is shouting like this so common?
2. Recently, Drs Adam Rutherford and Hannah Fry have been answering questions from listeners and the
BBC Future audience for a new BBC Radio 4 series called “The Curious Cases of Rutherford and Fry”.
48 | Page
3. One query came from Daniel Sarano of New Jersey, USA: “I have no interest in hearing about other
people’s private lives,” wrote Sarano, "the whole idea would have seemed anathema to older generations.
I think they would have considered it rude to talk loudly in public."
4. Many people seem to do it without realising, but is there a scientific reason for their loudness?
5. The answer begins by looking at an aspect of telephone design that pre-dates the mobile phone, called
“sidetone” – a feature whereby a caller could hear their own voice in the phone’s speaker when talking.
6. This reassures the user that they can be heard, leaving no reason to raise one’s voice. Landlines have
sidetones specifically to prevent bellowing in offices and indoor space. But did mobiles do away with
them? As acoustic technologist Nick Zakarov notes, no, they didn’t – there are international guidelines
that suggest a recommended decibel level for sidetone in mobile phones.
7. But the problem with mobiles is that they are mobile, and a fixed volume of sidetone isn't always
sufficient where background noise is very high.
8. Plus, there's also the Lombard effect to consider. This is our natural tendency to raise our voice to match
the noise levels around us. We tend to try and match the loudest sound we can hear. A pneumatic drill on
a building site, for example.Hence the phenomenon of overly audible mobile phone chats.
9. It’s worth pointing out, however, that this would not be the first time that our use of phones (has / have)
challenged the idea of good manners. When phones were originally invented, they raised all sorts of
questions for Victorians. Should one have a phone conversation when undressed? Was it proper to stand
up when speaking to a woman on the phone?
10. It seems phones, then, are a technology that may always pose new etiquette conundrums.
1.1. Use the homonym of the word “mobile” (par. 1) in a sentence which clearly illustrates its meaning. /1/
1.2. Use the homophone of the word “no” (par. 5) in a sentence which clearly illustrates
its meaning. /1/
1.3. Write down the functions of the following punctuation marks:

1.3.1. The apostrophe in “We’ve” (par. 1).
1.3.2. The inverted commas in paragraph 2.
1.3.3. The colon in paragraph 3.
1.3.4. The apostrophe in “people’s” (par. 3)
1.3.5. The hyphen in “pre-dates” (par. 5) /5/
1.4. Underline down all the finite verbs in the following sentences:
Many people seem to do it without realising.
0.4.2. I think they would have considered it rude to talk loudly in public.
/3/
0.5. Identify whether the following past participles are used as part of the verb, adjectives
or gerunds.
0.5.2. A fixed volume of sidetone isn't always sufficient.
49 | Page
0.5.3. When phones were originally invented, they raised all sorts of questions for Victorians. /2/
0.6. Write down whether each of the following is a phrase or a clause.

0.6.2. to talk loudly in public
0.6.3. but is there a scientific reason
0.6.4. A pneumatic drill on a building site. /3/
0.7.1. Write down the incorrectly used pronoun in paragraph 5.

0.7.2. Write down the correct pronoun that should have been used in paragraph 5. /2/
0.8. Refer to paragraph 9: choose the correct word from between brackets. Write only the correct word as your
answer. /1/
0.9. Write down whether the following sentences are simple, compound or complex.
0.9.1. This reassures the user that they can be heard.
0.9.2. There's also the Lombard effect to consider. /2/
TOTAL: 40
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>
REVISION NR 2:
GRADE 8 LANGUAGE PAPER TIME: 1 HOURS NOVEMBER 2018
SECTION A: COMPREHENSION [20]
QUESTION 1
Read the article on ADDENDUM A entitled: “Psychologists work out what makes Dr Seuss so funny” and answer the
questions that follow:
Refer to Par.1-3:
1.1. What is “aphasia”? You may quote. [1]
1.2. What part of speech is “made-up”? [1]
1.3. Another word for mirth is lau____ [1]
Par.4-6
1.4. Why is Journal of Memory and Language capitalised? [1]
1.5. Complete: A “wordsmith” is someone who is _______ [1]
Par.7-9
1.6. Describe in your own words what the “incongruity theory” is. [2]
1.7. Why are the words “snunkoople” and “yuzz-a-ma-tuzz” written in inverted commas? [1]
1.8.1. What is a “Seuss-ism”? [1]
1.8.2. Which particular trait does a Seuss-ism have which makes people laugh? [1]
Par. 10 -12
1.9. Provide a word of your own opposite in meaning to “subjective”. [1]
1.10. Why are these words in par.10 placed in inverted commas?
“They’re going on their gut feeling....” [1]
1.11. Provide a synonym for the word “compute”. [1]
1.12. Would you, like most people, assign a spiky shape to the word “kiki” and a rounded shape to “bouba”? Give a
reason for your answer. [1]
Par.13-15
50 | Page
1.13.1. Explain the use of the apostrophe in the words ‘they’re” and “can’t”. [1]
1.13.2. Write out the words in 1.13.1 in full. (Watch your spelling!) [2]
1.14. Quote TWO consecutive words from paragraph 11 that means the same as “All humans are born with
expectations of how things should sound.” [1]
Par.16
1.15. Explain the TWO uses of the hyphen in paragraph 16. Refer to the words “sabre-toothed” and “rustle”. [2]
[20]
SECTION C: LANGUAGE STUDY [25]
QUESTION 3
Read the text below entitled “Why do we laugh when someone falls?” and answer the language questions:
Why do we laugh when someone falls over?
1. A man is walking down the street gazing into space. He doesn’t notice an open manhole and he disappears into it.
It's hard not to laugh at a silly scene like this - but why we find it so amusing is an interesting question.
2. The philosopher Henri Bergson argued that laughter helps to maintain the rules of society. We learn to laugh at
careless behaviour and this makes people pay attention to the requirements of the world they live in, because nobody
likes being laughed at. Laughter pushes us towards being normal.
3. What do you get if you cross a sheep with a kangaroo? A woolly jumper! Sigmund Freud, a famous neorologist,
believed that jokes give us relief from all the effort of thinking properly. As we grow up, we get weighed down by
responsibility to respond to the world in an orderly fashion. Jokes give us a holiday from this responsibility by coming
up with impossible answers to questions.
4. The Challenge Days, which are run at Cambridge University during the autumn and spring terms, are aimed at
academically-able students who might not think about applying to Cambridge. They come from schools and colleges
that are (nearly all) below the national average point score at A-level.
5. As an academic at CU, Dr Lyne, lecturer of English, spends most of his time writing and teaching about Shakespeare.
He is the author of scholarly books and articles about Shakespeare's plays and poems. He thinks there is a lot to learn
from the ways people have always chosen stories with happy endings and opportunities for humour. So he thinks we
should take Shakespeare's comedies as seriously as we take his tragedies, because understanding happiness is as
crucial as understanding disaster. His plays give food for thought about what makes people lucky in life and love -- and
whether it's luck at all.
6. Dr Lyne encourages his teenage audience to put a universal human experience under an academic microscope. He
will introduce them to the idea that being at university can be all about looking deeply into the things that really
interest you, whether it’s why the sun shines, why we fall in love, or what makes us laugh.
8. “We often undervalue comedy in comparison with tragedy, with the result that we miss chances to think about how
and why good things happen to us”, he says. “I think literature has a lot to tell us about happiness, which is of course
quite a buzzword at the moment.”
9.“When I talk to teenagers about taking comedy seriously it’s often a surprise for them – I hope it’s a nice one – and
they get quite fired up thinking about how something they do for fun could be studied at a deep level. Sometimes
they're quite resistant to the idea that laughter trains us to be normal, but sometimes they go for it straight away. I
don't think it spoils laughter and jokes to think about them carefully – quite the opposite.”
3.1. Read the following sentences from par.1 and find each of the following: (write down only the answer)
51 | Page
“A man is walking down the street gazing into space. He doesn’t notice an open manhole and he disappears into it. It’s
hard not to laugh at a silly scene like this – but why we find it so amusing is an interesting question.”
3.1.1. Present participle used as an adjective
3.1.2. Present participle used as part of a verb construction [2]
3.2. Identify the following sentences as Simple, Complex or Compound:
3.2.1. He doesn’t notice an open manhole and he disappears into it.
3.2.2. Laughter pushes us towards being normal.
3.2.3. What do you get if you cross a sheep with a kangaroo? [3]
3.3. Identify and underline down the finite verbs in the following sentences:
3.3.1. He thinks there is a lot to learn from the ways people have always chosen stories with happy endings.
3.3.2. Dr Lyne spends most of his time writing and teaching about Shakespeare.
3.3.3. He is the author of books and articles about Shakespeare’s plays and poems. [5]
3.4. Is Dr (par.5) an abbreviation or an acronym? Give a reason for your answer. [2]
3.5. Choose the correct form of the verb in brackets – encircle the answer.
3.5.1. Both laughter and positive thinking (is/are) good for your health.
3.5.2. Neither of the boys (wants/want) to watch the comedy show.
3.5.3. Two thirds of the pudding (falls/fall) on the carpet.
3.5.4. Everyone (laughs/laugh) at careless behaviour. [4]
3.6. Write down whether each of the underlined sections of the following sentences is an example of a phrase or a
clause:
3.6.1. The Challenge Days, which are run at Cambridge University during the autumn and spring term, are aimed at
academically-abled students...(par. 4)
3.6.2. His plays give food for thought about what makes people lucky in love and life - and whether it’s luck at all.
(par.5)
3.6.3. Dr Lyne encourages his teenagers to put a human experience under an academic microscope. (p
3.6.4. …whether it’s why the sun shines, why we fall in love, or what makes us laugh [4]
3.7. Write down the correct form of the word given in brackets – do not rewrite the sentence:
3.7.1. He has a (philosophy) view of life.
3.7.2. If you feel you are able to, you should (application) for the university of your choice.
3.7.3. John is the (luck) boy alive – he won tickets to see Dynamo. [3]
3.8. Write down a homophone for each of the following words:
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3.8.1. desert
3.8.2. piece [2]
[25]
SECTION C: VISUAL LITERACY [5]
QUESTION 4
Read the headlines marked as Addendum C and answer the questions:
(Headlines not copied because of poor quality) Here they are:
Headline A: Brilliant Banyana: you beauts!
Headline B: Shark attack as Lions fall like lambs
4.1. Refer to Headline A

4.1.1. Identify the figures of speech in the headline.___________________________________________________
4.1.2. Fill in the missing word: The word “beauts” is an abbreviation for ___________________________________
4.1.3. Why is the word “beauts” well-suited to describe the Banyana team?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________ [3]
4.2. Refer to Headline B
4.2.1. Who were the winners of this rugby game?____________________________________________________
4.2.2. In this headline there are two figures of speech, namely
a. simile and metaphor
b. simile and personification
c. metaphor and onomatopoeia [2]
[5]
TOTAL: 60
ADDENDUM A:
SCIENTISTS HAVE FIGURED OUT WHAT MAKES DR. SEUSS SO SILLY
1. Chris Westbury was trying to get work done, and everyone around him kept laughing.
2. As part of a study on aphasia, a speech and language disorder, the University of Alberta psychology professor was running
a study in which test subjects were shown strings of letters and asked to distinguish real words from made-up ones. But
every time the (non) word “snunkoople” cropped up, the subjects would collapse with mirth.
3. Westbury may be an academic, but he’s one with a sense of humor. So when the aphasia project ended, he turned his
attention to a new research topic: What makes “snunkoople” so funny?
4. His conclusions, which will be published in the January 2016 issue of the Journal of Memory and Language, form the first
ever “quantifiable theory of humor,” Westbury said in a press release. It explains not just the hilariousness of
“snunkoople,” but the enduring genius of the world’s wittiest made-up wordsmith, Dr. Seuss.
5. The theory gets its inspiration from two decidedly un-funny sources: the 19th century German philosopher Arthur
Schopenhauer, and maths.
6. Schopenhauer is better known for establishing a philosophy called “Pessimism” than theorizing on the principles of humor.
But he apparently did find time to jot down some thoughts on comedy, among them, the idea that things are funny when
they violate our expectations.
7. This idea, termed “incongruity theory,” explains why people laugh at puns and the sight of a dozen clowns clambering out
of a teeny, tiny car — both defy what we expect to hear or see.
53 | Page
This probably held true for funny words too. An unusual non-word like “snunkoople” or Dr.
Seuss’s “yuzz-a-ma-tuzz” would be more likely to make people laugh than one that sounds like
it could almost be real, like “clester.”
8. But Westbury and his psychologist colleagues had no way of quantifying incongruity, so they borrowed one from
mathematics: Shannon entropy. The formula, developed by information theorist Claude Shannon, will make your head
spin more than a Dr. Seuss run-on-sentence, but the gist is that it quantified how much entropy, or disorder, is contained
within a message. Words with unusual or improbable letter combinations — “snunkoople,” “yuzz-a-ma-tuzz,” “oobleck,”
“truffula,” “sneetch” (the last four are all Seuss-isms) — are more disordered, and therefore, Westbury hypothesized,
funnier.
9. To test that idea, Westbury, his psychology department colleagues and two linguists from the University of Tübingen in
Germany drew up a list of made-up words, some with high degrees of entropy and some with low ones. They asked
subjects to compare two words and choose which was funnier, then rate words’ humorousness on a scale from 1 to 100.
10. Almost always, the more disordered a word, the funnier people found it.
Dr. Seuss, of whom the New York Times once wrote, “Nobody could possibly have ideas in any way resembling those
that occur to this talented man,” seemed to recognize that intuitively. When Westbury and his colleagues ran 65
famous Seuss-isms through the entropy formula, Seuss’s terms were reliably more disordered than ordinary English
words. According to Westbury, the theory shows that humor isn’t completely subjective. What we find funny is
predictably unpredictable. And though readers may think they’re laughing instinctively at young Gerald McGrew
hunting the “Russian palooski” and the “Fizza-ma-Wizza-ma-Dill” in his “skeegle-mobile,” they are actually doing an
“unconscious calculation” in their heads about the improbability of those words, Westbury explained on YouTube.
“They’re going on their gut feeling, going ‘It feels funny to me,'” he said. “And we’re showing that feeling is
actually a kind of probability calculation. … Emotion is helping us compute the probabilities in the world.”
11. Even though, according to Westbury, this is the first time a theory like this has been applied to humor, it’s actually not such
a radical notion. As far back as the 1920s, researchers have known that there’s a sort of innate sense to the way words
work.
12. For example, when asked to match the words “kiki” and “bouba” with shapes, people assign the first to a spiky shape and
the latter to a curvy one.
13. This is true whether they’re American undergraduate students or Tamil-speakers in India or toddlers who can’t even read
yet. All humans, regardless of their native language, are born with certain expectations for how things should sound.
14. And when words defy our expectations, Westbury explained in the press release, it makes sense that we respond with
laughter.
15. Many psychologists believe that laughter and amusement evolved to signal that a surprise is not a threat. Peter McGraw, a
leading proponent of what’s called “benign violation theory,” told Wired that a laugh is a response to a violation —
something shocking, upsetting, or confusing — that turns out not to be so bad. It’s how we show that an off-color
comment about 9/11 is just a Sarah Silver joke; that a man tripping up the stairs is just Charlie Chaplin performing
slapstick; that a weird, unfamiliar word is just a Dr. Seuss-ism.
16. It’s also how our hunter-gatherer ancestors likely alerted one another that the rustle in the bushes they just heard was a
rabbit rather than saber-toothed tiger.
17. By laughing, humans can “signal to the world that a violation is indeed OK.”
From Washington Post, 2015
REVISION NR 3: (FROM JUNE 2021)
QUESTION 1: COMPREHENSION
Text A
Read the following article and answer the following questions.
Five Swims to Save the Ross Sea: Lewis Pugh, Pioneer Swimmer
54 | Page
1. On a mission to protect the Ross Sea, Lewis Pugh has been
swimming in the most southerly water in the world: in the icy seas of the
Antarctica.
2. “It’s so cold. It is unbelievably cold. When you’re swimming in -1.7° C

water, you’re swimming in water 7° colder than the waters in which
passengers of the Titanic perished.”
3. Lewis Pugh is talking about the most southerly swim any person has ever completed, a record which he set
wearing just a pair of speedos in February 2016, as part of his Five Swims expedition. The former maritime
lawyer tackled the series of 1-km swims in Antarctica without a wetsuit or even a layer of goose fat in water
that would kill most people within minutes.
4. Pugh isn’t risking his life for records, although records are important to ensure media coverage. The waters
in which he was swimming were those of the Ross Sea – and it is this sea that he is hoping to save.
5. He has made the challenge deliberately extreme. “You’ve got to get in there, you’ve got to immerse
yourself. There’s no good speaking about protecting the Ross Sea from London. It’s got to be authentic. Be
under no illusion, you take your life into your own hands when you dive into the Ross Sea,” Pugh says.
6. So what makes the Ross Sea so important? “I think [the Ross Sea] is the most important sea in the world,”
says Pugh, who spent his childhood years in South Africa. “It is the most pristine ecosystem left on this
earth…it is invaluable to scientists.”
7. Pugh describes the Ross Sea as the “Polar Garden of Eden”. The area is home to numerous species, with
50% of the world’s type C killer whales, nearly 40% of the world’s Adélie penguins and 25% of the world’s
emperor penguins, crabeater seals, minke whales – all of which are fed by the sea’s enormous plankton
reserves. Aside from the most popular of Antarctic animals, the Ross Sea also hides incredible creatures,
many of which are found nowhere else on Earth, such as the colossus squid, which dwells up to two
kilometres under the surface.
8. The threats to this ecosystem are mainly climate change and dramatic over-fishing, the latter of which is
the biggest concern. One species under threat is the Antarctic tooth fish, which are caught and rebranded as
Chilean sea bass in high-end restaurants in the US and the European Union. Pugh explains, “When you take
out a species like that, which is a predator species, it’s literally like taking sharks out the world’s oceans. The
ecosystem collapses.”
9. For the past four years, the 25 nations which regulate Antarctica have voted on whether to make the Ross
Sea – an area the size of Britain, France and Germany – a Marine Protected Area, but it has to be a
unanimous vote. Finally, after four years, Russia has agreed to this endeavour and it is now a marine reserve.
10. When attempting his last of the five swims in the Bay of Whales, the air was so cold that the water froze
when it left the sea. Pugh remembers seeing a wave break against the side of his support boat; the water hit
the crew as ice.
11. “The wind was howling. The air was -37°C. The water was -1°C. And somehow, you’ve got to muster up
the courage to get in there. You can’t do that unless there is a burning reason. But equally you don’t know
what’s going to happen. You don’t know whether you’re going to survive that swim. That’s why it’s so
terrifying. You don’t know what’s going to happen because no human has ever done a swim there before.”
12. Pugh has, since the swim, shuttled back and forth between Washington D.C. and Moscow, where he
engaged in “warm and constructive” talks ahead of the October vote which would seal the fate of the Ross
Sea.
55 | Page
13. On 1 December 2017, the Ross Sea was officially recognised as an internationally Marine Protected Area,
becoming the world’s largest marine reserve. Lewis Pugh’s approach was philosophical when he referred to
the height of the original Cold War and “the continent of Antarctica was set aside as a place of peace and
science.” This has now extended beyond the continent to the surrounding ocean. Pugh achieved what he set
out to – “to build a bridge for peace.”
[Adapted from Jacanda Travel]
Refer to the title:

1.1 Write down only the letter of your choice:
The word “pioneer” means…
A. to be among the first
B. to perfect a skill
C. to be a great swimmer (1)
Refer to par. 1 – 3:
1.2 Explain why this is a life-endangering swim by using your own words. (1)
1.3 What makes this dive even more dangerous than other diver’s dives? (1)
1.4 Name Lewis Pugh’s real profession. (1)
1.5 Is “tackled” used literally or figuratively? Give a reason for your answer. (2)
1.6 Use your own words to explain why the breaking of a record is not the primary reason for attempting
such a daring feat. (2)
1.7 How does Pugh motivate his reason for taking such a dangerous risk? Explain in your own words.
(2)
1.8 Why is the Ross Sea so important to scientists? (2)
1.9 What are the biggest threats to the Ross Sea? Quote five consecutive words as your answer.
(1)
1.10 What part of speech is “Chilean”? (1)
1.11 Explain why the fishing of the Antarctic tooth fish is particularly dangerous by using your own words.
(2)
1.12 Provide a possible reason why Russia would have been slow to agree to vote for the reserve.
(1)
1.13 How does the reader know that the conditions on his last swim were inhumanly cold, apart from the
temperature reading? (Use your own words.) (1)
1.14 Explain the phrase, “muster up the courage”. (1)
1.15 Identify a word from the text which means having or intending to have a useful or beneficial purpose.
(1)
Total: 20 Marks
QUESTION 2: VISUAL LITERACY
Study the cartoons below and answer the questions that follow.
Text B
56 | Page
TEXT IN THE ABOVE CARTOON: He’s in the “Witness Protection Program”.
2.1 Explain the humour in this cartoon. (2)
Text C
*decimate – kill or destroy a large portion of something
2.2 What message is being communicated to the reader in this cartoon? (2)
2.3 From the illustration in the cartoon, the reader can see how the human has impacted the ocean.
Name two visual clues seen in the cartoon. (2)
Text D
2.4 Refer to frame 3:
57 | Page
2.4.1 What is the function of the apostrophe in “we’re”? (1)
2.4.2 Is “Deadman’s Float” being used figuratively or literally? (1)
2.5 The font in frame 4 shows how agitated Calvin is. What visual clues show this other than the large,
bold font? (2) Total: 10 Marks
________________________________________________________________
QUESTION 3: SUMMARY
You are a radio announcer and have to briefly explain, on the air, why Lewis Pugh became an ocean advocate.
Write a prose summary covering Pugh’s story for the news clip. The summary may not be longer than 70
words and should contain seven facts.
1. Show planning and edit it before writing out your neat.
2. Draw a line through your rough draft.
3. Write in your own words as far as possible.
4. Indicate the word count at the end of your summary.
Text E
My decision to become an ocean advocate didn’t just happen all at once. It began with stories of exploration I
loved as a child, and in the flights of imagination sparked by the world maps my father hung around the
house.
It grew along with my sense of justice while I read law at the University of Cape Town, during the time the
country’s new constitution was being drawn up.
Then there was the sense of achievement I felt after my very first Robben Island swim as a 17-year-old. It
taught me that finishing a job gives you the power and the energy to do even bigger things.
Most importantly, it was in the way the natural environment influenced my development. I was awed by my
first experience of real African wilds. I was awed in a different way in the Southern Ocean, when I found
myself swimming over a graveyard of whale’s skeletons over Whaler’s Bay.
I began swimming in vulnerable ecosystems to draw attention to the impact of our actions on our oceans. I
saw enormous chunks of ice slide off Arctic glaciers. I swam over bleached coral killed by the rising sea
temperatures. I visited lakes high in the Himalayas where once there was only ice. I saw plastic pollution in
the most remote parts of the oceans, and garbage piling so thick on city beaches that you could no longer see
the sand.
I’ve witnessed drastic changes in my lifetime – changes that have come about because of our actions. I soon
realised it would require a different action to bring about the changes needed to protect our vulnerable
natural resources.
I do it because I believe in protecting our fragile planet, in peace and in justice. I do it because it’s right. I do it
because our souls need nature. And I do it as much for nature’s sake as for ours.
Total: 10 Marks
QUESTION 4: LANGUAGE
Text F
Use the passage as a reference and answer the language questions below.
It is not necessary to read the passage before you begin answering.
58 | Page
This man swam under the East Antarctic ice sheet to highlight the impact of climate change
1. It's been 200 years since Russian explorer Admiral Bellingshausen discovered Antarctica. It’s a frozen wilderness, and
the East of the continent is the coldest place on Earth – but scientists say they are starting to see signs of ice loss even
there.
2. To draw attention to this plight, endurance swimmer and climate campaigner Lewis Pugh undertook a 1-kilometre
swim under one of the region’s glaciers.
3. Braving freezing waters and a windchill factor of -15°C, he explored a river running through an ice tunnel formed as a
result of the glacier melting.
4. And the experience was 4.8.1 eye-opening. “Antarctica is melting,” he says. “Everywhere 4.8.2 I looked, there was
water rushing off the ice sheet, carving long ravines deep into the ice sheet, or pooling into supraglacial lakes.”
5. “This place needs protecting,” he adds. “It needs protecting because all our futures depend on it.”
6. Pugh is the only person to have undertaken long-distance swims in all the world’s oceans. At 50, he’s a veteran of
many icy adventures, including swimming over the North Pole during a brief break in the sea ice, and crossing a lake
that formed on a glacier on Mount Everest.
7. He was named one of the World Economic Forum’s Young Global Leaders and in 2013 was appointed as the United
Nations’ Patron of the Oceans.
8. His ability to withstand extreme cold has earned him the nickname of "The Polar Bear".
9. Pugh’s East Antarctic swim is part of his campaign to secure a series of Marine Protected Areas around the continent.
Antarctica already has one of these zones, in the Ross Sea, but Pugh wants all the seas around the continent to be
designated protection areas in order to stem the effects of climate change.
10. He has already visited Moscow to mark the anniversary of Admiral Bellingshausen’s momentous discovery. And he
plans to head to Beijing, London and Washington to persuade world leaders to increase protection for Antarctica.
11. Since the early 1900s, glaciers around the world have been melting fast, as temperatures have risen due to global
warming.
12. This melting is causing sea levels to rise, which increases coastal erosion and creates more frequent and intense
extreme weather events. Together, the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are the largest contributors to global sea
level rises.
13. The East Antarctic, with ice sheets which were formed over millions of years and several kilometres thick in places,
has long been considered the most stable part of the continent.
14. But researchers say that is changing, with glaciers starting to move more quickly, which could indicate widespread
shifts in the region.
15. "What is very clear to us from the science is that we now need to create a network of marine protected areas
around Antarctica,” says Pugh. “It's an amazing place."
16. The World Economic Forum’s Net Zero Challenge was successfully launched during this year’s Annual Meeting in
Davos, challenging nations and corporations to do more to achieve the targets set out in the 2015 Paris Agreement.
[Adapted from weforum – 29 January 2020]
59 | Page
4.1 Refer to the sentence below and write down all the finite verbs:
It's been 200 years since Russian explorer Admiral Bellingshausen discovered Antarctica. (par. 1) (2)
4.2 State whether the verbs in the sentences below are used transitively or intransitively:
4.2.1 An endurance swimmer has finished the first swim under the melting ice sheets. (1)
4.2.2 He is advocating for the preservation of our oceans. (1)
4.2.3 Lewis Pugh swims in below freezing temperatures (1)
4.2.4 Pugh’s numerous long-distance swims show his dedication. (1)
4.3 Identify the following as either a phrase or a clause:
4.3.1 Braving freezing waters and a windchill factor of -15°C… (par. 3) (1)
4.3.2 …and in 2013 was appointed as the United Nations’ Patron of the Oceans. (par. 7) (1)
4.3.3 … to persuade world leaders to increase protection for Antarctica. (par. 10) (1)
4.3.4 …glaciers around the world have been melting fast… (par. 11) (1)
4.4 Write down the functions of each of the underlined participles in the following sentences:
4.4.1 He has already visited Moscow to mark the anniversary… (par. 10) (1)
4.4.2 This melting is causing sea levels to rise, which increases coastal erosion… (par. 12) (1)
4.5 State whether the following sentences are simple, complex or compound. Provide a reason for your
answer.
4.5.1 It’s a frozen wilderness, and the East of the continent is the coldest place on Earth. (par. 1) (2)
4.5.2 The East Antarctic, with ice sheets which were formed over millions of years and several kilometres
thick in places, has long been considered the most stable part of the continent. (par. 13) (2)
4.6 Identify the subject in the sentence below:
Together, the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are the largest contributors to global sea level rises.
(1)
4.7 Which one of the sentences below contains an infinitive? Write down only the letter of your choice.
A. Scientists say they are starting to see signs of ice loss even there.
B. Endurance swimmer and climate campaigner, Lewis Pugh, is drawing our attention to the melting ice
sheets. (1)
4.8 Refer to paragraph 4 and identify the part of speech for 4.8.1 and 4.8.2: (2)
Total: 20 Marks
GRAND TOTAL: 60 MARKS
60 | Page

2022 T1 8HL LANG WORKBOOK TERMS 1 AND 2 (AutoRecovered)

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PAUL ROOS GYMNASIUM

WORKBOOK & PROGRAMME OF ASSESSMENT :

GRADE 8 ENGLISH HOME LANGUAGE TERMS ONE AND TWO - 2022

LANGUAGE STUDY: LITERATURE STUDY: WRITING: ORAL:

SECTION B: VISUAL TEXTS

a) Explain what it means if “minibus[taxis] …go through red robots”. (2)

UNDERSTANDING THE VERB

Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle Present Participle

eat ate eaten eating

kick kicked kicked kicking

cut cut cut cutting

FINITE VERBS: They have a tense, a subject and a number.

Example: She enjoys her free time.

A sentence is only a sentence if it has a finite verb!

- infinitive: - to run, to play, etc.

- present participle: - swimming, running, jumping, etc. standing alone

2. Present and Past Participles can also function as ADJECTIVES:

a half-eaten apple, a burnt meal, a hidden treasure (Past Participles)

3. Present Participles can also be NOUNS - then we call them GERUNDS:

Smoking causes lung problems.

Swimming is the best exercise.

a) Pre-cooked meals are easy.

b) We have always taken the easy way out.

c) The old man has a weather-beaten face.

d) The defeated team went home.

2. Give the function of the PRESENT PARTICIPLE in the following sentences:

a) We have a brand new swimming pool.

b) They are taking part in a marathon this weekend.

c) This is a water-purifying device.

d) They have been presenting this show for many years.

3. Which of the following contain a FINITE VERB?

a) The girl with the black hair.

b) The boy was happy to see his parents.

c) From behind the garage.

4. What part of speech is the PRESENT PARTICIPLE in the following sentence?

PHRASES AND CLAUSES:

e.g. The man with the suitcase is my uncle.

Identify the non-finite verbs in the following sentences:

1) Coming around the bend, he saw an elephant in the road.

2) I love to watch movies.

3) Kicking up a fuss is not going to help.

4) They are always happy to see us.

5) Never done before.

Say whether the following is a phrase or a clause:

a) …next to the school building…

b) …on the surface of the road…

c) …to be able to laugh again

d) …standing next to the road …

e)…what he had seen that day…

PHRASES AND CLAUSES CONTINUE:

Study the following:

A blonde girl. = adjective (describes a noun)

A girl with blonde hair. = adjectival phrase

A girl who has blonde hair. = adjectival clause (verb=HAS)

She plays expertly. = adverb (says more about the verb-how/where/why/etc.)

Identify the underlined parts as adjectival and adverbial phrases or clauses:

1) The boy with the black hair is new.

2) They cancelled the match because of the rain.