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Chapter 7—Integer Linear Programming

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. Which of the following is the most useful contribution of integer programming?

a. finding whole number solutions where fractional solutions would not be appropriate
b. using 0-1 variables for modeling flexibility
c. increased ease of solution
d. provision for solution procedures for transportation and assignment problems
ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: Introduction

2. In a model, x1  0 and integer, x2  0, and x3 = 0, 1. Which solution would not be feasible?

a. x1 = 5, x2 = 3, x3 = 0
b. x1 = 4, x2 = .389, x3 = 1
c. x1 = 2, x2 = 3, x3 = .578
d. x1 = 0, x2 = 8, x3 = 0
ANS: C PTS: 1 TOP: Introduction

3. Rounded solutions to linear programs must be evaluated for

a. feasibility and optimality.
b. sensitivity and duality.
c. relaxation and boundedness.
d. each of these choices are true.
ANS: A PTS: 1 TOP: LP relaxation

4. Rounding the solution of an LP Relaxation to the nearest integer values provides

a. a feasible but not necessarily optimal integer solution.
b. an integer solution that is optimal.
c. an integer solution that might be neither feasible nor optimal.
d. an infeasible solution.
ANS: C PTS: 1 TOP: Graphical solution

5. The solution to the LP Relaxation of a maximization integer linear program provides

a. an upper bound for the value of the objective function.
b. a lower bound for the value of the objective function.
c. an upper bound for the value of the decision variables
d. a lower bound for the value of the decision variables
ANS: A PTS: 1 TOP: Graphical solution

6. The graph of a problem that requires x1 and x2 to be integer has a feasible region
a. the same as its LP relaxation.
b. of dots.
c. of horizontal stripes.
d. of vertical stripes.
ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: Graphical solution

7. The 0-1 variables in the fixed cost models correspond to

a. a process for which a fixed cost occurs.
 b. the number of products produced.
c. the number of units produced.
d. the actual value of the fixed cost.
ANS: A PTS: 1 TOP: Fixed costs

8. Sensitivity analysis for integer linear programming

a. can be provided only by computer.
b. has precisely the same interpretation as that from linear programming.
c. does not have the same interpretation and should be disregarded.
d. is most useful for 0 - 1 models.
ANS: C PTS: 1 TOP: Sensitivity analysis

9. Let x1 and x2 be 0 - 1 variables whose values indicate whether projects 1 and 2 are not done or are
done. Which answer below indicates that project 2 can be done only if project 1 is done?
a. x1 + x2 = 1
b. x1 + x2 = 2
c. x1 − x2  0
d. x1 − x2  0
ANS: D PTS: 1 TOP: Conditional and corequisite constraints

10. Let x1 , x2 , and x3 be 0 - 1 variables whose values indicate whether the projects are not done (0) or are
done (1). Which answer below indicates that at least two of the projects must be done?
a. x1 + x2 + x3  2
b. x1 + x2 + x3  2
c. x1 + x2 + x3 = 2
d. x1 − x2 = 0
ANS: A PTS: 1 TOP: k out of n alternatives constraint

11. If the acceptance of project A is conditional on the acceptance of project B, and vice versa, the
appropriate constraint to use is a
a. multiple-choice constraint.
b. k out of n alternatives constraint.
c. mutually exclusive constraint.
d. corequisite constraint.
ANS: D PTS: 1
TOP: Modeling flexibility provided by 0-1 integer variables

12. In an all-integer linear program,

a. all objective function coefficients must be integer.
b. all right-hand side values must be integer.
c. all variables must be integer.
d. all objective function coefficients and right-hand side values must be integer.
ANS: C PTS: 1 TOP: Types of integer linear programming models

13. To perform sensitivity analysis involving an integer linear program, it is recommended to

a. use the dual prices very cautiously.
b. make multiple computer runs.
c. use the same approach as you would for a linear program.
d. use LP relaxation.
 ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: A cautionary note about sensitivity analysis

14. Modeling a fixed cost problem as an integer linear program requires

a. adding the fixed costs to the corresponding variable costs in the objective function.
b. using 0-1 variables.
c. using multiple-choice constraints.
d. using LP relaxation.
ANS: B PTS: 1 TOP: Applications involving 0-1 variables

15. Most practical applications of integer linear programming involve

a. only 0-1 integer variables and not ordinary integer variables.
b. mostly ordinary integer variables and a small number of 0-1 integer variables.
c. only ordinary integer variables.
d. a near equal number of ordinary integer variables and 0-1 integer variables.
ANS: A PTS: 1 TOP: Applications involving 0-1 variables

TRUE/FALSE

1. The LP Relaxation contains the objective function and constraints of the IP problem, but drops all
integer restrictions.

ANS: T PTS: 1 TOP: LP relaxation

2. In general, rounding large values of decision variables to the nearest integer value causes fewer
problems than rounding small values.

ANS: T PTS: 1 TOP: LP relaxation

3. The solution to the LP Relaxation of a minimization problem will always be less than or equal to the
value of the integer program minimization problem.

ANS: F PTS: 1 TOP: Graphical solution

4. If the optimal solution to the LP relaxation problem is integer, it is the optimal solution to the integer
linear program.

ANS: T PTS: 1 TOP: LP relaxation

5. Slack and surplus variables are not useful in integer linear programs.

ANS: F PTS: 1 TOP: Capital budgeting

6. A multiple choice constraint involves selecting k out of n alternatives, where k  2.

ANS: F PTS: 1 TOP: Multiple choice constraint

7. In a model involving fixed costs, the 0 - 1 variable guarantees that the capacity is not available unless
the cost has been incurred.

ANS: T PTS: 1 TOP: Fixed costs

8. If x1 + x2  500y1 and y1 is 0 - 1, then if y1 is 0, x1 and x2 will be 0.

 ANS: T PTS: 1 TOP: Distribution system design

9. The constraint x1 + x2 + x3 + x4  2 means that two out of the first four projects must be selected.

ANS: F PTS: 1 TOP: k out of n alternatives constraint

10. The constraint x1 − x2 = 0 implies that if project 1 is selected, project 2 cannot be.

ANS: F PTS: 1 TOP: Conditional and corequisite constraints

11. The product design and market share optimization problem presented in the textbook is formulated as
a 0-1 integer linear programming model.

ANS: T PTS: 1
TOP: Product design and market share optimization problem

12. The objective of the product design and market share optimization problem presented in the textbook
is to choose the levels of each product attribute that will maximize the number of sampled customers
preferring the brand in question.

ANS: T PTS: 1
TOP: Product design and market share optimization problem

13. If a problem has only less-than-or-equal-to constraints with positive coefficients for the variables,
rounding down will always provide a feasible integer solution.

ANS: T PTS: 1 TOP: Rounding to obtain an integer solution

14. Dual prices cannot be used for integer programming sensitivity analysis because they are designed for
linear programs.

ANS: T PTS: 1 TOP: A cautionary note about sensitivity analysis

15. Some linear programming problems have a special structure that guarantees the variables will have
integer values.

ANS: T PTS: 1 TOP: Introduction to integer linear programming

16. Generally, the optimal solution to an integer linear program is less sensitive to the constraint
coefficients than is a linear program.

ANS: F PTS: 1 TOP: A cautionary note about sensitivity analysis

17. The classic assignment problem can be modeled as a 0-1 integer program.

ANS: T PTS: 1 TOP: Applications involving 0-1 variables

18. If Project 5 must be completed before Project 6, the constraint would be x5 − x6  0.

ANS: F PTS: 1 TOP: Conditional and corequisite constraints

 19. If the LP relaxation of an integer program has a feasible solution, then the integer program has a
feasible solution.

ANS: F PTS: 1 TOP: Rounding to obtain an integer solution

20. Multiple choice constraints involve binary variables.

ANS: T PTS: 1 TOP: Multiple choice and mutually exclusive constraints

SHORT ANSWER

1. The use of integer variables creates additional restrictions but provides additional flexibility. Explain.

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 TOP: Introduction

2. Why are 0 - 1 variables sometimes called logical variables?

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 TOP: Introduction

3. Give a verbal interpretation of each of these constraints in the context of a capital budgeting problem.
a. x1 − x2  0
b. x1 − x2 = 0
c. x1 + x2 + x3  2

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 TOP: Capital budgeting

4. Explain how integer and 0-1 variables can be used in an objective function to minimize the sum of
fixed and variable costs for production on two machines.

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 TOP: Distribution system design

5. Explain how integer and 0-1 variables can be used in a constraint to enable production.

ANS:
Answer not provided.

PTS: 1 TOP: Distribution system design

PROBLEM
1. Solve the following problem graphically.

Max 5X + 6Y

s.t. 17X + 8Y  136

3X + 4Y  36
X, Y  0 and integer

a. Graph the constraints for this problem. Indicate all feasible solutions.
b. Find the optimal solution to the LP Relaxation. Round down to find a feasible integer
solution. Is this solution optimal?
c. Find the optimal solution.

ANS:

a. The feasible region is those integer values in the space labeled feasible region.

b. Optimal LP relaxed occurs at X = 5.818, Y = 4.636, with Z = 56.909. Rounded down

solution occurs at X = 5, Y = 4, Z= 49.
c. Optimal solution is at X = 4, Y = 6, and Z = 56.

PTS: 1 TOP: Graphical solution

2. Solve the following problem graphically.

Max X + 2Y

s.t. 6X + 8Y  48
7X + 5Y  35
X, Y  0
Y integer

a. Graph the constraints for this problem. Indicate all feasible solutions.
b. Find the optimal solution to the LP Relaxation. Round down to find a feasible integer
solution. Is this solution optimal?
c. Find the optimal solution.
 ANS:

a. The feasible region consists of the portions of the horizontal lines that lie within the area
labeled F. R.

b. The optimal relaxed solution is at X = 1.538, Y = 4.846 where Z = 11.231. The rounded
solution is X = 1.538, Y = 4.
c. The optimal solution is at X = 2.667, Y = 4, Z = 10.667.

PTS: 1 TOP: Graphical solution

3. Solve the following problem graphically.

Min 6X + 11Y

s.t. 9X + 3Y  27
7X + 6Y  42
4X + 8Y  32
X, Y  0 and integer

a. Graph the constraints for this problem. Indicate all feasible solutions.
b. Find the optimal solution to the LP Relaxation. Round up to find a feasible integer
solution. Is this solution optimal?
c. Find the optimal solution.

ANS:

a. The feasible region is the set of integer points in the area labeled feasible region.
 b. The optimal relaxed solution is at X = 4.5, Y = 1.75, and Z = 46.25.
The rounded solution is X = 5, Y = 2.
c. The optimal solution is at X = 6, Y = 1, and Z = 47.

PTS: 1 TOP: Graphical solution

4. Consider a capital budgeting example with five projects from which to select. Let xi = 1 if project i is
selected, 0 if not, for i = 1,...,5. Write the appropriate constraint(s) for each condition. Conditions are
independent.
a. Choose no fewer than three projects.
b. If project 3 is chosen, project 4 must be chosen.
c. If project 1 is chosen, project 5 must not be chosen.
d. Projects cost 100, 200, 150, 75, and 300 respectively. The budget is 450.
e. No more than two of projects 1, 2, and 3 can be chosen.

ANS:

a. x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5  3
b. x3 − x4  0
c. x1 + x5  1
d. 100x1 + 200x2 + 150x3 + 75x4 + 300x5  450
e. x1 + x2 + x3  2

PTS: 1 TOP: Capital budgeting

5. Grush Consulting has five projects to consider. Each will require time in the next two quarters
according to the table below.

Project Time in first quarter Time in second quarter Revenue

A 5 8 12000
B 3 12 10000
C 7 5 15000
D 2 3 5000
E 15 1 20000
 Revenue from each project is also shown. Develop a model whose solution would maximize revenue,
meet the time budget of 25 in the first quarter and 20 in the second quarter, and not do both projects C
and D.

ANS:
Let A = 1 if project A is selected, 0 otherwise; same for B, C, D, and E

Max 12000A + 10000B + 15000C + 5000D + 20000E

s.t. 5A + 3B + 7C + 2D + 15E  25
8A + 12B + 5C + 3D + 1E  20
C+D1

PTS: 1 TOP: Capital budgeting

6. The Westfall Company has a contract to produce 10,000 garden hoses for a large discount chain.
Westfall has four different machines that can produce this kind of hose. Because these machines are
from different manufacturers and use differing technologies, their specifications are not the same.

Fixed Cost to Set Variable Cost

Machine Up Production Run Per Hose Capacity
1 750 1.25 6000
2 500 1.50 7500
3 1000 1.00 4000
4 300 2.00 5000

a. This problem requires two different kinds of decision variables. Clearly define each kind.
b. The company wants to minimize total cost. Give the objective function.
c. Give the constraints for the problem.
d. Write a constraint to ensure that if machine 4 is used, machine 1 cannot be.

ANS:

a. Let Pi = the number of hoses produced on machine i

Ui = 1 if machine i is used, = 0 otherwise
b. Min 750U1 + 500U2 + 1000U3 + 300U4 + 1.25P 1 + 1.5P2 + P3 + 2P4
c. P1  6000U1
P2  7500U2
P3  4000U3
P4  5000U4
P1 + P2 + P3 + P4  10000
c. U1 + U4  1

PTS: 1 TOP: Fixed costs

7. Hansen Controls has been awarded a contract for a large number of control panels. To meet this
demand, it will use its existing plants in San Diego and Houston, and consider new plants in Tulsa, St.
Louis, and Portland. Finished control panels are to be shipped to Seattle, Denver, and Kansas City.
Pertinent information is given in the table.

Shipping Cost to Destination:

Construction Kansas
Sources Cost Seattle Denver City Capacity
 San Diego ---- 5 7 8 2,500
Houston ---- 10 8 6 2,500
Tulsa 350,000 9 4 3 10,000
St. Louis 200,000 12 6 2 10,000
Portland 480,000 4 10 11 10,000
Demand 3,000 8,000 9,000

Develop a model whose solution would reveal which plants to build and the optimal shipping
schedule.

ANS:

Let Pij = the number of panels shipped from source i to destination j

Bi = 1 if plant i is built, = 0 otherwise (i = 3, 4, 5)

Min 350000B3 + 200000B4 + 480000B5 + 5P11 + 7P12 + 8P13 + 10P21 + 8P22 + 6P23
+ 9P31 + 4P32 + 3P33 + 12P41 + 6P42 + 2P43 + 4P51 + 10P52 + 11P53

s.t. P11 + P12 + P13  2500

P21 + P22 + P23  2500
P31 + P32 + P33  10000B3
P41 + P42 + P43  10000B4
P51 + P52 + P53  10000B5
P11 + P21 + P31 + P41 + P51 = 3000
P12 + P22 + P32 + P42 + P52 = 8000
P13 + P23 + P33 + P43 + P53 = 9000

PTS: 1 TOP: Distribution system design

8. Simplon Manufacturing must decide on the processes to use to produce 1650 units. If machine 1 is
used, its production will be between 300 and 1500 units. Machine 2 and/or machine 3 can be used only
if machine 1's production is at least 1000 units. Machine 4 can be used with no restrictions.

Fixed Variable Minimum Maximum

Machine cost cost Production Production
1 500 2.00 300 1500
2 800 0.50 500 1200
3 200 3.00 100 800
4 50 5.00 any any

(HINT: Use an additional 0 - 1 variable to indicate when machines 2 and 3 can be used.)

ANS:

Let Ui = the number of units made by machine i

Si = 1 if machine i is used (requiring a set-up), = 0 otherwise
K = 1 if machine 1 produces at least 1000 units, = 0 otherwise

Min 500S1 + 2U1 + 800S2 + 5U2 + 200S3 + 3U3 + 50S4 + 5U4

s.t. U1  300S1
U1  1500S1
U1  1000K
 S2  K
S3  K
U2  500S2
U2  1200S2
U3  100S3
U3  800S3
U4  1650S4
U1 + U 2 + U3 + U4 = 1650

PTS: 1 TOP: Distribution system design

9. Your express package courier company is drawing up new zones for the location of drop boxes for
customers. The city has been divided into the seven zones shown below. You have targeted six
possible locations for drop boxes. The list of which drop boxes could be reached easily from each zone
is listed below.

Zone Can Be Served By Locations:

Downtown Financial 1, 2, 5, 6
Downtown Legal 2, 4, 5
Retail South 1, 2, 4, 6
Retail East 3, 4, 5
Manufacturing North 1, 2, 5
Manufacturing East 3, 4
Corporate West 1, 2, 6

Let xi = 1 if drop box location i is used, 0 otherwise. Develop a model to provide the smallest number
of locations yet make sure that each zone is covered by at least two boxes.

ANS:

Min xi

s.t. x1 + x2 + x5 + x6  2
x2 + x4 + x5  2
x1 + x2 + x4 + x6  2
x3 + x4 + x5  2
x1 + x 2 + x5  2
x3 + x4  2
x1 + x2 + x6  2

PTS: 1 TOP: Applications of integer linear programming

10. Consider the problem faced by a summer camp recreation director who is trying to choose activities
for a rainy day. Information about possible choices is given in the table below.

Popularity Popularity with

Category Activity Time with Campers Counselors
(minutes)
Art 1 - Painting 30 4 2
2 - Drawing 20 5 2
3 - Nature craft 30 3 1
Music 4 - Rhythm band 20 5 5
 Sports 5 - Relay races 45 2 1
6 - Basketball 60 1 3
Computer 7 - Internet 45 1 1
8 - Creative writing 30 4 3
9 - Games 40 1 2

a. Give a general definition of the variables necessary in this problem so that each activity
can be considered for inclusion in the day's schedule.
b. The popularity ratings are defined so that 1 is the most popular. If the objective is to keep
the campers happy, what should the objective function be?

Write constraints for these restrictions:

c. At most one art activity can be done.
d. No more than two computer activities can be done.
e. If basketball is chosen, then the music must be chosen.
f. At least 120 minutes of activities must be selected.
g. No more than 165 minutes of activities may be selected.
h. To keep the staff happy, the counselor rating should be no higher than 10.

ANS:

a. Let xi = 1 if activity i is chosen, 0 if not, for i = 1, ... , 9

b. Max 4x1 + 5x2 + 3x3 + 5x4 + 2x5 + 1x6 + 1x7 + 4x8 + 1x9
c. x1 + x2 + x3  1
d. x7 + x8 + x9  2
e. x6  x4
f. 30x1 + 20x2 + 30x3 + 20x4 + 45x5 + 60x6 + 45x7 + 30x8 + 40x9  120
g. 30x1 + 20x 2 + 30x3 + 20x4 + 45x5 + 60x6 + 45x7 + 30x8 + 40x9  165
h. 2x1 + 2x2 + 1x3 + 5x4 + 1x5 + 3x6 + 1x7 + 3x8 + 2x9  10

PTS: 1 TOP: Applications of integer programming

11. Tower Engineering Corporation is considering undertaking several proposed projects for the next
fiscal year. The projects, the number of engineers and the number of support personnel required for
each project, and the expected profits for each project are summarized in the following table:

Project
1 2 3 4 5 6
Engineers Required 20 55 47 38 90 63
Support Personnel Required 15 45 50 40 70 70
Profit ($1,000,000s) 1.0 1.8 2.0 1.5 3.6 2.2

Formulate an integer program that maximizes Tower's profit subject to the following management
constraints:
1) Use no more than 175 engineers
2) Use no more than 150 support personnel
3) If either project 6 or project 4 is done, both must be done
4) Project 2 can be done only if project 1 is done
5) If project 5 is done, project 3 must not be done and vice versa
6) No more than three projects are to be done.

ANS:
 Max P1 + 1.8P2 + 2P3 + 1.5P4 + 3.6P5 + 2.2P6

s.t. 20P1 + 55P2 + 47P 3 + 38P4 + 90P5 + 63P6  175

15P1 + 45P2 + 50P3 + 40P4 + 70P5 + 70P6  150
P4 − P6 = 0
P1 − P2  0
P3 + P5  1
P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 + P5 + P6  3
Pi = 0 or 1

PTS: 1 TOP: Applications of integer programming

12. Given the following all-integer linear program:

MAX 3x1 + 2x2

s.t. 3x1 + x2  9
x1 + 3x2  7
−x1 + x2  1
x1, x2  0 and integer

a Solve the problem as a linear program ignoring the integer constraints. Show that the
optimal solution to the linear program gives fractional values for both x1 and x2.
b. What is the solution obtained by rounding fractions greater than of equal to 1/2 to the next
larger number? Show that this solution is not a feasible solution.
c. What is the solution obtained by rounding down all fractions? Is it feasible?
d. Enumerate all points in the linear programming feasible region in which both x1 and x2 are
integers, and show that the feasible solution obtained in (c) is not optimal and that in fact
the optimal integer is not obtained by any form of rounding.

ANS:

a. From the graph on the next page, the optimal solution to the linear program is x1 = 2.5,
x2 = 1.5, z = 10.5.
b. By rounding the optimal solution of x1 = 2.5, x2 = 1.5 to x1 = 3, x2 = 2, this point lies
outside the feasible region.
c. By rounding the optimal solution down to x1 = 2, x2 = 1, we see that this solution indeed is
an integer solution within the feasible region, and substituting in the objective function, it
gives z = 8.
d. There are eight feasible integer solutions in the linear programming feasible region with z
values as follows:

x1 x2 z
1. 0 0 0
2. 1 0 3
3. 2 0 6
4. 3 0 9 optimal
5. 0 1 2
6. 1 1 5
7. 2 1 8 part (c) solution
8. 1 2 7

x1 = 3, x2 = 0 is the optimal solution. Rounding the LP solution (x1 = 2.5, x2 = 1.5) would
 not have been optimal.

PTS: 1 TOP: Rounding to obtain an integer solution

13. Tom's Tailoring has five idle tailors and four custom garments to make. The estimated time (in hours)
it would take each tailor to make each garment is listed below. (An 'X' in the table indicates an
unacceptable tailor-garment assignment.)

Tailor
Garment 1 2 3 4 5
Wedding gown 19 23 20 21 18
Clown costume 11 14 X 12 10
Admiral's uniform 12 8 11 X 9
Bullfighter's outfit X 20 20 18 21

Formulate and solve an integer program for determining the tailor-garment assignments that minimize
the total estimated time spent making the four garments. No tailor is to be assigned more than one
garment and each garment is to be worked on by only one tailor.

ANS:
Define the decision variables:
xij = 1 if garment i is assigned to tailor j; = 0 otherwise.
Number of decision variables = [(number of garments)(number of tailors)]
− (number of unacceptable assignments) = [4(5)] − 3 = 17.
Define the objective function:
Minimize total time spent making garments:
MIN 19x11 + 23x12 + 20x13 + 21x14 + 18x15 + 11x21 + 14x22 + 12x24 + 10x25
+ 12x31 + 8x32 + 11x33 + 9x35 + 20x42 + 20x43 + 18x44 + 21x45
Define the constraints:
Exactly one tailor per garment: No more than one garment per tailor:
1) x11 + x12 + x13 + x14 + x15 = 1 5) x11 + x21 + x31  1
2) x21 + x22 + x 24 + x25 = 1 6) x12 + x22 + x32 + x42  1
3) x31 + x32 + x33 + x35 = 1 7) x13 + x33 + x43  1
4) x42 + x43 + x44 + x45 = 1 8) x14 + x24 + x44  1
9) x15 + x25 + x35 + x45  1
 Nonnegativity: xij  0 for i = 1,..,4 and j = 1,..,5
Optimal Solution:
Assign wedding gown to tailor 5
Assign clown costume to tailor 1
Assign admiral uniform to tailor 2
Assign bullfighter outfit to tailor 4
Total time spent = 55 hours

PTS: 1 TOP: Assignment problem

14. Market Pulse Research has conducted a study for Lucas Furniture on some designs for a new
commercial office desk. Three attributes were found to be most influential in determining which desk
is most desirable: number of file drawers, the presence or absence of pullout writing boards, and
simulated wood or solid color finish. Listed below are the part-worths for each level of each attribute
provided by a sample of 7 potential Lucas customers.

File Drawers Pullout Writing Boards Finish

Consumer 0 1 2 Present Absent Simul. Wood Solid Color
1 5 26 20 18 11 17 10
2 18 11 5 12 16 15 26
3 4 16 22 7 13 11 19
4 12 8 4 18 9 22 14
5 19 9 3 4 14 30 19
6 6 15 21 8 17 20 11
7 9 6 3 13 5 16 28

Suppose the overall utility (sum of part-worths) of the current favorite commercial office desk is 50 for
each customer. What is the product design that will maximize the share of choices for the seven
sample participants? Formulate and solve, using Lindo or Excel, this 0 - 1 integer programming
problem.

ANS:
Define the decision variables:
There are 7 lij decision variables, one for each level of attribute.
lij = 1 if Lucas chooses level i for attribute j; 0 otherwise.
There are 7 Yk decision variables, one for each consumer in the sample.
Yk = 1 if consumer k chooses the Lucas brand, 0 otherwise.
Define the objective function:
Maximize the number of consumers preferring the Lucas brand desk.
MAX Y1 + Y2 + Y3 + Y4 + Y5 + Y6 + Y7
Define the constraints:
There is one constraint for each consumer in the sample.
5l11 + 26l21 + 20l31 + 18l12 + 11l22 + 17l13 + 10l23 − 50Y1  1
18l11 + 11l21 + 5l31 + 12l12 + 16l22 + 15l13 + 26l23 − 50Y2  1
4l11 + 16l21 + 22l31 + 7l12 + 13l22 + 11l13 + 19l23 − 50Y3  1
12l11 + 8l21 + 4l31 + 18l12 + 9l22 + 22l13 + 14l23 − 50Y4  1
19l11 + 9l21 + 3l31 + 4l12 + 14l22 + 30l13 + 19l23 − 50Y5  1
6l11 + 15l21 + 21l31 + 8l12 + 17l22 + 20l13 + 11l23 − 50Y6  1
9l11 + 6l21 + 3l31 + 13l12 + 5l22 + 16l13 + 28l23 − 50Y7  1
There is one constraint for each attribute.
l11 + l21 + l31 = 1
l12 + l22 = 1
l13 + l23 = 1
 Optimal Solution:
Lucas should choose these product features:

1 file drawer (I21 = 1)

No pullout writing boards (I22 = 1)
Simulated wood finish (I13 = 1)

Three sample participants would choose the Lucas design:

Participant 1 (Y1 = 1)
Participant 5 (Y5 = 1)
Participant 6 (Y6 = 1)

PTS: 1 TOP: Product design and market share optimization

15. Kloos Industries has projected the availability of capital over each of the next three years to be
$850,000, $1,000,000, and $1,200,000, respectively. It is considering four options for the disposition
of the capital:
(1) Research and development of a promising new product
(2) Plant expansion
(3) Modernization of its current facilities
(4) Investment in a valuable piece of nearby real estate

Monies not invested in these projects in a given year will NOT be available for following year's
investment in the projects. The expected benefits three years hence from each of the four projects and
the yearly capital outlays of the four options are summarized in the table below in $1,000,000's.

In addition, Kloos has decided to undertake exactly two of the projects, and if plant expansion is
selected, it will also modernize its current facilities.

Capital Outlays Projected

Options Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Benefits
New Product R&D .35 .55 .75 5.2
Plant Expansion .50 .50 0 3.6
Modernization .35 .40 .45 3.2
Real Estate .50 0 0 2.8

Formulate and solve this problem as a binary programming problem.

ANS:

MAX 5.2X1 + 3.6X2 + 3.2X3 + 2.8X4

S.T. .35X1 + .50X2 + .35X3 + .50X4  0.85 (First Year)

.55X1 + .50X2 + .40X3  1.00 (Second Year)
.75X 1 + .45X3  1.20 (Third Year)
X1 + X2 + X3 + X4 = 2
X2 + X3 0
Xi = 0 or 1

Solution: X1 = 1, X2 = 0, X3 = 1, X4 = 0, Total projected benefits = $8.4 million.

PTS: 1 TOP: Capital budgeting

Another random document with
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found admittance at one. When I reached the gallery, it was so
completely full, that I found myself compelled to take refuge in the
orchestra. From this situation I was again driven by the soldiers; and
in despair I returned to the gallery, where, standing on the back of a
tottering chair, and with at least twenty rows of spectators before me,
I caught, not without some danger, a very imperfect glimpse of this
splendid ceremony.
What I did not see myself, I shall relate on the authority of
persons, who were more fortunately situate, and on whose accuracy
I know I can depend.
The procession began with a numerous escort of different
regiments. Among these were particularly remarked “les guides,” a
corps of handsome young men, clad in hussar dresses, and
mounted on beautiful horses, who excited universal admiration. Next
to them came the “gens d’armes,” or “régiment d’élites,” lately raised.
They are men of a very respectable appearance, in blue uniforms,
faced with yellow, whence long epaulets are suspended. These, as
well as the buttons, are of silver, as is the lace of their hats. Their
horses are black. The consular guards, and several regiments of the
line, completed the military cavalcade. The ministers of state, and
the “corps diplomatique,” came next, and formed a long line of
carriages. Those of the latter were drawn each by four horses, and
ornamented with all the escutcheons of heraldic pomp. Those of the
former were without arms; but they had all six horses, and their
servants, dressed alike, wore splendid liveries, now put on for the
first time, of yellow, gold, and red. A small corps of Mamalukes in
their egyptian costume, some of whom led unmounted arabians, and
a few aides-de-camp, immediately preceded the carriage, in which
sat Bonaparte, accompanied by the other two consuls. His coach,
new on the occasion, was simply elegant, and drawn by eight very
fine horses richly caparisoned. His servants appeared in green coats
and red waistcoats, on all the seams of which were rows of broad
gold lace. The consuls were received at the door of the church by
the archbishop of Paris, who placed over their head a dais (or
canopy).
 Bonaparte, with Cambacères on his right, and le Brun on his left
hand, was conducted in this manner to a throne erected near the
altar, under which their three chairs were placed. A similar throne
appeared opposite, in which sat the cardinal legate.
The bishops bowed first to the altar, secondly to the consul, and
lastly to the cardinal. This was remarked by the public; as, under the
monarchy, the representative of the pope was permitted to receive
this homage before the sovereign of the country.
The oath settled by the concordat having been taken by the clergy,
high mass was instantly said.
At the conclusion of this ceremony, M. de Boisgelin, formerly
archbishop of Aix, lately named archbishop of Tours, ascended the
pulpit, and delivered a discourse appropriate to the occasion. I
regretted much, that the distance at which I was placed was so
great, that it was impossible for me to hear the venerable preacher,
who excited no little curiosity, from the singularity of his situation. He
is the same man, who, at the “sacre” or coronation, of Lewis XVI,
preached before that unfortunate monarch. His sermon will, no
doubt, be published in the “moniteur,” where you will have an
opportunity of seeing it.
It was the custom formerly on these occasions, for the bishop, in
beginning his discourse, to address himself to the king. A similar
form was observed to day, and the expression of “sire” was
exchanged for that of “citoyen premier consul.” After the sermon, “Te
Deum” was chanted. All the band of the opera house was employed,
and Lais and madame Bolla supplied the vocal parts. The effect was
fine, yet, comparatively, very inferiour to our musical meetings in
Westminster abbey. I heard some connoisseurs object to the air, as
not sufficiently grave or dignified for the subject which it was
intended to celebrate. As I am totally ignorant of music, I can form no
judgment as to the justice of the criticism.
The church was immensely full. The aisle was filled with the
military, the different uniforms of which had a splendid effect. Behind
the consuls sat the ambassadors, the ministers, and the generals. In
a box above, at the entrance of the chapel, was placed madame
Bonaparte, accompanied by her daughter and some other ladies. On
the other side was a similar box, appropriate to the use of the ladies
of the “corps diplomatique.”
The two galleries or choirs, which surround the church, were
divided into an orchestra for the music, seats for the different
constituted authorities, and places for such individuals as were
favoured with tickets. In the latter were of course seen all the
persons at Paris most distinguished for situation, talent, or beauty.
The coup d’œil altogether was very striking. The procession returned
with the same ceremony as that in which it arrived; and all the
streets of Paris were lined with spectators.
A discharge of sixty cannon was heard at the departure of the first
consul from the Thuilleries; and his arrival at the church, and his
return to the palace, were announced in the same manner.
In the evening, the palace was splendidly illuminated. Every
division of the arches forming the front towards the garden was
covered with lamps, and a lustre of lights was suspended from each.
The garden itself was prettily, but less brilliantly, decorated, than on
the fête in honour of the preliminaries.
All the public buildings and offices were also lighted; but the only
illumination at all remarkable, beside those which I have named, was
that of Mr. Jackson, his majesty’s envoy extraordinary. The gates of
“l’hôtel de Caramon,” where he lodges, were entirely covered with
lamps of different colours; the effect of which was much admired, as
at Paris that mode of decorating their rejoicings is unknown. On the
right hand were the letters R. F. (République Française); and on the
left, G. R. (Georgius Rex).
I forgot to mention that Bonaparte was much applauded by the
populace, in going to Notre Dame; and that madame received the
same compliment, though she went there without any parade, in a
plain handsome carriage, and seemed to decline, rather than to
court, the notice of the public.
During the illuminations there was no noise, and, indeed, no
expression of joy. Very few people were seen in the Thuilleries,
though the weather was fine, and the day sunday. The more I see of
the french, the more am I astonished and disgusted at the
indifference which they have contracted. Their dullness is the more
disagreeable, from it’s being unnatural; and I cannot help exclaiming,
every hour, with Voltaire,

Que je plains un françois, quand il est sans gaieté;

Loin de son élément le pauvre homme est jetté[73].

Adieu.
 LETTER XXVII.
Palais de Justice.—Account of the different tribunals or courts of law.

Paris, april the 30th, 1802, (10 floréal.)

my dear sir,
I went this morning to the “Palais de Justice,” in order to visit the
different tribunals. The “façade,” or front, of this building has a
commanding appearance. A handsome iron railing, with three gates,
forms its barrier; after passing through which, you ascend a lofty
flight of stone steps. The avenues to the principal hall are filled with
shops of various descriptions, and particularly those of booksellers.
The hall, or central room, which is of considerable extent, forms a
kind of antichamber to the different courts. I went into one of the
“tribunals de premier instance,” in each of which three judges
preside. They wear long bands, and black coats, from which is
suspended a cloke or gown of black silk. The advocates plead in a
sort of bar; but, excepting being dressed in black, have no
distinguishing badge, or professional decoration. The judges had a
grave appearance; and, though they did not seem to be men of
much importance, conducted themselves with decency and
propriety. I was present while some causes were argued; but they
were not of sufficient consequence to enable me to form any
estimate of the talents of the advocates, now called, in the general
change of name, “des défenseurs officiaux[74].” As to their outward
garb, it was not prepossessing; and, if it were not unjust to form any
conclusion from mere exteriors, I should say, that a french counsel
and an english one appear to be drawn from a very different class of
society. I next saw a court, which, under the title of “tribunal de la
police correctionelle,” is charged with the investigation and
punishment of petty offences. I here heard the trial of a man charged
with pawning, for his own use, some goods belonging to a shop, in
which he was employed as a workman. The witnesses were
regularly examined; after which the criminal was very patiently heard
in his defence. As he had nothing to urge but his poverty and the
charges of a large family, he was found guilty by the judges, (for I
observed no jury) and was sentenced, though an old offender, to
only six months imprisonment. This trial having satisfied my curiosity
about “la police correctionelle,” I next visited the chief or supreme
court of the republic, which is called “le tribunal de cassation.” Here
every thing bore a more dignified appearance. The room was lofty,
the seats elevated, and the judges (whose number was
considerable) seemed, by their dress, their manner, and their
language, to be well suited to the important functions of their office.
They wore black and red gowns, with cocked hats, the cords of
which were of gold lace. Nothing can be more respectable than the
exterior of this court; of the proceedings of which I could form no
idea, as the judges were employed in reading papers relating to
mere matters of form. I imagine, that this is the tribunal intended, in
some respects, to replace the parliament of Paris. The magistrates,
as far as I could form an opinion from this cursory visit, seem men of
education, learning, and polished manners.
Before I left the Palais de Justice, I looked in at the criminal court
of the “départment de la Seine.” A culprit was reading a long written
defence, which I had not the patience to hear concluded. The room
was handsome, and the proceedings orderly and correct. I saw here
nothing like a jury; yet I am told, that all capital offences are tried by
that mode of process. An Italian was a few days ago tried in this
court, and convicted of assassination. I regret much, that I was not
present at the trial. I did not hear of the circumstance till to day. He
yesterday underwent the punishment of the guillotine, being led to
the scaffold in a red shirt, this disgrace being added to the sentence
in cases of murder. I ought to mention, in honour of the present
criminal laws of France, that this is the first individual, who has been
condemned to death, during the six months which I have passed at
Paris.
Underneath the “Palais de Justice” is situate that fatal prison,
called “la Conciergerie.” It was here that the sanguinary Robespierre
immured the daily victims of his wild and unrelenting tyranny; who
awaited, within its dismal walls, the signal of death, under the
insulting and degraded name of trial. It was here, that rank, beauty,
age, philosophy, virtue, and patriotism, took the places of vice; and,
in the caverns destined to receive the blackest perpetrators of
hideous crimes, were hurled, among multitudes of other innocent
and dignified characters, the learned Condorcet, the ingenious
Lavoisier, the respectable Madame Roland, the venerable
Malesherbes, and the lovely, courageous, and once haughty queen
of France. When I have been forced to make such painful reflections,
in viewing the different objects which present themselves at Paris, I
have always found some consolation in looking round me, and
seeing how completely that system of suspicion, bloodshed, and
injustice, has passed away. Those horrors, so disgraceful to France,
took place in a moment of national delirium (if I may be permitted the
expression); and the inhabitants of Paris, who committed, or rather
suffered, the scenes of judicial murder, which every day
contaminated the streets of the capital, now, restored to their senses,
are the first to deplore and execrate them. I am persuaded, that
crimes like these can never again find their way into the polished
metropolis of this great, brave, and ingenious people.
With this hope I shall conclude my letter—a hope, in which I am
certain that you will warmly and cordially unite.
I am, &c.
 LETTER XXVIII.
The gardens and walks of Paris.

Paris, may the 2d, 1802 (12 floréal).

my dear sir,
Whenever you come to Paris, come with the smiling month of may.
On my arrival here, at the end of october, I was disgusted with the
dirt of the streets, the mire of the Thuilleries, the ruts of the
Boulevards, and the general gloom of the town. Accustomed to take
a great deal of exercise, I could not persuade myself to be shut up,
the whole of every day, either in a hot room, or a close carriage. I
therefore continued to walk about: but, while my feet were cut to
pieces at every step, I was frequently in danger of being run over by
a rapid cabriolet, or squeezed to atoms under the ponderous wheels
of an overloaded cart. Nor was I consoled for this hazardous
undertaking by meeting with any conversable persons of my
acquaintance.
The parisians, who have carriages, never think of walking during
the severe days of winter; and those who do not possess that
convenience, spend the greater part of every day at home. To save
the expense of a fiacre[75], they will, indeed, sometimes use their
feet in going to a restaurateur’s, a spectacle, or a ball, or in paying
some of those innumerable visits, in which an inhabitant of this town
passes half his life; but, as to taking exercise for health, it never
enters into the calculations of a frenchman. Nothing, therefore, could
be so dismal as the streets in the months of november, december,
and january; and a severer punishment could not be devised for the
daily murder of time committed by our Bond street loungers, than to
condemn them to a three months pilgrimage, at that period of the
year, round the streets of Paris.
 The spring has, with fine weather, changed the face of every thing
here; and a person fond of exercise may now have all the
advantages which he can possibly desire.
The Thuilleries and Champs Elisées, which in winter are almost
impassable, now offer excellent gravel walks, and delightful shade
under the long avenues of lofty trees. Here crowds are collected at
almost every hour of the day; and, besides long lines of pedestrians,
rows of chairs are filled with ladies eating ice, and politicians reading
newspapers.
The Bois de Boulogne affords an admirable ride for persons in
carriages or on horseback, and a lengthened walk for those on foot.
Besides these, there are several delightful gardens open to the
public in different parts of the town. The Boulevards, which surround
Paris on every side, are now seen to great advantage.
The walks are in high order, the trees are in rich foliage; and the
number of mountebanks, printsellers, quack doctors, and shows of
all kinds, collected here, and the crowds of persons and carriages
which are constantly passing, make them present a very curious and
lively scene.
The “Hameau de Chantilly,” or Elisée de Bourbon, very near the
Champs Elisées, has a very pretty, though not an extensive garden,
into which, for a few sols, you gain admittance. It was hence I saw
madame Garnerin ascend, about a month ago, in a balloon,
unaccompanied by any one. The day was fine; and we were all
much delighted with the courage of the fair heroine, who was the first
female that had ventured alone on such an expedition.
She descended a few leagues from Paris, and supped, the same
evening, in public, at the Hameau, where she was received with
universal and merited applause.
I am particularly pleased with a garden, called “Mousseux, ou les
délices de Chartre,” situate in the Fauxbourg St. Honoré, and within
the gates of Paris. It formerly belonged to the duke of Orleans; but,
having been confiscated with the rest of his enormous fortune, is
now national property, and open every day for the use of the public.
The garden is arranged in the english taste, commands an extensive
view, and has all the advantages and appearance of grounds at a
considerable distance from a capital. Fine verdure, trees of every
kind in the must luxuriant blossom, variety of flowers, a clear sky,
and birds warbling a thousand wild notes, make you entirely forget
the town; and the whole seems a fairy scene produced by
enchantment.
The only things in bad taste, I mean the modern antiques and
drawbridges, are now falling into decay; and the artificial ruins are
daily becoming real ones.
The salon or house consists of a long gallery; but it has been so
much neglected during the revolution, that it is now in a very tottering
and dangerous state. “Mousseux” is still a most delightful spot, and
must have been exquisitely so, when kept in proper order. I doubt
much, if such a garden is to be found within the walls of any other
capital in Europe.
I ought to mention, that, though the town is completely hidden in
the shady walks of this charming retreat, one of the best views of
Paris is enjoyed from a hillock of easy ascent, situate in the centre of
these grounds. There is a traiteur at the door of the garden, where
dinners may be ordered; but his accommodations (as far as can be
judged from the outward appearance of his habitation) I should
suppose not very superiour. I have heard, however, of large and
fashionable parties, who have dined here. Nothing is paid for walking
in the garden.
At the further end of the Bois de Boulogne, about two miles from
Paris, there is another place of this kind, which, whenever you come
to Paris, I recommend your visiting. It is called “Bagatelle,” and
formerly belonged to the Comte D’Artois, who is said to have built
the house and arranged the grounds in the space of six weeks. The
building, which is now an inn or tavern, is light and elegant; and the
garden (allowing for some few exceptions) is laid out with
considerable taste. Near the house there is a very pretty and very
striking view of the bridge of Neuilly. The accommodations here are
good, and a person fond of the country cannot pass a fine evening
more agreeably, than by dining at Bagatelle, and strolling afterwards
about the grounds.
Before I conclude my account of the gardens of Paris, I ought to
mention two, which, are opened at this season of the year, at a late
hour, and usually frequented after the opera, or other spectacles; I
mean Frescati and Tivoli.
Frescati consists of a large house and small garden, situate on the
Boulevard. The gate stands in the corner of “la rue de la Loi.” The
apartments, elegantly painted with italian landscapes, are large and
numerous, and splendidly lighted every evening. The garden was
illuminated last night, for the first time this season, and is as pretty as
its limited extent can permit. It is the fashion to come here about ten
o’clock; and the amusement consists in walking about, chatting with
your friends, eating ices and cakes, or drinking tea, punch, or
lemonade, the sale of which articles constitute the whole profits of
the landlord, to whom nothing is paid for admittance. Frescati is, in
short, a kind of coffee house; and, notwithstanding the smell of
brandy, gin, and rum, generally prevalent, is frequented by ladies as
well as gentlemen. When I first came here, I supposed that these
ladies were of a certain description: but I was soon undeceived; and,
besides seeing at this place the most respectable families of Paris,
was assured by a ci-devant comtesse excessively rigid on matters of
etiquette, “que toute la bonne compagnie y alloit[76].” After this
authoritative decision, it would be presumptuous to doubt the
propriety of going to Frescati; and our most scrupulous
countrywomen may, without apprehension of being taken either for
“filles” or “parvenues,” enjoy this strange and singular amusement.
Tivoli is but just opened for the season. I have been there once. It
is a large and beautiful garden, situate in “la rue St. Lazare,” in the
“Chaussée d’Antin.” It was illuminated with much taste; the trees are
lofty; and the whole seemed to resemble what I imagine our Vauxhall
was, before it was covered in.
There was a band of music, and dancing, on a platform erected for
the purpose. There was also a party of tumblers. The company was
not either very numerous or very genteel; but the night was not hot,
and fine weather is necessary to render this place agreeable; as
there is no house or shelter of any kind. In the months of July or
august Tivoli must be delightful.
I forgot to mention, that there were roundabouts, (as they are
vulgarly called in England) on which full grown people were very
gravely amusing themselves. I heard, the other day, of a duel, which
took place in consequence of a dispute for one of these places. You
will scarcely believe the report; yet I am every day convinced, that
there is nothing so ridiculous, that fancy can suppose, which does
not actually and frequently take place in this most extraordinary
town.
Having given you this short sketch of the amusements “al fresco,” I
shall conclude with repeating my recommendations to you,
whenever you come to Paris, to come in the spring. Winter is,
indeed, the time for private society; but I have found from
experience, that a foreigner has so little to expect on this head, that it
is much wiser to choose a season, when an infinite variety of
amusements, and all the charms of Nature, in their richest and
happiest colours, offer a sure and constant fund of pleasure.
I am, &c.
 LETTER XXIX.
The manufactory of “Gobelins,” the observatory, “les Enfans trouvés,”
“Champ de Mars,” les Invalides, and the temple of Mars, containing
the colours taken from different nations, and the tomb of Turenne.—
Le Musée des Monumens françois, or collection of monuments.—List
of the most esteemed of these.—Note to this letter contains the
account of a dinner at the first consul’s.

Paris, may the 5th, 1802 (15 floréal).

my dear sir,
As my stay at Paris draws towards a conclusion, I have occupied the
three or four last days in visiting those objects of curiosity, which as
yet I had neglected to see.
The manufactory of Gobelins deserves all its celebrity. The
colours, the design, and the execution of the tapestry made here, are
equal to the productions of the finest painting. I was shown some
specimens, which were uncommonly beautiful, particularly two
pieces, one of which represented the assassination of the admiral
Coligni, and the other the heroic conduct of the président Molé,
copied from the picture at Versailles, an account of which I have
already given.
There are ninety persons now employed, of whom I saw several at
work. It is astonishing with what facility they seem to perform the
most difficult tasks, but I am told that the art is not learnt without
much time and considerable attention. The apprenticeship requires
six years, and at least eighteen are necessary to make a proficient.
The workmen are not locked up within the walls of the manufactory,
as was the case during the monarchy, but they are kept under the
constant “surveillance[77] of the police.” Most of the pieces now in
hand have been ordered by the first consul, and are destined to form
the ornament of St. Cloud, and other public buildings.
 From the Gobelins, situate in the most distant part of the
Fauxbourg St. Germain, I drove along the new Boulevard to the
observatory. I found here only some common sized telescopes, on
which I observed with pride the respectable name of “Dollond,” of
London. I was informed that a magnificent instrument of this kind is
preparing on the plan of Herschel, which is to be twenty-two feet
long, with a speculum of platina. It is to be moved on a platform, for
the purpose of making observations, by means of a machine
invented for the purpose. I ascended the top of the building, and the
view thence, which commands all Paris, is grand and striking.
Near the observatory is the nursery of that humane establishment
called “les Enfans trouvés,” which is still kept up on the old
philanthropic plan. Orphan children, deprived by death of their
parents, or abandoned by them, are received here without question,
recommendation, or inquiry, and are nursed with tenderness, well
fed, properly educated, and lastly, qualified for some trade or
profession, in which they are afterwards placed at the expense of the
public. Their infancy is passed in the building shown to me; they are,
at a certain age, sent into the country, for the benefit of the air, and
then return to the principal hospital of the institution at Paris, where
their education is completed. Their number is seldom less than a
thousand.
I shall continue to speak of the different objects I have lately seen,
in the same order in which I visited them.
The Champ de Mars, where, on the 14th of july, 1790, I was
present, when the unfortunate Lewis XVI received and repeated the
oath of fidelity to that constitution which was so soon violated, has
still the remains of that vast amphitheatre, made by the activity and
zeal of the parisians in the course of fourteen days, and on which
were seated nearly a million of people. I recollected all the spots,
where the principal authorities were placed on that memorable day;
and it will be needless for me to repeat the innumerable reflections
which were created by a remembrance of the extraordinary and
many-coloured events which have since occurred. The École
Militaire, which is now a barrack for the consular horse guards, forms
the front and principal ornament of the Champ de Mars, which is
terminated on the other side by the river Seine. L’École Militaire was
built, in 1751, from a plan of Gabriel. It has a handsome façade, and
a lofty dome, with a dial, and the figures of Time and Astronomy.
The building of “les Invalides” presents one of the most striking
objects of Paris. Besides the beauty of its construction, its handsome
entrance, its four courts, its celebrated clock, its lofty dome, and
elegant pillars, it contains, in the principal hall, or chapel, now called
“le Temple de Mars,” the colours, or ensigns, taken during the war,
by the republican armies, from the different powers opposed to
France. This beautiful room at least a hundred feet long, is lined on
all sides with the badges of triumph, many of which bear, from their
tattered appearance, the most convincing proofs of not having been
obtained without considerable difficulty. Among the innumerable
colours of all nations, I perceived, with pride, that there were only
two or three english; and these, from their size, had belonged to
some ship, perhaps to a merchantman, or to that man of war, which,
after sharing the glories of Aboukir, was taken by five french vessels
of the line, after a resistance no less honourable than her former
success. In the centre of this spacious apartment, to the right,
surrounded by the trophies of his successors and countrymen, is
placed the tomb of Turenne. This monument was removed to the
Temple of Mars by the present government, and placed here, with
considerable pomp, after having been saved from the fury of
jacobinical rage, and preserved, by the care of le Noir, in the “Musée
des Monuments françois.”
The circumstance which I have just mentioned, naturally leads me
to speak of the last named institution, which I visited yesterday for
the second time. On my arrival at Paris, I went to see le Musée des
Monuments françois; and not being as much struck with the
exhibition as I expected, from its great renown, I purposely
postponed speaking of it, till I had had an opportunity of examining it
again with all the attention it deserved. After several hours employed
in this second view, I continue of my former opinion, that the spot[78],
in which these monuments are collected, is infinitely too small; that
the garden, meant to be the tranquil site of sepulchral honours, and
the calm retreat of departed grandeur, is on so limited a scale, is so
surrounded with adjoining houses, and altogether so ill arranged,
that, instead of presenting the model of

“Those deep solitudes ...

Where heav’nly pensive Contemplation dwells,
And ever musing Melancholy reigns,”

it might easily be mistaken for the working yard of a statuary, or the

pleasure ground of a tasteless citizen, decked out with Cupids,
Mercuries, and Fauns.
It must, however, be acknowledged, that “le Noir,” by whose care
this establishment was formed, deserves great credit for the courage
with which he rescued the many precious monuments here
deposited, from the barbarous and undiscriminating fury of
revolutionary vandalism, for the perseverance and attention which
has marked his conduct in the arrangement, and for the plan
(whether successful or not, I shall not pretend to examine) of
presenting complete and exact representations of the art of building
in the different ages. Among the innumerable tombs, crowded
together in this collection, of which a catalogue, in large octavo, is
sold at the door, I observed many of great beauty, taste, and
symmetry. Kings, poets, belles, philosophers, and painters, torn from
the graves, in which, for centuries past, their remains had tranquilly
reposed, would have had no stone to record their past celebrity, if
this institution had not existed. The arts, too, are highly indebted to
the founder, for the specimens of sculpture, many of them chefs
d’œuvre, which are here seen in all their original perfection. Models,
too, of ancient and celtic buildings are added to those of french
architecture.
Le Noir’s favourite plan of having a chapel for each century,
ornamented with all the appropriate decorations, and containing the
tombs of contemporary persons, is in part executed, and three or
four ages have already their respective temples, completed in the
taste of the times which belonged to them. These chapels have been
much admired by persons, whose knowledge on such subjects
entitle them to respect; and it would, therefore, be presumptuous in
me to give a dissenting voice. I shall be pardoned, however, for
remarking, that there appeared, in the whole arrangement, a kind of
quackery, which prevented my feeling that unalloyed satisfaction
which I had been led to expect; and that, in spite of my better
judgment, I felt an inclination to laugh, when perhaps my tears ought
to have flowed.
As every body must rejoice at the preservation of these
monuments, whatever opinions he may entertain about the
arrangement, I cannot help regretting, that they are not deposited in
a place more worthy of containing them. Since the restoration of
religion has removed every obstacle which could be started to such
a project, would it not be worthy of the present government,
decidedly the friend and protector of the arts, to order that all these
precious specimens of sculpture should become the ornament of
one or more of the principal churches of Paris, the present naked
state of which is an additional argument in favour of the measure?
What splendour would they not both receive and confer, in being
removed either to Notre Dame, St. Sulpice, or St. Généviève?
To satisfy the curiosity which I know you entertain on such
subjects, I examined, with attention, the principal objects, and
marked in my catalogue those which seemed most deserving of
notice. The following is the list:

No. 5. The tomb of Dagobert, with the figures of Nautilda his

wife, and Clovis his son.
94. The tomb of Lewis XII.
99. The Monument, or sepulchral Chapel, of Francis the
First, with Claude his wife.—(Destroyed in the
revolution, and restored by le Noir.)
105. Monument erected in honour of Ann of Montmorency.
111. A group of Graces.
113. Statue of Henry the Fourth of France, assassinated in
1610, clad in a military dress. The artist was
Francavilla, or Francevelle, as he was otherwise
called. The catalogue mentions, that judging from
the body, found at St. Denys in 1793, and which
 was yet perfect, one should suppose that this was a
striking likeness.
115. Statue of Claude Catherine de Clermont Tonnere.
121. Statue in black marble, representing David after the
death of Goliath, by Peter Francavilla, in 1580.
146. Monument erected in honour of Charles the Fifth, taken
from St. Germain-des-Prés. His medallion, in
bronze, is by John Cousin.
174. The Mausoleum of the Cardinal de Richelieu, taken
from the Sorbonne.—This celebrated group of
figures, after a design by le Brun, was executed by
Girardon, and considered as his chef-d’œuvre.
187. The Mausoleum of Cardinal Mazarin, taken from the
college of that name. This monument, of white
marble, is the work of Coyzevox.
189. Statue of Ann of Austria, taken from the Pont au
Change. Executed by Guillain.
200. Monument, erected to John Baptiste Colbert, the
celebrated minister.
263. Monument, in marble, erected to the memory of Charles
le Brun, one of the most celebrated painters of the
french school. Taken from St. Nicholas de
Chardonnet.
205. A group of Figures in black marble, representing Francis
Michael Letellier Marquis de Louvois, minister of
state, who died in 1691.—This was the work of
Girardon.
207. This Monument, called la Pyramide, or the pillar of
Longueville, was erected by Anne Généviève de
Bourbon, duchess of Longueville, and was meant in
honour both of the first and second duke of that
name.
208. This is a Monument formed by le Noir, from the ruins of
that which formerly stood in la place des Victoires.
He has placed on the pedestal a figure of
Abundance and Equality.
 210. A colossal Statue, taken from les Invalides, representing
Charlemagne. Executed by Coyzevox.
211. A colossal Statue of Lewis the Eleventh, in black
marble, executed by Couston. Taken from les
Invalides.
214. A Statue of Lewis the Fourteenth, in black marble, by
Michel Anguier. The king is in a Roman dress.
218. A much admired Statue, by Sarrasin, of St. Denys
praying. Taken from the abbey of Montmartre.
220 or 449. This fine Monument, executed under the
immediate orders and design of the celebrated
architect Bullant, was taken from St. Martin, at
Montmorency, and was erected in honour of Ann de
Montmorency.
286. The marble Bust of Lewis de Bourbon Condé, called the
great Condé, from the chisel of Coyzevox.
384. This is a modern Monument, in honour of modern
events, and of living characters. It is the work of
Foucon, and it is meant to represent, allegorically,
the peace of Luneville, and to record the glory of
Bonaparte.
448. This is a beautiful Statue, in black marble, of Francis the
First on his death bed. Two thousand modern
goths, not content with mutilating this chef-d’œuvre,
have ventured to record their barbarity in writing on
the monument itself, or rather on what remains,
their dishonoured names, several of which are still
apparent. The convention, afterwards found it
necessary to pass a law, condemning to ten years
imprisonment, in chains, the mutilators or
destroyers of the works of art.
The following are in the garden:
No. 467. From the Chateau d’Anet, a beautiful group,
representing Diana with a stag, accompanied by
her dogs, Procyon and Sirius—supposed to be the
 work of John Gougeon, made for the fountain in the
park of Diana of Poitiers, at Anet.
471. Statue, in black marble, and on his knees, of Lewis II.
Taken from the church of Notre Dame de Cléry,
where it was dreadfully mutilated by the fury of the
inhabitants. It was the work of Michael Bourdin, of
Orleans, who, not satisfied with the price which he
received for it, stole a silver lamp from the church,
for which crime he was afterwards executed at
Orleans.
507. A sepulchral Urn, containing the ashes of the celebrated
René Descartes, who died in Sweden, in the year
1650.
508. The Tomb of Molière, containing the body of that
celebrated dramatic writer. The following inscription
appears:
“Molière & Thalie reposent dans ce tombeau[79].”
The whole is surrounded with myrtles, roses, and
cypress trees.
509. The tomb of J. de la Fontaine, containing his body.
510. This is a Monument with four fronts. It contains the
busts of Molière, John la Fontaine, Boileau, and
Racine, who were intimate friends, and sometimes
lived together at Auteuil.
511. The Tomb which, for some time, contained the mummy
of Turenne, first preserved in the Musée de
l’Histoire Naturelle, then removed to this spot, and
lastly placed, as I have before observed, in the
Temple of Mars.
555. Sepulchral Urn, containing the ashes of the celebrated
Boileau, with this inscription:
“Nicholas Boileau est dans ce tombeau[80].”
And above: