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DETAILED CONTENTS
1.1 Substantive criminal law 1 1.4 Substantive criminal law and the
1.2 Defining a crime 1 criminal process 21
1.3 The functions of the criminal law 2 Further Reading 31
2 Actus reus 32
3 Mens rea 76
9 Homicide 355
13 Fraud 551
13.1 Fraud Act 2006 551 13.4 Fraud by abuse of position 563
13.2 Fraud by false representation 552 13.5 Ancillary offences 566
13.3 Fraud by failing to disclose 13.6 Obtaining services dishonestly 566
information 560 Further Reading 572
Index 623
NEW TO THIS EDITION
Criminal law is a subject of great complexity which students find both fascinating
and frustrating. The complexity is in large part caused by the uncertainty created by
judges, in courts at all levels, who sometimes fail to understand or adhere to funda-
mental principles and Parliament which all too often legislates in haste, leaving the
rest of us to make sense of the legislation. The subject can be both challenging and
potentially exasperating.
Traditionally textbooks on criminal law provide more detail than students re-
quire and may, themselves, add to the confusion. This book seeks to state clearly
both the principles fundamental to criminal liability and the law’s current state in
the areas covered in most criminal law courses. In addition it highlights areas where
there are doubts, problems, or confusion. It is hoped that this book will help stu-
dents both to meet the intellectual challenge which criminal law presents them and
safely to negotiate those areas where frustration might creep in.
In the two years since the fourteenth edition of this book was published there
have been numerous developments in both statutory and case law. New cases have
been incorporated into most chapters, and an updated Chapter 1 continues to sit-
uate the substantive law in its wider social, political, and legal contexts. Notable
developments include the Supreme Court’s revisiting of the meaning of dishonesty
in Ivey v Genting Casinos UK Ltd [2017] UKSC 67 and Court of Appeal cases on crim-
inal liability for causing another’s suicide (Wallace (Berlinah) [2018] EWCA Crim
690) and consent as a defence in cases of body modification (BM [2018] EWCA
Crim 560).
In earlier editions, presentational devices were developed which were designed to
improve the visual impact of the text and to reinforce understanding by highlight-
ing statutory provisions, quotations, key cases, examples, questions, and tables to
highlight the actus reus and mens rea elements of the major offences. These have
been retained and further developed for this edition, with the addition of a sum-
mary of ‘key points’ at the end of each chapter, as well as enhanced ‘law in context’
sections in Chapters 2–15 to highlight some of the wider contexts in which the
substantive law can be seen.
Thanks are due to all the editorial staff at OUP who have assisted with its
production.
The law is stated as it was on 1 January 2019.
Michael J. Allen
Ian Edwards
GUIDE TO THE ONLINE RESOURCES
The online resources which accompany this book provide extra resources which are
free to use and designed to help support your legal learning and development.
www.oup.com/uk/allen_edwards15e/
Multiple-choice questions
A selection of multiple-choice questions, arranged by chapter, allows you to quickly
assess your knowledge of the various topics in criminal law.
Additional chapter
An additional chapter on Misuse of Drugs Act offences is available for those study-
ing this topic and those keen to expand their legal knowledge.
Updates
An indispensable resource, providing access to recent cases and development in the
laws that have occurred since publication of the book.
TABLE OF CASES
Ali [2008] EWCA Crim 716 . . . 207 Attorney-General’s Reference (No.6 of 1980)
[1981] 2 All ER 1057 . . . 440, 442, 450
Ali [2015] EWCA Crim 1279 . . . 469
Attorney-General’s Reference (No.1 of 1982)
Allan [1965] 1 QB 130 . . . 257
[1983] QB 751 . . . 330, 331
Allen v Whitehead [1930] 1 KB 211 . . . 290
Attorney-General’s Reference (No.1 of 1983)
Allen [1985] AC 1029 . . . 570, 576 [1985] QB 182 . . . 517
Allen [1988] Crim LR 698 . . . 186 Attorney-General’s Reference (No.2 of 1983)
Allsop (1976) 64 Cr App R 29 . . . 329, 330, [1984] QB 456 . . . 226
331, 559 Attorney-General’s Reference (No.1 of 1985)
Alphacell Ltd v Woodward [1972] AC [1986] QB 491 . . . 564
824 . . . 135, 139 Attorney-General’s Reference (No.4 of 1989)
Alt (1972) 56 Cr App R 457 . . . 592 (1989) 11 Cr App R (S) 517 . . . 30
Ambler [1979] RTR 217 . . . 545 Attorney-General’s Reference (No.5 of 1989)
Anderson [1986] AC 27 . . . 322, 323, 324, 325 (1989) 11 Cr App R (S) 489 . . . 30
Anderson and Morris [1966] 2 QB 110 . . . 267, Attorney-General’s Reference (No.1 of 1992)
269, 271, 274 [1993] Crim LR 274 . . . 344
Anderton v Ryan [1985] AC 560 . . . 348 Attorney-General’s Reference (No.2 of 1992)
Andrews v DPP [1937] AC 576 . . . 386, 387, 394, (1993) 97 Cr App R 429 . . . 168
395, 405 Attorney-General’s Reference (No.3 of 1992)
Andrews [2002] EWCA Crim 3021 . . . 387 [1994] 2 All ER 121 . . . 338
Antar [2004] EWCA Crim 2708 . . . 202 Attorney-General’s Reference (No.3 of 1994)
[1996] 2 WLR 412 (CA); [1997] 3 WLR 421;
Anthony [1965] 2 QB 189 . . . 316
[1998] AC 245 (HL) . . . 117, 118, 119, 356,
Anwar [2016] EWCA Crim 551 . . . 271 360, 392, 436
Ardalan [1972] 2 All ER 257 . . . 314 Attorney-General’s Reference (No.3 of 1998)
Armstrong v Strain [1952] 1 KB 232 . . . 296 [1999] 3 WLR 1994 . . . 155
xiv Table of cases
Attorney-General’s Reference (No.2 of 1999) Batchelor [2013] EWCA Crim 2638 . . . 205
[2000] 1 Cr App R 207 . . . 296 Bateman (1925) 19 Cr App R 8 . . . 394, 398
Attorney-General’s Reference (No.3 of 2000) Baugh v Crago [1975] RTR 453 . . . 135
[2001] UKHL 53; [2002] 1 CR App R 29 . . . 283
Baxter [1972] 1 QB 1 . . . 586
Attorney-General’s Reference (No.3 of 2003)
Beard [1920] AC 479 . . . 173, 174, 178, 184
[2004] EWCA Crim 868 . . . 42, 105, 107
Beasley (1981) 73 Cr App R 44 . . . 430
Attorney-General’s Reference (No.2 of 2004)
[2005] EWCA Crim 1415 . . . 197, 220 Beatty v Gillbanks (1882) 9 QBD 308 . . . 228
Attorney-General’s Reference (No.4 of 2004) Becerra (1975) 62 Cr App R 212 . . . 277, 278,
[2005] EWCA Crim 889 . . . 422 279
Attorney-General’s Reference (Nos.60, 62 and 63 Beckford [1988] AC 130 . . . 105, 111, 223, 226,
of 2009) [2009] EWCA Crim 2693 . . . 410 229, 232, 244, 355
Attorney-General’s Reference (No.69 of 2013) Bell [1984] 3 All ER 842 . . . 37
[2014] EWCA Crim 188 . . . 409 Benge (1865) 4 F & F 504 . . . 53
Attorney-General’s Reference (No.17 of 2014) Bennett [1995] Crim LR 877 . . . 178
[2014] EWCA Crim 842 . . . 601 Bentley (1850) 4 Cox CC 406 . . . 115, 434
Attorney-General’s Reference (No.118 of 2015) Bernhard [1938] 2 KB 264 . . . 532
[2016] EWCA Crim 1108 . . . 601 Betts and Ridley (1930) 22 Cr App R 148 . . . 254,
Atwal v Massey (1971) 56 Cr App R 6 . . . 596 266
Augunas [2013] EWCA Crim 2046 . . . 557–8 Betty [1964] 48 Cr App R 6 . . . 267, 269
Austin [1981] 1 All ER 374 . . . 258 Bilton (James) [2005] . . . 160, 171
Axtell (1660) Kel 13 . . . 211 Bird [1985] 1 WLR 816 . . . 228
Aziz [1993] Crim LR 708 . . . 574–5 Birmingham [2002] EWCA Crim 2608 . . . 429
Azizi v Aghaty [2017] 1 FLR 351 . . . 112 Birtles (1969) 53 Cr App R 469 . . . 281, 282
Blackburn v Bowering [1994] 3 All ER
B v DPP [2000] 2 AC 428 . . . 122 380 . . . 111, 114, 115, 435
B [2006] EWCA 2945 . . . 465, 466 Blake v DPP [1993] Crim LR 587 . . . 610, 612
B (A Minor) v DPP [2000] 2 AC 428; [2000] 2 Blakely, Sutton v DPP [1991] Crim LR
WLR 452 . . . 105, 110, 112, 114, 128, 131, 763 . . . 263
132, 133, 136 Bland [1988] Crim LR 41 . . . 256
B and R v DPP [2007] EWHC 739 Blaue [1975] 1 WLR 1411 . . . 55, 62, 71, 73
(Admin) . . . 543
Bloxham [1982] 1 All ER 582 . . . 593
B and S v Leathley [1979] Crim LR 314 . . . 581
BM [2018] EWCA Crim 560 . . . 443, 448, 449,
Babbs [2007] EWCA Crim 2737 . . . 424 452, 458
Bailey (1800) Russ & Ry 1 . . . 115 Bogacki [1973] QB 832 . . . 545
Bailey (1818) Russ & Ry 341 . . . 578 Bolam v Friern Hospital Management
Bailey (1978) 66 Cr App R 31 . . . 186, 363 Committee [1957] 1 WLR 582 . . . 46
Bailey [1983] 1 WLR 760 . . . 171 Bolduc and Bird (1967) 63 DLR (2d)
Bainbridge [1960] 1 QB 129 . . . 264 82 . . . 452–3
Baker and Ward [1999] 2 Cr App R Bollom [2003] EWCA Crim 2846 . . . 429, 430
335 . . . 206, 207 Bonner [1970] 2 All ER 97 . . . 514
Baker and Wilkins [1997] Crim LR 497 . . . 197 Booth v Crown Prosecution Service [2006]
Baldessare (1930) 22 Cr App R 70 . . . 274 EWHC 192 (Admin) . . . 608
Ball [1989] Crim LR 730 . . . 394 Bourne [1938] 3 All ER 615 . . . 215
Balogun [1999] Case No.98/6762/X2 . . . 228 Bourne (1952) 36 Cr App R 125 . . . 259, 260
Banfield [2013] EWCA Crim 1394 . . . 254 Bournewood Community and Mental Health
Barker (1983) 153 CLR 338 . . . 580 NHS Trust [1998] 3 All ER 289 . . . 216
Barlow Clowes International Ltd v Eurotrust Bow (1976) 64 Cr App R 54 . . . 545
International Ltd [2006] 1 WLR 1476 . . . 538 Bowden [1993] Crim LR 380 . . . 173
Barnes [1991] Crim LR 132 . . . 590 Bowen [1996] 2 Cr App R 157 . . . 201, 202, 248
Barnes [2004] EWCA Crim 3246 . . . 443, 444, 450 Boyea [1992] Crim LR 574 . . . 439, 442, 445,
Barnfather v Islington London Borough Council 450, 451
[2003] EWHC 418 (Admin) . . . 142 Boyesen [1982] AC 768 . . . 33
Barton v Armstrong [1969] 2 NSWR 451 . . . 418 Boyle and Boyle (1987) 84 Cr App R 270 . . . 343
Bastian [1958] 1 WLR 413 . . . 156 Bradley (1979) 70 Cr App R 200 . . . 597–8
Table of cases xv
Conway [1988] 3 All ER 1025 . . . 198, 217, Dawson and James (1976) 64 Cr App R
219, 221 170 . . . 542
Cooke [1986] AC 909 . . . 330, 331 Dear [1996] Crim LR 595 . . . 56, 62, 71, 73
Cooper and Schaub [1994] Crim LR Deller (1952) 36 Cr App R 184 . . . 35
531 . . . 67, 461 Denton [1982] 1 All ER 65 . . . 610, 616
Coppen v Moore (No.2) [1898] 2 QB Devlin v Armstrong [1971] NI 13 . . . 224, 226
306 . . . 289, 291
Devonald [2008] EWCA Crim 527 . . . 473
Corbett v Corbett [1971] P 83 . . . 448
Dhaliwal [2006] 2 Cr App R 24 . . . 73
Corcoran v Anderton (1980) 71 Cr
Dias [2001] EWCA Crim 2986 . . . 64, 388
App R 104 . . . 542
Dica [2004] EWCA Crim 1103 . . . 432, 445, 446,
Cory Bros & Co [1927] 1 KB 810 . . . 293 451, 454, 465
Cotterill v Penn [1936] 1 KB 53 . . . 106 Dickie [1984] 3 All ER 173 . . . 155
Court [1989] AC 28 . . . 485, 486 Dietschmann [2003] UKHL 10 . . . 372
Courtie [1984] AC 463 . . . 99 Dix (1981) 74 Cr App R 306 . . . 362
Cousins [1982] QB 526 . . . 224 Dobson v General Accident Fire and Life
Cox v Riley (1986) 83 Cr App R 54 . . . 604, 605 Assurance Corporation [1990] QB
Cox (1992) 12 BMLR, Winchester Crown Court, 274 . . . 520, 582
18 September 1992 . . . 93, 94 Dolan (1855) 6 Cox CC 449 . . . 591
CP (A Child) v Criminal Injuries Compensation Dononvan [1934] 2 KB 498 . . . 440, 442, 444, 450
Authority [2014] EWCA Civ 1554 . . . 119, 436 Doring [2002] Crim LR 817 . . . 132
Cramp (1880) 5 QBD 307 . . . 436 Doukas [1978] 1 WLR 372 . . . 564, 566
Cresswell v DPP [2006] EWHC 3379 Dowds [2012] EWCA Crim 281; [2012] 1 Cr App
(Admin) . . . 606 R 455 . . . 367, 384
Crilly [2018] EWCA Crim 168 . . . 273 DPP v M [2004] EWHC 1453
Criminal Practice Directions 2015 [2015] EWCA (Admin) . . . 423, 618
Crim 1567 . . . 601 DPP v Beard [1920] AC . . . 479 see Beard [1920]
Croft [1944] 1 KB 295 . . . 277 AC 479
Cuddy (1843) 1 Car & Kir 210 . . . 439 DPP v Bell [1992] Crim LR 176 . . . 220
Cugullere (1961) 45 Cr App R 108 . . . 584 DPP v Brooks [1974] AC 862 . . . 33
Cundy v Le Cocq (1884) 13 QBD 207 . . . 132 DPP v Daley [1979] 2 WLR 239 . . . 54
Cunningham [1957] 2 QB 396 . . . 101, 104, 432, DPP v Doot [1973] AC 807 . . . 313, 350
434, 437, 438, 579 DPP v Green [2004] EWHC 1225
Cunningham [1982] AC 566 . . . 359, 419, 428 (Admin) . . . 618
DPP v Harper [1997] 1 WLR 1406 . . . 162
D [1984] AC 778 . . . 452 DPP v Harris [1995] 1 Cr App R 170 . . . 214
D [2005] EWCA Crim 889 . . . 422 DPP v Hutchinson [1990] 2 AC 783 . . . 540
D [2006] EWCA Crim 1139; [2006] DPP v J [2002] All ER (D) 260 . . . 529
Crim LR 923 . . . 56, 427 DPP v Jones [1990] RTR 34 . . . 220
Dadson (1850) 4 Cox CC 358 . . . 234, 235 DPP v K (A Min or) [1990] 1 WLR
Dalby [1982] 1 All ER 916 . . . 64, 388 1067 . . . 419, 420
Dale (1852) 6 Cox CC 14 . . . 435 DPP v K and B [1997] 1 Cr App R 36 . . . 148, 259
Dalloway (1847) 2 Cox 273 . . . 50 DPP v Kent and Sussex Contractors Ltd [1944]
KB 146 . . . 294
Dang [2014] EWCA Crim 348 . . . 326
DPP v Lavender [1994] Crim LR 297 . . . 530
Dao and others [2012] EWCA Crim 1717 . . . 197
DPP v Little [1992] 1 All ER 299 . . . 414
Darroux (Pamela) [2018] EWCA
Crim 1009 . . . 509 DPP v McFarlane [2002] EWHC 485
(Admin) . . . 422
Davies [1983] Crim LR 741 . . . 186
DPP v Majewski [1977] AC 443 . . . 105, 173,
Davies (Christopher) [2006] . . . 160, 171
174, 176, 177, 178, 182, 183, 186, 191, 389
Davis (1881) 14 Cox CC 563 . . . 184
DPP v Morgan [1976] AC . . . 182 see Morgan
Davis (1988) 88 Cr App R 347 . . . 507
DPP v Mullally [2006] EWHC 3448
Dawes [2013] EWCA Crim 322 . . . 381 (Admin) . . . 220
Dawson [1978] VR 536 . . . 199 DPP v Newbury [1977] AC 500 . . . 120, 390,
Dawson (1985) 81 Cr App R 150 . . . 389, 392, 393 391, 393
Table of cases xvii
DPP v Nock [1978] AC 979 . . . 327, 334 Evans & Co Ltd v LCC [1914] 3 KB 315 . . . 292
DPP v Pal [2000] Crim LR 756 . . . 421, 422 Evans (Gemma) [2009] EWCA Crim 650 . . . 42,
DPP v Patterson [2017] EWHC 2820 66, 396
(Admin) . . . 537, 560
DPP v Ray [1974] AC 370 . . . 554 F (Mental Patient: Sterilisation), Re [1990]
2 AC 1 . . . 46, 215, 222, 454, 483
DPP v RP [2012] EWHC 1657 (Admin) . . . 542
Fagan v Metropolitan Police Commissioner
DPP v Santana-Bermudez [2003] EWHC 2908
[1969] 1 QB 439 . . . 67, 414, 415, 420, 457
(Admin); [2004] Crim LR 471 . . . 47, 415, 420
Fallon [1994] Crim LR 519 . . . 85
DPP v Shannon [1975] AC 717 . . . 316
Faraj [2007] EWCA Crim 1033 . . . 111
DPP v Smith [1961] AC 290 . . . 359, 429
Faulkner v Talbot [1981] 3 All ER 468 . . . 415
DPP v Smith [2006] EWHC 94 (Admin) . . . 427
F.E. Charman Ltd v Clow [1974]
DPP v Stonehouse [1978] AC 55 . . . 335, 343
1 WLR 1384 . . . 289
DPP v Watkins [1989] QB 821 . . . 35
Feely [1973] QB 530 . . . 534, 535, 540, 548
DPP v Woods [2002] EWHC 85
Fegan [1972] NI 80 . . . 226
(Admin) . . . 422, 618
Fennell [1971] 1 QB 428 . . . 242
DPP for Northern Ireland v Lynch [1975] AC
653 . . . 195, 197, 199, 207, 208, 209, 211, Fenton (1830) 1 Lew CC 179 . . . 386
217, 221 Ferguson v Weaving [1951] 1 KB 814 . . . 254,
Drew [2000] 1 Cr App R 91 . . . 315 263, 291
Du Cros v Lambourne [1907] 1 KB 40 . . . 257 Fernandes [1996] 1 Cr App R 175 . . . 529
Dudley [1989] Crim LR 57 . . . 615 Ferriter [2012] EWCA Crim 2211 . . . 346
Dudley and Stephens (1884) 14 QBD Ferrymaster Ltd v Adams [1980] RTR 139 . . . 135
273 . . . 209, 221 Fiak [2005] EWCA Crim 2381 . . . 604
Duffy [1949] 1 All ER 932 . . . 374 Field [1972] Crim LR 435 . . . 228
Duffy [1967] 1 QB 63 . . . 224 Finegan v Heywood, The Times, 10 May
Duguid (1906) 21 Cox CC 200 . . . 315 2000 . . . 171
Dunbar [1958] 1 QB 1 . . . 362 Firth (1990) 91 Cr App R 217 . . . 40, 562
Durante [1972] 3 All ER 962 . . . 583 Fisher (1865) LR 1 CCR 7 . . . 605
Dyke and Munro [2001] EWCA Crim 2184; Fitzpatrick [1977] NI 20 . . . 206, 207
[2002] 1 Cr App R 30 . . . 515 Flack [2013] EWCA Crim 115 . . . 581
Dyson [1908] 2 KB 454 . . . 52 Flatt [1996] Crim LR 576 . . . 201
Dytham [1979] QB 722 . . . 41, 42 Flattery (1887) 2 QB 410 . . . 473
Flintshire County Council v Reynolds [2006]
Eagleton (1855) 6 Cox CC 559 . . . 341, 343 EWHC 195 (Admin) . . . 98
Eaton v Cobb [1950] 1 All ER 1016 . . . 106 Floyd v DPP [2000] Crim LR 41 . . . 516
Eden D.C. v Braid [1998] COD 259 . . . 197 Forman and Ford [1988] Crim LR 677 . . . 254, 257
Edwards v Ddin (1976) 63 Cr App R 218 . . . 573 Forsyth [1997] 2 Cr App R 299 . . . 597
Edwards [1991] Crim LR 45 . . . 282 Fowler (1988) 86 Cr App R 219 . . . 598
Eifinger [2001] EWCA Crim 1855 . . . 363 Foye [2013] EWCA Crim 475 . . . 362
Elbekkay [1995] Crim LR 163 . . . 473 Francis [1982] Crim LR 363 . . . 584
Ellames (1974) 60 Cr App R 7 . . . 566 Franklin (1883) 15 Cox CC 163 . . . 386
Elliott v C [1983] 1 WLR 939 . . . 103
Ellis, Street and Smith (1986) 84 Cr App R G v UK [2011] ECHR 1308; [2012] Crim
235 . . . 99, 108 LR 46 . . . 143, 491
Emery (1993) 14 Cr App R (S) 394 . . . 202 G [2003] UKHL 50 . . . 77, 103, 122, 608, 615, 620
Emmett, The Independent, 19 July G [2006] EWCA Crim 821 . . . 119, 125, 490
1999 . . . 443, 445 G [2008] UKHL 37 . . . 119, 125, 142, 143, 489,
English [1999] 1 AC 1; [1997] 3 WLR 490, 492
959 . . . 267, 268, 269, 270, 272, 275, 276 GAC [2013] EWCA Crim 1472 . . . 247
Enoch (1833) 5 C & P 539 . . . 355 Galbraith [1981] 1 WLR 1039 . . . 26
Environment Agency v Empress Car Co Gamble [1989] NI 268 . . . 276
(Abertillery) [1999] 2 AC 22 . . . 48, 63, 64
Gammon (Hong Kong) Ltd v Attorney-General
Esop (1836) 7 C & P 456 . . . 115 of Hong Kong [1985] AC 1 . . . 131, 133,
Evans v Hughes [1972] 1 WLR 1452 . . . 227, 228 135, 136
xviii Table of cases
Gardner v Akeroyd [1952] 2 QB 743 . . . 292 Groark [1999] Crim LR 669 . . . 178
Garlick [1981] Crim LR 178 . . . 178 Groombridge (1836) 7 C & P 582 . . . 149–50
Garwood [1987] 1 All ER 1032 . . . 587 Grout [2011] EWCA Crim 299; [2011] 1 Cr App
Gayford v Choulder [1898] 1 QB 316 . . . 604 R (S) 472 . . . 492
Geddes [1996] Crim LR 894 . . . 344, 345 Grundy [1977] Crim LR 543 . . . 279, 280
George [1956] Crim LR 52 . . . 485, 486 Grundy [1989] Crim LR 502 . . . 429
Getty v Antrim County Council [1950] Gul (Mohammed) [2013] UKSC 64 . . . 352
NI 114 . . . 605 Gullefer [1987] Crim LR 195; [1990] 1 WLR
Ghosh [1982] QB 1053 . . . 534, 535, 536, 537, 1063 . . . 342, 343
538, 539, 540, 548, 549 Gurpinar [2015] EWCA Crim 178 . . . 379
Gianetto [1997] 1 Cr App R 1 . . . 255
Gibbins and Proctor (1918) 13 Cr H [2005] EWCA Crim 732 . . . 486, 487
App R 134 . . . 40, 43
H [2007] EWCA Crim 2056 . . . 463
Gibson [1990] 2 QB 619 . . . 334
Hacker [1994] 1 WLR 1659 . . . 598
Gilbert [2012] EWCA Crim 2392! . . . 559
Haider, unreported, 22 March 1985 . . . 593
Gilks (1972) 56 Cr App R 734 . . . 517, 518, 540
Hale (1978) 68 Cr App R 415 . . . 543
Gillan v United Kingdom (2010)
Hall (1849) 1 Den 381 . . . 528
50 EHRR 45 . . . 353
Hall [1973] QB 126 . . . 515
Gillard (1988) 87 Cr App R 189 . . . 435
Hall (1985) 81 Cr App R 260 . . . 596, 597
Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech AHA [1986]
AC 112 . . . 93, 94, 95, 215, 222, 496, 497 Hallam and Blackburn [1995] Crim
LR 323 . . . 516
Gilmartin [1983] QB 953 . . . 555
Halliday (1969) 61 LT 701 . . . 430
Gilmour [2000] 2 Cr App R 407 . . . 276
Hamilton [2007] EWCA Crim 2062 . . . 334
Gimbert [2018] EWCA Crim 2190 . . . 510
Hancock and Shankland [1986] 1 AC 455 . . . 81,
Gingell [2000] 1 Cr App R 88 . . . 594
83, 87, 88
Giorgianni (1985) 156 CLR 473 . . . 263
Handley (1874) 13 Cox CC 79 . . . 355
Gnango [2011] UKSC 59; [2012] 1 Cr
Hapgood and Wyatt (1870) LR 1
App R 219 . . . 119, 255, 274, 281, 314
CCR 221 . . . 275
Goddard [2012] EWCA Crim 1756 . . . 325
Harden [1963] 1 QB 8 . . . 348
Golding [2014] EWCA Crim 889 . . . 430, 446
Hardie [1985] 1 WLR 64 . . . 176, 186
Golds [2016] 1 WLR 5231 . . . 363, 364
Hardman v Chief Constable of Avon and
Golds [2016] UKSC 61 . . . 369, 370 Somerset Constabulary [1986] Crim
Gomez [1992] 3 WLR 1061 . . . 520, 522, 523, LR 330 . . . 604
524, 525, 549 Harley (1830) 4 C & P 369 . . . 435
Goodfellow v Johnson [1966] 1 QB 83 . . . 289 Harmer [2000] Crim LR 401 . . . 207
Goodfellow (1986) 83 Cr App R 23 . . . 392 Harris v Harrison [1963] Crim LR 497 . . . 532
Gortat and Pirog [1973] Crim LR 648 . . . 140 Harris [2013] EWCA Crim 223 . . . 183
Gotts [1992] 2 WLR 284 . . . 210, 211, 245 Harry [1974] Crim LR 32 . . . 586
Gould [1968] 2 QB 65 . . . 112, 116 Harvey (1981) 72 Cr App R 139 . . . 587, 588
Grade v DPP [1942] 2 All ER 118 . . . 289 Hasan [2005] UKHL 22 . . . 113, 196, 198, 200,
Graham (1982) 74 Cr App R 235 . . . 113, 196, 204, 207, 246–8
200, 203, 209, 217, 218, 247, 248, 249 Hatton [2005] EWCA Crim 2951 . . . 181
Graham [1996] NI 157 . . . 279
Haughton v Smith [1975] AC 476 . . . 327, 340,
Graham [1997] 1 Cr App R 302 . . . 508 347, 590, 591
Grainge (1974) 59 Cr App R 3 . . . 597 Hayes [2015] EWCA Crim 1944 . . . 536, 570
Greater London Metropolitan Police Haystead v Chief Constable of Derbyshire
Commissioner v Streeter (1980) 71 Cr [2000] Crim LR 758 . . . 414, 420
App R 113 . . . 591
Hayward (1908) 21 Cox CC 692 . . . 54
Green v Burnett [1955] 1 QB 78 . . . 289
Heard [2007] EWCA Crim 125 . . . 96, 176, 177,
Green [2002] EWCA Crim 1501 . . . 473 487, 615
Gregory (1981) 77 Cr App R 41 . . . 595 Heath [2000] Crim LR 109 . . . 207
Griffin (1869) 11 Cox CC 402 . . . 455 Hennessy [1989] 2 All ER 9 . . . 151, 153, 159,
Griffiths v Freeman [1970] 1 All ER 1117 . . . 592 160, 162, 169, 171
Griffiths (1974) 60 Cr App R 14 . . . 597 Hennigan [1971] 3 All ER 133 . . . 52
Table of cases xix
Hibbert v McKiernan [1948] 2 KB 162 . . . 513 Ivey v Genting Casinos UK Ltd (t/a Crockfords
Hibbert (1869) LR 1 CCR 184 . . . 128 Club) [2017] UKSC 67 . . . 28, 331, 532, 533,
534, 537, 539, 540, 548, 549, 560, 570, 572
Higgins (1801) 2 East 5 . . . 304
Hill v Baxter [1958] 1 QB 277 . . . 36
Jackson [1985] Crim LR 444 . . . 320, 321
Hill (1985) 81 Cr App R 206 . . . 438
Jaggard v Dickinson [1980] 3 All ER 716 . . . 183,
Hill and Hall [1989] Crim LR 136 . . . 611, 619, 621
184, 610
Hinks [2000] 3 WLR 1590 . . . 518, 524, 532
Jakeman (1982) 76 Cr App R 223 . . . 66
H.L. Bolton (Engineering) Co Ltd v T.J. Graham
James & Son v Smee [1955] 1 QB 78 . . . 289
& Sons Ltd [1957] 1 QB 159 . . . 294
Janjua [1990] 1 Cr App R 91 . . . 429
HM Coroner for East Kent, ex parte Spooner
(1989) 88 Cr App R 10 . . . 293, 296, 297 Jennings [1990] Crim LR 588 . . . 389
Hobson v Impett (1957) 41 Cr App R 138 . . . 593 Jewell [2014] EWCA Crim 414 . . . 378
Hodge v Higgins [1980] 2 Lloyd’s Rep 589 . . . 288 JF and NE [2015] EWCA Crim 351 . . . 391
Hogdon [1962] Crim LR 563 . . . 545 J.F. Alford Transport [1997] 2 Cr App R
326 . . . 257, 262, 263
Holland (1841) 2 Mood & R 351 . . . 62
Jheeta [2007] EWCA Crim 1699 . . . 473
Hollinshead [1985] 1 All ER 850 (CA); [1985]
AC 975 (HL) . . . 326, 331, 332 JM and SM [2012] EWCA Crim 2293 . . . 391
Hollis [1971] Crim LR 525 . . . 577 Jogee [2016] UKSC 8; [2013] EWCA
Crim 1725 . . . 3, 266, 268–73, 275, 277, 302
Hopley (1860) 2 F & F 202 . . . 455
Johnson v DPP [1994] Crim LR 673 . . . 612
Horne [1994] Crim LR 584 . . . 201
Johnson v Phillips [1976] 1 WLR 65 . . . 213
Horseferry Road Magistrates’ Court, ex parte
Bennett [1994] 1 AC 42 . . . 283 Johnson v Youden [1950] 1 KB 544 . . . 262, 263
Horseferry Road Magistrates’ Court, ex parte K Johnson [2007] EWCA Crim 1978 . . . 164
[1996] 2 Cr All R 574 . . . 162 Johnson and others [2016] EWCA Crim
Horseferry Road Metropolitan Stipendiary 1613 . . . 272, 273
Magistrate, ex parte Siadatan [1991] 1 Jones (1986) 83 Cr App R 375 . . . 440, 447
QB 260 . . . 418 Jones [1990] 1 WLR 1057 . . . 343, 344
Howard [1965] 3 All ER 684 . . . 452 Jones [2004] EWCA Crim 1981 . . . 611
Howe (1958) 100 CLR 448 . . . 245, 248 Jones [2006] UKHL 16 . . . 224
Howe [1987] 1 AC 417 . . . 95, 113, 196, 200, Jones [2007] AC 137 . . . 230
208, 210, 211, 218, 221, 222, 260 Jones [2007] EWCA Crim 1118 . . . 492
Howells [1977] QB 614 . . . 114, 136 Jones, The Times, 15 February 1993 . . . 555
Howker v Robinson [1973] 1 QB 178 . . . 291 Jones (Iorwerth) [2003] EWCA Crim
Huckerby v Elliott [1970] 1 All ER 189 . . . 298 894 . . . 611, 612
Hudson v MacRae (1863) 4 B & S 585 . . . 106 Jones and Smith (1976) 63 Cr App R
Hudson and Taylor [1971] 2 QB 202 . . . 195, 47 . . . 579, 580
197, 199, 203, 204, 205 Jordan (1956) 40 Cr App R 152 . . . 59, 60
Huggins (1730) 2 Strange 883 . . . 287 JTB [2009] UKHL 20 . . . 149
Hughes [2011] EWCA Crim 1508 . . . 50
Hughes [2013] UKSC 56 . . . 51, 52, 546, 547 K [2001] UKHL 41; [2001] 3 WLR 471 . . . 112,
Humphreys [1977] Crim LR 225 . . . 584 131, 132, 490
Hunt (1978) 66 Cr App R 105 . . . 611 K [2002] 1 AC 462 . . . 105
Hurley and Murray [1967] VR 526 . . . 198 Kaitamaki [1985] AC 147 . . . 67, 415
Hurst [1995] 1 Cr App R 82 . . . 201 Kamara v DPP [1974] AC 104 . . . 313
Hyam [1975] AC 55 . . . 81, 84, 86, 359 Kanwar [1982] 2 All ER 528 . . . 594
Kay v Butterworth (1945) 173 LT 191 . . . 36
Ibrams (1981) 74 Cr App R 154 . . . 374 Kay and Joyce [2017] 4 WLR 121, CA . . . 373
ICR Haulage Ltd [1944] KB 551 . . . 292, 293, 314 Keane and McGrath [2010] EWCA 2514 . . . 229
Inglis [2010] EWCA Crim 2637; [2011] 2 Cr App Kelleher [2003] EWCA Crim 3525 . . . 619, 620
R (S) 66 . . . 358 Kelly (1992) 97 Cr App R 245 . . . 584
Instan [1893] 1 QB 450 . . . 43, 44 Kelly [1998] 3 All ER 741 . . . 507, 513
Ireland [1997] 1 All ER 112 (CA) . . . 416, 417, 418 Kemp [1957] 1 QB 399 . . . 157
Ireland [1998] AC 147 (HL) . . . 416, 418, 427, 445 Kenlin v Gardner (1967) 2 QB 510 . . . 242
Isitt (1978) 67 Cr App R 44 . . . 168 Kennedy [1999] Crim LR 65 . . . 64, 387, 388
xx Table of cases
Kennedy [2005] EWCA Crim 685 . . . 388 Lewin v Bland [1985] RTR 171 . . . 298
Kennedy (No.2) [2007] UKHL 38; [2005] EWCA Lewis v Cox [1985] QB 509 . . . 106
Crim 685 . . . 64, 65, 66, 71, 72, 252, 253, Lewis v Lethbridge [1987] Crim LR 59 . . . 516
388 435
Lewis (1899) 57 P.470 . . . 72
Kenning [2008] EWCA Crim 1534 . . . 326
Lewis [1970] Crim LR 647 . . . 430
Khan [1990] 2 All ER 783 . . . 338, 339, 340
Lewis [2010] EWCA Crim 151 . . . 54
Khan [2009] EWCA Crim 2 . . . 407, 408
Lillienfield, The Times, 17 October 1985 . . . 170
Khan and Khan [1998] Crim LR 830 . . . 42
Lim Chin Aik v The Queen [1963]
Kimber [1983] 1 WLR 1118 . . . 109, 110, 477 AC 160 . . . 137
King [1964] 1 QB 285 . . . 112, 126 Linekar [1995] Crim LR 320 . . . 464, 473
King [2012] EWCA Crim 805 . . . 325 Linnett v Metropolitan Police Commissioner
Kingston (1994) 99 Cr App R 286 . . . 186, 191 [1946] KB 290 . . . 290
Kirk and Kirk [2008] EWCA Crim Lipman [1970] 1 QB 152 . . . 173, 388
434 . . . 468, 469 Lloyd [1967] 1 QB 175 . . . 364
Kite and OLL Ltd, Winchester Crown Court, 8 Lloyd [1985] QB 829 . . . 528, 529, 530
December 1994 . . . 296
Lloyd [1992] 1 All ER 982 . . . 605
Kitson (1955) 39 Cr App R 66 . . . 213
Lloyd-Wolper v Moore [2004] EWCA
Klass [1998] 1 Cr App R 453 . . . 584 Civ 766 . . . 135
Klineberg and Marsden [1999] 1 Cr Loake v CPS [2018] 1 Cr App R 16 . . . 162,
App R 427 . . . 516 163, 164
Knuller v DPP [1973] AC 435 . . . 333 London Borough of Southwark v Williams
Kohn (1979) 69 Cr App R 395 . . . 508 [1971] 2 All ER 175 . . . 213, 220
Konzani [2005] EWCA Crim 706 . . . 446 Longbottom (1849) 3 Cox CC 439 . . . 54
Kopsch (1925) 19 Cr App R 50 . . . 166 Longman and Cribben (1980) 72 Cr
Kumar, Re [2000] Crim LR 504 . . . 516 App R 121 . . . 316
Looseley [2001] UKHL 53; [2001] 1 WLR
L [2008] EWCA Crim 1970 . . . 64 2060 . . . 283
Lamb [1967] 2 QB 981 . . . 126, 386, 415 Loukes [1996] Crim LR 341 . . . 258
Lambert [2009] EWCA Crim 2860; [2012] Low v Blease [1975] Crim LR 513 . . . 509
1 Cr App R 299 . . . 586 Lowe [1973] QB 702 . . . 389
Lambie [1982] AC 449 . . . 556 Lowe [2006] Crim LR 901 . . . 160, 171
Lane and Lane (1986) 82 Cr App R 5 . . . 254 Luc Thiet Thuan [1996] 3 WLR 45 . . . 375,
Lane and Letts [2018] UKSC 36 . . . 130 376, 384
Larkin (1942) 29 Cr App R 18 . . . 390, 393 Luffman [2008] EWCA Crim 1379 . . . 255
Larsonneur (1933) 97 JP 206 . . . 38, 39 Lunderbech [1991] Crim LR 784 . . . 334
Larsonneur [1976] Crim LR 276 . . . 127
Larter and Castleton [1995] Crim LR 75 . . . 475 M and B [2009] EWCA 2615 . . . 132
Laskey, Jaggard and Brown v United Kingdom, McAllister [1997] Crim LR 233 . . . 463
Case No.109/1995/615/703–705 . . . 443 McArdle v Egan (1933) 150 LT 412 . . . 126
Latham [1965] Crim LR 434 . . . 156 McCann v United Kingdom (1996)
Latif [1996] 1 All ER 353; [1996] 1 WLR 21 EHRR 97 . . . 243, 244–5
104 . . . 58, 65, 92, 93, 283 McCann (1971) 56 Cr App R 359 . . . 282
Latimer (1886) 17 QBD 359 . . . 116, 117 McCready [1978] 1 WLR 1383 . . . 430
Lawrence [1972] AC 626 . . . 520, 521, 522, McCrone v Riding [1938] 1 All
523, 549 ER 157 . . . 124
Lawrence [1982] AC 510 . . . 103, 296, 395 McCullum (1973) 57 Cr App R 645 . . . 98,
Lawrence and Pomroy (1971) 57 Cr App R 108, 596
64 . . . 560, 586, 587 McDavitt [1981] Crim LR 843 . . . 574
Le Brun [1991] 4 All ER 673 . . . 68, 69, 70 McDonagh [1974] QB 448 . . . 545
Lee [2000] Crim LR 991 . . . 434, 435 McDonald (1980) 70 Cr App R 288 . . . 590
Lee, The Times, 24 October 2001 . . . 115 McDonald [2003] EWCA Crim 1170 . . . 205
Leicester v Pearson [1952] 2 QB 668 . . . 37 McDonnell [1966] 1 QB 233 . . . 314
Lennard’s Carrying Co Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum McEvilly and Lee (1973) 60 Cr
Co Ltd [1915] AC 705 . . . 294 App R 150 . . . 282
Table of cases xxi
Naini [1999] 2 Cr App R 398 . . . 350 Pembliton (1874) LR 2 CCR 119 . . . 117
National Coal Board v Gamble [1959] 1 QB Perka v The Queen (1984) 13 DLR (4th) 1 . . . 217
11 . . . 254, 256, 261, 262 Petgrave [2019] RTR 6 . . . 219
National Rivers Authority v Yorkshire Water Pethick [1980] Crim LR 242 . . . 597
Services [1994] Crim LR 451 . . . 48
Petters and Parfitt [1995] Crim LR 501 . . . 253
Navvabi [1986] 3 All ER 102 . . . 508
Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v
Nedrick [1986] 1 WLR 1025 . . . 88, 89, 90, 91, Storkwain Ltd [1986] 1 WLR 903 . . . 134, 136
92, 93, 337
Phekoo [1981] 1 WLR 1117 . . . 109
Ness and Awan [2011] Crim LR 645 . . . 210
Phillips (1987) 86 Cr App R 18 . . . 314
Newell (1980) 71 Cr App R 331 . . . 180
Pimm [1994] RTR 391 . . . 405
Newton (1982) 4 Cr App R (S) 388 . . . 140
Pipe v DPP [2012] EWHC 1821 (Admin) . . . 218
Nicholls (1874) 13 Cox CC 75 . . . 43
Pitchley (1972) 57 Cr App R 30 . . . 594
Nicklin [1977] 2 All ER 444 . . . 592
Pitham and Hehl (1976) 65 Cr
Norfolk Constabulary v Seekings and Gould App R 45 . . . 519–20, 595
[1986] Crim LR 167 . . . 581
Pittwood (1902) 19 TLR 37 . . . 40, 43
Nottingham City Council v Amin [2000] 1 Cr
Poh and To [1982] Crim LR 132 . . . 12
App R 426 . . . 284
Pommell [1995] 2 Cr App R 607 . . . 211, 219, 220
Pordage [1975] Crim LR 575 . . . 174, 178
O’Connor [1991] Crim LR 135 . . . 181, 182,
Poulton (1832) 5 C & P 329 . . . 355
229, 448
Powell [1999] 1 AC 1; [1997] 3 WLR 959 . . . 267,
O’Driscoll (1977) 65 Cr App R 50 . . . 389
268, 269, 270, 272, 360
O’Flaherty [2004] EWCA Crim 526 . . . 279, 280
Preddy [1996] AC 815; [1997] Crim LR
O’Grady [1987] 3 WLR 321 . . . 180, 181, 182, 396 . . . 507, 598
229, 448
Press and Thompson [2013] EWCA Crim
O’Hadhmaill [1996] Crim LR 509 . . . 321 2514 . . . 232
Ohlson v Hylton [1975] 2 All ER 490 . . . 584 Price (1989) 90 Cr App R 409 . . . 536
Oldcastle (1419) 1 Hale PC 50 . . . 211 Prince (1875) LR 2 CCR 154 . . . 114, 128, 129
O’Leary (1986) 82 Cr App R 341 . . . 584 Proudman v Dayman (1943) 67 CLR
Olugboja [1982] QB 320 . . . 461, 462, 468 536 . . . 114, 141
Ortiz (1986) 83 Cr App R 173 . . . 198 Pugsley v Hunter [1973] RTR 284 . . . 37
O’Toole [1987] Crim LR 759 . . . 336 Purdy (1945) 10 JCL 182 . . . 211
Owino [1996] 2 Cr App R 128 . . . 229, 236 Pursell v Horn (1838) 8 Ad & El 602 . . . 421
Oxford v Moss (1978) 68 Cr App R
183 . . . 509, 531 Qadir and Khan, Case No. 9602311X4,
unreported, 24 July 1997 . . . 345
Oye [2013] EWCA Crim 1725 . . . 233
Quality Dairies (York) Ltd v Pedley [1952] 1 KB
275 . . . 289
P&O European Ferries (Dover) Ltd (1990) Quayle and Others see Attorney-General’s
93 Cr App R 72 . . . 293, 296, 297 Reference (No.2 of 2004) [2005] EWCA
Pabon [2018] EWCA Crim 420 . . . 331 Crim 1415
Pace and Rogers [2014] EWCA Crim Quick [1973] QB 910 . . . 158, 159, 160, 169, 185
186 . . . 339, 340
Pagett (1983) 76 Cr App R 279; [1983] R v Defendant see under name of Defendant
Crim LR 393 . . . 48, 52, 58, 63, 71 R (Abbott) v Colchester Magistrates’ Court
Palmer [1971] AC 814 . . . 235, 240 [2001] EWHC 136 (Admin) . . . 23
Parker [1977] 1 WLR 600 . . . 101 R (Bennett) v HM Coroner for Inner London
Parker [1993] Crim LR 856 . . . 614 [2006] EWHC 196 (Admin) . . . 244
Parkes [1973] Crim LR 358 . . . 560 R (Burke) v GMC [2006] QB 273; [2004] EWHC
1879 (Admin) . . . 45, 46
Parmenter [1991] 4 All ER 698; (1991) 92 Cr
App R 68 . . . 419, 428 R (Collins) v Secretary of State for Justice [2016]
EWHC 33 (Admin) . . . 237, 249
Parry v DPP [2004] EWHC 3112 (Asmin) . . . 424
R (F) v DPP [2013] EWHC 945
Pearce [1973] Crim LR 321 . . . 545
(Admin) . . . 466, 467
Pearman (1984) 80 Cr App R 259 . . . 336
R (Grundy & Co Excavators Ltd and Parry) v
Pearman [1996] 1 Cr App R 24 . . . 278 Halton Division Magistrates’ Court [2003]
Pearson [1994] Crim LR 534 . . . 432 EWHC 272 (Admin) . . . 138
Table of cases xxiii
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