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Instant Download PDF Trigonometry 1st Edition Blitzer Solutions Manual Full Chapter
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Chapter 4
Laws of Sines and Cosines; Vectors
Section 4.1
Use the Law of Sines to find a.
Check Point Exercises a b
1. Begin by finding B, the third angle of the triangle. sin A sin B
A B C 180 a 12
64 B 82 180 sin 40 sin117.5
146 B 180 12 sin 40
a 8.7
B 34 sin117.5
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c.
In this problem, we are given c and C:
c b
c = 14 and C = 82°. Thus, use the ratio
c 14 sin C sin B
, or , to find the other two sides. Use c 12
sin C sin 82
the Law of Sines to find a. sin 22.5 sin117.5
a c 12 sin 22.5
c 5.2
sin A sin C sin117.5
a 14 The solution is B = 117.5º, a ≈ 8.7, and c ≈ 5.2.
sin 64 sin 82
a 33
14 sin 64 3. The known ratio is , or . Because side b
a sin A sin 57
sin 82
is given, Use the Law of Sines to find angle B.
a 12.7 centimeters
a b
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find b.
sin A sin B
b c
33 26
sin B sin C
sin 57 sin B
b 14
33sin B 26sin 57
sin 34 sin 82
14 sin 34 26sin 57
b sin B 0.6608
sin 82 33
b 7.4 centimeters sin B 0.6608
The solution is B = 34º, a ≈ 12.7 centimeters, and B 41
b ≈ 7.4 centimeters. 180 41 139 also has this sine value, but, the
sum of 57 and 139 exceeds 180, so B cannot have
2. Begin by finding B.
A B C 180 this value.
C 180 B A 180 41 57 82 .
40 B 22.5 180 Use the law of sines to find C.
62.5 B 180 a c
B 117.5 sin A sin C
In this problem, we are given that b = 12 and we find 33 c
that B = 117.5°. Thus, use the ratio
sin 57 sin 82
b 12
, or , to find the other two sides. 33sin 82
sin B sin117.5 c
sin 57
c 39.0
Thus, B 41, C 82, c 39.0.
a 12
5. The known ratio is , or . Because side b
sin A sin 35
is given, Use the Law of Sines to find angle B. Using a north-south line, the interior angles are found
a b as follows:
A 90 35 55
sin A sin B
12 16 B 90 49 41
Find angle C using a 180° angle sum in the triangle.
sin 35 sin B C 180 A B 180 55 41 84
12 sin B 16sin 35
c 13
16sin 35 The ratio , or
sin 84
is now known. Use this
sin B 0.7648 sin C
12 ratio and the Law of Sines to find a.
There are two angles possible: a c
B1 50, B2 180 50 130
sin A sin C
There are two triangles: a 13
C1 180 A B1 180 35 50 95
sin 55 sin 84
C2 180 A B2 180 35 130 15 13sin 55
a 11
Use the Law of Sines to find c1 and c2 . sin 84
c1 a The fire is approximately 11 miles from station B.
sin C1 sin A
c1 12
Concept and Vocabulary Check 4.1
sin 95 sin 35
12sin 95
c1 20.8 1. oblique; sides; angles
sin 35
c2 a a b c
2.
sin C2 sin A sin A sin B sin C
c2 12
3. side; angles
sin15 sin 35
12sin15 4. false
c2 5.4
sin 35
1
5. ab sin C
In one triangle, the solution is B1 50 , 2
C1 95, and c1 20.8 . In the other triangle,
B2 130, C2 15, and c2 5.4 .
Exercise Set 4.1 Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find b.
b c
1. Begin by finding B.
sin B sin C
A B C 180
b 12
42 B 96 180
sin 48 sin 90
138 B 180 12sin 48
b
B 42 sin 90
Use the ratio
c
, or
12
, to find the other two b 8.9
sin C sin 96 The solution is C 90, a 8.0, and b 8.9 .
sides. Use the Law of Sines to
find a. 3. Begin by finding A.
a c A B C 180
sin A sin C A 54 82 180
a 12 A 136 180
sin 42 sin 96 A 44
12sin 42
a Use the ratio
a
, or
16
, to find the other two
sin 96 sin A sin 44
a 8.1 sides. Use the Law of Sines to
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find b.
find b. b a
b c
sin B sin A
sin B sin C b 16
b 12
sin 54 sin 44
sin 42 sin 96
16sin 54
12sin 42 b
b sin 44
sin 96
b 8.1 b 18.6
The solution is B 42, a 8.1, and b 8.1 .
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to
find c.
2. Begin by finding C.
c a
A B C 180
sin C sin A
42 48 C 180
c 16
90 C 180
sin 82 sin 44
C 90 16sin 82
c 12 c
Use the ratio , or , to find the other two sin 44
sin C sin 90º c 22.8
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find a. The solution is A 44, b 18.6, and
a c
c 22.8 .
sin A sin C
a 12
sin 42 sin 90
12sin 42
a
sin 90
a 8.0
4. Begin by finding B. Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c.
A B C 180 c a
33 B 128 180 sin C sin A
B 161 180 c
100
B 19 sin 95 sin 48
100sin 95
Use the ratio
a
, or
16
, to find the other two c
sin A sin 33 sin 48
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find b. c 134.1
b a The solution is C 95, b 81.0, and c 134.1 .
sin B sin A
6. Begin by finding C.
b 16
A B C 180
sin19 sin 33
6 12 C 180
16sin19
b 18 C 180
sin 33
b 9.6 C 162
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c. c 100
Use the ratio , or , to find the other
c a sin C sin162
sin C sin A two sides. Use the Law of Sines to find a.
c 16 a c
sin128 sin 33 sin A sin C
16sin128 a
100
c
sin 33 sin 6 sin162
c 23.1 100sin 6
a
The solution is B 19, b 9.6, and c 23.1 . sin162
a 33.8
5. Begin by finding C. Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find b.
A B C 180 b c
48 37 C 180 sin B sin C
85 C 180 b 100
C 95 sin12 sin162
100sin12
a 100 b
Use the ratio , or , to find the other two sin162
sin A sin 48
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find b. b 67.3
b a The solution is C 162, a 33.8, and b 67.3 .
sin B sin A
b 100
sin 37 sin 48
100sin 37
b
sin 48
b 81.0
7. Begin by finding B. Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c.
A B C 180 c a
38 B 102 180 sin C sin A
B 140 180 c
20
B 40 sin 40 sin 38
20sin 40
Use the ratio
a
, or
20
, to find the other two c
sin A sin 38 sin 38
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find b. c 20.9
b a The solution is C 40, b 31.8, and c 20.9 .
sin B sin A
9. Begin by finding C.
b 20
A B C 180
sin 40 sin 38
44 25 C 180
20sin 40
b 69 C 180
sin 38
b 20.9 C 111
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c. a 12
Use the ratio , or , to find the other two
c a sin A sin 44
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find b.
sin C sin A
c 20 b a
sin102 sin 38 sin B sin A
20sin102 b 12
c
sin 38 sin 25 sin 44
c 31.8 12sin 25
b
The solution is B 40, b 20.9, and c 31.8 . sin 44
b 7.3
8. Begin by finding C.
A B C 180 Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c.
38 102 C 180 c a
140 C 180 sin C sin A
c 12
C 40
sin111 sin 44
a 20
Use the ratio , or , to find the other two 12sin111
sin A sin 38 c
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find b. sin 44
b a c 16.1
The solution is C 111, b 7.3, and c 16.1 .
sin B sin A
b 20
10. Begin by finding B.
sin102 sin 38 A B C 180
20sin102 56 B 24 180
b
sin 38
B 80 180
b 31.8
B 100
a 22
Use the ratio , or , to find the other two
sin A sin 56
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find b.
b a c 30
Use the ratio , or , to find the other two
sin B sin A sin C sin 60
b 22 sides. Use the Law of Sines to find a.
sin100 sin 56 a
c
22sin100 sin A sin C
b
sin 56 a
30
b 26.1 sin 85 sin 60
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c. 30sin 85
a
c
a sin 60
sin C sin A a 34.5
c 22 Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find b.
sin 24 sin 56 b
c
22sin 24 sin B sin C
c
sin 56 b
30
c 10.8 sin 35 sin 60
The solution is B 100, b 26.1, and c 10.8 . 30sin 35
b
sin 60
11. Begin by finding A. b 19.9
A B C 180 The solution is C 60, a 34.5, and b 19.9 .
A 85 15 180
A 100 180 13. Begin by finding B.
A B C 180
A 80
115 B 35 180
b 40
Use the ratio , or , to find the other two B 150 180
sin B sin 85
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find a. B 30
a b c 200
Use the ratio , or , to find the other two
sin A sin B sin C sin 35
a 40 sides. Use the Law of Sines to find a.
sin 80 sin 85 a
c
40sin 80 sin A sin C
a
sin 85 a
200
a 39.5 sin115 sin 35
200sin115
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c. a
sin 35
c b a 316.0
sin C sin B Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find b.
c 40 b c
sin15 sin 85 sin B sin C
40sin15 b 200
c
sin 85 sin 30 sin 35
c 10.4 200sin 30
The solution is A 80, a 39.5, and c 10.4 . b
sin 35
b 174.3
12. Begin by finding C. The solution is B 30, a 316.0, and b 174.3 .
A B C 180
85 35 C 180
120 C 180
C 60
a 95 a 1.4
30. The known ratio is , or . 32. The known ratio is , or .
sin A sin 49 sin A sin142
Use the Law of Sines to find angle C. Use the Law of Sines to find angle B.
a c a b
sin A sin C sin A sin B
95 125 1.4 2.9
sin 49 sin C sin142 sin B
95sin C 125sin 49 1.4sin B 2.9sin142
125sin 49 2.9sin142
sin C sin B 1.28
95 1.4
sin C 0.9930 Because the sine can never exceed 1, there is no
There are two angles possible: angle B for which sin B 1.28 . There is no triangle
C1 83, C2 180 83 97 with the given measurements.
There are two triangles:
1 1
B1 180 C1 A 180 83 49 48 33. Area bc sin A (20)(40)(sin 48) 297
2 2
B2 180 C2 A 180 97 49 34
The area of the triangle is approximately
Use the Law of Sines to find b1 and b2 . 297 square feet.
b1 a
1 1
sin B1 sin A 34. Area bc sin A (20)(50)(sin 22) 187
2 2
b1 95
The area of the triangle is approximately 187 square
sin 48 sin 49 feet.
95sin 48
b1 93.5
sin 49 35. Area
1 1
ac sin B (3)(6)(sin 36) 5
b2 a 2 2
The area of the triangle is approximately
sin B2 sin A
5 square yards.
b2 95
sin 34 sin 49 1 1
36. Area ac sin B (8)(5)(sin125) 16
95sin 34 2 2
b2 70.4
sin 49 The area of the triangle is approximately 16 square
In one triangle, the solution is yards.
C1 83, B1 48, and b1 93.5 .
1 1
In the other triangle, 37. Area ab sin C (4)(6)(sin124) 10
C2 97, B2 34, and b2 70.4 . 2 2
The area of the triangle is approximately
a 9.3 10 square meters.
31. The known ratio is , or .
sin A sin18 1 1
Use the Law of Sines to find angle B. 38. Area ab sin C (16)(20)(sin102) 157
2 2
a b
The area of the triangle is approximately 157 square
sin A sin B meters.
9.3 41
sin18 sin B
9.3sin B 41sin18
41sin18
sin B 1.36
9.3
Because the sine can never exceed 1, there is no
angle B for which sin B = 1.36. There is no triangle
with the given measurements.
44. 45.
51.
55. 56.
a
Using the figure, the known ratio is , or
sin A
Using the figure,
B 90 62 28 16
. Use this ratio and the Law of Sines to find
b 5 sin 48
The known ratio is , or . C.
sin B sin 28
a c
Use the Law of Sines to find angle C.
b c sin A sin C
16 15
sin B sin C
5 7 sin 48 sin C
16sin C 15sin 48
sin 28 sin C
5sin C 7sin 28 15sin 48
sin C 0.6967
7sin 28 16
sin C 0.6573
5 There are two angles possible:
There are two angles possible:
C1 44, C2 180 44 136
C1 41, C2 180 41 139
C2 is impossible, since 48 136 184
There are two triangles:
A1 180 C1 B 180 41 28 111 B 180 48 44 88
Use the The flagpole is leaning because it makes about an 88
A2 180 C2 B 180 139 28 13
angle with the ground.
Law of Sines to find a1 and a2 .
a1 b 57. – 66. Answers may vary.
sin A1 sin B 67. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.
a1 5 Sample explanation: The law of cosines would be
appropriate for this situation.
sin111 sin 28
5sin111
a1 9.9 68. makes sense
sin 28
a2 b 69. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.
Sample explanation: The calculator will give you
sin A2 sin B
the acute angle. The obtuse angle is the supplement
a2 5
of the acute angle.
sin13 sin 28
5sin13 70. makes sense
a2 2.4
sin 28
71. No. Explanations may vary.
The boat is either 9.9 miles or 2.4 miles from
lighthouse B, to the nearest tenth of a mile.
72.
800 b h
(2)
sin 49 sin 41
Solve (1) for b:
b h
sin 63 sin 27
h sin 63
b
sin 27
Now substitute into (2):
800 b h
sin 49 sin 41
h sin 63
800
sin 27 h
sin 49 sin 41
800sin 27 h sin 63 h
sin 27 sin 49 sin 41
h sin 27 sin 49 sin 41(800sin 27) h sin 63 sin 41
h sin 27 sin 49 h sin 63 sin 41 sin 41(800sin 27)
h(sin 27 sin 49 sin 63 sin 41) 800sin 41 sin 27
800sin 41 sin 27
h 257
sin 27 sin 49 sin 63 sin 41
The buildings are about 257 feet high.
73.
74. Begin by finding the six angles inside the two Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the
triangles. Then use the law of sines. shorter of the two sides. Thus, we will find acute
450sin145 angle B.
sin 34
a b a
sin 4 sin 30 sin B sin A
a 64.4 7 13
sin B sin120
62 4 2 9 2 13sin B 7sin120
75. cos B
264 7sin120
29 sin B 0.4663
cos B 13
48 B 28
29 Find the third angle.
cos B
48 C 180 A B 180 120 28 32
29 The solution is a 13, B 28, and C 32 .
B cos 1
48
2. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS
B 127 triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle
opposite the longest side.
76. 26(26 12)(26 16)(26 24) Thus, we will find angle B.
26(14)(10)(2) b2 a 2 c 2 2ac cos B
2ac cos B a 2 c 2 b2
7280
a 2 c 2 b2
4 455 cos B
2ac
85
8 52 102
2
11
cos B
77. Diagram: 285 80
11
cos1 82
80
B is obtuse, since cos B is negative.
B 180 82 98
3. The plane flying 400 miles per hour travels Exercise Set 4.2
400 2 800 miles in 2 hours. Similarly, the other
plane travels 700 miles. 1. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS triangle.
Use the Law of Cosines to find the side opposite the given
angle.
Thus, we will find a.
a 2 b2 c 2 2bc cos A
a 2 42 82 2(4)(8) cos 46
a 2 16 64 64(cos 46)
a 2 35.54
a 35.54 6.0
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the shorter
Use the figure and the Law of Cosines to find a in of the two given sides. Thus, we will find acute angle B.
this SAS situation. b a
a 2 b2 c 2 2bc cos A sin B sin A
a 2 7002 8002 2(700)(800) cos 75 4 35.54
840,123 sin B sin 46
a 840,123 917 35.54 sin B 4 sin 46
After 2 hours, the planes are approximately 917 miles 4 sin 46
sin B 0.4827
apart. 35.54
B 29
4. Begin by calculating one-half the perimeter:
Find the third angle.
1 1 C 180 A B 180 46 29 105
s ( a b c) (6 16 18) 20
2 2 The solution is a 6.0, B 29, and C 105 .
Use Heron’s formula to find the area.
Area s ( s a )( s b)( s c ) 2. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS triangle.
Use the Law of Cosines to find the side opposite the given
20(20 6)(20 16)(20 18) angle. Thus, we will find b.
2240 47 b2 a 2 c 2 2ac cos B
The area of the triangle is approximately
b2 62 82 2(6)(8) cos 32
47 square meters.
b2 36 64 96 cos 32
b2 18.59
Concept and Vocabulary Check 4.2 b 18.59 4.3
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the shorter
1. b2 c 2 2b cos A of the two given sides. Thus, we will find acute angle A.
a b
2. side; Cosines; Sines; acute; 180°
sin A sin B
3. Cosines; Sines 6 18.59
sin A sin 32
1
4. s ( s a )( s b)( s c ) ; (a b c) 18.59 sin A 6sin 32
2
6sin 32
sin A 0.7374
18.59
A 48
Find the third angle.
C 180 A B 180 48 32 100
The solution is b 4.3, A 48, and C 100 .
3. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS 5. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle
opposite the given angle. opposite the longest side. Since two sides have length
Thus, we will find c. 8, we can begin by finding angle B or C.
c 2 a 2 b2 2ab cos C b2 a 2 c 2 2ac cos B
c 2 62 42 2(6)(4) cos 96 a 2 c 2 b2
cos B
c 2 36 16 48(cos 96) 2ac
6 82 82 36 3
2
c 2 57.02 cos B
268 96 8
c 57.02 7.6 B 68
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two
shorter of the two given sides. Thus, we will find remaining acute angles. We will find angle A.
acute angle B.
a b
b c
sin A sin B
sin B sin C
6 8
4 57.02
sin A sin 68
sin B sin 96 8sin A 6sin 68
57.02 sin B 4 sin 96 6sin 68
4 sin 96 sin A 0.6954
sin B 0.5268 8
57.02 A 44
B 32 Find the third angle.
Find the third angle. C 180 B A 180 68 44 68
A 180 B C 180 32 96 52 The solution is A 44, B 68, and C 68 .
The solution is c 7.6, A 52, and B 32 .
6. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle
4. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS
opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find C.
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side
opposite the given angle. Thus, we will find a. c 2 a 2 b2 2ab cos C
a 2 b2 c 2 2bc cos A a 2 b2 c 2
cos C
a 2 62 152 2(6)(15) cos 22 2ab
10 122 162
2
12
a 2 36 225 180(cos 22) cos C
2 10 12 240
a 2 94.11 C is obtuse, since cos C is negative.
a 94.11 9.7 12
cos1 87
240
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the
C 180 87 93
shorter of the two given sides. Thus, we will find
acute angle B. Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two
remaining acute angles. We will find angle B.
b a
b c
sin B sin A
sin B sin C
6 94.11
12
16
sin B sin 22 sin B sin 93
94.11 sin B 6sin 22 16sin B 12 sin 93
6sin 22 12 sin 93
sin B 0.2317 sin B 0.7490
94.11 16
B 13 B 49
Find the third angle. Find the third angle.
C 180 A B 180 22 13 145 A 180 B C 180 49 93 38
The solution is a 9.7, B 13, and C 145 . The solution is A 38, B 49, and C 93 .
14. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS 16. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side opposite
opposite the given angle. Thus, we will find b. the given angle. Thus, we will find b.
b2 a 2 c 2 2ac cos B b2 a 2 c 2 2ac cos B
b2 42 72 2(4)(7) cos55 b2 72 32 2(7)(3) cos 90
b2 16 49 56(cos 55) b2 49 9 42 cos 90
b2 32.88 b2 58
b 32.88 5.7 b 58 7.6
Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the (use exact value of b from previous step)
shorter of the two given sides. Thus, we will find Use the Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the shorter
acute angle A. of the two given sides. Thus, we will find acute angle C.
a b c b
sin A sin B sin C sin B
4 5.7 3 7.6
sin A sin 55 sin C sin 90
5.7 sin A 4 sin 55 7.6sin C 3sin 90
4 sin 55 3sin 90
sin A 0.5749 sin C 0.3947
5.7 7.6
A 35 C 23
Find the third angle. Find the third angle.
C 180 B A 180 55 35 90 A 180 C B 180 23 90 67
The solution is b 5.7, A 35, and C 90 . The solution is b 7.6, C 23, and A 67 .
15. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS 17. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle
opposite the given angle. opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find C.
Thus, we will find b. c 2 a 2 b2 2ab cos C
b2 a 2 c 2 2ac cos 90 a 2 b2 c 2
cos C
b2 52 22 2(5)(2) cos 90 2ab
b2 25 4 20 cos 90 5 72 102
2
13
cos C
2 5 7 35
b2 29 C is obtuse, since cos C is negative.
b 29 5.4 13
cos1 68
(use exact value of b from previous step) Use the 35
Law of Sines to find the angle opposite the shorter of
the two given sides. Thus, we will find acute angle C. C 180 68 112
Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two
c b
remaining angles. We will find angle A.
sin C sin B a c
2 5.4
sin A sin C
sin C sin 90 5 10
5.4 sin C 2 sin 90
sin A sin112
2 sin 90 10sin A 5sin112
sin C 0.3704
5.4 5sin112
C 22 sin A 0.4636
10
Find the third angle.
A 180 C B 180 22 90 68 A 28
Find the third angle.
The solution is b 5.4, C 22, and A 68 .
B 180 C A 180 112 28 40
The solution is C 112, A 28, and B 40 .
18. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS Find the third angle.
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle C 180 B A 180 100 19 61
opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find C. The solution is B 100, A 19, and C 61 .
c 2 a 2 b2 2ab cos C
20. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS
a 2 b2 c 2
cos C triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle
2ab opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find B.
4 62 9 2
2
29 b2 a 2 c 2 2ac cos B
cos C
246 48 a 2 c2 b2
C is obtuse, since cos C is negative. cos B
2ac
29
cos1 53 4 2 62 7 2 1
48 cos B
246 16
C 180 53 127
B 86
Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two
Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two
remaining angles. We will find angle A.
remaining angles. We will find angle A.
a c
a b
sin A sin C
sin A sin B
4 9
4 7
sin A sin127
sin A sin 86
9 sin A 4 sin127
7 sin A 4 sin 86
4 sin127
sin A 0.3549 4 sin 86
9 sin A 0.5700
7
A 21
A 35
Find the third angle.
Find the third angle.
B 180 C A 180 127 21 32
C 180 B A 180 86 35 59
The solution is C 127, A 21, and B 32 .
The solution is B 86, A 35, and C 59 .
19. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS
21. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find any of the
opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find B.
three angles, since each side has the same measure.
b2 a 2 c 2 2ac cos B
a 2 b2 c 2 2bc cos A
a 2 c2 b2
cos B b2 c2 a 2
2ac cos A
2bc
3 82 9 2
2
1
cos B 32 32 32 1
2 3 8 6 cos A
2 3 3 2
B is obtuse, since cos B is negative.
A 60
1
cos1 80 Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two
6 remaining angles. We will find angle B.
B 180 80 100 b a
Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two sin B sin A
remaining angles. We will find angle A. 3 3
a b
sin B sin 60
sin A sin B 3sin B 3sin 60
3 9
sin B sin 60
sin A sin100
B 60
9 sin A 3sin100
Find the third angle.
3sin100 C 180 A B 180 60 60 60
sin A 0.3283
9 The solution is A 60, B 60, and C 60 .
A 19
22. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS 24. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find any of the triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle
three angles, since each side has the same measure. opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find A.
a 2 b2 c 2 2bc cos A a 2 b2 c 2 2bc cos A
b2 c2 a 2 b2 c2 a 2
cos A cos A
2bc 2bc
5 52 52 1
2
25 452 662
2
853
cos A cos A
2 5 5 2 2 25 45 1125
A 60 A is obtuse, since cos A is negative.
Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two 853
cos1 41
remaining angles. We will find angle B. 1125
b a
A 180 41 139
sin B sin A Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two
5 5 remaining angles. We will find angle B.
sin B sin 60 b a
5sin B 5sin 60 sin B sin A
sin B sin 60 25 66
B 60 sin B sin139
Find the third angle. 66sin B 25sin139
C 180 A B 180 60 60 60 25sin139
The solution is A 60, B 60, and C 60 . sin B 0.2485
66
B 14
23. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SSS
Find the third angle.
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle
C 180 A B 180 139 14 27
opposite the longest side. Thus, we will find A.
The solution is A 139, B 14, and C 27 .
a 2 b2 c 2 2bc cos A
b2 c 2 a 2 1 1
cos A 25. s ( a b c) (4 4 2) 5
2bc 2 2
22 502 632
2
985 Area s ( s a )( s b)( s c )
cos A
2 22 50 2200 5(5 4)(5 4)(5 2)
A 117
Use the Law of Sines to find either of the two 15 4
remaining angles. We will find angle B. The area of the triangle is approximately
b a 4 square feet.
sin B sin A 1 1
22 63 26. s ( a b c ) (5 5 4) 7
2 2
sin B sin117 Area s ( s a )( s b)( s c )
63sin B 22 sin117
7(7 5)(7 5)(7 4)
22 sin117
sin B
63 84 9
B 18 The area of the triangle is approximately
Find the third angle. 9 square feet.
C 180 A B 180 117 18 45
The solution is A 117, B 18, and C 45 .
38. Use the law of cosines. 41. Let b = the distance across the lake.
c 2 a 2 b2 2ab cos C b2 a 2 c 2 2ac cos B
5.22 3.62 3.22 2(3.6)(3.2) cos θ b2 1602 1402 2(160)(140) cos80
cos θ 0.1667 37, 421
θ 100 b 37, 421 193
This dinosaur was not an efficient walker.
The distance across the lake is about
39. Let b = the distance between the ships after three hours. 193 yards.
After three hours, the ship traveling
14 miles per hour has gone 3 14 or 42. Let c = the distance from A to B.
42 miles. Similarly, the ship traveling c 2 a 2 b2 2ab cos C
10 miles per hour has gone 30 miles. c 2 1052 652 2(105)(65) cos80 12,880
c 12,880 113
The distance from A to B is about 113 yards.
48.
67.
71. 4(5 x 4 y ) 2(6 x 9 y )
20 x 16 y 12 x 18 y
8 x 34 y
2
The angle between the minute and hour hand is of
3 Mid-Chapter 4 Check Point
the 90° angle from 9 to 12, or 60°.
Let d = the distance between the tips of the hands. 1. C 180 32 41 107
Use the Law of Sines to find b.
d m h 2mh cos 60
2 2 2
a b
1
m 2 h 2 2mh sin A sin B
2 20 b
m 2 h 2 mh sin 32 sin 41
20sin 41
d m 2 h 2 mh b
sin 32
68. Answers may vary. b 24.8
Use the Law of Sines to find c.
69. Find the distance from (3, 3) and (0, 3). a c
d ( x1 x2 )2 ( y1 y2 )2 sin A sin C
20 c
(3 3)2 (0 3)2 sin 32 sin107
45 20sin107
c
sin 32
3 5
c 36.1
Find the distance from (0, 0) and (3, 6).
The solution is C 107, b 24.8, and c 36.1 .
d ( x1 x2 )2 ( y1 y2 )2
2. Use the Law of Sines to find B.
(6 0)2 (3 0) 2 a b
45 sin A sin B
63 57
3 5
The line segments have the same length. sin 42 sin B
57sin 42
sin B
70. (3, 3) and (0, 3) 63
y2 y1 sin B 0.6054
m There are two angles possible:
x2 x1
B1 37, B2 180 37 143
3 (3)
B2 is impossible, since 42 143 185 .
0 (3)
C 180 B1 A 180 37 42 101
2
Use the Law of Sines to find c.
(0, 3) and (3, 6) c a
y2 y1 sin C sin A
m c 63
x2 x1
sin101 sin 42
60
63sin101
3 0 c
sin 42
2
c 92.4
There is one triangle and the solution is
The lines have the same slope.
Thus, the lines are parallel. B1 (or B ) 37, C 101, and c 92.4 .
3. Use the Law of Sines to find angle B. Use the Law of Sines to find b1 and b2 .
a b b1 c
sin A sin B sin B1 sin C
6 7
b1 13
sin 65 sin B
sin 83 sin 42
7sin 65
sin B 13sin 83
6 b1 19.3
sin 42
sin B 1.0574
b2 c
The sine can never exceed 1. There is no triangle
with the given measurements. sin B2 sin C
b2 13
4. Use the Law of Cosines to find b.
sin13 sin 42
b2 a 2 c 2 2ac cos B 13sin13
b2 4.4
b2 102 162 2(10)(16) cos110 sin 42
In one triangle, the solution is
b2 465.4464
A1 55, B1 83, b1 19.3 .
b 21.6
Use the Law of Sines to find A. In the other triangle, A2 125, B2 13, b2 4.4 .
b a
6. Use the Law of Cosines to find the angle opposite the
sin B sin A longest side.
21.6 10
Thus, find angle C.
sin110 sin A c 2 a 2 b2 2ab cos C
10sin110
sin A a 2 b2 c2
21.6 cos C
sin A 0.4350 2ab
A 26 5 7.22 10.12
2
cos C
Find the third angle. 2 5 7.2
C 180 A B 180 26 110 44 cos C 0.3496
The solution is A 26, C 44, and b 21.6 . C 110
Use the Law of Sines to find angle A.
5. Use the Law of Sines to find angle A. a c
a c
sin A sin C
sin A sin C 5 10.1
16 13
sin A sin110
sin A sin 42 5sin110
16sin 42 sin A
sin A 10.1
13 sin A 0.4652
sin A 0.8235 A 28
There are two angles possible: Find the third angle.
A1 55, A2 180 55 125 B 180 A C 180 28 110 42
There are two triangles: The solution is A 28, B 42, and C 110
B1 180 C A1 180 42 55 83
B2 180 C A2 180 42 125 13 7. The area of the triangle is half the product of the
lengths of the two sides times the sine of the included
angle.
1
Area (5)(7)(sin 36) 10
2
The area of the triangle is approximately 10 square
feet.
We determine the magnitude of the vector by using A unit vector in the same direction as v is
the distance formula. Thus, the magnitude is v 4i 3j 4 3
i j
v a 2 b2 v 5 5 5
Now, we must verify that the magnitude of the vector
32 (3)2
4 3
99 is 1. The magnitude of i j is
5 5
18 4
2
3
2
16 9 25
3 2. 1.
5 5 25 25 25
3. We identify the values for the variables in the 8. 60 cos 45o i + 60 sin 45o j
formula. 2 2
P1 ( 1, 3) P2 (2, 7) 60 i 60 j
2 2
30 2 i 30 2 j
x1 y1 x2 y2
Using these values, we write v in terms of i and j as
follows: 9. We need to find F and θ .
v ( x2 x1 )i ( y2 y1 ) j
(2 ( 1))i (7 3) j
3i 4 j
6. unit; x; y
b. v ( x2 x1 )2 ( y2 y1 )2
7. a; b; a 2 b2 (2 2)2 (5 (1))2
8. position (4)2 (6)2
9. x2 x1 ; y2 y1 16 36
52
10. a1 a2 ; b1 b2 ; a1 a2 ; b1 b2 ; ka1 ; kb1
2 13
v
11. ; magnitude
v c. Since u v , and u and v have the same
direction, we can conclude that u = v.
12. cos θ ; sin θ
13. resultant 3. a. u ( x2 x1 )2 ( y2 y1 )2
(5 (1))2 (1 1)2
Exercise Set 4.3 62 02
1. a. u ( x2 x1 )2 ( y2 y1 )2 36 0
36
(4 ( 1))2 (6 2)2
6
52 42
b. v ( x2 x1 )2 ( y2 y1 ) 2
25 16
41 (4 (2))2 (1 (1))2
b. 62 02
v ( x2 x1 )2 ( y2 y1 )2
36 0
(5 0)2 (4 0)2
36
5 4 2 2
6
25 16
c. Since u v , and u and v have the same
41
direction, we can conclude that
u = v.
c. Since u v , and u and v have the same
direction, we can conclude that u = v.
4. a. u ( x2 x1 )2 ( y2 y1 )2 8.
02 (5)2
0 25
25
5 v (1)2 (1)2 1 1 2
v ( x2 x1 )2 ( y2 y1 )2 9.
(3 3) ( 4 1)
2 2
02 (5)2
0 25
25
5
v (6)2 (2)2
c. Since u v , and u and v have the same 36 4
direction, we can conclude that u = v. 40
5. 2 10
10.
v 32 12 9 1 10
6. v 52 (2)2 25 4 29
11.
v 22 32 4 9 13
v (4)2 02 16 0 16 4
7.
12.
v 12 ( 1) 2 1 1 2
v 02 (5)2 0 25 25 5
(4)2 (10) 2 8i 6 j
64 36
16 100
8i 6 j
116
100
2 29 8i 6 j
10
37. w u ( i 6 j) (2i 5j) 8 6
i j
i 6 j 2i 5 j 10 10
(1 2)i (6 5) j 4
i j
3
5 5
3i j
( 3) 2 ( 1)2 v 3i 2 j
43.
v 3 (2)2
2
9 1
10 3i 2 j
94
38. u w (2i 5j) ( i 6 j) 3i 2 j
2i 5 j i 6 j 13
3 2
(2 1)i (5 6) j i j
13 13
3i j
32 12 v 4i 2 j
44.
v 42 (2)2
9 1
10 4i 2 j
16 4
v 6i 6i 6i 4i 2 j
39. i
v 62 0 2 36 6 20
4i 2 j
v 5j 5j 5 j 2 5
40. j
v 0 (5)
2 2 25 5 4i 2j
2 5 2 5
v 3i 4 j
41.
2 5
i
5
j
v 3 ( 4)
2 2
5 5
3i 4 j
v ij
9 16 45.
v 12 12
3i 4 j
ij
25
3i 4 j 2
i j
5
3 4 2 2
i j
5 5 2 2
i j
2 2
2 2
49. v v cos θ i v sin θ j 4i 2 j 8i 4 j
2 2
12 cos 225i 12 sin 225 j 42 22 ( 8)2 42
2 2
12 i 12 j 16 4 (64 16)
2 2
20 80
6 2 i 6 2 j 60
9 1 (81 1)
51. v v cos θ i v sin θ j
10 82
1 1
cos113 i sin113 j 72
2 2
1 1 uv vu
(0.39)i (0.92) j 57.
2 2
0.20i 0.46 j
a1i b1 j a2 i b2 j a2 i b2 j a1i b1 j
a1 a2 i b1 b2 j a1 a2 i b1 b2 j
This demonstrates the commutative property of
vectors.
58. (u v) w u ( v w)
a1i b1 j a2 i b2 j a3i b3 j a1i b1 j a2 i b2 j a3i b3 j
a1 a2 a3 i b1 b2 b3 j a1 a2 a3 i b1 b2 b3 j
This demonstrates the associative property of vectors.
59. c ( u v ) cu c v
c a1i b1 j a2 i b2 j c a1i b1 j c a2 i b2 j
ca1 ca2 i cb1 cb2 j ca1 ca2 i cb1 cb2 j
This demonstrates a distributive property of vectors.
60. ( c d ) u cu d u
c d a1i b1 j c a1i b1 j d a1i b1 j
ca1i cb1 j da1i db1 j ca1i cb1 j da1i db1 j
ca1 da1 i cb1 db1 j ca1 da1 i cb1 db1 j
This demonstrates a distributive property of vectors.
63. v 4i 2 j 4i 8 j 6 j
v 6
θ 90
68.
θ cos1
105.6
12.6o
108.2
360o 12.6o 347.4o
72. F1 = 4200 cos 25o i + 4200 sin 25o j 75. F1 70 cos 326o i 70sin 3260 j
= 3806.49i + 1775j
= –100j
F2 = 3000 cos 328o i + 3000 sin 328o j a
cos18o
= 2544.14i – 1589.76j To find the length of the BC: 100
a 95
F = (3806.49 +2544.14) i + (1775 – 1589.76)j F2 95cos 2888 95sin 288
0 0
= 6350.63i + 185.24j
29.4i 90.4 j
|| F || 6350.632 185.242 6353.33
F = F1 – F2 = (– 100j) – (29.4i – 90.4j)
6353 pounds = –29.4 i – 9.6 j
6350.63
cosθ
6353.33
29.42 (9.6)2 30.9
The force required to pull the weight is 30.9 pounds.
θ 1.7o
82. a. F1 = 8 cos 70o i + 8 sin o j 85. v = 320 cos 20o i + 320 sin 20o j
= 2.74i + 7.52j = 300.7i + 109.5j
w = 370 cos 30o i + 370 sin 300 j
F2 = 6 cos 140o i + 6 sin 140o j = 320.4i + 185j
= –4.60i + 3.86j w – v = (320.4 – 300.7)i
+ (115.7 – 109.5)j
F3 = 4 cos 200o i + 4 sin 200o j = 19.7i + 75.6j
= –3.76i –1.37j 19.72 75.62 78 mph
F1 + F2 + F3 = (2.74 – 4.60 – 3.76)i + (7.52 + 19.7
cos θ
3.86 – 1.37)j = – 5.62i + 10.01j 78
θ 75.4o
b. 5.62i – 10.01j
86. v = 540 cos 306o i + 540 sin 306o j
83. a. v = 180 cos 40o i + 180 sin 40o j = 317.4i –436.9j
= 137.88i + 115.7j
w = 40 cos 0o i + 40 sin 00 j a = 500 cos 314o i + 500 sin 314o j
= 40i = 347.3i –359.7j
b. v + w = (137.88 + 40)i + 115.7j w = a – v = (347.3 – 317.4) i + (–359.7 +436.9)j
= 177.88i + 115.7j = 29.9i + 77.2j
|| w || 29.92 77.22 82.8
c. 177.882 115.72 212 mph
83 mph
29.9
d. cos θ
177.88 cosθ
212 8.28
θ 33o θ 68.8o
84. a. v = 400 cos 140o i + 400 sin 140o j 104. makes sense
= –306.4i + 257.1j
105. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.
o
w = 30 cos 65 i + 30 sin 65 j o Sample explanation: A vector represents a distance
= 12.7i + 27.2j and a direction. A rate of change does not represent
a distance and a direction.
v + w = (–306.4 + 12.7 ) i + (257.1 + 27.2)j
= –293.7i + 284.3j 106. makes sense
|| v w || ( 293.7)2 284.32 408.8 107. does not make sense; Explanations will vary.
409 mph Sample explanation: The resultant force will have a
magnitude less than two pounds unless both forces
are in the same direction.
306.4
b. cosθ
408.8 108. false; Changes to make the statement true will vary.
θ 138.5o N48.5o W A sample change is: A B E E
109. true
111. true
112. v ai bj ai bj 114.
v ai bj a 2 b2
a b
i j
a b
2 2
a b2
2
2 2 2
v a b
v a 2 b2 a 2 b2
a2 b2 a 2 b2
1
a 2 b2 a 2 b2 a 2 b2
v
1
v
v v
Since is 1, is a unit vector.
v v
113.
7 7
Section 4.4 5. v1 projw v i j
2 2
Check Point Exercises v 2 v v1
7 7
1. a. v·w = 7(2) + (–4)(–1)= 14 + 4 = 18 (2i 5j) i j
2 2
b. w·v =2(7) + ( –1)(– 4) = 14 + 4 = 18 3 3
i j
c. w·w = 2(2) + (–1)(–1) = 4 + 1 = 5 2 2
6. W F AB cos θ (20)(150) cos 30
2598
The work done is approximately 2598 foot-pounds.
16. 5(v·w)
5[(3i j) (i 4 j)]
5[3(1) 1(4)]
5[3 4]
5[7]
35
vw vw
17. cos θ 20. cos θ
|| v || || w || || v || ||w||
(2i j) (3i 4 j) (i 2 j) (4i 3j)
22 1 12 22 42 ( 3)2
2
32 42
2(3) (1)(4) 1(4) 2(3)
5 25 5 25
64 2
125 125
2 The angle θ between the vectors is
125 2
θ cos1 100.3.
125
The angle θ between the vectors is
2 vw
θ cos1 79.7.
125 cos θ
21.
|| v || || w ||
(6i 0 j) (5i 4 j)
vw
18. cos θ 62 02 52 42
|| v || ||w||
(2i 5j) (3i 6 j) 6(5) 0(4)
36 41
( 2)2 52 32 62
30
2(3) 5(6)
1476
29 45
24 The angle θ between the vectors is
1305 30
θ cos1 38.7.
The angle θ between the vectors is 1476
24
θ cos1 48.4. vw
1305 22. cos θ
|| v || ||w||
vw (0i 3j) (4i 5j)
19. cos θ
|| v || || w || 02 32 42 52
( 3i 2 j) (4i j) 0(4) 3(5)
( 3) 2 22 42 (1)2 9 41
15
3(4) 2( 1)
369
13 17
14 The angle θ between the vectors is
221 15
θ cos1 38.7.
369
The angle θ between the vectors is
14 23. v w ( i j) ( i j) (1)(1) 1(1) 1 1 0
θ cos1 160.3.
221 The dot product is zero. Thus, the given vectors are
orthogonal.
The dot product is zero. Thus, the given vectors are 1 1
orthogonal.
3(1) ( 2)(1)
2
2
26. v w (8i 4 j) ( 6i 12 j) 8( 6) ( 4)( 12)
= –48 + 48 = 0
5
The dot product is zero. Thus, the given vectors are w
orthogonal. 2
5
(i j)
27. v w (2i 2 j) ( i j) 2
2( 1) (2)(1) 5 5
i j
2 2 2 2
4
5 5
The dot product is not zero. Thus, the given vectors v1 projw v i j
are not orthogonal. 2 2
5 5
28. v w (5i 5 j) (i j) 5(1) ( 5)( 1) v 2 v v1 (3i 2 j) i j
2 2
= 5 + 5 = 10
1 1
The dot product is not zero. Thus, the given vectors i j
are not orthogonal. 2 2
vw vw
35. projw v w 37. projw v w
|| w || || w ||2
(i 3j) ( 2i 5j) (i 2 j) (3i 6 j)
w w
1 1
2 2 2
32 62
1( 2) 3(5)
w 1(3) 2(6)
2
( 2)2 52 45
13 15
w w
2 45
29
1
w
13 3
w
29 1
(3i 6 j)
13 3
(2i 5j)
29 i 2j
26 65
i j
29 29 v1 projw v i 2 j
v 2 v v1
( i 2 j) i 2 j
26 65
v1 projw v i j
29 29
0i 0 j
v 2 v v1
0
26 65
( i 3j) i j
29 29 vw
38. projw v w
55
i
22
j || w ||2
29 29 (2i j) (6i 3j)
w
2
36. vw 62 32
projw v w
|| w ||2
2(6) 1(3)
(2i 4 j) (3i 6 j) w
2
w
2 45
(3)2 62
15
w
2(3) 4(6) 45
w
2
1
45 (6i 3j)
3
18 2i j
w
45
2 v1 projw v 2i j
( 3i 6 j)
5 v 2 v v1 (2i j) 2i j
6 12 0i 0 j 0
i j
5 5
6 12
v1 projw v i j
5 5
6 12
v 2 v v1 (2i 4 j) i j
5 5
16 8
i j
5 5
v w u
41. proju ( v w ) 2
u
u
3i 2 j 5j i j
2
i j
i j
3i 7 j i j
i j
2
(1) 12 2
3 7
i j
2
5 i j
5i 5j
v w u
42. proju ( v w ) 2
u
u
3i 2 j 5j i j
2
i j
i j
3i 3j i j
i j
2
(1) 12 2
3 3
i j
2
0 i j
0
vw
43. cos θ
v w
4π 3π 4π 3π
2 cos 3cos 2sin 3sin
3 2 3 2
cos θ
2 2 2 2
4π 4π 3π 3π
2 cos 2sin 3cos 3sin
3 3 2 2
3 3
cos θ
6
3
cos θ
2
θ 30
vw
44. cos θ
v w
5π 5π
3cos 2 cos π 3sin 2sin π
3 3
cos θ
2 2
5π 5π
3cos 3sin 2 cos π 2 2sin π 2
3 3
3
cos θ
6
1
cos θ
2
θ 120
vw
45. cos θ
v w
36 5 10
cos θ
32 52 62 102
68
cos θ
68
cos θ 1
θ 0
The vectors are parallel.
v w 68
vw 0
The vectors are not orthogonal.
vw
46. cos θ
v w
2 6 39
cos θ
22 32 62 92
39
cos θ
39
cos θ 1
θ 0
The vectors are parallel.
v w 39
vw 0
The vectors are not orthogonal.
vw
47. cos θ
v w
36 510
cos θ
3 52 62 102
2
32
cos θ
68
θ 118
The vectors are not parallel.
v w 32
vw 0
The vectors are not orthogonal.
vw
48. cos θ
v w
2 6 3 9
cos θ
22 32 62 92
15
cos θ
39
θ 113
The vectors are not parallel.
v w 15
vw 0
The vectors are not orthogonal.
18
49. v w 3 6 5 0
5
The vectors are orthogonal.
53. Since the car is pushed along a level road, the angle between the force and the direction of motion is θ 0. The work
done
W F AB cos θ
(95)(80) cos 0
7600.
The work done is 7600 foot-pounds.
54. Since the crane is vertically lifting the boulder through a vertical distance, the angle between the force and the direction of
motion is θ 0. The work done is W F AB cos θ (6000)(12) cos 0
72,000.
The work done is 72,000 foot-pounds.
55. W F AB cos θ
(40)(100) cos 32
3392
The work done is approximately 3392 foot-pounds.
56. W F AB cos θ (25)(100) cos 38
1970
The work done is approximately 1970 foot-pounds.
57. w F AB
60(20) cos(38o 12o )
1200cos 26o
1079 foot-pounds
58. w = F· AB
80(25) cos(33o 10o )
2000cos 230
1841 foot-pounds
59. w F AB
(3, 2) [(10, 20) (4, 9)]
(3, 2) (6,11)
18 22
40 foot-pounds
60. w = F· AB
(5, 7) [(18, 20) (8,11)]
(5, 7) (10,9)
5(10) 7(9)
113 meter-newtons
61. w F AB
(4 cos50o , 4 sin 50o ) [(8,10) (3,7)]
(4 cos50o , 4 sin 50o ) (5,3)
20 cos 50o 12 sin 50o
22.05 foot-pounds
62. w = F· AB
(6 cos 40o , 6sin 40o ) [(8, 20) (5,9)]
(6 cos 40o , 6sin 40o ) [(3,11)]
18cos 40o 66sin 40o
56.21 foot pounds
3 1
63. a. cos 30o i sin 30o j i j
2 2
3 1
(0, 700) ,
2 2 3 1 3 1
b. proju F 2 , 2 350 2 , 2 175 3i 175j
|| u ||2
3 1
64. a. cos 30o i sin 30o j i j
2 2
3 1
(0, 700) ,
2 2 3 1 3 1 325 3 325
b. proju F , 325 , i j
|| u || 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
325 3 325
2
c. 325
2 2
A force of 325 pounds is required to keep the boat from rolling down the ramp.
83. Let v 15i 3j and w 4i bj. The vectors v and w are orthogonal if u·w = 0.
v w (15i 3j) ( 4i bj) 15( 4) ( 3)b 60 3b
v·w = 0 if 60 3b 0. Solving the equation for b, we find b 20.
vi
84. Since the projection of v onto i is given by proji v i . Let v ai bj. Then
|| i ||2
( ai bj) ( i 0 j)
proji v ( i 0 j)
2
1 0
2 2
a (1) b(0)
(i 0 j) a ( i 0 j) ai
2
1
Chapter 4 Review Exercises 3. Apply the three-step procedure for solving a SAS
triangle. Use the Law of Cosines to find the side
1. Begin by finding C. opposite the given angle. Thus, we will find b.
A B C 180
b2 a 2 c 2 2ac cos B
70 55 C 180
b2 172 122 2(17)(12) cos 66
125 C 180
C 55 b2 289 144 408(cos 66)
a 12 b2 267.05
Use the ratio , or , to find the other two
sin A sin 70 b 267.05 16.3
sides. Use the Law of Sines to find b.
b a
sin B sin A
b 12
sin 55 sin 70
12sin 55
b 10.5
sin 70
a 35 20.
sin 55 sin 70
a sin 70 35sin 55
35sin 55
a
sin 70
a 30.5 Using the figure,
The length of the roof is 30.5 feet. C 180 A B 180 55 46 79
Use the Law of Sines to find b.
18. One car travels 60 miles per hour for 30 minutes (half b a
an hour), or 60 12 30 miles. Similarly, the other
sin B sin A
car travels 25 miles. b 460
sin 46 sin 55
460sin 46
b 404
sin 55
Use the Law of Sines again, this time to find c.
c a
Using the figure, sin C sin A
c 460
b2 a 2 c 2 2ac cos B
sin 79 sin 55
252 302 2(25)(30) cos80 1264.53 460sin 79
c 551
b 1264.53 35.6 sin 55
The cars will be about 35.6 miles apart. The lengths are about 404 feet and 551 feet.
19. The first plane travels 325 miles per hour for 2 hours, 1 1
21. s ( a b c) (260 320 450) 515
or 325 2 650 miles. Similarly, the other plane 2 2
travels 300 2 600 miles. Area s ( s a )( s b)( s c )
515(515 260)(515 320)(515 450)
1,664,544,375 40,798.83
cost (5.25)(40,798.83) 214,194
The cost is approximately $214,194.
22.
23. 30. 2v 2 v
2 v
2 a 2 b2
2 12 (5)2
2 1 25
2 26
v a 2 b2
25 4 v a 2 b2
29 82 (6)2
64 36
24.
100
10
A unit vector in the same direction as v is
v 8i 6 j 4 3
i j.
v 10 5 5
35. v = 15 cos 25o i + 15 sin 25o j = 13.59i + 6.34j 39. v w (2i j) (i j) 2(1) 1(1)
w = 4 cos 270o i + 4 sin 270o j = –4j 2 1 1
a. 13.59i + (6.34 – 4)j = 13.59i + 2.34j 1
cos θ
22 12 12 ( 1)2
b. 13.6 2.3 14 mph
2 2
1
5 2
13.59
c. cos θ ;θ 13.9o 1
14
10
36. v·(v + w) = (5i + 2j)[(i – j) + (3i – 7j)] The angle θ between the vectors is
(5i 2 j) [4i 8 j] 1
θ cos1 71.6 .
5(4) 2(8) 10
20 16
4 40. v w (12i 8 j) 2i 3j
12(2) ( 8)(3)
37. v w (2i 3j) (7i 4 j) 2(7) 3( 4) 2
24 24
2
cos θ 0
2 32 2
72 ( 4) 2 The dot product is zero. Thus, the given vectors are
2 orthogonal.
13 65 41. v w ( i 3j) ( 3i j)
2
1(3) 3(1)
845
3 3
The angle θ between the vectors is
6
2
θ cos1 86.1 . The dot product is not zero. Thus, the given vectors
845 are not orthogonal.
38. v w (2i 4 j) (6i 11j) 2(6) 4( 11)
12 44 vw
42. projw v w
32 || w ||2
32 (2i 5j) (5i 4 j)
cos θ w
2
2 42 2
6 ( 11)
2 2
5 4
2 2
32
2(5) 5(4)
20 157 w
41
2
32
3140 10
(5i 4 j)
The angle θ between the vectors is 41
32 50 40
θ cos1 124.8 . i j
3140 41 41
50 40
v1 projw v i j
41 41
50 40
v 2 v v1 (2i 5j) i j
41 41
132 165
i j
41 41
1 1
5 3. s ( a b c) (17 45 32) 47
w 2 2
10
Area s( s a )( s b)( s c )
1
(3i 1j)
2 47(47 17)(47 45)(47 32)
3 1 42,300 206
i j
2 2 The area of the triangle is approximately 206 square
3 1 inches.
v1 projw v i j
2 2
3 1 4. a. v x2 x1 i y2 y1 j
v 2 v v1 ( i 2 j) i j
2 2 v [1 (2)]i (5 3) j i 2 j
1 3
i j
2 2 b. v a 2 b2 12 22 1 4 5
vw 11. W F AB cos θ
8. projw v w
|| w ||2
(40)(60) cos 35 1966
(5i 2 j) (2i 4 j)
w The work done is approximately 1966 foot-pounds.
2
2 ( 4)
2 2
1
2. sin θ cos θ
2
sin 2θ 1
2 2
sin 2θ 1
The period of the sine function is 2π . In the interval
Using the figure, [0, 2π ) , the only value for which the sine function is
B 90 50 40 3π 3π
A 90 40 50 –1 is . This means that 2θ . Since the
2 2
C 180 B A 180 40 50 90 period is 2π , all the solutions to sin 2θ 1 are
Use the Law of Sines to find b. 3π
given by 2θ 2nπ
b c 2
sin B sin C 3π
θ nπ
b 1.6 4
sin 40 sin 90 where n is any integer.
1.6sin 40 The solution in the interval [0, 2π ) is obtained by
b 1.0
sin 90 3π
letting n = 0 and n = 1. The solutions are and
The fire is about 1.0 mile from the station. 4
7π
10. F1 = 250 cos 30o i + 250 sin 30o j .
216.5i 125j 4
F2 150 cos 315o i 150sin 315o j 3. The equation y 3sin(2 x π ) is of the form
106i 106 j y A sin( Bx C ) with A = 3, B = 2, and C π .
F1 F2 (216.5 106)i (125 106) j The amplitude is A 3 3 . The period is
322.5i 19 j 2π 2π C π
π . The phase shift is . The
B 2 B 2
|| F1 F2 || 322.5 19 323 pounds
2 2
π π
322.5 quarter-period is . The cycle begins at x .
cosθ 3.4o 4 2
323 Add quarter-periods to generate x-values for the key
points.
3sin
π
31 3 y 4 cos π 0
2 0 4 cos 0 (0, –4)
y 3sin(2 π π )
4 1 4
π 3sin(2π π ) (π , 0)
1
3sin π 3 0 0 y 4 cos π
2
5π 1 1
y 3sin 2 π π , 0
4 2 4 cos 2
2
5π 4 0 0
5π 3sin π 5π
2 , 3 y 4 cos(π 1)
4 4
3π 1 4 cos π (1, 4)
3sin
2 4 ( 1) 4
3(1) 3
3
y 4 cos π
3π 2
y 3sin 2 π 3 3
3π 2 3π 3π , 0
, 0 2 4 cos 2
2 3sin(3π π ) 2 2
3sin 2π 3 0 0 4 0 0
Connect the five points with a smooth curve and y 4 cos(π 2)
graph one complete cycle of the given function. 2 4 cos 2π (2, –4)
4 1 4
1 cos2 θ r x2 y2
x 6 2
16. cot θ 2 2
y 3
2 2
17. Draw a diagram: 4
2 2
2
20. a. 3v w 3(2i 7 j) ( i 2 j)
6i 21j i 2 j
tan 58
d 5i 23j
14
d 14 tan 58 b. v·w = (2i + 7j)·(i – 2j)
= 2(1) + 7(–2) = 2 – 14
d 22.4 miles
= –12
18. d 4 sin 5t is of the form d a sin ω t with a = 4
and ω 5 .
a. a 4 4
The maximum displacement is 4 meters.
ω 5
b. f
2π 2π
5
The frequency is cycle per second.
2π
2π 2π
c. period
ω 5
2π
seconds are required for one cycle.
5
Paul.
37. Au même.
22 mai.
Mon cher,
Paul.
38. A ma sœur Jeanne.
2 juin.
Ma sœur,
Qu’il fait bon, ma sœur, dans ces moments-là, sentir qu’on n’est
plus un étranger, comme je l’étais à mon arrivée ici, mais qu’on est
de la famille du bon Dieu avec ces enfants si purs et leurs pieux
parents ! Qu’il fait bon renouveler avec eux, et cette fois pour
toujours, ces belles promesses que j’ai formulées jadis et trop vite
oubliées ! Et comme cela réconforte ! J’ai pris là du courage pour six
mois.
Quant à papa, je ne l’ai pas vu pendant la cérémonie ; mais il a
été très remué. Ici les enfants ne sortent que le lendemain de leur
première communion ; le jour même, on ne veut pas que la moindre
parcelle de leur bonheur intime se dissipe au contact des
distractions profanes : ils retrouveront toujours assez tôt le monde et
ses vulgarités. A midi, ils ont l’honneur exceptionnel de manger à la
table des Pères, qui leur font grande fête ; le reste du temps que les
offices ne prennent pas, ils le passent en famille, choyés comme des
benjamins, respectés comme des chérubins. Toutes les portes leur
sont ouvertes, comme tous les cœurs. En nous promenant aussi
dans le collège, nous en rencontrâmes plusieurs : papa les saluait
instinctivement, ne pouvait se lasser de les regarder et ajoutait :
« Sont-ils heureux ! » Espérons qu’il ne s’en tiendra pas là. Je crois
qu’il a du plomb dans l’aile.
Louis, en prenant congé de notre commun directeur, lui a dit avec
émotion : « Mon Père, ce n’est pas adieu que je vous dis, c’est au
revoir. Priez pour que je revienne autrement que comme une brebis
égarée. » Il est parti heureux par avance de la joie que son
changement va donner à sa mère et bien résolu à demeurer fidèle. Il
m’a demandé de l’aider, comme toi : c’est humiliant, vu la mince
vertu que je me connais. Mais à force d’aider les autres, j’arriverai
peut-être à me hisser jusqu’à leur hauteur. Prie pour moi, ma bonne
Jeanne.
Ton frère qui ne t’aime pas… à moitié,
Paul.
39. De Madame X
6 juin.
Adèle X.
40. A ma famille.
18 juin.
Votre Paul.
41. A Louis.
20 juin.