Instant Download PDF Trigonometry 4th Edition Dugopolski Solutions Manual Full Chapter

Trigonometry 4th Edition Dugopolski
Solutions Manual
Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://testbankfan.com/product/trigonometry-4th-edition-dugopolski-solutions-manual
/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
Trigonometry 4th Edition Dugopolski Test Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/trigonometry-4th-edition-
dugopolski-test-bank/
Precalculus Functions and Graphs 4th Edition Dugopolski

Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/precalculus-functions-and-
graphs-4th-edition-dugopolski-solutions-manual/
Algebra and Trigonometry 4th Edition Stewart Solutions

Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/algebra-and-trigonometry-4th-
edition-stewart-solutions-manual/
College Algebra 6th Edition Dugopolski Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/college-algebra-6th-edition-
dugopolski-solutions-manual/
Precalculus Functions and Graphs 4th Edition Dugopolski
Test Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/precalculus-functions-and-
graphs-4th-edition-dugopolski-test-bank/
Trigonometry 10th Edition Lial Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/trigonometry-10th-edition-lial-
solutions-manual/
Trigonometry 10th Edition Larson Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/trigonometry-10th-edition-larson-
solutions-manual/
Trigonometry 11th Edition Lial Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/trigonometry-11th-edition-lial-
solutions-manual/
Trigonometry 8th Edition McKeague Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/trigonometry-8th-edition-
mckeague-solutions-manual/
5.1 The Law of Sines 235
For Thought 6. Note α = 180◦ − (16◦ + 121◦ ) = 43◦ .

c 4.2
1. True, the sum of the measurements of the three By the sine law = and
sin 16◦ sin 121◦
angles is 180◦ .
a 4.2
= . Then
2. False, since similar triangles have the same sin 43◦ sin 121◦
corresponding angles but their corresponding
4.2
sides are not necessarily equal. c= · sin 16◦ ≈ 1.4
sin 121◦
3. True, since three angles do not uniquely
and
determine a triangle. 4.2
a= · sin 43◦ ≈ 3.3.
88 sin 9◦ sin 121◦
4. False, a sin 17◦ = 88 sin 9◦ and a = .
sin 17◦
7. Note β = 180◦ − (12.2◦ + 33.6◦ ) = 134.2◦ .
5 sin 44◦

5. False, since α = sin−1 ≈ 11◦ and a 17.6
18 By the sine law ◦
=
α = 180 − 11◦ = 169◦ . sin 12.2 sin 134.2◦
c 17.6
2.3 sin 39◦ and ◦
= . Then
6. True, since sin β = . sin 33.6 sin 134.2◦
1.6
√ 17.6
sin 60◦ 3/2 1 a= · sin 12.2◦ ≈ 5.2
7. True, since √ = √ = and sin 134.2◦
3 3 2
sin 30◦ 1 and
= sin 30◦ = .
1 2 17.6
c= · sin 33.6◦ ≈ 13.6.
8. False, a triangle exists since a = 500 is bigger sin 134.2◦
than h = 10 sin 60◦ ≈ 8.7 .
8. Note α = 180◦ − (39.5◦ + 66.7◦ ) = 73.8◦ .
9. True, since the triangle that exists is a
b 6.4
right triangle. By the sine law =
sin 66.7 ◦ sin 73.8◦
10. False, there exists only one triangle and it c 6.4
is an obtuse triangle. and ◦
= .
sin 39.5 sin 73.8◦
6.4
5.1 Exercises So b = · sin 66.7◦ ≈ 6.1
sin 73.8◦
1. oblique 6.4
and c = · sin 39.5◦ ≈ 4.2.
sin 73.8◦
2. three
9. Note β = 180◦ − (10.3◦ + 143.7◦ ) = 26◦ .
3. ambiguous
@

4. law of sines b
143.7◦ @ a
@
5. Note γ = 180◦ − (64◦ + 72◦ ) = 44◦ .

26◦ @
@
b 13.6 10.3◦

By the sine law = and @
sin 72◦ sin 64◦ 48.3
c 13.6
◦
= . Then
sin 44 sin 64◦
13.6 Since
b= · sin 72◦ ≈ 14.4 a 48.3
sin 64◦ ◦
=
sin 10.3 sin 143.7◦
and and
13.6
c= · sin 44◦ ≈ 10.5. b 48.3
sin 64◦ ◦
=
sin 26 sin 143.7◦
Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

236 Chapter 5 Applications of Trigonometry
we have 12. Note β = 180◦ − (39.7◦ + 91.6◦ ) = 48.7◦ .

48.3
a= · sin 10.3◦ ≈ 14.6
sin 143.7◦ 16.4 @
91.6◦ @ a
@

and
48.3 48.7◦ @
◦
@
b= · sin 26◦ ≈ 35.8 39.7
sin 143.7◦ @
c
10. Note γ = 180◦ − (94.7◦ + 30.6◦ ) = 54.7◦ .
a 16.4
@
Since ◦
= and
c sin 39.7 sin 48.7◦
94.7◦ @ a
@
c 16.4
◦
= , we have
sin 48.7◦

30.6◦ 54.7◦ @
@ sin 91.6
16.4
a= · sin 39.7◦ ≈ 13.9 and
@
3.9 sin 48.7◦
16.4
c= · sin 91.6◦ ≈ 21.8
a 3.9 sin 48.7◦
Since ◦
= and
sin 30.6 sin 94.7◦ 13. Draw angle α = 39.6◦ and let h be the height.
c 3.9
◦
= , we have
sin 54.7 sin 94.7◦ B
.
3.9 18.4
.
a= · sin 30.6◦ ≈ 2.0 and .
.
sin 94.7◦

.
3.9 .h
.
c= · sin 54.7◦ ≈ 3.2. 39.6◦
.
.
sin 94.7◦ .
11. Note α = 180◦ − (120.7◦ + 13.6◦ ) = 45.7◦ . A
489.3

h
Since sin 39.6◦ =
@
, we have
120.7◦ @ c

@
18.4◦

h = 18.4 sin 39.6◦ ≈ 11.7.

45.7◦ @
◦
@
13.6
@
b There is no triangle since a = 3.7 is smaller
than h ≈ 11.7 .
Since 14. Draw angle β = 28.6◦ and let h be the height.

c 489.3
◦
=
sin 13.6 sin 45.7◦
and C
. .
.
b 489.3
= 40.7 . .
sin 120.7 ◦ sin 45.7◦ . .
. .

. . 52.5
we have .h .
. .
489.3 28.6◦
. α ..
c= · sin 13.6◦ ≈ 160.8 and .
.
sin 45.7◦ B
489.3
b= · sin 120.7◦ ≈ 587.9
sin 45.7◦
Since h = 40.7 sin 28.6◦ ≈ 19.5 and b > h
and b > 40.7, there is exactly one triangle.
By the sine law, we obtain
40.7 52.5
=
sin α sin 28.6◦

40.7 sin 28.6◦ C

sin α = and ..
52.5 10.6
.
◦ .
.

−1 40.7 sin 28.6

α = sin .
.
. 8.1

52.5
◦

◦ β .
α ≈ 21.8 . 41.2
2.

A
Then γ = 180◦ − +(28.6◦ = 21.8◦ ) 129.6◦ .
c 52.5
Since ◦
= , we get Apply the sine law to the acute triangle.
sin 129.6 sin 28.6◦
52.5 8.1 10.6
c = sin 129.6◦ · ≈ 84.5. =
sin 28.6◦ sin 41.2◦ sin β1
10.6 sin 41.2◦
15. Draw angle γ = 60◦ and let h be the height. sin β1 =
8.1
.
A sin β1 ≈ 0.862
20 . −1
.
. β1 = sin (0.862) ≈ 59.5◦
.
.h

◦ .
. So γ1 = 180◦ − (59.5◦ + 41.2◦ ) = 79.3◦ . By
60 .
. 8.1
sin 79.3◦ ≈ 12.1.

C the sine law, c1 =
sin 41.2◦
On the obtuse triangle, β2 = 180◦ − β1 =
120.5◦ and
Since √
h = 20 sin 60◦ = 10 3 γ2 = 180◦ − (120.5◦ + 41.2◦ ) = 18.3◦ .
and c = h, there is exactly one triangle and it 8.1
is a right triangle. Then β = 90◦ and α = 30◦ . By the sine law, c2 = sin 18.3◦ ≈ 3.9.
sin 41.2◦
By the Pythagorean Theorem,
17. Draw angle β = 138.1◦ .
q √ √
a= 202 − (10 3)2 = 400 − 300 = 10. A
. .
@ . . . . 15.6
16. Draw angle α = 41.2◦ and let h be the height. . .
@ . .
. .
@ . .
C 6.3 @ . .
. @ 138.1 ◦ . .
. . .
10.6 . @ .
.

. B C
.h
◦ .
.
41.2 .
.
There is one triangle. Apply the sine law.
A
15.6 6.3
=
sin 138.1◦ sin γ
Since h = 10.6 sin 41.2◦ ≈ 7.0 and
6.3 sin 138.1◦
7.0 < a < 10.6, there are two triangles sin γ =
and they are given by 15.6
C sin γ ≈ 0.2697
.
. .
10.6

. .
. . γ = sin−1 (0.2697) ≈ 15.6◦
. .
. . 8.1
. h . So α = 180◦ − (15.6◦ + 138.1◦ ) = 26.3◦ .
. .
41.2◦
. β1 . .
. Using the sine law, we obtain
.
A 15.6
a= sin 26.3◦ ≈ 10.3.
sin 138.1◦

18. Draw angle γ = 128.6◦ . So γ2 = 180◦ − (45.1◦ + 32.7◦ ) = 102.2◦ .

B By the sine law,
28.6
sin 102.2◦ ≈ 51.7.
@
c2 =
sin 32.7◦
@
@
9.6 @
@ 128.6◦ On the obtuse triangle, we find
@ α1 = 180◦ − α2 = 134.9◦ and
C A γ1 = 180◦ − (134.9◦ + 32.7◦ ) = 12.4◦ .
By the sine law,
Since c < 9.6, no triangle exists.
28.6
19. Draw angle β = 32.7◦ and let h be the height. c1 = sin 12.4◦ ≈ 11.4.
sin 32.7◦
20. Draw angle α = 30◦ and let h be the height.

. C
37.5
.

. B
. .
. 40
.
.h .
. .
◦ . .
32.7 . .h
. .
B 30◦ .
.
.
A
Since h = 37.5 sin 32.7◦
≈ 20.3 and
20.3 < b < 37.5, there are two triangles and Since h = 40 sin 30◦ = 20 and a = h, there is
they are given by exactly one triangle and it is a right triangle.
C So β = 60◦ , γ = 90◦ , √
and by the Pythagorean
√
. .
. Theorem we get b = 402 − 202 = 20 3.
37.5
. .

. .
. . 21. Draw angle γ = 99.6◦ . Note, there is exactly
. . 28.6
.h . one triangle since 12.4 > 10.3.
. .
◦ . .
32.7 . α2 .
. A
B . .
@ . . . . 12.4
. .
C
@ . .
and . . .
.
@ . .
. 10.3 @ . .
37.5 . @ 99.6 ◦ . .
. . .

. @ .
. 28.6
. C B
α1..

32.7◦

B By the sine law, we obtain
12.4 10.3
Apply the sine law to the acute triangle. =
sin 99.6◦ sin β
28.6 37.5 10.3 sin 99.6◦
= sin β =
sin 32.7◦ sin α2 12.4
37.5 sin 32.7◦ sin β ≈ 0.819
sin α2 =
28.6 β = sin−1 (0.819) ≈ 55.0◦ .
sin α2 ≈ 0.708
−1
α2 = sin (0.708) ≈ 45.1◦ So α = 180◦ − (55.0◦ + 99.6◦ ) = 25.4◦ .

Using the sine law, we find 24. Let x be the distance of the final leg.
12.4
a= sin 25.4◦ ≈ 5.4. .
.
sin 99.6◦ .
. .
.
. 400 . . ... . . . . . .
.
22. Draw angle α = 75.3◦ and let h be the height. . ◦
. @ α 72 .
.
. 56 ◦ .
.. . . . . . . . . . . . @
@
. . .
. XX γ .
X
. .
. XXX .
β .
@
C x X XX@ .
. .
. .38
X
◦
. . . . . . .X..
.X
@
9.8 . .
. .
. .
. . 12.4
.h .
. .
◦ . . There is a 72◦ angle because of the 162◦
75.3 . β .
.
bearing. There is a 38◦ angle because of

A
the 308◦ bearing. Since β + 38◦ = 72◦ ,
β = 34◦ . Since opposite angles are equal,
So h = 9.8 sin 75.3◦ ≈ 9.5. Since a > h γ = 38◦ . So α = 52◦ . Using the sine law,
and a > 9.8, there is exactly one triangle.
x 400
By the sine law, we find = .
sin 52◦ sin 34◦
9.8 12.4
= Then x ≈ 563.7 miles.
sin β sin 75.3◦
9.8 sin 75.3◦ 25. Let x and y be the lengths of the missing sides.
sin β =
12.4
sin β ≈ 0.7645
.
.........
β = sin−1 (0.7645) ≈ 49.9◦ . . H . H .
. . 480 .
. y
◦ . ◦ HH .
. 21 .36 HH.. . . . .
. . α
So γ = 180◦ − (49.9◦ + 75.3◦ ) = 54.8◦ .

. β (((( ..
(
. (((
c 12.4 . (( 82◦ ..
. (
......... x
((
Since = , we have . .(
(
. .(
. .( .
sin 54.8 ◦ sin 75.3◦
12.4
c = sin 54.8◦ · ≈ 10.5.
sin 75.3◦
There is a 21◦ angle because of the S21◦ W
23. Let x be the number of miles flown along I-20. direction. There are 36◦ and 82◦ angles
. because opposite angles are equal and because
.
.
. of the directions N 36◦ W and N 82◦ E.
.H Note α = 180◦ − (82◦ + 36◦ ) = 62◦ and
. H
. β = 180 − (21◦ + 36◦ + 62◦ ) = 61◦ .
.
. 50◦ HH
H
12 ◦
30 .
. HH By the sine law, we find
.
.
◦
HH
60 . 40◦ HH
. 480
sin 57◦ ≈ 460.27
H
x x=
sin 61◦
and
480
Applying the sine law, we obtain y= sin 62◦ ≈ 484.57.
sin 61◦
x 12
◦
= . The perimeter is x + y + 480 ≈ 1425 ft.
sin 80 sin 40◦
Then x ≈ 18.4 miles.

26. Let x be the distance Jill sailed. b) In the picture in part a), let θ be the angle
at A. Using the sine law, we find
.@
.
x ◦ . @ sin θ sin(120◦ )
9 . ◦
. 4 @ =
. 93, 000, 000 93, 003, 950
.
.
@
. α @
93, 000, 000 sin(120◦ )

. @ θ = sin −1
2 93, 003, 950
θ ≈ 59.99579◦ .
Note that α = 86◦ . By the sine law,
Suppose the sun is overhead at noon and
2 x
= . Then x ≈ 8.9 miles. the earth rotates 15◦ every hour. Then
sin 13◦ sin 86◦ the number of hours since 12 noon is
27. Applying the sine law, we find 59.99579
≈ 3.999719.
15
19.2 sin 82◦
x= ≈ 38.0 ft. Thus, when the angle of elevation is 30◦ ,
sin 30◦
the time is 1 second before 4:00 p.m.
28. a) Consider the triangle where A is the center c) In the triangle in part a), at sunset the
of the earth, B is a point on the surface angle at B is 90◦ . If ds is the
of the earth, and C is a point on the distance through the atmosphere at
atmosphere. sunset, then
C `` d2s + 39502 = 39602

B
A ` √
A or d = 39602 − 39502 ≈ 281 miles.
A
A
A 29. Let h be the height of the tower.
A
A H
J HH
J H
HH
The angle at B is 120◦ . Let γ be the angle J H
at C. Using the Sine Law, we obtain h J HH
J H
J HH
H
3960 3950 J H
= 19.3◦J 18.1◦HHH
sin 120◦ sin γ J
a 32.5
3950 sin 120◦
sin γ =
3960
γ ≈ 59.75◦ . Using right triangle trigonometry, we get
h
The angle at A is α = 60◦ − γ ≈ 0.25◦ . tan 19.3◦ =
a
Then d is given by
or
3960 d h
≈ a= .
sin 120◦ sin α tan 19.3◦
3960 sin α Similarly, we have
d ≈
sin 120◦ h
d ≈ 19.9 miles. tan 18.1◦ = .
a + 32.5

Then The remaining angles are β = 153.435◦

and ω = 12.529◦ . By the sine law, we obtain
tan 18.1◦ (a + 32.5) = h
a tan 18.1◦ + 32.5 tan 18.1◦ = h AB 14
=
sin 153.435◦ sin 12.529◦
h
· tan 18.1◦ + 32.5 tan 18.1◦ = h
tan 19.3◦ and
BC 14
tan 18.1◦ ◦
= .
h· + 32.5 tan 18.1◦ = h. sin 14.036 sin 12.529◦
tan 19.3◦ Then AB ≈ 28.9 ft and BC ≈ 15.7 ft.
Solving for h, we find that the height of the
tower is 32. Let x be the distance up the hill.
h ≈ 159.4 ft. .
.
.
◦.
30. Let h be the height of the building. x 26.
.
.
.

◦ .
36 118◦ . 62◦
........
H
J HH
J HH 400
J HH
h J HH
J H
J HH By the sine law, we obtain
H
J H
◦
30.4 J 23.2◦HHH x 400
J ◦
= .
a 55.4 sin 118 sin 26◦
Then x ≈ 805.7 ft, and yes the tree
By using right triangle trigonometry, we get will have to be excavated.
h h 33. By the sine law, we get
tan 30.4◦ = or a = . Similarly,
a tan 30.4◦
h 24 sin 47◦
we have tan 23.2◦ = . Then x= ≈ 18.1 in.
a + 55.4 sin 104◦
tan 23.2◦ (a + 55.4) = h 34. Consider the right triangle where A is a
a tan 23.2◦ + 55.4 tan 23.2◦ = h point on the surface of the earth.
h
· tan 23.2◦ + 55.4 tan 23.2◦ = h C B
tan 30.4◦ A
tan 23.2◦ A
h· + 55.4 tan 23.2◦ = h. A
tan 30.4◦ A
Solving for h, we find that the height of the A
A
building is h ≈ 88.1 ft. A
31. Note, tan γ = 6/12 and γ = tan−1 (0.5) ≈
26.565◦ . Also, tan α = 3/12 and The distance AC that the sunlight passes
α = tan−1 (0.25) ≈ 14.036◦ . 10
is given by AC = = 20 miles.
cos 60◦
B
ω
α β γ
A 14 C 20

35. Let t be the number of seconds since the the angle 6 ABC is 110◦ . Using the law of
cruise missile was spotted. sines, the angle θ is given by
17t 60t
B C =
sin θ sin 110◦
17 60

= ◦
sin θ sin 110
17 sin 110◦

35◦
θ = sin−1
60
A D θ ≈ 15.4◦ .
37. Let t be the number of seconds it takes the fox

Let β be the angle at B. The angle formed
to catch the rabbit. The distances travelled by
by BAC is 180◦ − 35◦ − β. After t seconds,
t the fox and rabbit are indicated below.
the cruise missile would have traveled 548
3600 C
t
miles and the projectile 688 miles. Using
3600
the law of sines, we have fox: 6.5t

rabbit: 3.5t
548t 688t
120◦
3600 = 3600
sin(145◦ − β) sin 35◦ B 30
548 688
=
sin(145◦ − β) sin 35◦ Apply the sine law as follows:
548 sin 35◦

β = 145◦ − sin−1 6.5t 3.5t
688 =
sin 120◦ sin B
β ≈ 117.8◦ . √
3.5 3
sin B =
Then angle BAC is 27.2◦ .
The angle of 13
√
elevation of the projectile must be Note, C = 60◦ − arcsin 3.5 3
. Then
13
angle DAB which is 62.2◦ (= 35◦ + 27.2◦ ).
30 3.5t
36. Let t be the number of seconds since Smith =
sin C sin B
threw the ball.
30 sin B
t = = 7.5
C 3.5 sin C
@ It will take 7.5 sec to catch the rabbit.
@
@ B

@
38. Let t be the number of seconds it takes the fox

@ to catch the rabbit. The distances travelled by
@ the fox and rabbit are indicated below.
@
@ C
θ @

@

60◦ 50◦@
@ fox: 6.5t
A

rabbit: 3.5(t + 1)
120◦

After t seconds, Jones would have ran 17t feet B 30
and the ball would have covered 60t feet. Note,

Apply the sine law as follows: 45. a) Odd b) Even
3.5(t + 1) 6.5t c) Even d) Even

=
sin B sin 120◦ 46. Not an identity, for equation is not true
√ if x = π/2.
7 3 1

sin B = 1+
26 t 47. Triangle 4ABC is an isosceles triangle. Also,
√ 4ACD and 4ABD are isosceles triangles.
Note, C = 60◦ − arcsin 7 3
26 1+ 1
t . Then AC = AD = 2. We apply the Angle
Then Bisector Theorem in Exercise 50.
30 6.5t CD + 2 2
= = .
sin C sin 120◦ 2 CD
30 13t √
√ = √ Solving for CD, we find CD = 5 − 1.
7 3 1 3
sin 60◦ − arcsin 26 1+ t
48. Since 640, 000 = 210 ·54 , we have either x = 210
Using a solver from a calculator, the solution and y = 54 , or x = 54 and y = 210 . In either
to the above equation is case, |x − y| = 399.
t ≈ 8.37 sec
5.1 Pop Quiz
which is the time it will take the fox to catch
the rabbit. 1. γ = 180◦ − 8◦ − 121◦ = 51◦
3π √
41. a) 1 b) c) − 3 2. Note, γ = 180◦ − 20.4◦ − 27.3◦ = 132.3◦ .
4
√ Using the sine law, we find
2 3 √ π
d) − e) − 2 f) − a 38.5
3 6 = .
sin 20.4◦ sin 132.3◦
42. γ = 90◦ − 12◦ = 78◦ ; by the sine law we find
Then
b=
3.2
≈ 15.4 ft 38.5 sin 20.4◦
a= ≈ 18.1.
sin 12◦ sin 132.3◦
and 3. Using the sine law, we obtain
3.2 sin 78◦
c= ≈ 15.1 ft
sin 12◦ sin β sin 33.5◦
=
2π 2π 10.6 7.4
43. a) =2 b)
π 3 10.6 sin 33.5◦
π 1 2π sin β = .
c) = d) =π 7.4
2π 2 2
√ Then
113
10.6 sin 33.5◦
p
1 + (7/8)2 =

44. Note, sec α = . −1
8 β = sin ≈ 52.2◦
√ 7.4
8 8 113
Then cos α = √ = and or
113 113
s 2 r √
10.6 sin 33.5◦

◦ −1
8 49 7 113 ≈ 127.8◦

sin α = 1− √ = = β = 180 − sin
113 113 7.4
113

4. Let h be the height of the tree. The figure below 5.2 Exercises
is not drawn to scale.
1. law of cosines
H
JH 2. triangle inequality
J HHH
J HH 3. cosines
h J H
J HH 4. longest
Jx
H
HH
J H 5. By the cosine law, we obtain
25◦ J 20◦ HHH p
J c= 3.12 + 2.92 − 2(3.1)(2.9) cos 121.3◦
50
≈ 5.23 ≈ 5.2. By the sine law, we find
3.1 5.23
Using the law of sines, we obtain =
sin α sin 121.3◦
x 50 3.1 sin 121.3◦
= sin α =
sin 20◦ sin 5◦ 5.23
50 sin 20◦ sin α ≈ 0.50647
x = . α ≈ sin−1 (0.50647) ≈ 30.4◦ .
sin 5◦
Using right triangle trigonometry, we find Then β = 180◦ − (30.4◦ + 121.3◦ ) = 28.3◦ .
h 6. By the cosine law, we get

sin 25◦ = . p
x a= 11.42 + 10.32 − 2(11.4)(10.3) cos 40.2◦
Then ≈ 7.53 ≈ 7.5. By the sine law,
50 sin 20◦ 10.3 7.53
h = x sin 25◦ = sin 25◦ ≈ 83 ft. =
sin 5◦ sin β sin 40.2◦
10.3 sin 40.2◦
For Thought sin β =
7.53
sin β ≈ 0.8829
1. True, since cos 90◦ = 0 in the law of cosines.
√ β ≈ sin−1 (0.8829) ≈ 62.0◦ .
2. False, a = c2 + b2 − 2bc cos α.
Then γ = 180◦ − (62◦ + 40.2◦ ) = 77.8◦ .
3. False, c2 = a2 + b2 − 2ab cos γ.
7. By the cosine law, we find
4. True, this follows from the sine law. 6.12 + 5.22 − 10.32
cos β = ≈ −0.6595
2(6.1)(5.2)
5. False, it has only one solution in [0◦ , 180◦ ].
and so
6. True, since the sum of the angles is 180◦ .
β ≈ cos−1 (−0.6595) ≈ 131.3◦ .
7. True, since β = sin−1 (0.1235) or
By the sine law,
β = 180◦ − sin−1 (0.1235).
6.1 10.3
8. True, since the law of cosines will be used and =
sin α sin 131.3◦
cosine is a one-to-one function in [0◦ , 180◦ ]. 6.1 sin 131.3◦
sin α =
3.42 + 4.22 − 8.12 10.3
9. True, since cos γ = ≈ −1.27 sin α ≈ 0.4449
2(3.4)(4.2)
has no real solution γ. α ≈ sin−1 (0.4449) ≈ 26.4◦ .
10. False, there is exactly one triangle. So γ = 180◦ − (26.4◦ + 131.3◦ ) = 22.3◦ .

5.2 The Law of Cosines 245
8. By the cosine law, we obtain 12. By the cosine law,

7.92 + 6.52 − 13.62 30.42 + 28.92 − 31.62
cos γ = ≈ −0.7819 cos γ = ≈ 0.433.
2(7.9)(6.5) 2(30.4)(28.9)
and so So γ = cos−1 (0.433) ≈ 64.3◦ .
γ ≈ cos−1 (−0.7819) ≈ 141.4◦ . By the sine law,
28.9 31.6
By the sine law, we have =
sin β sin 64.3◦
6.5 13.6 28.9 sin 64.3◦
= sin β =
sin α sin 141.4◦ 31.6
6.5 sin 141.4◦ sin β ≈ 0.824
sin α =
13.6 β ≈ sin−1 (0.824) ≈ 55.5◦
sin α ≈ 0.29818
α ≈ sin−1 (0.29818) ≈ 17.3◦ So α = 180◦ − (55.5◦ + 64.3◦ ) = 60.2◦
Also, β = 180◦ − (17.3◦ + 141.4◦ ) = 21.3◦ . 13. By the cosine law, we obtain
p
a= 9.32 + 12.22 − 2(9.3)(12.2) cos 30◦
9. By the cosine law,
b=
p
2.42 + 6.82 − 2(2.4)(6.8) cos 10.5◦ ≈ 6.23 ≈ 6.2 and
6.232 + 9.32 − 12.22
≈ 4.46167 ≈ 4.5 and cos γ = ≈ −0.203.
2(6.23)(9.3)
2.42 + 4.461672 − 6.82
cos α = ≈ −0.96066. So γ = cos−1 (−0.203) ≈ 101.7◦ and
2(2.4)(4.46167)
β = 180◦ − (101.7◦ + 30◦ ) = 48.3◦ .
So α = cos−1 (−0.96066) ≈ 163.9◦ and
γ = 180◦ − (163.9◦ + 10.5◦ ) = 5.6◦ 14. By the cosine law, we find
p
10. By the cosine law, b= 10.32 + 8.42 − 2(10.3)(8.4) cos 88◦
p
c= 1.32 + 14.92 − 2(1.3)(14.9) cos 9.8◦ ≈ 13.1, and by using the exact value
≈ 13.62 ≈ 13.6 and of b we find
!
14.92 + 13.622 − 1.32 −1 b2 + 8.42 − 10.32
cos α = ≈ 0.99987. α = cos ≈ 52.0◦
2(14.9)(13.62) 2b(8.4)
So α = cos−1 (0.99987) ≈ 0.9◦ and and γ ≈ 180◦ − (52.0◦ + 88◦ ) ≈ 40.0◦ .
β = 180◦ − (0.9◦ + 9.8◦ ) = 169.3◦ .
11. By the cosine law, 6.32 + 6.82 − 7.12
12.22 + 8.12 − 18.52 cos β = ≈ 0.4146.
cos α = ≈ −0.6466. 2(6.3)(6.8)
2(12.2)(8.1)
So β = cos−1 (0.4146) ≈ 65.5◦ .
Then α = cos−1 (−0.6466) ≈ 130.3◦ . By the sine law, we have
By the sine law,
6.8 7.1
12.2 18.5 =
= sin γ sin 65.5◦
sin β sin 130.3◦
12.2 sin 130.3◦ 6.8 sin 65.5◦
sin β = sin γ =
18.5 7.1
sin β ≈ 0.5029 sin γ ≈ 0.8715
β ≈ sin−1 (0.5029) ≈ 30.2◦ γ ≈ sin−1 (0.8715) ≈ 60.6◦ .
So γ = 180◦ − (30.2◦ + 130.3◦ ) = 19.5◦ So α = 180◦ − (60.6◦ + 65.5◦ ) = 53.9◦ .

16. By the cosine law, 21. One triangle exists. The angles are uniquely
4.12 + 6.22− 9.82 determined by the law of cosines.
cos β = ≈ −0.8023.
2(4.1)(6.2) 22. One triangle exists. The angles are uniquely
So β = cos−1 (−0.8023) ≈ 143.4◦ . determined by the law of cosines.
By the sine law, we find
23. There is no such triangle since the sum of
6.2
=
9.8 the angles in a triangle is 180◦ .
sin γ sin 143.4◦
24. There is no such triangle since the sum of the
6.2 sin 143.4◦
sin γ = two given angles exceeds 180◦ .
9.8
◦ 25. Exactly one triangle exists. This is seen by
−1 6.2 sin 143.4

γ = sin
9.8 constructing a 179◦ -angle with two sides that
◦ have lengths 1 and 10. The third side is con-
γ ≈ 22.2 .
structed by joining the endpoints of the first
Then α = 180◦ − (22.2◦ + 143.4◦ ) = 14.4◦ . two sides.
17. Note, α = 180◦ − 25◦ − 35◦ = 120◦ . 26. Exactly one triangle exists. This is seen by
Then by the sine law, we obtain constructing a 2◦ -angle with two sides that
have lengths 10 and 4. The third side is con-
7.2 b c structed by joining the endpoints of the first
◦
= ◦
=
sin 120 sin 25 sin 35◦ two sides.
from which we have
27. Consider the figure below.
7.2 sin 25◦
b= ≈ 3.5 A
sin 120◦ .
b = 8 ..

and .
.
7.2 sin 35◦ .h
.
≈ 4.8.

c= 45◦
.
sin 120◦ .
.
18. Note, β = 180◦ − 120◦ − 20◦ = 40◦ . C
Then by the sine law, we obtain
√
12.3 a c Note, h = 8 sin 45◦ = 4 2. So the minimum
= = value of c so√that we will be able to make a
sin 40◦ sin 20◦ sin 120◦
triangle is 4 2. Since c = 2, no such triangle
from which we have is possible.
12.3 sin 20◦
a= ≈ 6.5 28. Consider the figure below.
sin 40◦
.
C
and
b = 1 ..

12.3 sin 120◦
c= ≈ 16.6. .
.
sin 40◦ .h
.
60◦ .
19. There is no such triangle. Note, a + b = c and .
.
in a triangle the sum of the lengths of two sides A
is greater than the length of the third side.
√
20. There is no such triangle. Note, a + c < b and 3
Note, h = sin 60◦ = . So the minimum
in a triangle the sum of the lengths of two sides 2
is greater than the length of the third side. value of a so that we will be able to make

√ √
3 3 34. After 3 hours, Andrea flew a distance of 540
a triangle is . Since a = , exactly one
2 2 miles and Carlos flew 720 miles. Let x be the
triangle exists and it is a right triangle. distance between them after 3 hrs.
29. Recall, a central angle α in a circle

√ of radius r .
intercepts a chord of length r 2 − 2 cos α. . 80◦ (540 ((
. ((( ((
.
Since r = 30 and α = 19◦ , the length is ,◦..
(

30
, .
√ , .
30 2 − 2 cos 19◦ ≈ 9.90 ft. 720, .
,
, x
,
30. Recall, a central angle α in a circle
√ of radius r ,

intercepts a chord of length r 2 − 2 cos α. ,
Since r = 3 and α = 20◦ , the length is
√
3 2 − 2 cos 20◦ ≈ 1.04 miles. The obtuse angle in the triangle is 130◦ .
By the cosine law, we obtain
31. Note, a central angle α in a circle
√ of radius r
p
x = 7202 + 5402 − 2(720)(540) cos 130◦ =
intercepts a chord of length r 2 − 2 cos α. √
810, 000 − 777, 600 cos 130◦ ≈ 1144.5 miles.
Since
√
921 = r 2 − 2 cos 72◦ 35. By the cosine law, we find
(where 360 ÷ 5 = 72), we obtain 1.22 + 1.22 − 0.42
cos α =
921 2(1.2)(1.2)
r=√ ≈ 783.45 ft. cos α ≈ 0.9444
2 − 2 cos 72◦
α ≈ cos−1 (0.9444)
32. Note, a central angle α in a circle α ≈ 19.2◦ .
√ of radius r
chord of length r 2 − 2 cos α.
intercepts a √
Since 10 = r 2 − 2 cos 60◦ (where 36. Let x be the length of the guy wire.
360 ÷ 6 = 60), we get
!
!!
x ! 6
10 !! β
r=√ = 10 ft. !!
2 − 2 cos 60◦ !! .
α .
!! 10 .
◦ .
. . . . . . .28
!
. .!
! .................
33. After 6 hours, Jan hiked a distance of 24 miles
and Dean hiked 30 miles. Let x be the distance
between them after 6 hrs.
Note α = 62◦ and β = 118◦ .
hhhh
H hhhh x By the cosine law,
H p
x = 102 + 62 − 2(10)(6) cos 118◦ =
HH hhhh
. hhhh
H . √
.
HH h
136 − 120 cos 118◦ ≈ 13.9 ft.

H .
30 H 31◦ . 12◦

HH . 24
H .
37. Let α, β, and γ be the angles at pipes A, B,
and C. The length of the sides of the triangle
are 5, 6, and 7. By the cosine law,
By the cosine law, we find
52 + 6 2 − 72
cos α =
p
x = 302 + 242 − 2(30)(24) cos 43◦ = 2(5)(6)
√
1476 − 1440 cos 43◦ ≈ 20.6 miles. cos α = 0.2

α = cos−1 (0.2) 41. The pentagon consists of 5 chords each of

α ≈ 78.5 . ◦ 360◦
which intercepts a = 72◦ angle.
5
By the sine law, By the cosine law, the length of a chord is
6 7 given by
=
sin β sin 78.5◦
sin β ≈ 0.8399
q
102 + 102 − 2(10)(10) cos 72◦ =
−1
β ≈ sin (0.8399)
◦
β ≈ 57.1 . √
200 − 200 cos 72◦ ≈ 11.76 m.
Then γ = 180◦ − (57.1◦ + 78.5◦ ) = 44.4◦ .
42. By the cosine law, we obtain
38. Let x be the distance the target has moved
from the time it was fired to the time it was 52 + 52 − 12
cos α =
hit. By the cosine law, 2(5)(5)
p
x = 9242 + 8202 − 2(924)(820) cos 9◦ = 49
√ cos α =
1, 526, 176 − 1, 515, 360 cos 9◦ ≈ 171.7 m. 50
α = cos−1 (49/50)
p α ≈ 11.5◦ .
AB = 5.32 + 7.62 − 2(5.3)(7.6) cos 28◦ =
√
85.85 − 80.56 cos 28◦ ≈ 3.8 miles. 43. The lower-left corner is the origin (0, 0).
By using the exact value of AB, we get
AB 2 + 5.32 − 7.62 ...........

30 P
cos(6 CBA) = . PP
2(AB)(5.3) . Z PPα
Z
. θ1 Z
. PP
! . γ PPP
AB 2 + 5.32 − 7.62 . Z
6 CBA = cos −1 . Z PP
PP (36,8)
2(AB)(5.3) . Z
. PP
. Z
. Z P

6 CBA ≈ 111.6◦ .
.
Z
Z β
.
. Z . .θ
.
Z
and 6 CAB = 180◦ − (111.6◦ + 28◦ ) = 40.4◦ . . . .2
. .
.
40. By the cosine law, one finds ..............................
1.0172 = .1332 + .8942 − 2(.133)(.894) cos α

.1332 + .8942 − 1.0172 Note tan α = 22/36 and
cos α =
2(.133)(.894)
! α = tan−1 (22/36) ≈ 31.4◦ .
.1332 + .8942
− 1.0172
α = cos−1
2(.133)(.894) The distance between (36, 8) and (0, 30) is ap-
proximately 42.19. By the cosine law,
α ≈ 156◦
!
−1 302 + 302 − 42.192
and θ ≈ 180◦ − 156◦ = 24◦ . β = cos
2(30)(30)
β ≈ 89.4◦ .
So θ2 = 180◦ − 89.4◦ = 90.6◦ .

By the sine law, we find c) Yes, even in perfect alignment a total

30 42.19 eclipse may not occur, for instance
= when β = 0.49◦ and α = 0.52◦ .
sin γ sin 89.4◦
30 sin 89.4◦ 46. a) Let αm and αM be the minimum and

γ = sin−1 ≈ 45.3◦ . maximum values of α (diameters of
42.19
Jupiter), respectively. By the law of
Then θ1 = 90◦ − (45.3◦ + 31.4◦ ) = 13.3◦ . cosines, one obtains

44. Since the arc length s = 2.5 mm intercepts 2(7.406 × 108 )2 − (1.39 × 106 )2
αM = cos−1
an arc α, we have 2.5 = 10α or α = 0.25. 2(7.406 × 108 )2
Then a flat side of the shaft intercepts an angle
or αM ≈ 0.11◦ , and
with measurement
2π − 3(0.25) −1 2(8.160 × 108 )2 − (1.39 × 106 )2
αm = cos
≈ 1.844 radians. 2(8.160 × 108 )2
3
By the cosine law, the length of a flat side is or αm ≈ 0.10◦ .
b) Let β be the diameter of Callisto.
q
102 + 102 − 2(10)(10) cos(1.844) ≈ 15.94 mm.
By the law of cosines, one obtains
45. a) Let αm and αM be the minimum and !
maximum values of α, respectively. −1 2(1.884 × 106 )2 − (2420)2
β = cos
By the law of cosines, we get 2(1.884 × 106 )2
865, 0002 = 2(91, 400, 000)2 −2(91, 400, 000)2 cos αM . or
Then β ≈ 0.07◦ .
!
−1 2(91400000)2 − 8650002 c) No, a total eclipse is not possible since
αM = cos
2(91400000)2 Callisto is too small.
αM ≈ 0.54◦ .
47. Let db and dh be the distance from the bear
Likewise, and hiker, respectively, to the base of the
tower. Then db = 150 tan 80◦ and
!
2(94500000)2 − 8650002
αm = cos−1 dh = 150 tan 75◦ .
2(94500000)2
αm ≈ 0.52◦ . Since the line segments joining the base of the
tower to the bear and hiker form a 45◦ angle,
b) Let βm and βM be the minimum and by the cosine law the distance, d, between the
maximum values of β, respectively. By
bear and the hiker is
the law of cosines, one obtains
q
21632 = 2(225, 800)2 − 2(225, 800)2 cos βM . d = d2b + d2h − 2(db )(dh ) cos 45◦

Then ≈ (850.69)2 + (559.81)2 −
!
2(225800)2 − 21632 2(850.69)(559.81) cos 45◦ )1/2
βM = cos−1
2(225800)2
≈ 603 feet.
βM ≈ 0.55◦ .
Likewise, 48. Let t be the number of hours since midnight.
! Since the smuggler’s have been riding for t
2(252000)2 − 21632
βm = cos−1 hours and the DEA boat for t − 1 hours, then
2(252000)2
βm ≈ 0.49◦ . (20(t − 1))2 = (20t)2 + 802 − 2(20t)(80) cos 40◦ .

Subtracting 400t2 from both sides, one obtains Note, h = 112.6 sin 22.5◦ ≈ 4.8. Since h < a =
5.1 < 12.6 = b, there are two triangles.
−800t + 400 = 6400 − 3200t cos 40◦
(3200 cos 40◦ − 800)t = 6000 53. Since the y-values of the key points are 3 ± 2,
6000 we find A = 2 and D = 3. Since the first key
t = point is (π/4, 3), the phase shift is C = π/4.
3200 cos 40◦ − 800
t ≈ 3.63 hours. Since the difference between the first and last
y-values is the period, we find
The interception occured at 3:38 a.m. since
2π 5π π
(0.63)60 ≈ 38. = − =π
B 4 4
The distances covered by the DEA’s and smug-
gler’s boats are 20(2.63) miles and 20(3.63) and B = 2. The equation is
miles, respectively. π

y = 2 sin 2 x − +3
To find θ, we use the sine law. Then 4
20(2.63) 20(3.63) 54. Since A = θr2 /2, we
=
sin 40◦ sin θ
π r2
2.63 3.63 64π =
= 16 2
sin 40◦ sin θ √
or r2 = 322 (2). Then r = 32 2 in.
3.63 sin 40◦

−1
θ = sin π 3π π 7π
2.63 55. a) 270◦ · = b) 315◦ · =
180◦ 2 180 ◦ 4
θ ≈ 62.5◦ . π 7π π 2π
◦ ◦
c) − 210 · =− d) 120 · =
49. Using the cosine law, we obtain 180◦ 6 180◦ 3
p
r
1 − cos θ 56. The linear velocity is
a = 2r2 − 2r2 cos(θ) = 4r2 =
2 3200(2π)(3)(60)
2r sin(θ/2). v = ωr = ≈ 685.4 mph
5280
50. If the second largest side were opposite an 57. When a point on a circle with radius r is ro-
obtuse angle, then the triangle would have two tated through an angle of π/2, the distance
obtuse sides and the angles would add up to the point rotates is
more than 180◦ . π
s=r .
51. Note, γ = 180◦ − 108.1◦ − 18.6◦ = 53.3◦ . 2
By the sine law, we obtain The sum of the distances traveled by point A
28.6 sin 108.1◦ is
a= ≈ 33.9 √
sin 53.3◦ √ π π π (3 5 + 9)π
28.6 sin 18.6◦ 45 + 3 + 0 + 6 = ft.
b= ≈ 11.4 2 2 2 2
sin 53.3◦
58. Since√
radius r = 6 and the length of a chord is
c = 6 3, we find
C √
. c = r 2 − 2 cos α
b = 12.6 ..

. √ √
. 6 3 = 6 2 − 2 cos α
.h
.
22.5◦
.
. 1
. cos α = −
A 2
α = 120◦ , 240◦ .

5.3 Area of a Triangle 251
p p
The length of the shorter arc is x2 + (x − 80)2 and x2 + (x − 20)2 ,
respectively. By the cosine law, the angle α
2π
s = rα = 6 × = 4π. is given by
3
!
−1 x2 + (x − 80)2 + x2 + (x − 20)2 − 602
cos p p
5.2 Pop Quiz 2 x2 + (x − 80)2 x2 + (x − 20)2
1. Using the cosine law, we find or equivalently

q !
c= 8.12 + 10.42 − 2(8.1)(10.4) cos 12.3◦ ≈ 3.0. −1 x2 − 50x + 800
cos √ √
x2 − 80x + 3200 x2 − 20x + 200
2. Using the cosine law, we obtain
! and a sketch of its graph is shown.
62 + 72 − 122 y
γ = cos−1 ≈ 134.6◦ .
2(6)(7)
3. The triangle inequality fails since a = 6 plus 60

c = 5 is not greater than b = 12. Then no
triangle exists. 8 x
15.4 28 51.9
4. Using the cosine law, the length of the chord is
q
2(8.7)2 − 2(8.7)2 cos 42.1◦ ≈ 6.2 ft.
d) Since α = 60◦ when x ≈ 15.4, 51.9, then the
viewing angle is greater than 60◦ when
5.2 Linking Concepts 15.4 < x < 51.9.
a) From the point (30, 10), the distance to the e) The largest viewing angle α is seen from
top of the screen and the bottom of the screen the seat with coordinates (28, 8).
are
q √ √ For Thought
(10 − 60)2 + (30 − 0)2 = 3400 = 10 34 ft
1. False, rather in a right triangle the area is
and one-half the product of its legs.
q √ √
(10 − 0)2 + (30 − 0)2 = 1000 = 10 10 ft,
2. True
respectively.
3. False, rather the area is one-half the
b) Using the law of cosines, one finds that the product of two lengths of two sides and
viewing angle α is given by the sine of the included angle.
4. True
!
−1 3400 + 1000 − 602
α = cos √ √
2 3400 1000
5. True, since one can use Heron’s formula.
α ≈ 77.5◦ .
5.3 Exercises
c) Note, the coordinates of any seat is of the form
(x, x − 20) for some real number x ≥ 20. The 1. bh/2
distances of this seat from the top of the
screen and bottom of the screen are 2. Heron’s

19.7 sin 74.2◦

3. Since two sides and an included angle γ = sin −1
are given, the area is 23.5
1 γ ≈ 53.77◦ .
A = (12.9)(6.4) sin 13.7◦ ≈ 9.8.
2
Then α = 180◦ − (53.77◦ + 74.2◦ ) = 52.03◦ .
4. Since two sides and an included angle 1
are given, the area is The area is A = bc sin α =
2
1 1
A = (42.7)(64.1) sin 74.2◦ ≈ 1316.8. (23.5)(19.7) sin 52.03◦ ≈ 182.5.
2 2
5. Draw angle α = 39.4◦ . 7. Draw angle α = 42.3◦ .
@
12.6

b @

a

γ
@ 13.7 γ
@
@ @

62.1◦ @
@
β 42.3◦
◦
@
39.4 @
@
@
14.7
By the sine law, we obtain Note γ = 180◦ − (42.3◦ + 62.1◦ ) = 75.6◦ .

By the sine law,
12.6 13.7
= b 14.7
sin β sin 39.4◦ =
sin 62.1◦ sin 75.6◦
12.6 sin 39.4◦
sin β = 14.7
13.7 b = · sin 62.1◦
◦ sin 75.6◦
−1 12.6 sin 39.4

β = sin b ≈ 13.41.
13.7
β ≈ 35.7◦ . 1
The area is A = bc sin α =
2
Then γ = 180◦ − (35.7◦ + 39.4◦ ) = 104.9◦ . 1
(13.41)(14.7) sin 42.3◦ ≈ 66.3.
1 2
The area is A = · ab sin γ =
2 8. Draw angle γ = 98.6◦ .
1
· (13.7)(12.6) sin 104.9◦ ≈ 83.4. A
2
P
6. Draw angle β = 74.2◦ . @PPP
@ PP c
PP
@ PP
19.7

@ b @ PP
@ 98.6 ◦ PP
23.5 32.4◦ PPP

α
@
@ @
24.2 B

γ
◦
@
74.2 @
@
Note α = 180◦ − (98.6◦ + 32.4◦ ) = 49◦ .
By the sine law,
By the sine law, we find b 24.2
=
19.7 23.5 sin 32.4◦ sin 49◦
= 24.2
sin γ sin 74.2◦ b = sin 32.4◦
sin 49◦
19.7 sin 74.2◦
sin γ = b ≈ 17.181.
23.5

1 11. Note, the area of the triangle below is

The area is A = ab sin γ =
2
1 √ √
1 · (1.5)(1.5 3) = 1.125 3.
(24.2)(17.18) sin 98.6◦ ≈ 205.6. 2
2
9. Draw angle α = 56.3◦ .

b @

γ @ 9.8

@ √
◦ 41.2◦ @
@ 3 1.5 3
56.3
@
c

60◦
Note γ = 180◦ − (56.3◦ + 41.2◦ ) = 82.5◦ .
By the sine law, we obtain 1.5
c 9.8
= The trapezoid in the problem can be divided
sin 82.5◦ sin 56.3◦
into two triangles√and a rectangle with dimen-
9.8
c = sin 82.5◦ sions 2.7 by 1.5 3. Thus, the area of the
sin 56.3◦ trapezoid is the area of the rectangle plus twice
c ≈ 11.679. the area of the triangle shown above. That is,
1 the area of the trapezoid is
The area is A = ac sin β = √ √ √
2
2.7(1.5 3) + 2(1.125 3) = 6.3 3 ≈ 11 ft2 .
1
(9.8)(11.679) sin 41.2◦ ≈ 37.7.
2
10. Draw angle β = 25.6◦ .

c @
17.3
Z
α
@
@ Z
Z
50.8◦ Z

74.3◦ @
@
25.6◦ Z 4.9
Z 3.5
@ 3.1 Z
a ◦

Z 60.8
Z
90◦ 39.2◦ Z
Z
Note α = 180◦ − (25.6◦ + 74.3◦ ) = 80.1◦ .
Z
3.8
By the sine law, we get
a 17.3 The diagonal 4.9 is obtained by using the
=
sin 80.1◦ sin 25.6◦ Pythagorean Theorem. The angles 39.2◦ and
17.3 50.8◦ can be derived by using right triangle
a = sin 80.1◦
sin 25.6◦ trigonometry.
a ≈ 39.44. The area of the right triangle is
1 1
The area is A = ab sin γ = A1 = (3.1)(3.8) and the area of the adjacent
2 2
1
1 triangle is A2 = (4.9)(3.5) sin 60.8◦ .
(39.44)(17.3) sin 74.3◦ ≈ 328.4. 2
2
The total area is A1 + A2 ≈ 13 yd2 .

13. Divide the given 4-sided polygon into two 5.4 + 8.2 + 12
18. Note, S = = 12.8. The area is
triangles by drawing the diagonal that 2
p
connects the 60◦ angle to the 135◦ angle. 12.8(12.8 − 5.4)(12.8 − 8.2)(12.8 − 12) =
On each triangle two sides and an included
p
12.8(7.4)(4.6)(0.8) ≈ 18.7.
angle are given. The area of the polygon
is equal to the sum of the areas of the 19. Note,
two triangles. Namely, 346 + 234 + 422
1 1 √ √ S= = 501.
(4)(10) sin 120◦ + (12+2 3)(2 6) sin 45◦ = 2
2 2
√ 1 √ √ √ The area is
20( 3/2) + (24 6 + 4 18)( 2/2) = p
501(501 − 346)(501 − 234)(501 − 422) =
2
√ 1 √ √ p
10 3 + (12 12 + 2 36) = 501(155)(267)(79) ≈ 40, 471.9.
2
√ √ √ √ √ 124.8 + 86.4 + 154.2
10 3 + 6 12 + 36 = 10 3 + 12 3 + 6 ≈ 20. Note, S = = 182.7.
2
44 square miles. The area is
p
14. Divide the given 4-sided polygon into two 182.7(182.7 − 124.8) ×
triangles by drawing the diagonal that
p
(182.7 − 86.4)(182.7 − 154.2) =
connects the 89◦ angle to the 109◦ angle. p
182.7(57.9)(96.3)(28.5) ≈ 5388.2.
On each triangle two sides and an included
angle are given. The area of the polygon is 21. Since the base is 20 and the height is 10,
equal to the sum of the areas of the two 1 1
triangles. Namely, the area is bh = (20)(10) = 100.
2 2
1
· (140)(129.44) sin 70◦ + 22. Note, S =
7+8+5
= 10.
2 2
1
· (120)(93.67) sin 92◦ ≈
p
Area is 10(10 − 7)(10 − 8)(10 − 5) =
2 p
14, 131 ft2 . 10(3)(2)(5) ≈ 17.3.
15. Note, 23. Since two sides and an included angle

16 + 9 + 10 are given, the area is
S= = 17.5.
2
1
The area is (6)(8) sin 60◦ ≈ 20.8.
p 2
A= 17.5(17.5 − 16)(17.5 − 9)(17.5 − 10)
=
p
17.5(1.5)(8.5)(7.5) ≈ 40.9. 24. Since the base is 12 and the height is 9,
1 1
12 + 8 + 17 the area is bh = (12)(9) = 54.
16. Note, S = = 18.5. The area is 2 2
2
p 9 + 5 + 12
A = 18.5(18.5 − 12)(18.5 − 8)(18.5 − 17) 25. Note, S = = 13.
p 2
= 18.5(6.5)(10.5)(1.5) ≈ 43.5. p
The area is 13(13 − 9)(13 − 5)(13 − 12) =
17. Note, q
13(4)(8)(1) ≈ 20.4.
3.6 + 9.8 + 8.1
S= = 10.75.
2 26. Since two sides and an included angle are
The area is given, the area is
p
10.75(10.75 − 3.6)(10.75 − 9.8)(10.75 − 8.1) 1
p (9)(15) sin 14◦ ≈ 16.3.
= 10.75(7.15)(0.95)(2.65) ≈ 13.9. 2

27. The kite consists of two equal triangles. The 33. a) The area of triangle is one-half the product
area of the kite is twice the area of the triangle. of two sides and the sine of the included
Then the area of the kite is angle. If the sides have both length r,
and the central angle is α, then the area
1

2 (24)(18) sin 40◦ ≈ 277.7 in.2 . of the triangle is
2
1
AT = r2 sin α.
28. Since two sides and an included angle are 2
given, the area of one wing, which is a
b) The area of a sector is proportional to the
two-sided triangle, is
area of a circle. If the central angle is α
1
(37.6)(19.2) sin 68◦ ≈ 334.7 ft2 . and the radius is r, the area of the sector
2 is
29. The largest angle γ is opposite the 13-inch side. r2 α
As = .
By the cosine law, we find 2
! c) The area AL of a lens-shaped region is the
−1 82 + 92 − 132 ◦
γ = cos ≈ 99.6 . difference of the area of a sector and the
2(8)(9) area of a triangle, see parts a) and b).
Then
Thus, the area is
r2 α 1 2 r2
1 AL = − r sin α = (α − sin α).
(8)(9) sin(99.6◦ ) ≈ 35.5 in.2 . 2 2 2
2
34. a) The length of a circular arc is proportional
30. The largest angle γ is opposite the 6-ft side.
to the circumference of a circle. If the
central angle is α and the radius is r, the
length s of the circular arc is s = rα.
!
−1 52 + 32 − 62
γ = cos ≈ 93.82◦ .
2(5)(3) b) We apply the Law of Cosines to an isosceles
triangles with equal sides r, and α is the
1 angle between the equal sides. If a is the
The area is (5)(3) sin(93.82◦ ) ≈ 7.483 ft2 .
2 chord or the side opposite α, we obtain
At $2 per square ft, the charge is $2 · (7.483)
or $14.97. a2 = 2r2 − 2r2 cos α = r2 (2 − 2 cos α).
1 √
31. Since the area is A = ab sin γ, the area is Then a = r 2 − 2 cos α.
2
maximized when γ = 90◦ . Then the maximum c) From part a), we have r = αs . Then sub-
stitute into the length a of the chord in
1
area is A = (2)(2) = 2 square ft. part b).
2
√ s√
1 a = r 2 − 2 cos α = 2 − 2 cos α.
32. Apply the formula A = bh where b = 4 is α
2
the diameter. The area is maximized when d) From part b), we obtain r = √2−2a cos α .
h is the maximum, i.e, h passes through the
Then substitute into formula s in part a).
center. Since h = 2 The maximum area
1 aα
is A = (4)(2) = 4 square feet. a = rα = √ .
2 2 − 2 cos α

35. Let x be the length of the third side. 37. Note the angles in the quadrilateral property.
..........
. ..HH 480 ..
. y
. 21◦ ..36◦ HH ..
H
. B 75◦
. . α H. . . . . 90◦ − α
. β ((( . α
. ((( . B
.
((((( ( ( (
82◦ ..
. ( x
B
x 150
.(
. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( . B
B ◦ ◦
B15 + α 100

B
B 200
There is a 21◦ angle because of the S21◦ W B
direction. There are 36◦ and 82◦ angles
because opposite angles are equal and because
of the directions N 36◦ W and N 82◦ E. By the cosine law, we obtain
Note, p
x= 2002 + 1502 − 2(200)(150) cos 100◦ .
α = 180◦ − (82◦ + 36◦ ) = 62◦ Then the area of the triangle on the right
and β = 180 − (21◦ + 36◦ + 62◦ ) = 61◦ . By the 1

AR = 200(150) sin 100◦ ≈ 14, 772.1163.
sine law, we obtain 2
By the sine law, we find that in degrees
480
x= sin 57◦ .
sin 61◦ 200 sin 100◦

−1
α = sin ≈ 46.8355◦ .
x
The area is
Similarly, by the sine law, we get
1
(480x) sin 62◦ ≈ 97, 534.8 sq ft. x sin(15◦ + α)
2 y= ≈ 246.4597
sin 75◦
36. Note the angles in the triangular property. and the area of the triangle on the left is
1

◦ AL = (xy) sin(90◦ − α) ≈ 22, 764.2076.
95 2

Thus, the area of the property is
15◦

HH
200
AR + AL ≈ 37, 536.3 ft2 .
HH
H
HH
◦
x HH70
H
H 38. Note the angles in the quadrilateral property.
H
.
80◦B .
.
B .
200 sin 95◦ B y ..

γ
By the sine law, we obtain x = . Q .
sin 15◦ α QQ

.
B
Then the area A of the triangle is B .
◦.
Q B5 .
x Q
Q
B .
1 400 Qβ B ..
A = (200) x sin 70◦ QQB.
2 ◦ .
◦.
200 sin 95◦ 76 86

.

sin 70◦

340 .
= 100
.
sin 15◦

A ≈ 72, 337.6 ft.2

Then the area of the triangle on the left 40. The arc length is s = 12.9 ft. If α is the central
angle and the radius is 300 ft, then
1
AL = (400)(340) sin 76◦ ≈ 65, 980.109.
2 α = 152.9/300.
The area AL of the lens-shaped region is
p
x = 3402 + 4002 − 2(340)(400) cos 76◦ ≈ 458.036.
3002
AL = (α − sin α).
By the sine law, we find that in degrees 2

340 sin 76◦
Join a line segment through the vertices of the
−1
α = sin ≈ 46.0751◦ . lot that lie on the circle. This segment with the
x
other three sides of the lot form a trapezoid.
It then follows that β = α − 15◦ and The area AT of the trapezoid is
γ = 115◦ − α. Similarly, by the sine law,
we get 140
AT = (197.3 + 140).
2
x sin(115◦ − α)
y= ≈ 433.9915 Then the area of the lot is
sin 80◦
and the area of the triangle on the right is AT + AL ≈ 24, 591 ft2 .
1 43. Note,
AR = (xy) sin(α − 15◦ ) ≈ 51, 302.2529.
2 37 + 48 + 86
S= = 85.5.
Thus, the area of the property is 2
By Heron’s formula, the area of the triangle is
AR + AL ≈ 117, 282.4 ft2 . suppose to be
q
39. Consider the lens-shaped region whose arc 85.5(85.5 − 37)(85.5 − 48)(85.5 − 86).
length is s = 88.1 ft. Since s = rα = 80α,
But this area is undefined since we have the
the central angle is α = 88.1/80.
square root of a negative number. Thus, no
The area AL of the lens-shaped region is triangle exists with sides 37, 48, and 86.
802 31 + 87 + 56
AL = (α − sin α) ≈ 670.32 44. Note S = = 87. By Heron’s
2 2
formula,
p the area of the triangle is suppose
by Exercise 33c. to be 87(87 − 31)(87 − 87)(87 − 56).
Join a line segment through the vertices of the But this area is zero. Thus, no triangle
lot that lie on the circle. This segment to- exists with sides 31, 87, and 56.
gether with the other three sides of the lot form
a trapezoid. The area AT of the trapezoid is 45. Let a = 6, b = 9, and c = 13.
Then
80 4b2 c2 = 54, 756
AT = (102.5 + 127.1) = 9184.
2
and
Then the area of the property is (b2 + c2 − a2 )2 = 45, 796.
The area is given by
AT − AL ≈ 9184 − 670.32 ≈ 8513.68 ft2 .
1q 2 2
4b c − (b2 + c2 − a2 )2 =
Multiplying by $0.08, the property tax is 4
1p 1√
8513.68(0.08) ≈ $681. 54, 756 − 45, 796 = 8960 =
4 4

√
4 35 ≈ 23.7 ft2 . 50. Draw angle α = 22.1◦ and let h be the height.
Next, we verify that that
1q 2 2 .
144.2
.
A1 = 4b c − (b2 + c2 − a2 )2 .
.
4
.
.h
or equivalently .
22.1◦ .
.
s .
4b2 c2 − (b2 + c2 − a2 )2
16
gives the area of a triangle. To do this, we will Since
a+b+c h = 144.2 sin 22.1◦ ≈ 54.3
use Heron’s formula. Let s = . Since
2
it can be shown that and a = 19.4 is shorter than h, no such triangle
4b2 c2 − (b2 + c2 − a2 )2 exists.
s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) =
16 51. Draw angle α = 33.2◦ .
it then follows that formula A1 gives the area

of a triangle. 4.3 @
a

β
@

46. Recall, that @
1 γ
◦
@
bc sin A 33.2 @
2 @
is the area of a triangle with sides b and c, and 9.4
included angle A. By the law of cosines, we
have ! By the cosine law, we find
b2 + c2 − a2
A = cos−1 . a2 = 9.42 + 4.32 − 2(9.4)(4.3) cos 33.2◦
2bc
Thus, by substitution, we get a ≈ 6.3
Note, γ is an acute angle. By the sine law, we

!!
1 1 b2 + c2 − a2
bc sin A = bc sin cos−1 . obtain
2 2 2bc
4.3 sin 33.2◦

In particular, if b = 11, c = 12, and a = 18, γ = sin−1 ≈ 22.1◦ .
a
we get
2 Then β = 180◦ − 33.2◦ − γ ≈ 124.7◦ .
11 + 122 − 182

1
A = (11)(12) sin cos−1 1 2π 4π 1
2 2(11)(12) 52. Note, cos x = − and cos = cos =− .
A ≈ 64.3 ft2 . 2 3 3 2
Then
2π 4π
x= + 2kπ or x = + 2kπ
3 3
49. Angle α is an acute angle. By the sine law,
where k is an integer.
19.4 sin 122.1◦

α = sin −1 √
22.6 3
53. Observe sin 3x = ± . Then
2
α ≈ 46.7◦
π 2π
3x = + kπ or 3x = + kπ
Then γ = 180◦ − 122.1◦ − α ≈ 11.2◦ . Applying 3 3
the sine law, we find where k is an integer. Solve for x as follows:
22.6 sin γ
c= ≈ 5.2 π 3kπ 2π 3kπ
sin 122.1◦ x= + or x = +
9 9 9 9

If k = 0, 1, 2, the solutions are 56. Draw an equilateral triangle through the sides
of the hexagon that bound the shaded trian-
π 2π 4π 5π 7π 8π
x= , , , , , gles. Draw line segments from the vertices of
9 9 9 9 9 9 the equilateral triangle to point P .
π π This partitions the equilateral triangle into
54. The period is = or 1.
B π three smaller triangles. The area of each
Solve for x as follows smaller triangle is determined by the height
from P . Then the area of the equilateral tri-
π
πx + π = + mπ angle is determined by the sum of the heights
2
from P .
π
πx = + (m − 1)π Repeat the process. Draw an equilateral tri-
2
angle through the sides of the hexagon that
1 bound the unshaded triangles. Draw line seg-
x = + (m − 1)
2 ments from the vertices of the second equilat-
eral triangle to P . Likewise, the area of the
where m is an integer. If k = m − 1, we can
second equilateral triangle is determined by
1
write the vertical asymptotes as x = + k. the sum of the heights from P .
2
The range is (−∞, ∞). But the two equilateral triangles are congru-
ent. Then the sum of the heights from P to
55. Using Heron’s formula, the area of the triangle the shaded triangles is the same as the sum of
is q the heights from P to the unshaded triangles.
A = 15(6)4)(5). Thus, the sum of the areas of the shaded tri-
angles is equal to the sum of the areas of the
Let α, β, and γ be the angles included by sides unshaded triangles.
9 & 10, 9 & 11, and 10 & 11, respectively. By
the cosine law, we find
! 5.3 Pop Quiz
92 + 102 − 112
α = cos−1 1. Let
2(9)(10) 6 + 8 + 10
S= = 12.
! 2
−1 92 + 112 − 102 By Heron’s formula, the area of the triangle is
β = cos
2(9)(11) q √
! 12(12 − 6)(12 − 8)(12 − 10) = 576 = 24 ft2 .
−1 102 + 112 − 92
γ = cos 2. The area is
2(10)(11)
1 1
Draw a sector with central angle α and radius A = ab sin γ = (6)(15) sin 66.7◦ ≈ 41.3 ft2
2 2
4, and the area of this sector is
3. Let
1 2 7+8+9
S1 = 4 α ≈ 9.847675339. S= = 12.
2 2
By Heron’s formula, the area of the triangle is
Similarly, let S2 and S3 be the areas of the q
sectors with central angle β and radius 5, and A = 12(12 − 7)(12 − 8)(12 − 9)
central angle γ and radius 6, respectively.
q q
= 12(5)(4)(3) = 12(4)(3)(5)
Thus, the area that is not sprayed by any of q
the three sprinklers is = 144(5)
√
A = 12 5.
A − (S1 + S2 + S3 ) ≈ 3.850 meters2 .

5.3 Linking Concepts The area of an isosceles triangle with two sides
360◦
of equal length h and an included angle of
a) Consider the right triangle where the length of n
the side opposite the 36◦ angle is one-half the is ◦
1 2 360

length of a side of the pentagon. h sin .
2 n
Then the area, A, of the regular polygon is
JJ given by
r
360◦
J 2
1 r

36◦ J A = n· sin
J 2 cos(180◦ /n) n
h
n r2 360◦

= sin
2 cos2 (180◦ /n) n
Note,
r
h= . nr2 180◦ 180◦

cos 36◦ = 2 ◦
2 sin cos
2 cos (180 /n) n n
The area of an isosceles triangle with two sides
of equal length h and an included angle of 72◦ 180◦

is A = nr2 tan .
n
1 2
h sin 72◦ .
2
c) If A is the area of a regular polygon, r is the
Then the area, A, of the pentagon is radius of the circle inscribed in the polygon,
2 and n is fixed, then A varies directly with r2 .
1 r

A = 5· sin 72◦
2 cos 36◦ d) The proportion constants are
5 r2 10 tan 18◦ ≈ 3.249,
= sin 72◦
2 cos2 36◦ 1000 tan(0.18◦ ) ≈ 3.141603, and
180◦

5 r2 106 tan ≈ 3.141592654.
= (2 sin(36◦ ) cos(36◦ )) 106
2 cos2 36◦
A = 5r2 tan 36◦ . e) When n is a large number, the shape of a
regular n-gon looks circular.
b) Consider the right triangle where the length of The area A of a circle with radius r can be
180◦ approximated by
the side opposite the angle is one-half the
n
180◦

length of a side of the regular polygon. 2
nr tan
n
r A

A where n is a large number. That is, if n = 106

A
A
then
◦ A ≈ 3.141592654r2
180 /n A
A
h or better, A = πr2 .
Note,
r
h= .
cos(180◦ /n)

5.4 Vectors 261
f ) Based on the triangle in part b), if L is the Note, y = π is the horizontal asymptote.
length of one side of a regular n-gon then y
180◦ L/2

sin = . Then
n h
180◦

L = 2h sin
n
r 180◦

= 2 sin x
180◦

n -2 2 8
cos
n
180◦

= 2r tan . For Thought
n
Multiplying the last quantity by n, we get 1. True, since
if v = hx, yi then
2v = h2x, 2yi and
−1 2y −1 y
the perimeter P of an n-gon, namely, tan = tan and
2x x
180◦
p p
P = 2nr tan . |2v| = 4x2 + 4y 2 = 2 x2 + y 2 = 2|v|.
n
2. False, if A = h1, 0i and√ B = h0, 1i then
g) Using the answer in part f), the circumference | A + B | = |h1, 1i| = 2 and
C of a circle with radius r can be approximated | A | + | B | = 2.
by
180◦

3. True, since if Ap= hx, yi then −A p
= h−x, −yi
C = 2nr tan and | − A| = (−x)2 + (−y)2 = x2 + y 2 =
n
|A|.
where n is a large number, or
4. True, since hx, yi + h−x, −yi = h0, 0i.
C = 2r(3.141592654).
5. False, rather the parallelogram law says that
h) The vertical asymptotes of the magnitude of A + B is the length of
a diagonal of the parallelogram formed by
π

y = x tan A and B .
x
6. False, the direction angle is formed with the
are x = w where positive x-axis.
π π
= + kπ. 7. True, this follows from the fact that
w 2
the horizontal component makes a
Solving for w, one finds 0◦ -angle with the positive x-axis and
2 cos θ = adjacent/hypotenuse.
w= .
2k + 1 p
32 + (−4)2 =
√ since |h3, −4i| =
8. True,
Thus, the vertical asymptotes are 9 + 16 = 5.
2 9. True, the direction angle of a vector is

x=
2k + 1 unchanged when it is multipied by a
positive scalar.
where k is an integer.
p √
10. True, since r = (−2)2 + 22 = 8 and
x −2
cos θ = = √ .
r 8

5.4 Exercises 11. A + B = ( i +3 j )+(4 i + j ) = 5 i +4 j

and
1. vector
A − B = ( i +3 j )−(4 i + j ) = −3 i +2 j
2. equal
3. magnitude
4. sum, resultant A+B

A
5. parallelogram law A-B
6. direction B
-B
7. component
8. perpendicular, orthogonal
12. A + B = ( i + 3 j ) + (5 i + 2 j ) = 6 i +
9. A + B = 5 j + 4 i = 4 i + 5 j
5j
and and A − B = ( i + 3 j ) − (5 i + 2 j ) =
−4 i + j
A − B = 5 j − 4 i = −4 i + 5 j
A+B
A
A-B A A+B A-B

B
-B
-B B
13. A + B = (− i + 4 j ) + (4 i ) = 3 i + 4 j
10. A + B = 5 j + (4 i + j ) = 4 i + 6 j and
and A − B = (− i +4 j )−(4 i ) = −5 i +4 j
A − B = 5 j − (4 i + j ) = −4 i + 4 j
A+B
A A+B A
A-B A-B
-B B
-B B

5.4 Vectors 263
q √
14. A + B = (−2 i + 3 j ) + (4 i + j ) = 31. The magnitude is 82 + (−8 3)2 = 16.
2 i + 4 j and A − B = √ √
(−2 i + 3 j ) − (4 i + j ) = −6 i + 2 j Since tan α = −8 3/8 = − 3, the
direction angle is α = 300◦ .
q √
32. The magnitude is (−1/2)2 + (− 3/2)2 = 1.
√
A+B
− 3/2 √
A Since tan α = = 3, the
A-B −1/2
B
direction angle is α = 240◦ .
-B √
33. The magnitude is 52 + 02 = 5.
Since the terminal point is on the
positive x-axis, the direction angle is 0◦ .
15. D 16. A 17. E 18. F
p
34. The magnitude is 02 + (−6)2 = 6.
19. B 20. C
Since the terminal point is on the
21. | vx | = |4.5 cos 65.2◦ | = 1.9, negative y-axis, the direction angle is 270◦ .
| vy | = |4.5 sin 65.2◦ | = 4.1 p √
35. The magnitude is (−3)2 + 22 = 13.
22. | vx | = |6000 cos 13.1◦ | ≈ 5843.9, Since tan−1 (−2/3) ≈ −33.7◦ , the
| vy | = |6000 sin 13.1◦ | ≈ 1359.9 direction angle is 180◦ − 33.7◦ = 146.3◦ .
p √
23. | vx | = |8000 cos 155.1◦ | ≈ 7256.4, 36. The magnitude is (−4)2 + (−2)2 = 2 5.
| vy | = |8000 sin 155.1◦ | ≈ 3368.3 Since tan−1 (2/4) ≈ 26.6◦ , the
direction angle is 180◦ + 26.6◦ = 206.6◦ .
24. | vx | = |445 cos 211.1◦ | ≈ 381.0, p √
| vy | = |445 sin 211.1◦ | ≈ 229.9 37. The magnitude is 32 + (−1)2 = 10.
Since tan−1 (−1/3) ≈ −18.4◦ , the
25. | vx | = |234 cos 248◦ | ≈ 87.7, direction angle is 360◦ − 18.4◦ = 341.6◦ .
| vy | = |234 sin 248◦ | ≈ 217.0 p √
38. The magnitude is 22 + (−6)2 = 2 10.
26. | vx | = |48.3 cos 349◦ | ≈ 47.4, Since tan−1 (−6/2) ≈ −71.6◦ , the
| vy | = |48.3 sin 349◦ | ≈ 9.2 direction angle is 360◦ − 71.6◦ = 288.4◦ .
q
√ 2 √ √
27. The magnitude is 3 + 12 = 2. 39. h8 cos√45◦ ,√
8 sin 45◦ i = h8( 2/2), 8( 2/2)i
√ = h4 2, 4 2i
Since tan α = 1/ 3, the direction angle
is α = 30◦ . 40. h12 cos 120◦ , 12√
sin 120◦ i = √
q √ 2 h12(−1/2), 12( 3/2)i = h−6, 6 3i
28. The magnitude is (−1)2 + 3 = 2.
√ 41. h290 cos 145◦ , 290 sin 145◦ i = h−237.6, 166.3i
Since tan α = − 3, the direction angle
is α = 120◦ .
q √
42. h5.3 cos 321◦ , 5.3 sin 321◦ i = h4.1, −3.3i
√ 2
29. The magnitude is (− 2)2 + 2 = 2. 43. h18 cos 347◦ , 18 sin 347◦ i = h17.5, −4.0i
√ √
Since tan α = − 2/ 2 = −1, the direction
angle is α = 135◦ . 44. h3000 cos 209.1◦ , 3000 sin 209.1◦ i =
q√ h−2621.3, −1459.0i
2 √
30. The magnitude is 2 + (− 2)2 = 2. 45. h15, −10i 46. h4, −20i
√ √
Since tan α = − 2/ 2 = −1, the direction
angle is α = 315◦ . 47. h6, −4i + h12, −18i = h18, −22i

√
48. h−1, 4i 49. h−1, 5i + h12, −18i = h11, −13i 67. 2i + j 68. i + 5j 69. −3i + 2j
h2, 3i √ 1
50. = h1, 1.5i 70. 2i − 5j 71. −9 j 72. − i
2 2
51. h3, −2i − h3, −1i = h0, −1i 73. −7 i − j 74. i + j
52. h3, −2i − h−1, 5i − h4, −6i = h0, −1i 75. The magnitude of A + B = h1, 4i is
p √
53. (3)(−1) + (−2)(5) = −13 12 + 42 = 17
54. (−1)(4) + (5)(−6) = −34 and the direction angle is
55. If A = h2, 1i and B = h3, 5i, then the angle tan−1 (4/1) ≈ 76.0◦
between these vectors is given by

A · B

11
p magnitude of √A − B = h5, −2i
76. The
cos −1 −1
= cos √ √ ≈ 32.5◦ is 52 + (−2)2 = 29.
| A |·| B | 5 34 Since tan−1 (−2/5) ≈ −21.8◦ , the
direction angle is 360◦ − 21.8◦ = 338.2◦ .
56. If A = h2, 3i and B = h1, 5i, then the angle
between these vectors is given by 77. The magnitude of −3A = h−9, −3i is
q √ √
A · B 17

cos −1 −1
= cos √ √ ≈ 22.4 ◦ (−9)2 + (−3)2 = 90 = 3 10.
| A |·| B | 13 26
Since tan−1 (3/9) ≈ 18.4◦ , the direction angle
57. If A = h−1, 5i and B = h2, 7i, then the is
angle between these vectors is given by 180◦ + 18.4◦ = 198.4◦ .
A · B 33

cos −1 −1
= cos √ √ ≈ 27.3◦ p magnitude of 5B√ = h−10,√
78. The 15i
| A |·| B | 2 2
is (−10) + (15) = 325 = 5 13.
26 53
Since tan−1 (−15/10) ≈ −56.3◦ , the
58. If A = h−2, −5i and B = h1, −9i, then the direction angle is 180◦ − 56.3◦ = 123.7◦
angle between these vectors is given by
79. The magnitude of B − A = h−5, 2i is
A · B 43

cos−1 = cos−1 √ √ ≈ 28.1◦
q √
| A |·| B | 29 82 (−5)2 + 22 = 29.
59. Since h−6, 5i · h5, 6i = 0, the angle between Since tan−1 (−2/5) ≈ −21.8◦ , the direction an-
them is 90◦ . gle is
180◦ − 21.8◦ = 158.2◦ .
60. Since h2, 7i · h7, −2i = 0, the angle between
them is 90◦ . √ magnitude√of B + A = h1, 4i is
80. The
= 12 + 42 = 17 and the direction
61. Perpendicular since their dot product is zero angle is tan−1 (4/1) ≈ 76.0◦ .
62. Parallel since 4h2, 3i = h8, 12i 1
81. Note −A + B = h−3 − 1, −1 + 3/2i
2
63. Parallel since −2h1, 7i = h−2, −14i = h−4, 1/2i. The magnitude is
p √
64. Perpendicular since their dot product is zero (−4)2 + (1/2)2 = 65/2.
1/2

65. Neither Since tan−1 ≈ −7.1◦ , the
−4
66. Neither direction angle is 180◦ − 7.1◦ = 172.9◦ .

5.4 Vectors 265
1 93. Apply Heron’s formula with a = b = 3 and

82. Note A − 2B = h3/2 + 4, 1/2 − 6i =
2 c = 1. Let s = (a + b + c)/2 = 7/2. The area
h11/2, −11/2i. The magnitude is is
p √
(11/2)2 + (−11/2)2 = 242/2 ≈ 7.8 .
r
q 7 1 1 5
s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c) = · · ·
11/2

−1 2 2 2 2
Since tan − = −45◦ , the
11/2 r
35
direction angle is 360◦ − 45◦ = 315◦ . =
16
83. The resultant is h2 + 6, 3 + 2i = h8, 5i. Then √
35
the magnitude is = .
4
p √
82 + 52 = 89
94. The area is
and direction angle is 1 1
A = ab sin C = (3.6)(4.5) sin 37.1◦ ≈ 4.9
2 2
tan−1 (5/8) = 32.0◦ .
tan x + tan y
95. a)
84. The resultant is h4 +√4, 2 + 6i = h8,
√ 8i. √ 1 − tan x tan y
2 2
So the magnitude is 8 + 8 = 128 = 8 2 tan x − tan y
and direction angle is tan−1 (8/8) = 45◦ . b)
1 + tan x tan y
85. The resultant is h−6 + 4, 4 + 2i = h−2, 6i 96. sin2 x + cos2 x = 1, 1 + cot2 x = csc2 x,
and its magnitude is
tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x
q √
(−2)2 + 62 = 2 10. 97. Other acute angle is 90◦ − 33◦ = 57◦ ,
other legs are 66 sin 33◦ ≈ 35.9 ft, and
Since tan−1 (−6/2) ≈ −71.6◦ , the direction an-
66 cos 33◦ ≈ 55.4 ft
gle is √
180◦ − 71.6◦ = 108.4◦ .
p
98. Let r = (−3)2 + 52 = 34.
√
86. The resultant is h−6 + 5 5 34
p3, 2 + 6i = h−3,
√ 8i Then sin α = √ = ,
and its magnitude is (−3)2 + 82 = 73. 34 34
√
Since tan−1 (−8/3) ≈ −69.4◦ , the −3 3 34
cos α = √ = − , and
direction angle is 180◦ − 69.4◦ = 110.6◦ . 34 34
87. The resultant is h−4 + y 5
p3, 4 − 6i = h−1, −2i√ tan α = = −
x 3
and its magnitude is (−1)2 + (−2)2 = 5.
Since tan−1 (2/1) ≈ 63.4◦ , the 99. a) Consider the top layer of four balls and
direction angle is 180◦ + 63.4◦ = 243.4◦ . the ball that sits above it. Connecting the
centers of the five balls gives a pyramid
88. The resultant is h−5 +p6, −4 − 2i = h1,
√ −6i with a 2-by-2 square base and a slanted
2 2
and its magnitude is 1 + (−6) = 37. height of √2. The diagonal of the square
Since tan−1 (−6/1) ≈ −80.5◦ , the base is 2 2. By looking at a slanted
direction angle is 360◦ − 80.5◦ = 279.5◦ . height and half of√the base, the height
89. The magnitudes of the horizontal and vertical of the pyramid is√ 2. Then the height
components are |520 cos 30◦ | ≈ 450.3 mph and of the box is 4 + 2. Multiplying by the
|520 sin 30◦ | = 260 mph, respectively. area of the 4-by-4 base of the box which
is 16, we obtain the volume of the box.
90. The magnitudes of the horizontal and vertical That is, the volume of the box is
components are |30 cos 22◦ | ≈ 27.8 m/sec 2 √ √
and |30 sin 22◦ | ≈ 11.2 m/sec2 , respectively. 16(4 + 2) = 64 + 16 2 ≈ 86.63.

b) Using the same pyramid in part a), we 5.4 Pop Quiz

obtain
√ that the height of the box is 2 +
2 2. Multiplying by the area of the 4- 1. | vx | = |5.6 cos 33.9◦ | ≈ 4.6,
by-4 base of the box which is 16, we find | vy | = |5.6 sin 33.9◦ | ≈ 3.1
that the volume of the box is
√ √ 2. The magnitude is
16(2 + 2 2) = 32 + 32 2 ≈ 77.25. q √ √
(−2)2 + 62 = 40 = 2 10.
c) The distance between a vertex of the cu-
bic box and the center of the Since tan α = −6/2 = −3 and (−2, 6) lies in
√ ball that
is closest to the vertex is 3. This is quadrant 2, the direction angle is
obtained by using the Pythagorean theo-
rem. α = tan−1 (−3) + 180◦ ≈ 108.4◦ .
Then the diagonal of the cube holding the
five balls has a length of 3. v − w = h−1, 3i − h2, 6i = h−3, −3i,
√ 3v = 3h−1, 3i = h−3, 9i, and
4 + 2 3.
v · w = h−1, 3i · h2, 6i =
If x is the length of an edge of the cube (−1)(2) + (3)(6) = 16
then
√ 4. If A = h1, 4i and B = h2, 6i, then the small-
x2 + x2 + x2 = (4 + 2 3)2 . est positive angle between these vectors is
√
A · B

26

4+2 3 cos −1
= cos −1
√ √ ≈ 4.4◦
Solving for x, we find x = √ . Then | A |·| B | 17 40
3
the volume of the cube is
√ !3 For Thought
3 4+2 3
Volume = x = √ .
3
1. True, since the force required is
Simplifying, we obtain
99 sin 88◦ ≈ 98.9 kg.
√
208 3
Volume = + 40 ≈ 80.03. 2. True
9
100. We solve cos x = 0, cos 2x = 0, . . ., and 3. False, the weight of an object is modelled by a
vertical vector.
cos 6x = 0 for 0 < x ≤ π.
There are overlapping solutions. 4. True 5. True 6. True
π π 3π π 5π π
The distinct solutions are 2, 4, 4 , 6, 6 , 8, 7. False, the bearing of the wind is 45◦ .
3π 5π 7π π 3π 7π 9π π 5π 7π 11π
8 , 8 , 8 , 10 , 10 , 10 , 10 , 12 , 12 , 12 , and 12 . 8. False, the airplane’s ground speed is slower than
There are 17 solutions in (0, π]. 400 mph since the airplane is flying against the
wind.
9. False, the bearing of the course is 185◦ .
10. True, for the bearing of the plane’s course is
135◦ + 3◦ = 138◦ .

5.5 Applications of Vectors 267
5.5 Exercises 3. Draw two vectors with magnitudes 10.3 and

4.2 that act at an angle of 130◦ with each
1. Draw two perpendicular vectors whose
other.
magnitudes are 3 and 8.

3@
βI@

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. @ 4.2
. 1
. 6
. @
.
α @ 130◦
. 3
@. . . . .
.
-
. β 10.3
.
. α
. -
8
By using the cosine law, the magnitude
of the resultant force is
The magnitude of the resultant force is q
r = 10.32 + 4.22 − 2(10.3)(4.2) cos 50◦
p √
82 + 3 2 = 73 ≈ 8.5 lb ≈ 8.3 newtons.
by the Pythagorean Theorem. By the sine law, we find
The angles between the resultant and each 4.2 r
=
force are sin α sin 50◦
tan−1 (3/8) ≈ 20.6◦ 4.2 sin 50◦
sin α =
and r
sin α ≈ 0.3898
β = 90◦ − 20.6◦ = 69.4◦ .
α ≈ sin−1 (0.3898) ≈ 22.9◦ .
2. Draw two vectors with magnitudes 12 and 2
that act at an angle of 60◦ with each other The angles between the resultant and each
as shown in the figure. force are 22.9◦ and
.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . β = 180◦ − 22.9◦ − 50◦ = 107.1◦ .
. 1
.
.
.
. 2 4. Draw two vectors with magnitudes 34 and 23
. that act at an angle of 100◦ with each other.
. β
. 60◦
. α
. -. . . . *

β A
AK
12
A 23
A
By the cosine law, the magnitude of the α A 100◦
-A. . . . .
resultant force, in pounds, is 34
q
r= 122 + 22 − 2(12)(2) cos 120◦ ≈ 13.1.
By the sine law, By the cosine law, the magnitude of the
resultant force is
2 r q
= 342 + 232 − 2(34)(23) cos 80◦ ≈ 37.6 newtons.
sin α sin 120◦
2 sin 120◦ By the sine law, we find
sin α =
r
sin α ≈ 0.1321 23 37.6
=
sin α sin 80◦
α ≈ sin−1 (0.1321) ≈ 7.6◦ . 23 sin 80◦
sin α =
The angles between the resultant and each 37.6
force are 7.6◦ and β = 180◦ − 7.6◦ − 120◦ = sin α ≈ 0.6024
52.4◦ . α ≈ sin−1 (0.6024) ≈ 37◦ .

The angles between the resultant and each Using the cosine law, we obtain
force are 37◦ and
9.82 + 8.312 − 152
cos β =
β = 180◦ − 37◦ − 80◦ = 63◦ . 2(9.8)(8.31)
cos β ≈ −0.3678
5. Draw two vectors with magnitudes 10 & 12.3 β ≈ cos−1 (−0.3678) ≈ 111.6◦ .
and whose angle between them is 23.4◦ . The angle between the resultant and the other
force is β = 111.6◦ .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.
β. . 7. Since the angles in a parallelogram must
12.3 .

x
.
. x add up to 360◦ , the angle formed by the two
. forces is

23.4◦ .
.
-. 360◦ − 2(25◦ )
10 = 155◦ .
2
By the cosine law, the magnitude

of the 75
p other force is . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
.
x = 102 + 12.32 − 2(10)(12.3) cos 23.4◦ 55 155 ◦ .1
.
≈ 5.051 ≈ 5.1 pounds. .
.
.
By the sine law, we obtain .
.
155◦.
-.
10 5.051
=
sin β sin 23.4◦
10 sin 23.4◦
sin β = By the cosine law, the magnitude of the
5.051
sin β ≈ 0.7863 resultant force is
q
β ≈ sin−1 (0.7863) ≈ 51.8◦ . 552 + 752 − 2(55)(75) cos 155◦ ≈ 127.0 pounds.
The angle between the two forces is Then the donkey must pull a force of 127
pounds in the direction opposite that of the
51.8◦ + 23.4◦ = 75.2◦ . resultant’s direction.
8. Draw two perpendicular vectors one with mag-
6. Draw two vectors with magnitudes 15 and 9.8 nitude 5 and the other with magnitude 3.
and whose angle between them is 31◦ .
5
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1..
.

.
* .
.

βA K
. 3 .
. Ax
A
. 9.8 .
. α
.
. β

.
.
A .
. 31

◦ A -.
. - A 5
15
By the Pythagorean Theorem, Phyllis’ speed

By the cosine law, the magnitude of the is p
other force is 32 + 52 ≈ 5.83 mph.
q
x= 152 + 9.82 − 2(15)(9.8) cos 31◦ ≈ The direction from the north is
α = tan−1 (5/3) ≈ 59.0◦ .
8.31 ≈ 8.3 lb.

9. If x is the amount of force required as shown 11. If w is the weight of the block of ice as shown
below, then below, then
x 100
= sin 20◦ sin 25◦ =
3000 w
x = 3000 sin 20◦ 100
w =
sin 25◦
x ≈ 1026.1 lb
w ≈ 236.6 lb
S
S S
20◦
S S
25◦ S
S S
S
S S
S S
3000 90◦
w
S S
w 90◦
w
S

x
100
?
?
10. Draw a vector pointing vertically down with

a magnitude of 4000 lb. 12. If w is the weight of the solid steel ball as
shown below, then
3.2
S sin 10◦ =
S w
20◦ S 3.2
S
w =
S sin 10◦
S
S w ≈ 18.4 lb
4000 90◦
w
S
S
S
x
10◦ S
S
S
? S
S
w 90◦
w
S
If x is the force required to keep the rock from
rolling, then
3.2
x
= sin 20◦
4000
?
x = 4000 sin 20◦
x ≈ 1368.1 lb

13. If α is the angle of inclination of the hill as 15. Let x be the ground speed and let α be drift
shown below, then angle as shown below.
1000
sin α =
5000 240
XXX α -
−1 1 XXX 90◦
α = sin XXX 30
5 x XX
z?
X
α ≈ 11.5◦
By the Pythagorean Theorem, we obtain
S p
S x = 2402 + 302 ≈ 241.9 mph
S
α S
S Using right triangle trigonometry, we obtain
S
30
α = tan−1 ≈ 7.1◦ .
S
5000 90◦ 240
w
S

Thus, the bearing of the course is
1000
90◦ + α ≈ 97.1◦ .
?
16. Let x be the ground speed and let α be drift
angle as shown below.
14. If α is the angle of inclination of the hill as

shown below, then 300
α

500 90◦
sin α = 80

x
4000
9

?
1
α = sin−1
8 By the Pythagorean Theorem, we obtain
α ≈ 7.2◦
p
x = 3002 + 802 ≈ 310.5 mph
S Using right triangle trigonometry, we obtain

S
S 80
α S α = tan−1 ≈ 14.9◦ .
S 300
S
S Thus, the bearing of the course is
4000 90◦
w
S
270◦ − α ≈ 255.1◦ .
500

17. Let x be the ground speed and let α be drift Applying the cosine law, we obtain
angle as shown below. q
x = 402 + 752 − 2(40)(75) cos 135◦
≈ 107.1 mph.

Using the sine law, we find
45◦
.
. sin α sin 135◦
.
. =
. 50 20 40 x
.
.
.
40 sin 135◦

. −1
. ◦ α = sin
. 45 :?

x
.
. α
.
. x α ≈ 15.3◦ .
Applying the cosine law, we obtain 315◦ + α ≈ 330.3◦ .

q
x = 202 + 502 − 2(20)(50) cos 45◦ 19. Let x be the ground speed and let α be drift
≈ 38.5 mph. angle as shown below.
Using the sine law, we find ..............

QXXX 12◦
X
Q α XXX 480
Q XXX
sin α sin 45◦ Q X z
X
= Q 57◦
20 x x Q
Q
58
QQ
20 sin 45◦
s
−1
α = sin
x
α ≈ 21.5◦ . Note, the angle between the vectors represent-
ing the airplane and the wind is
◦ ◦
57◦ = 12◦ + 45◦ .
45 + α ≈ 66.5 .
By the cosine law, the ground speed is
18. Let x be the ground speed and let α be drift q
angle as shown below. x = 4802 + 582 − 2(480)(58) cos 57◦
≈ 451.0 mph.
By the sine law, we get

sin α sin 57◦
=
6
I
@
@ 58 x
40 @ 58 sin 57◦
@ sin α =
@ x x
58 sin 57◦

135◦ @
α = sin−1
H
Y
HH @ x
HH @ ◦
H @ α ≈ 6.2 .
75 HH @
Hα
◦ H@
. . . . . . .45. . . .H
. .H
..
@

The bearing of the airplane is 21. Draw two vectors representing the canoe and
river current; the magnitudes of these vectors
102◦ + α ≈ 108.2◦ . are 2 and 6, respectively.
20. Let x be the ground speed and let α be drift 2

angle as shown below. α

...............
30◦ 6

195 α

◦
+ ?
125

70
Since α = tan−1 (6/2) ≈ 71.6◦ , the direction

measured from the north is
Note, the angle between the vectors represent-
270◦ − 71.6◦ = 198.4◦ .
ing the helicopter and the wind is
125◦ = 5◦ + 90◦ + 30◦ . Also, if d is the distance downstream from

a point directly across the river to the point
By the cosine law, the ground speed is where she will land, then tan α = d/2000.
q Since tan α = 6/2 = 3, we get
x = 1952 + 702 − 2(195)(70) cos 125◦
d = 2000 · 3 = 6000 ft.
≈ 242.0 mph.
Using the sine law, we find 22. Draw two vectors representing the canoe and
the river current; the magnitudes of these
sin α sin 125◦ vectors are 8 and 6, respectively.
=
70 x
70 sin 125◦
PP
i
−1
α = sin P PP 8
x P
6 PP
P
α ≈ 13.7◦ .
PP
P PP
?
β PPP
The bearing of the course is
240◦ − α ≈ 226.3◦ .
Since β = sin−1 (6/8) ≈ 48.6◦ , she must paddle
in the direction
270◦ + 48.6◦ = 318.6◦
from the north direction measured clockwise if

she wants to go directly across.
Also, if d is the distance in feet she will paddle
as she crosses the river then cos 48.6◦ = 2000/d
and d = 2000/ cos 48.6◦ ≈ 3024.3 ft.
Equivalently, d = 3024.3/5280 ≈ 0.5728 miles.

So the time it takes to cross the river is b) Since speed is distance divided by time,
t = 0.5728/8 ≈ 0.0716 hr or then by using the answer from part a)
the speed r as a function of α and β is
t = 0.0716(60) ≈ 4.3 minutes.
d
r =
t
23. a) Assume we have a coordinate system where 0.2| sec β|
the origin is the point where the boat will =
0.2/(3 cos α)
start.
r = 3 cos(α)| sec β|.
.

K
A . 24. As seen in the previous exercise, the number t
.
.
A
A . of hours the trip will take as a function of α is
A β.. α
A .. 0.2 1
t= = sec α.
A. 3 cos α 15
The minimum value of t is attained when sec α
is the largest, i.e., when α = 0◦ .
The intended direction and speed of the
boat that goes 3 mph in still water is 25. Let the forces exerted by the papa, mama, and
defined by the vector 3 sin α i +3 cos α j baby elephant be represented by the vectors
and its actual direction and speed is vp = 800 cos 30◦ i + 800 sin 30◦ j ,
determined by the vector vm = 500 i , and
vb = 200 cos 20◦ i − 200 sin 20◦ j ,
v = (3 sin α − 1) i + 3 cos α j . respectively. With a calculator, we find
F = vp + vm + vb
The number t of hours it takes the boat
to cross the river is given by ≈ 1380.76 i + 331.60 j .
The magnitude of the resultant of the three

0.2
t= , forces is
3 cos α p
|F |≈ 1380.762 + 331.602 ≈ 1420.0 lb.
the solution to 3t cos α = 0.2.
Suppose β > 0 if 3 sin α − 1 < 0 and 26. From Exercise 25, the resultant force is
β < 0 if 3 sin α − 1 > 0. Using right
triangle trigonometry, we find F ≈ 1380.76 i + 331.60 j .
|3 sin α − 1| The direction angle of F is

tan β = .
3 cos α 331.60

−1
tan ≈ 13.5◦
The distance d the boat travels as a 1380.76
function of β is given by or E13.5◦ N, or N76.5◦ E.
d = |t v | 27. By the cosine law,

0.2
!
= |v| −1 a2 + b2 − c2
3 cos α γ = cos
2ab
0.2 q
= (3 sin α − 1)2 + (3 cos α)2
3 cos α −26

−1
q = cos
= 0.2 tan2 β + 1 70
d = 0.2| sec β|. ≈ 111.8◦

By the sine law,

7 sin γ
5.5 Pop Quiz
β = sin−1 ≈ 40.5◦
10 1. Let x be the magnitude of the resultant as
Then α = 180◦ −γ−β ≈ 27.7◦ . shown below.
28. (−2)(3) + (6)(5) = 24 .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 1
.
29. Let a = h−3, 5i and b = h1, 6i. If α is the .
. x

smallest positive angle between the two vec- . 50
.
.
tors, then . ◦
. 100◦-. . 80
.
..
a · b = | a | · b · cos α 100
√ √
27 = 34 · 37 · cos α
27
α = cos−1 √ √ Applying the cosine law, we obtain
34 · 37 q
x = 1002 + 502 − 2(100)(50) cos 100◦
α ≈ 40.4◦
≈ 119.3 lb.
1 1
30. bc sin α = (5.7)(12.2) sin 10.6◦ ≈ 6.4 ft2
2 2 2. If w is the weight of the motorcycle as shown
31. 230 tan 48◦ ≈ 255.4 ft below, then
1 − 1 + sin x 2
sin2 x 100
32. = = tan2 x sin 12◦ =
cos2 x cos2 x w
33. Let 1 ≤ x ≤ 199 be the number of dogs re- 100
w =
maining. The only number less than 200 that sin 12◦
is divisible by four of the five denominators w ≈ 481 lb
below
3, 4, 5, 7, and 9 S
S
is x = 180. Then there are 180/9 = 20
12◦ S
S
dachshunds remaining, 3(20) = 60 original
S
beagles, 180/5 = 36 beagles remaining, and S
60 − 36 = 24 beagles escaped. S
w 90◦
w
S
34. Applying a cofunction identity, we find
π π π 5π 100
sin + cos = sin + sin .
12 12 12 12
Applying a sum to product identity, the above ?
right side equals
π/12 + 5π/12 π/12 − 5π/12
2 sin cos =
2 2 3. Let x be the ground speed and let α be drift
π π angle as shown below.
2 sin cos =
4 6
√ √
2 3 300
2 = XX α -
2 2 XXX 90 ◦
√ XXX 60
6 x XXX
z?
X
2

By the Pythagorean Theorem, we obtain b) Let D be the distance across the river.
p
x = 3002 + 602 ≈ 305.9 mph.
w
Using right triangle trigonometry, we obtain

60
α = tan−1 ≈ 11.3◦ . 0.4

300 α D

Thus, the bearing of the airplane is

90◦ + α ≈ 101.3◦ .
0.4
Note, D = and w = 0.4 tan α.
5.5 Linking Concepts cos α
If α = 12◦ , then the time spent on crossing the
a) The angle on the right of vertex B is 90◦ + α. river plus the time spent on biking is given by
B 0.5 C 0.4/ cos α 1 − 0.4 tan α

!
! + =
!! 4 cos(α + β)/ cos α 6
!
!! 1 − 0.4 tan α
β!! 0.1

α + =
!! 4
!
!
cos(α + β) 6

!!
0.1 1 − 0.4 tan 12◦
A + ≈
cos(19.02◦ ) 6
0.258 hour ≈
By applying the sine law, we have
15.5 minutes.
4 0.5
=
sin(90◦ + α) sin β
c) As seen in part b), the total time T (α) spent
4 0.5
= for the trip is
cos α sin β

0.5 cos α
0.1 1 − 0.4 tan α
β = sin −1
. T (α) = +
4 cos(α + β) 6
Likewise, the length AB (which is the 0.1

= +
0.5 cos α

actual speed) is found to be cos α + sin−1
4
AB 4
= 1 − 0.4 tan α
sin(90◦ − α − β) cos α
6
AB 4
=
cos(α + β) cos α d) The graph of the function in part c) is given
4 cos(α + β) below.
AB = . T
cos α
Therefore, if α = 12◦ then
0.5 cos 12◦

−1 0.3
β = sin ≈ 7.02◦
4
and the actual speed is 0.1
4 cos(12◦ + 7.02◦ ) Α
AB ≈ ≈ 3.87 mph. 20 40 80
cos 12◦

e) Using the graph, we find that the total time 3. Draw a triangle with α = 13◦ , β = 64◦ , c = 20.
T (α) is minimized when
α ≈ 31.9◦ .
Correspondingly, we find
a @
0.5 cos 31.9◦

b

β ≈ sin−1 ≈ 6.1◦ . γ
@

4 @
◦ 13◦ @
@
64
Chapter 5 Review Exercises @
20
1. Draw a triangle with γ = 48◦ , a = 3.4, b = 2.6.
Note γ = 180◦ − (64◦ + 13◦ ) = 103◦ .
3.4

@ 20 a

c By the sine law, we get ◦
=

β
@
@ sin 103 sin 13◦

20 b
◦
48 α
@
and ◦
= .
sin 103 sin 64◦
@
@
20
2.6 So a = sin 13◦ ≈ 4.6
sin 103◦
20
By the cosine law, we obtain and b = sin 64◦ ≈ 18.4.
p sin 103◦
c= 2.62 + 3.42 − 2(2.6)(3.4) cos 48◦ ≈ 4. Draw angle α = 50◦ .
2.5475 ≈ 2.5. By the sine law, we find
2.5475 2.6
◦
= C
sin 48 sin β .
8.4
.
.
2.6 sin 48◦ .
.
sin β =
.h
2.5475 .
50◦ .
sin β ≈ 0.75846 .
.
β ≈ sin−1 (0.75846) A
◦
β ≈ 49.3 .
Also, α = 180◦ − (49.3◦ + 48◦ ) = 82.7◦ . Since h = 8.4 sin 50◦ ≈ 6.4 and a = 3.2 < 6.4,
no triangle exists.
2. Draw a triangle with sides a = 6, b = 8, c = 10.
5. Draw a triangle with a = 3.6, b = 10.2, c = 5.9.

8 @
5.9
@

6

γ
@
@ β
@ 3.6
@
β
@
α γ
@

@
@ α @
@
10 10.2
By the cosine law,

By the cosine law one gets
62 + 82 − 102
cos γ = = 0. 5.92 + 3.62 − 10.22
2(6)(8) cos β = ≈ −1.3.
So γ = 90◦ . This is a right triangle. 2(5.9)(3.6)
Since α = sin−1 (6/10) ≈ 36.9◦ , This is a contradiction since the range of
we have β = 90◦ − 36.9◦ = 53.1◦ . cosine is [−1, 1]. No triangle exists.

Chapter 5 Review Exercises 277
6. Draw a triangle with β = 36.2◦ , γ = 48.1◦ , By the sine law,

and a = 10.6. √ √
3 2 3
=
sin 30◦ sin β
c @

b sin β = 2 sin 30◦
α
@
@
sin β = 1
48.1◦ @
@
36.2◦
@ β = 90◦ .
10.6
This is a right triangle and γ = 60◦ . Then
√ √
Note, α = 180◦ − (36.2◦ + 48.1◦ ) = 95.7◦ . ( 3)2 + c2 = (2 3)2
By the sine law, 3 + c2 = 12
b 10.6 c 10.6 c2 = 9
◦
= ◦
and ◦
=
sin 36.2 sin 95.7 sin 48.1 sin 95.7◦ c = 3.
10.6
So b = sin 36.2◦ ≈ 6.3 and
sin 95.7◦
9. Draw angle β = 22◦ and let h be the height.
10.6
c= sin 48.1◦ ≈ 7.9.
sin 95.7◦ . A
4.9
.

.
7. Draw a triangle with sides a = 30.6, b = 12.9, .
.
and c = 24.1. .h
.
◦
22 .
.

@

.
24.1 B
12.9

α
@
@

γ
@
β
@
@ Since h = 4.9 sin 22◦ ≈ 1.8 and 1.8 < b < 4.9,
30.6 we have two triangles as follows:
Case 1:
By the cosine law, we get
24.12 + 12.92 − 30.62 A
. .
.
cos α = ≈ −0.3042. . .
2(24.1)(12.9) 4.9 . .
. .

So α = cos−1 (−0.3042) ≈ 107.7◦ . . . 2.5
.h .
. .
Similarly, we find 22◦ . γ .
. 1 .
.
24.12 + 30.62 − 12.92 B
cos β = ≈ 0.9158.
2(24.1)(30.6)
So β = cos−1 (0.9158) ≈ 23.7◦ . Case 2:
Also, γ = 180◦ − (107.7◦ + 23.7◦ ) = 48.6◦ . .
A
√ √ .
4.9 .
8. Draw a triangle with α = 30◦ , a = 3, b = 2 3.

.
.
.
.
. 2.5
@

22◦ γ2 ..
c √
β
@ 3 B
@

γ
@
30◦ @

√ @
2 3

Apply the sine law to case 1. 12. Draw angle β = 118.6◦ .

4.9 2.5 A
= . .
sin γ1 sin 22◦ @ . . . .
. . b
4.9 sin 22◦ @ . .
. .
sin γ1 = @ . .
2.5 400 @ . .
@ 118.6 ◦ . .
sin γ1 ≈ 0.7342 . .
@ .
−1
γ1 = sin (0.7342) ≈ 47.2◦ B a C
So α1 = 180◦ − (22◦ + 47.2◦ ) = 110.8◦ .

Note γ = 180◦ − (118.6◦ + 12.4◦ ) = 49◦ .
2.5
By the sine law, a1 = sin 110.8◦ ≈ 6.2. By the sine law,
sin 22◦
In case 2, γ2 = 180◦ − γ1 = 132.8◦ a 400
=
and α2 = 180◦ − (22◦ + 132.8◦ ) = 25.2◦ . sin 12.4◦ sin 49◦
2.5 400
By the sine law, a2 = sin 25.2◦ ≈ 2.8. a = sin 12.4◦
sin 22◦ sin 49◦
10. Draw angle β = 121◦ . a ≈ 113.811.
C Then the area is

. .
@ . . . . 1
. . b A = (113.811)(400) sin 118.6◦ ≈ 19, 984.8 m2 .
@ . . 2
. .
@ . .
5.2 @ . .
@ 121 ◦ . . 5.4 + 12.3 + 9.2
. . 13. Since S = = 13.45, the
@ . 2
B 7.1 A area is
p
13.45(13.45 − 5.4)(13.45 − 12.3)(13.45 − 9.2)
By the cosine law, we find ≈ 23.0 km2 .
p
b= 5.22 + 7.12 − 2(5.2)(7.1) cos 121◦ ≈ 20 + 22 + 3
14. Since S = = 22.5, the area is
10.746 ≈ 10.7. Apply the sine law. 2
p
22.5(22.5 − 20)(22.5 − 22)(22.5 − 3)
10.746 7.1
= ≈ 23.4 ft2 .
sin 121◦ sin γ
7.1 sin 121◦ 15. | vx | = |6 cos 23.3◦ | ≈ 5.5,
sin γ =
10.746 | vy | = |6 sin 23.3◦ | ≈ 2.4
sin γ ≈ 0.5663
γ = sin−1 (0.5663) ≈ 34.5◦ 16. | vx | = |4.5 cos 156◦ | ≈ 4.1,
| vy | = |4.5 sin 156◦ | ≈ 1.8
So α = 180◦ − (34.5◦ + 121◦ ) = 24.5◦ .
17. | vx | = |3.2 cos 231.4◦ | ≈ 2.0,
1
11. Area is A = (12.2)(24.6) sin 38◦ ≈ 92.4 ft2 . | vy | = |3.2 sin 231.4◦ | ≈ 2.5
2
18. | vx | = |7.3 cos 344◦ | ≈ 7.0,
| vy | = |7.3 sin 344◦ | ≈ 2.0
√ √
19. magnitude 22 + 32 = 13, direction angle
tan−1 (3/2) ≈ 56.3◦
p
20. magnitude (−4)2 + 32 = 5, direction angle
cos−1 (−4/5) ≈ 143.1◦

p
21. The magnitude is (−3.2)2 + (−5.1)2 43. Draw two vectors with magnitudes 7 and 12
≈ 6.0. Since tan−1 (5.1/3.2) ≈ 57.9◦ , the that act at an angle of 30◦ with
direction angle is 180◦ + 57.9◦ = 237.9◦ . each other.
p
22. The magnitude is (2.1)2 + (−3.8)2 ≈ 4.3. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Since tan−1 (−3.8/2.1) ≈ −61.1◦ , the . 1
.
.
direction angle is 360◦ − 61.1◦ = 298.9◦ . .
. 7
√ √ .
. β
23. h 2 cos 45◦ , 2 sin 45◦ i = h1, 1i . 30◦
. α
√ .
- ....
24. h6 cos 60◦ , 6 sin 60◦ i = h3, 3 3i 12
25. h9.1 cos 109.3◦ , 9.1 sin 109.3◦ i ≈ h−3.0, 8.6i

By the cosine law, the magnitude of the
26. h5.5 cos 344.6◦ , 5.5 sin 344.6◦ i ≈ h5.3, −1.5i resultant force is
q
27. h−6, 8i 28. h−12, 3i 122 + 72 − 2(12)(7) cos 150◦ ≈ 18.4 lb.
29. h2 − 2, −5 − 12i = h0, −17i By the sine law, we find
30. h3 − 4, 6 − 8i = h−1, −2i 7 18.4

=
sin α sin 150◦
31. h−1, 5i · h4, 2i = −4 + 10 = 6 7 sin 150◦
sin α =
18.4
32. h−4, 7i · h7, 4i = −28 + 28 = 0 sin α ≈ 0.19
33. −4 i + 8 j 34. 3.2 i − 4.1 j α ≈ sin−1 (0.19) ≈ 11.0◦ .
35. (7.2√cos 30◦ ) i + (7.2 sin 30◦ ) j ≈ The angles between the resultant and
3.6 3 i + 3.6 j the two forces are 11.0◦ and
√ √ β = 180◦ − 150◦ − 11◦ = 19.0◦ .
36. The magnitude of h2, 5i is 22 + 52 = 29.
√ √ 44. If x is the force required to push the motorcy-
6 12 29 30 29
So v = √ h2, 5i = i + j. cle as shown below, then
29 29 29
x
37. Parallel since 2h2, 6i = h4, 12i = sin 25◦
800
38. Parallel since −1h−3, 7i = h3, −7i x = 800 sin 25◦
39. Perpendicular since their dot product is zero x ≈ 338.1 lb

40. Perpendicular since their dot product is zero S
S
41. Parallel since −3h−3, 8i = h9, −24i
25◦ S
S
42. Parallel since 2h−2, 5i = h−4, 10i S

S
S
800 90◦
w
S


45. Let x be the ground speed and let α be the Note, the angle between the vectors of the air-
drift angle, as shown below. plane and the wind is
40
- 65◦ = 45◦ + 20◦ .
125◦
7
3

q
180

x= 102 + 252 − 2(10)(25) cos 65◦ ≈ 22.7 mph.
. x

.
. Then by the sine law, we get
. ◦

. 35
. α
. sin α sin 65◦
. =
.
.
10 x
10 sin 65◦

α = sin−1
x
Note, the angle between the vectors of the α ≈ 23.6◦ .
plane and the wind is
Thus, the bearing of the plane’s course is
125◦ = 90◦ + 35◦ .
Applying the cosine law, we obtain 340◦ − α ≈ 316.4◦ .
q
x = 1802 + 402 − 2(180)(40) cos 125◦ 47. Using Heron’s formula and since
x ≈ 205.6 mph. 482 + 364 + 241
= 543.5,
Applying the sine law, we find 2
sin α sin 125◦ the area of Susan’s lot is

=
40 x
q
◦
543.5(543.5 − 482)(543.5 − 364)(543.5 − 241)
−1 40 sin 125

α = sin
x which is approximately
◦
α ≈ 9.2 .
42, 602 ft2 .
The bearing of the plane’s course is
Similarly, since
35◦ + α ≈ 44.2◦ .
482 + 369 + 238
= 544.5,
46. Draw two vectors with magnitudes 25 and 10. 2
Let x be the ground speed.
the area of Seth’s lot is
q

10 ◦AKA 544.5(544.5 − 482)(544.5 − 369)(544.5 − 238)
65 A
. or approximately
.

A
}
ZZ A 25 .
.
Z .
Z
Z
A .
. 42, 785 ft2 .
◦.
A
Z A 20 .
x Z
Z . Then Seth got the larger piece.
A .
Z αA .
Z A ..
Z .
ZA.

48. Since an included angle is given, the area is 51. Let α be the base angle of the larger isosceles
1 triangle. Drop a perpendicular from the top
(135.4)(164.1) sin 86.4◦ ≈ 11, 087.6 ft2 . vertex to the base.
2
To use Heron’s formula, first find the length The perpendicular bisects the base of unit
of the third side. It is length into two equal parts.
p
135.42 + 164.12 − 2(135.4)(164.1) cos 86.4◦ Using right triangle trigonometry, we find
≈ 206.086553 ≈ 206.1 ft. cos α = 14 . The area of the shaded triangle
206.086553 + 135.4 + 164.1 is
Since s = ≈
2 1
252.7932765, the area is Area = ab sin C
p 2
s(s − 206.086553)(s − 135.4)(s − 164.1) ≈
1
11, 087.6 ft2 . For the third formula, draw = sin α
2
triangle where h is the height. r
1 1
. = 1−
135.4 . 2 16
.
.

. √
.h 15
◦ . Area =
86.4 . 8
.
.
164.1
52.
1 a) By the cosine law and by the method of

Since h = 135.4 sin 86.4◦ , the area is A = bh
2 completing the square, one derives
1 ◦ 2
= (164.1)(135.4 sin 86.4 ) ≈ 11, 087.6 ft .
2 c2 = a2 + r2 − 2ar cos θ
49. Consider triangle below. c2 − r2 = a2 − 2ar cos θ
C c2 − r2 + r2 cos2 θ = (a − r cos θ)2
QQ
◦ Q
c2 − r2 (1 − cos2 θ) = (a − r cos θ)2
431 122 Q 562
Q c2 − r2 sin2 θ = (a − r cos θ)2
Q q
Q
QQ
s
- c2 − r2 sin2 θ = a − r cos θ.
A B p
Then a = c2 − r2 sin2 θ + r cos θ.
The distance between A and B is b) When t = 0.1 minute, the number of
q revolutions is 42.6. Then
4312 + 5622 − 2(431)(562) cos 122◦ ≈ 870.82 ft.
θ = (0.6)(360◦ ) = 216◦
The extra amount spent is
and we obtain
(431 + 562 − 870.82)($21.60) ≈ $2639. q
50. The distance of the top of the boom from the a = 122 − 22 sin2 216◦ + 2 cos 216◦
ground is 60 sin 53◦ ≈ 47.9 feet. Since the ball ≈ 10.3 in.
is extended 40 feet from the top of the boom,
the ball is at least 7.9 feet above the ground 53. Let r be the radius of the sun and earth, which
at all times. A pedestrian of average height we assume are equal. Let a and α be the length
six feet cannot be struck by the wrecking ball of a chord and the corresponding central angle,
provided the radius of the ball is under 1.9 feet. respectively.

We are given a = 0.8(2r). Then the length of Let αt = 6 Pt Ct Ft be the angle at CT in the
the chord satisfies right triangle 4Pt Ct Ft . Notice, Ct Ft = 1 − 2t.
√ Using right triangle trigonometry,
a = r 2 − 2 cos α
√ αt
1.6r = r 2 − 2 cos α cos = 1 − 2t.
2
1.62 = 2 − 2 cos α
By a double-angle identity for cosine,
cos α = −0.28.
cos αt = 2 cos2 αt − 1
The part of the sun that is blocked is two times
the area of a lens-like region. See Exercise 33c, = 2(1 − 2t)2 − 1
Section 5.3. Then
= 1 − 8t + 8t2 .
2
(Twice Area of Lens) = r (α − sin α)
The area of the sun that is blocked is two times
The percentage of the sun that is blocked is the area of a lens-like region.
given by
(Twice Area of Lens) = r2 (αt − sin αt )
Twice Area of Lens α − sin α
2
= ≈ 28%. = cos−1 u − sin(cos−1 u).
πr π
54. The radius of a circle is r = 5 and the length where r = 1, and u = 1 − 8t + 8t2 . Hence, the
of a chord is c = 8. The length of a chord portion of the sun that is blocked is the above
satisifes area divided by the area of the sun, i.e.,
√ cos−1 u − sin(cos−1 u)
c = r 2 − 2 cos α .
√ π
8 = 5 2 − 2 cos α
cos α = −0.28 56. If the sun’s radius is r and the moon’s radius
is 0.95r, then the area of the sun is πr2 and
by Exercise 34b, Section 5.3. Then the area of the moon’s area is π(0.95r)2 .
the lens-like region is If the moon is totally in front of the sun, it
can only block its area. The fraction of the
r2 25
AL = (α − sin α) = (α − sin α) ≈ 11.2 sun that is blocked is given by
2 2
π(0.95r)2
The concrete stand is a rectangular solid of = (0.95)2 = 90.25%
volume 24 ft3 but minus the volume of a lens- πr2
like solid. Thus, the volume of concrete is √ √
57. The √sides of the three squares are 8, 13,
24 − 11.2 ≈ 12.8 ft3 . and 17. These are also the sides of the tri-
angle. We use Heron’s formula to find the area
of the triangle. Let
55. Put the moon’s center initially at (0, 0). As-
√ √ √
sume the moon and sun are circles of radii 1. 8 + 13 + 17
Put the sun’s center at (2, 0). At time t = 1, s= .
2
put the moon’s center at (4, 0). Then at time
The area of the triangle is
t, the moons center is at Ct = (4t, 0).
q √ √ √
At time t, the moon and sun intersects at some Area = s(s − 8)(s − 13)(s − 17)
point Pt in the first quadrant. Drop a perpen- = 5 acres
dicular from Pt to the x-axis. Label the foot
of this perpendicular by Ft which is a point on = 5(43, 560) ft2
the x-axis. Area = 217, 800 ft2 .

Chapter 5 Test 283
58. Let r be the radius of the small circle. By and

the Pythagorean theorem, the distance of the C
.
.
center of the
√ circle to the closest vertex of the .
4.2 .
square is 2r.

.
√
.
.
The diagonal of the square is 2, and is a sum . 3.9

in the following way: 60◦ β1 ..

√ √
2 = 1 + r + 2r A
Solving for r, we find

√ Apply the sine law to the acute triangle.
2−1 √
r=√ = 3 − 2 2. 3.9 4.2
2+1 =
sin 60◦ sin β2
Chapter 5 Test 4.2 sin 60◦
sin β2 =
3.9
1. Draw a triangle with α = 30◦ , b = 4, a = 2.
sin β2 ≈ 0.93264
−1
.
C β2 = sin (0.93264) ≈ 68.9◦
4
.

.
.

. So γ2 = 180◦ − (β2 + 60◦ ) = 51.1◦ .
.h
. 3.9
◦
30 . By the sine law, c2 = sin 51.1◦ ≈ 3.5 .
.
. sin 60◦
A B In the obtuse triangle, β1 = 180◦ −β2 = 111.1◦
and γ1 = 180◦ − (β1 + 60◦ ) = 8.9◦ .
Since h = 4 sin 30◦ = 2 and a = 2, there 3.9
By the sine law, c1 = sin 8.9◦ ≈ 0.7.
is only one triangle and β = 90◦ . Then sin 60◦
γ = 90◦ − 30 ◦
√ = 60 √
◦ . Since c2 + 22 = 42 ,
3. Draw the only triangle with a = 3.6,
we get c = 12 = 2 3. α = 20.3◦ , and β = 14.1◦ .
2. Draw angle α = 60◦ and let h be the height.

@
3.6
.
C
b
γ
@
.
4.2 . @
.
14.1◦ 20.3◦ @
@
.

.h
◦ . @
60 .
. c

.
A
Note, γ = 180◦ − 14.1◦ − 20.3◦ = 145.6◦ .
Since h = 4.2 sin 60◦ ≈ 3.6 and Using the sine law, we find
3.6 < a < 4.2, there are two triangles b 3.6 c 3.6
and they are given by ◦
= ◦
and ◦
= .
sin 14.1 sin 20.3 sin 145.6 sin 20.3◦
C
.
. . 3.6
4.2
. . Then b = sin 14.1◦ ≈ 2.5 and
. . sin 20.3◦
. .
. . 3.9 3.6
.
. h .
. c= sin 145.6◦ ≈ 5.9.
sin 20.3◦

60◦
. β2 . .
.
.
A

4. Draw the only triangle with a = 2.8, Also, α = 180◦ − (57.9◦ + 93.7◦ ) = 28.4◦ .
b = 3.9, and γ = 17◦ .
6. The magnitude of A + B = h−2, 6i is
q √ √
2.8 @ (−2)2 + 62 = 40 = 2 10.
c

β
@
@
The direction angle is
α
◦ @
17
@ √
cos−1 (−2/ 40) ≈ 108.4◦ .
@
3.9
7. The magnitude of A − B = h−4, −2i is

By the
p cosine law, we get
c = 3.92 + 2.82 − 2(3.9)(2.8) cos 17◦ ≈
q √ √
(−4)2 + (−2)2 = 20 = 2 5.
1.47 ≈ 1.5. By the sine law,
1.47
=
2.8 Since tan−1 (2/4) ≈ 26.6◦ , the direction angle
sin 17◦ sin α is
2.8 sin 17◦ 180◦ + 26.6◦ = 206.6◦ .
sin α =
1.47
8. The magnitude of 3B = h3, 12i is
sin α ≈ 0.5569
√ √
α ≈ sin−1 (0.5569) ≈ 33.8◦ .
p
32 + 122 = 153 = 3 17.
Also, β = 180◦ − (33.8◦ + 17◦ ) = 129.2◦ .
The direction angle is
5. Draw the only triangle with the given
sides a = 4.1, b = 8.6, and c = 7.3 . tan−1 (12/3) ≈ 76.0◦ .
1
7.3

@ 9. The area is (12)(10) sin(22◦ ) ≈ 22.5 ft2 .

4.1 2
β
@

@
10. Using Heron’s formula and if
γ
@
α @
@ 4.1 + 6.8 + 9.5
s= = 10.2
8.6 2
then the area is
First, find the largest angle β by the q
cosine law. s(s − 4.1)(s − 6.8)(s − 9.5) ≈ 12.2 m2 .
7.32 + 4.12 − 8.62
cos β = 11. Since a1 = 4.6 cos 37.2◦ ≈ 3.66 and
2(7.3)(4.1)
a2 = 4.6 sin 37.2◦ ≈ 2.78, we have
cos β ≈ −0.06448
β ≈ cos−1 (−0.06448) v ≈ 3.66 i + 2.78 j .
◦
β ≈ 93.7 .
12. Perpendicular since their dot product is zero.
By the sine law,
That is, h−3, 5i · h5, 3i = (−3)(5) + (5)(3) = 0.
8.6 7.3
=
sin 93.7◦ sin γ
7.3 sin 93.7◦
sin γ =
8.6
sin γ ≈ 0.8471
γ ≈ sin−1 (0.8471) ≈ 57.9◦ .

Tying It All Together 285
30 sin 85◦

13. If x is the force required to push the riding α = sin −1
lawnmower as shown below, then x
x α ≈ 7.2◦ .
= sin 40◦
1000
x = 1000 sin 40◦
40◦ + α ≈ 47.2◦ .
x ≈ 642.8 lb
S
Tying It All Together
S √
1. sin(π/6) = 1/2,
√ cos(π/6) = 3/2,
40◦
S
S tan(π/6) = √3/3, csc(π/6) = 2, √
sec(π/6) = 2 3/3, and cot(π/6) = 3
S
S
S √ √
2. sin(π/4) = 2/2, cos(π/4) √ = 2/2,
1000 90◦
w
S
tan(π/4) = √
1, csc(π/4) = 2,
sec(π/4) = 2, and cot(π/4) = 1
x √
3. sin(π/3) = √ 3/2, cos(π/3) = 1/2,
√
? tan(π/3) = 3, csc(π/3) = 2 √3/3,
sec(π/3) = 2, and cot(π/3) = 3/3
4. sin(π/2) = 1, cos(π/2) = 0,
14. Let x be the ground speed and let α be drift tan(π/2) is undefined, csc(π/2) = 1,
angle as shown below. sec(π/2) is undefined, and cot(π/2) = 0
5. π/2 6. −π/2 7. −π/6 8. π/6
85◦
. 9. π 10. 0 11. 5π/6 12. π/6
.
.
.
. 240 30 13. 0 14. π/4 15. −π/4 16. π/6
.
.
.
. 17. {x | x = kπ where k is an integer}
. ◦
. 40
:?

.
18. Factoring, we get
. α
.
. x
sin(x)(sin(x) − 1) = 0.
Then
Note, the angle between the vector of the air- sin(x) = 0 or sin(x) = 1.
plane and the vector of the wind is
Thus, the solution set is
85◦ = 40◦ + 45◦ . π
{x | x = kπ or x = + 2kπ}.
Applying the cosine law, we obtain 2
q
19. Factoring, we obtain
x = 2402 + 302 − 2(240)(30) cos 85◦
≈ 239.3 mph. sin2 x − sin x − 2 = 0
(sin x + 1)(sin x − 2) = 0.
Using the sine law, we find
sin α sin 85◦ Then
= sin x = −1 or sin x = 2.
30 x

Since sin x = 2 is impossible, we have 24. Since

sin2 x + cos2 x = 1
sin x = −1.
is an identity, the solution set is the set of all
The solution set is real numbers.
3π

x|x= + 2kπ . 25. Amplitude 1, period 2π/3, phase shift 0,
2
domain (−∞, ∞), and range [−1, 1]
y
20. Factoring, we find
1
4 sin x cos x − 2 cos x + 2 sin x − 1 = 0
2 cos x(2 sin x − 1) + (2 sin x − 1) = 0
(2 cos x + 1)(2 sin x − 1) = 0. Π Π 2Π
x

6 2 3
Then
1 1
cos x = − or sin x = .
2 2 -1
π

The solution set is x|x=
+ 2kπ, 26. Amplitude 3, period π, phase shift 0, domain
6
(−∞, ∞), and range [−3, 3]
5π 2π 4π

x= + 2kπ, x = + 2kπ, x = + 2kπ . y
6 3 3 3
21. Factoring, we find
4x sin x + 2 sin x − 2x − 1 = 0
x
2 sin x(2x + 1) − (2x + 1) = 0 Π

4
3Π
Π
4
(2x + 1)(2 sin x − 1) = 0.
Then -3
1 1
x = − or sin x = .
2 2 27. Rewriting, we find
The solution set is
1 π 5π

x | x = − , x = + 2kπ, x = + 2kπ . y = 2 cos(π(x − 1)).
2 6 6
Thus, we have the following: amplitude 2,
22. Since sin 2x = 1/2, we obtain
period 2π/π or 2, phase shift 1, domain
π 5π (−∞, ∞), and range [−2, 2].
2x = + 2kπ or 2x = + 2kπ
6 6 y
2
where k is an integer. Then the solution set is
π 5π

x|x= + kπ or x = + kπ .
12 12
x
1 2 3
√
23. Since tan 4x = 1/ 3, we obtain
π
4x = + kπ -2
6
where k is an integer. Then the solution set is
π kπ

x|x= + .
24 4

Tying It All Together 287
28. Rewriting, we find 30. The period of

π

y = cos 2 x − + 1. y = tan(πx) − 3
4
is π/π or 1, and the phase shift is 0. If
Then we have the following: amplitude 1,
period 2π/2 or π, phase shift π/4, domain cos(πx) = 0
(−∞, ∞), and range is [0, 2].
y then
π 1
+ kπ or x = + k
πx =
2 2 2
where k is an integer. Thus, the domain is
1 1
{x : x 6= + k}
2
Π 3Π 5Π
x and the range is (−∞, ∞).

4 4 4
y
3
29. The period of
y = tan(x − π/2) 1
-
1
-
1

1

x
2 4 4 2
-2
is π and the phase shift is π/2. If
-4
cos(x − π/2) = 0
then
π π 31. opposite, hypotenuse
x− = + kπ
2 2
or equivalently, 32. adjacent, hypotenuse
33. one
x = kπ
34. period
where k is an integer. Thus, the domain is
35. Pythagorean
{x : x 6= kπ}
36. even, odd
and the range is (−∞, ∞).
y
37. oblique
2
38. law of sines
1 39. law of cosines

x
Π

Π
3Π
Π 40. triangle inequality
4 2 4

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Normans
in European history
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.
Title: The Normans in European history
Author: Charles Homer Haskins
Release date: December 26, 2023 [eBook #72514]
Language: English
Original publication: Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1915
Credits: Brian Wilson, Turgut Dincer and the Online Distributed

Proofreading Team at https://www.pgdp.net (This file
was produced from images generously made available
by The Internet Archive)
*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE

NORMANS IN EUROPEAN HISTORY ***
THE NORMANS IN EUROPEAN
HISTORY
THE NORMANS IN
EUROPEAN HISTORY
BY
CHARLES HOMER HASKINS
GURNEY PROFESSOR OF HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE
IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY
BOSTON AND NEW YORK

HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY
The Riverside Press Cambridge
COPYRIGHT, 1915, BY CHARLES HOMER HASKINS
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED INCLUDING THE RIGHT TO REPRODUCE

THIS BOOK OR PARTS THEREOF IN ANY FORM
Published October 1915

TO MY WIFE
PREFACE
THE eight lectures which are here published were delivered before
the Lowell Institute in February, 1915, and at the University of
California the following July, and it has seemed best to print them in
the form in which they were prepared for a general audience. Their
purpose is not so much to furnish an outline of the annals of Norman
history as to place the Normans in relation to their time and to
indicate the larger features of their work as founders and organizers
of states and contributors to European culture. Biographical and
narrative detail has accordingly been subordinated in the effort to
give a general view of Norman achievement in France, in England,
and in Italy. Various aspects of Norman history have been treated
with considerable fullness by historians, but, so far as I am aware, no
connected account of the whole subject has yet been attempted from
this point of view. This fact, it is hoped, may justify the publication of
these lectures, as well as explain the omission of many topics which
would naturally be treated in an extended narrative.
This book rests partly upon the writings of the various scholars
enumerated in the bibliographical note at the end of each chapter,
partly upon prolonged personal investigations, the results of which
have appeared in various special periodicals and will, in part, soon
be collected into a volume of Studies in Norman Institutions. When it
seemed appropriate in the text, I have felt at liberty to draw freely
upon the more general portions of these articles, leaving more
special and critical problems for discussion elsewhere.
I wish to thank the authorities of the Lowell Institute and the
University of California, and to acknowledge helpful criticism from my
colleague Professor William S. Ferguson and from Mr. George W.
Robinson, Secretary of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences of
Harvard University. My indebtedness to Norman scholars and
Norman scholarship is deeper and more personal than any list of
their names and writings can indicate.
Charles H. Haskins.
Cambridge, Mass.
August, 1915.
CONTENTS
I. NORMANDY AND ITS PLACE IN HISTORY 1
II. THE COMING OF THE NORTHMEN 26
III. NORMANDY AND ENGLAND 52
IV. THE NORMAN EMPIRE 85
V. NORMANDY AND FRANCE 116
VI. NORMAN LIFE AND CULTURE 148
VII. THE NORMANS IN THE SOUTH 192
VIII. THE NORMAN KINGDOM OF SICILY 218
INDEX 251
THE NORMANS IN EUROPEAN
HISTORY
I
NORMANDY AND ITS PLACE IN HISTORY
IN June, 1911, at Rouen, Normandy celebrated the one-thousandth

anniversary of its existence. Decorated with the grace and simplicity of
which only a French city is capable, the Norman capital received with
equal cordiality the descendants of the conquerors and the conquered
—Norwegians and Swedes, Danes of Denmark and Danes of Iceland,
Normans of Normandy and of England, of Sicily and of Canada. Four
Norwegian students accomplished the journey from their native fjords
in an open Viking boat, having set ashore early in the voyage a
comrade who had so far fallen away from the customs of his ancestors
as to sleep under a blanket. From the United States bold
Scandinavians, aided by the American Express Company, brought
from Minnesota the Kensington rune stone, which purports to prove
the presence of Norse explorers in the northwest one hundred and
thirty years before the landfall of Columbus. A congress of Norman
history listened for nearly a week in five simultaneous sections to
communications on every phase of the Norman past. There was
Norman music in the streets, there were Norman plays at the theatres,
Norman mysteries in the cathedral close. Banquet followed banquet
and toast followed toast, till the cider of Normandy paled before the
champagne of France. Finally a great pageant, starting, like the city,
from the river-bank, unrolled the vast panorama of Norman history
through streets whose very names reëcho its great figures—Rollo and
his Norse companions arriving in their Viking ships, the dukes his
successors, William Longsword, Richard the Fearless, Robert the
Magnificent, William the Conqueror, the sons of Tancred of Hauteville
who drove the paynim from Sicily, and that other Tancred who planted
the banner of the cross on the walls of Jerusalem, all with their knights
and heralds and men at arms, followed by another pageant of the
achievements of Normandy in the arts of peace. And on the last
evening the great abbey-church of Saint-Ouen burnt red fire for the
first time in its history till the whole mass glowed and every statue and
storied niche stood out with some clear, sharp bit of the Norman past,
while its lantern-tower, “the crown of Normandy,” shone out over the
city and the river which are the centre of Norman history and where
this day the dukes wore again their crown.
In this transitory world the thousandth anniversary of anything is
sufficiently rare to challenge attention, even in an age which is rapidly
becoming hardened to celebrations. Of the events commemorated in
1915 the discovery of the Pacific is only four hundred years old, the
signing of the Great Charter but seven hundred. The oldest American
university has celebrated only its two hundred and fiftieth anniversary,
the oldest European only its eight-hundredth. Even those infrequent
commemorations which carry us back a thousand years or more, like
the millenary of King Alfred or the sixteen-hundredth Constantinian
jubilee of 1913, are usually reminders of great men or great events
rather than, as in the case of Normandy, the completion of a
millennium of continuous historical development. So far as I can now
recollect, the only parallel is that of Iceland, which rounded out its
thousand years with the dignity of a new constitution in 1874. Of about
the same age, Iceland also resembles Normandy in being the creation
of the Norse sea-rovers, an outpost of the Vikings in the west, as
Normandy was an outpost in the south. Of the two, Iceland is perhaps
the more individual, as it certainly has been the more faithful to its
Scandinavian traditions, but the conditions which have enabled it to
retain its early characteristics have also isolated it from the broader
currents of the world’s history. Normandy, on the other hand, was
drawn at once into the full tide of European politics and became itself a
founder of new states, an imperial power, a colonizer of lands beyond
the seas, the mother of a greater Normandy in England, in Sicily, and
in America.
At home and abroad the history of Normandy is a record of rich
and varied achievement—of war and conquest and feats of arms, but
also of law and government and religion, of agriculture, industry, trade,
and exploration, of literature and science and art. It takes us back to
Rollo and William of the Long Sword, to the Vikings and the
Crusaders, to the conquerors of England and Sicily, to masterful
prelates of the feudal age like Odo of Bayeux and Thomas Becket; it
brings us down to the admirals and men of art and letters of the Grand
Siècle,—Tourville and DuQuesne, Poussin, Malherbe, and the great
Corneille,—to Charlotte Corday and the days of the Terror, and to the
painters and scholars and men of letters of the nineteenth century,—
Géricault and Millet, Laplace and Léopold Delisle, Flaubert and
Maupassant and Albert Sorel. It traces the laborious clearing of ancient
forests, the rude processes of primitive agriculture, the making of
Norman cider and the breeding of the Norman horse, the vicissitudes
of trade in fish and marten-skins, in pottery, cheap cottons, and strong
waters, the development of a centre of fashion like Trouville or centres
of war and commerce like Cherbourg and Havre. It describes the slow
building of monasteries and cathedrals and the patient labors of priests
and monks, as well as the conquest of the Canaries, the colonization
of Canada, and the exploration of the Great West. A thousand years of
such history are well worth a week of commemoration and retrospect.
To the American traveller who wends his way toward Paris from
Cherbourg, Havre, or Dieppe, the first impression of Normandy is that
of a country strikingly like England. There are the same high chalk
cliffs, the same “little grey church on the windy shore,” often the same
orchards and hedges, poppies and roses. There are trees and wide
stretches of forest as in few other parts of France, placid, full-brimmed
rivers and quiet countrysides, and everywhere the rich green of
meadow and park and pasture, that vivid green of the north which
made Alphonse Daudet at Oxford shudder, “Green rheumatism,” as he
thought of the sun-browned plains and sharp, bare hills of his own
Provence. Normandy is brighter than England, with a dash more of
color in the landscape, but its skies are not sunny and its air breathes
the mists of the sea and the chill of the north. There is a grey tone
also, of grey towns and grey sea, matched by an austere and sombre
element in the Norman character, which, if it does not take its
pleasures sadly after the manner of Taine’s Englishmen, is prone to
take them soberly, and by an element of melancholy, a sense of le glas
des choses mortes, which Flaubert called the melancholy of the
northern barbarians. The Norman landscape also gives us the feeling
of finish and repose and the sentiment of a rich past, not merely in the
obvious externals of crumbling wall and ivied tower, but in that deeper
sense of a people bound from immemorial antiquity to the soil, adapted
to every local difference through long generations of use and wont, in
an intimate union of man and nature which makes the Norman
inseparable from his land. All this, too, is English, but English with a
difference. Just as, in Henry James’s phrase, the English landscape is
a landlord’s landscape, and the French a peasant’s, so the mairie and
the préfecture, the public garden and the public band, the café and the
ever-open church, the workman’s blouse and the grandam’s bonnet,
remind us continually that we are in a Latin country and on our way to
Paris.
Now the history of Normandy reflects this twofold impression of the
traveller: it faces toward England and the sea, but it belongs to France
and the land. Open to the outer world by the great valley of the Seine
and the bays and inlets of its long coast-line, Normandy was never
drawn to the sea in the same degree as its neighbor Brittany, nor
isolated in any such measure from the life of the Continent. Where the
shore is low, meadow and field run to the water’s edge; where it is
high, its line is relatively little broken, so that the streams generally
rush to the sea down short, steep valleys, up which wheeze the trains
which connect the little seaside ports and watering-places with the
modern world within. In spite of the trade of its rivers and its ports, in
spite of the growth of industry along its streams, Normandy is still
primarily an agricultural country, rooted deep in the rich soil of an
ancient past, a country of horses and cattle, of butter and cheese and
cider and the kindly fruits of the earth; and the continuity of its history
rests upon the land itself. “Behind the shore and even upon it,” says
Vidal de la Blache, “the ancient cumulative force of the interior has
reacted against the sea. There an old and rich civilization has
subsisted in its entirety, founded on the soil, through whose power
have resisted and endured the speech, the traditions, and the peoples
1
of ancient times.” Conquered and colonized by the sea-rovers of the
north, the land of Normandy was able to absorb its conquerors into the
law, the language, the religion, and the culture of France, where, as
Sorel says, their descendants now preserve “their attachment to their
native soil, the love of their ancestors, the respect for the ruins of the
2
past, and the indestructible veneration for its tombs.”
If the character of Normandy is thus in considerable measure
determined by geography, its boundaries and even its internal unity are
chiefly the result of history. For good and ill, Normandy has, on the
land side, no natural frontiers. The hills of the west continue those of
Brittany, the plains of the east merge in those of Picardy. The
watershed of the south marks no clear-cut boundary from Maine and
Perche; the valleys of the Seine and the Eure lead straight to the Ile-
de-France, separated from Normandy only by those border fortresses
of the Avre and the Vexin which are the perpetual battle-ground of
Norman history—Normandy’s Alsace-Lorraine! Within these limits lie
two distinct physiographic areas, one the lower portion of the Paris
basin, the other a western region which belongs with Brittany and the
west of France. These districts are commonly distinguished as Upper
and Lower Normandy, terms consecrated by long use and
representing two contrasted regions and types, but there is no general
agreement as to their exact limits or the limits of the region of Middle
Normandy which some have placed between them. Even the attempt
to define these areas in terms of cheese—as the land respectively of
the creamy Neufchâtel, the resilient Pont-l’Évêque, and the flowing
Camembert—is defective from the point of view of geographical
accuracy!
The most distinctive parts of Upper Normandy are the valley of the
Seine and the region to the north and east, the pays de Caux, fringed
by the coast from Havre to the frontier of Picardy. Less monotonous
than the bare plains farther east, the plateau of Caux is covered by a
rich vegetation, broken by scattered farmsteads, where house and
orchard and outbuildings are protected from the wind by those
rectangular earthworks surmounted by trees which are the most
characteristic feature of the region. It is the country of Madame Bovary
and of Maupassant’s peasants. Equally typical is the valley of the
Seine, ample, majestic, slow, cutting its sinuous way through high
banks which grow higher as we approach the sea, winding around
ancient strongholds like Château Gaillard and Tancarville or ruined
abbeys like Jumièges and Saint-Wandrille,—where Maeterlinck’s bees
still hum in the garden,—catching the tide soon after it enters
Normandy, reaching deep water at Rouen, and meeting the “longed-for
dash of waves” in the great estuary at its mouth. Halfway from the
Norman frontier to the river’s end stands Rouen, mistress of the Seine
and capital, not only of Upper Normandy, but of the whole Norman
land. Celtic in name and origin, like most French cities, chief town of
the Roman province of Lugdunensis Secunda and of the ecclesiastical
province to which this gave rise, the political and commercial
importance of Rouen have made it also the principal city of mediæval
and modern Normandy and the seat of the changing political authority
to which the land has bowed. As early as the twelfth century it is one of
the famous cities of Europe, likened to Rome by local poets and
celebrated even by sober historians for its murmuring streams and
pleasant meadows, its hill-girt site and strong defences, its beautiful
churches and private dwellings, its well-stocked markets, and its
extensive foreign trade. In spite of all modern changes, Rouen is still a
city full of history, in the parchments of its archives and the stones of
its walls, in its stately cathedral with the ancient tombs of the Norman
dukes, in the glorious nave of its great abbey-church, the florid Gothic
of Saint-Maclou, the richly carved perpendicular of its Palace of
Justice, and its splendid façades of the French Renaissance; historic
also in those unbuilt spots which mark the landing of the Northmen and
the burning of Joan of Arc.
Lower Normandy shows greater variety, comprising the hilly
country of the Bocage,—the so-called Norman Switzerland,—the plain
of Caen and the pasture-lands of the Bessin, and the wide sweep of
the Atlantic coast-line, from the promontory of La Hague to the shifting
sands of the bay of Mont-Saint-Michel. It is a country of green fields
and orchards and sunken lanes, of dank parks and mouldering
châteaux, of deserted mills and ancient parish churches, of quaint
timbered houses and long village streets, of silent streams, small ports,
and pebbly beaches, the whole merging ultimately in the neighboring
lands of Brittany and Maine. Its typical places are Falaise, Vire, and
Argentan, with their ancient castles of the Norman dukes; Bayeux and
Coutances, the foundations of whose soaring cathedrals carry us back
to the princely prelates of the Conquest; provincial capitals of the Old
Régime, like Valognes, or the new, like Saint-Lô; and best of all, the
crowning glories of the marvel of Mont-Saint-Michel. Its chief town is
Caen, stern and grey, the heart of Normandy as Rouen is its head, an
old poet tells us; no ancient Roman capital, but the creation of the
mediæval dukes, who reared its great abbey-churches to
commemorate the marriage and the piety of William the Conqueror
and Matilda, and who established their exchequer in its castle; an
intellectual centre also, the seat of the only Norman university, of an
academy, and of a society of antiquaries which has recovered for us
great portions of the Norman past.
Fashioned and enriched by the hand of man, the land of
Normandy has in turn profoundly influenced the character of its
inhabitants. First and foremost, the Norman is a peasant, industrious,
tenacious, cautious, secretive, distrustful of strangers, close-fisted,
shrewd, even to the point of cunning, a hard man at a bargain, eager
for gain, but with the genius for small affairs rather than for great, for
labor and economy rather than enterprise and daring. Suspicious of
novelty, he is a conservative in politics with a high regard for vested
interests. The possession of property, especially landed property, is his
great ambition; and since, as St. Francis long ago reminded us,
property is the sower of strife and suits at law, he is by nature litigious
and lawyerly. There is a well-known passage of Michelet which
describes the Norman peasant on his return from the fields explaining
the Civil Code to his attentive children; Racine, who immortalized
Chicaneau in his Plaideurs, laid the scene in a town of Lower
Normandy. Even in his time this was no new trait, for the fondness for
legal form and chicane can be traced in the early days of the Coutume
de Normandie, while the Burnt Njal Saga shows us the love of lawsuits
and fine points of procedure full-blown among the Northmen of
primitive Iceland. If Normandy is the pays de gain, it is also the pays
de sapience. Hard-headed and practical, the Norman is not an idealist
or a mystic; even his religion has a practical flavor, and the Bretons are
wont to assert that there has never been a Norman saint. With the
verse of Corneille and the splendid monuments of Romanesque and
Gothic architecture before us, no one can accuse the Normans of lack
of artistic sense, yet here, too, the Norman imagination is inclined to be
restrained and severe, realistic rather than romantic. Its typical modern
writers are Flaubert and Maupassant; its typical painter is Millet,
choosing his scenes from Barbizon, but loyal to the peasant types of
his native Normandy. Indeed Henry Adams insists that Flaubert’s style,
exact, impersonal, austere, is singularly like that of those great works
of Norman Romanesque, the old tower of Rouen cathedral and St.
Stephen’s abbey at Caen, and shows us “how an old art transmutes
3
itself into a new one, without changing its methods.” In history, a field
in which the Norman attachment to the past has produced notable
results, the distinguishing qualities of Norman work have been acute
criticism and great erudition rather than brilliant imagination. In
science, when a great Norman like Laplace discovered the nebular
hypothesis, he relegated it to a note in the appendix to his ordered and
systematic treatise on the motions of the heavenly bodies. The
Norman mind is neither nebular nor hypothetical!
The land is not the whole of nature’s gift to Normandy; we must
also take account of the sea, of those who came by sea and those who
went down to the sea in ships; and history tells us of another type of
Norman, those giants of an elder day who, as one of their descendants
has said, “found the seas too narrow and the land too tame.” The men
who subdued England and Sicily, who discovered the Canaries and
penetrated to the Mississippi, who colonized Quebec and ruled the Isle
of France, were no stay-at-homes, no cautious landsmen interested in
boundaries and inheritances and vain strivings about the law. Warriors
and adventurers in untamed lands and upon uncharted seas, they
were organizers of states and rulers of peoples, and it is their work
which gives Normandy its chief claim upon the attention of the student
of general history. These are the Normans of history and the Normans
of romance. Listen to the earliest characterizations of them which have
reached us from the south, as a monk of the eleventh century, Aimé of
Monte Cassino, sets out to recount the deeds of the southern
Normans, fortissime gent who have spread themselves over the earth,
ever leaving small things to acquire greater, unwilling to serve, but
4
seeking to have every one in subjection; or as his contemporary,
Geoffrey Malaterra, himself very likely of Norman origin, describes this
cunning and revengeful race, despising their own inheritance in the
hope of winning a greater elsewhere, eager for gain and eager for
power, quick to imitate whatever they see, at once lavish and greedy;
given to hunting and hawking and delighting in horses and
accoutrements and fine clothing, yet ready when occasion demands to
bear labor and hunger and cold; skilful in flattery and the use of fine
5
words, but unbridled unless held down firmly by the yoke of justice.
Turn then to the northern writers of the following century: William of
Malmesbury, who describes the fierce onslaughts of the Normans,
inured to war and scarcely able to live without it, their stratagems and
6
breaches of faith and their envy of both equals and superiors; or the
English monk Ordericus, who spent his life among them in Normandy
and who says:—
The race of the Normans is unconquered and ready for any

wild deed unless restrained by a strong ruler. In whatever
gathering they find themselves they always seek to dominate, and
in the heat of their ambition they are often led to violate their
obligations. All this the French and Bretons and Flemings and
other neighbors have frequently felt; this the Italians and the
Lombards, the Angles and Saxons, have also learned to their
7
undoing.
A little later it is the Norman poet Wace who tells, through the mouth of
the dying William the Conqueror, of these same Normans—brave and
valiant and conquering, proud and boastful and fond of good cheer,
8
hard to control and needing to be kept under foot by their rulers.
Through all these accounts runs the same story of a high-spirited,
masterful, unscrupulous race, eager for danger and ready for every
adventure, and needing always the bit and bridle rather than the spur.
The contrast is not merely between the eleventh century and the
twentieth, between a lawless race of pioneers and a race subdued and
softened by generations of order and peace; the two types are present
in the early days of Norman history. Among the conquerors of England
a recent historian distinguishes “the great soldiers of the invading host
... equally remarkable for foresight in council and for headlong courage
in the hour of action, whose wits are sharpened by danger and whose
resolution is only stimulated by obstacles; incapable of peaceful

Instant Download PDF Trigonometry 4th Edition Dugopolski Solutions Manual Full Chapter

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Instant Download PDF Trigonometry 4th Edition Dugopolski Solutions Manual Full Chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Trigonometry 4th Edition Dugopolski

Trigonometry 4th Edition Dugopolski Test Bank

Precalculus Functions and Graphs 4th Edition Dugopolski

Algebra and Trigonometry 4th Edition Stewart Solutions

College Algebra 6th Edition Dugopolski Solutions Manual

Trigonometry 10th Edition Lial Solutions Manual

Trigonometry 10th Edition Larson Solutions Manual

Trigonometry 11th Edition Lial Solutions Manual

Trigonometry 8th Edition McKeague Solutions Manual

For Thought 6. Note α = 180◦ − (16◦ + 121◦ ) = 43◦ .

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

we have 12. Note β = 180◦ − (39.7◦ + 91.6◦ ) = 48.7◦ .

Since 14. Draw angle β = 28.6◦ and let h be the height.

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

40.7 sin 28.6◦ C

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

18. Draw angle γ = 128.6◦ . So γ2 = 180◦ − (45.1◦ + 32.7◦ ) = 102.2◦ .

20. Draw angle α = 30◦ and let h be the height.

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

C `` d2s + 39502 = 39602

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Then The remaining angles are β = 153.435◦

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

37. Let t be the number of seconds it takes the fox

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Apply the sine law as follows: 45. a) Odd b) Even

3.5(t + 1) 6.5t c) Even d) Even

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

h 6. By the cosine law, we get

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. By the cosine law, we obtain 12. By the cosine law,

So γ = 180◦ − (30.2◦ + 130.3◦ ) = 19.5◦ So α = 180◦ − (60.6◦ + 65.5◦ ) = 53.9◦ .

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

29. Recall, a central angle α in a circle

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

α = cos−1 (0.2) 41. The pentagon consists of 5 chords each of

AB 2 + 5.32 − 7.62 ...........

1.0172 = .1332 + .8942 − 2(.133)(.894) cos α

So θ2 = 180◦ − 89.4◦ = 90.6◦ .

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

By the sine law, we find c) Yes, even in perfect alignment a total

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

1. Using the cosine law, we find or equivalently

3. The triangle inequality fails since a = 6 plus 60

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

19.7 sin 74.2◦

By the sine law, we obtain Note γ = 180◦ − (42.3◦ + 62.1◦ ) = 75.6◦ .

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

1 11. Note, the area of the triangle below is

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

15. Note, 23. Since two sides and an included angle

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

and β = 180 − (21◦ + 36◦ + 62◦ ) = 61◦ . By the 1

A ≈ 72, 337.6 ft.2

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Note, γ is an acute angle. By the sine law, we

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.

Copyright 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.