RME-3103: Mechanics of Solids & Fluids

Kinematics of Fluid Flow

Lecture-21

Ref: Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines

--R. K. Bansal

Md. Ariful Islam

Assistant Professor
Dept. of Robotics & Mechatronics Engineering
University of Dhaka

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Fluid Dynamics

 Kinematics: Effect of force & mass is not considered.

 Kinetics: Effect of force & mass is considered.

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1. Kinematics

 Deals with motion of particles without considering the

forces causing the motion

 Methods of describing fluid motion

 Fluid element: Very small parcel of fluid

Fluids flow are two types

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1.1 Lagrangian approach

 Individual fluid elements are tracked in time

 A fluid particles being followed at each point.

 The fluid properties are then determined as the fluid particle move
about.

 Concerned with a particular particle of fluid as it moves through

space.

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In the lagrangian description of fluid flow, a fluid element’s
position is a function of time.

A fluid element is moving at time t.

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Lagrangian approach

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A women following her pet around.

 She can observe the dog’s every

movement and its reaction towards the
environment.

 She can also track the position and

velocity of her dog.
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In lagrangian method, we can readily obtain information by
just following an object’s movement.

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You always go with her and actually,
you secretly follow her around.
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1.2 Eulerian approach

 It’s just observing fluid properties as a Function of time and

space

 Concerned with the fluid properties (such as pressure,

velocity, temp) at a specific space-time point (x,y,z,t)

 More convenient for experiments

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The fluid element moves during dt

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Eulerian approach

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Imagine a container where fluid
particles can go IN and OUT.

Only those particles inside the

container are being observed.

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 If we count the fishes that pass through the fixed space per
hour, we execute the Eulerian method.

 We are only concerned with those fishes inside the

boundary lines. 15
 Lagrangian approach Eulerian approach
Particle concentration approach Space concentration approach

Entire focus on a particular fluid Entire focus on a particular space

particle or zone
Each fluid particle is studied All particles passing through that
individually space are studied simultaneously

No particles are very large in a Big average approach, may not

system that’s why very time give accurate result for individual
consuming particle but gives correct result for
bulk motion of flow and very less
time consuming
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1.3 Types of Fluid flow
1. Steady and Unsteady flows
2. Uniform and non-uniform flows
3. Laminar and tubulent flows
4. Compressible and incompressible flows
5. Rotational and irrotational flows
6. One, two and three dimensional flows

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Steady flow:

Unsteady flow:

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Uniform flow:

Non-uniform flow:

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Laminar flow:

Velocity at any given time does not change w.r.t space

Turbulent flow:

Changes w.r.t time

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Compressible flow:

Incompressible flow:

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Rotational flow:

Fluid particles rotate about their

own axis while moving along
streamline during flow.

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Irrotational flow:

Fluid particles do not rotate about their own axis

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1-D flow:

Velocity of flow is function of only one space co-

ordinate.

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2-D flow:

Velocity of flow is function of two space co-ordinates.

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3-D flow:
Velocity of flow is function of three space co-ordinates.

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Rate of flow or Discharge (Q):
Quantity of a fluid flowing per second through a section of a
pipe

Continuity Equation:
Based on the principle of conservation of mass

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Any change would be the initial value plus the gradient
multiplied by the distance
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Continuity equation in 3 dimensions

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Mass of fluid entering ABCD per second

Mass of fluid leaving EFGH per second

Gain in mass in x direction

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Net gain in mass in y direction

Net gain in mass in z direction

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Chain Rule of Differentiation

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 Velocity & Acceleration
Velocity components are

Resultant Velocity

Total acceleration in x direction according to chain rule of

Differentiation

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Acceleration vector

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Local acceleration:

Convective acceleration:

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