The reigns of two prominent historical figures in Indian history, Emperor Ashoka and

Emperor Akbar, are often cited as notable examples of rulers who made significant
contributions to the development and promotion of human rights in their respective times.
Both Ashoka and Akbar implemented policies and principles that aimed at ensuring the well-
being and rights of their subjects. However, their approaches and the historical contexts in
which they ruled were distinct.
Emperor Ashoka (c. 268–232 BCE)
1. Promotion of Buddhism: Ashoka, who initially ascended to power through warfare,
underwent a transformation after the Kalinga War, a brutal conflict in which he
witnessed the immense suffering and loss of life. After this event, he embraced
Buddhism, which espouses principles of non-violence and compassion. Ashoka's
commitment to Buddhism led him to promote the religion's teachings and values
throughout his empire. He encouraged religious tolerance and provided patronage to
various religious traditions.
2. The Edicts of Ashoka: Ashoka is best known for his rock and pillar edicts, which
were inscribed on stone pillars and rocks throughout his empire. These edicts
conveyed messages related to social and ethical conduct, emphasizing principles such
as respect for all living beings, religious freedom, and the importance of kindness and
compassion. They represented some of the earliest known examples of public
declarations of moral principles and policies.
3. Welfare Measures: Ashoka introduced a number of measures to improve the welfare
of his subjects. He established hospitals for humans and animals and created systems
to provide medical care and treatment. He also introduced policies to improve the
living conditions of his people, promote economic prosperity, and ensure fair
administration.
Emperor Akbar (1542–1605)
1. Religious Tolerance: Akbar, often considered one of the greatest Mughal emperors, is
celebrated for his policy of religious tolerance. In an era marked by religious
conflicts, Akbar adopted a remarkably inclusive approach. He not only allowed the
practice of diverse religions but also initiated discussions among religious scholars
from different traditions to promote interfaith dialogue and understanding.
2. The Din-i Ilahi: Akbar introduced the concept of Din-i Ilahi, a syncretic faith that
attempted to blend elements of various religions, such as Islam, Hinduism,
Zoroastrianism, and Christianity. While this faith did not gain widespread acceptance,
it reflected Akbar's commitment to promoting religious harmony and tolerance.
3. Administrative Reforms: Akbar introduced several administrative reforms that
aimed at improving the lives of his subjects. His policies included land revenue
reforms that sought to ensure fair taxation, as well as the introduction of a centralized
administration. These reforms aimed to reduce the oppression of the peasantry and
promote economic stability.
Comparison and Impact:
While both Ashoka and Akbar are remembered for their efforts to promote human rights and
religious tolerance, they did so in different historical and cultural contexts. Ashoka's embrace
of Buddhism and his rock and pillar edicts emphasized principles of non-violence,
compassion, and the ethical treatment of all beings. In contrast, Akbar's approach was marked
by his commitment to religious inclusivity and efforts to foster understanding among diverse
religious communities.
The impact of their policies is also notable. Ashoka's principles influenced not only his own
reign but also the spread of Buddhism and moral ideals in India and beyond. The rock and
pillar edicts continue to be studied for their historical and ethical significance. Akbar's
religious tolerance and administrative reforms contributed to a period of relative peace and
prosperity in his empire and influenced later Mughal rulers.
In summary, Ashoka and Akbar are recognized for their significant contributions to the
promotion of human rights and religious tolerance in their respective eras. Their legacies
continue to be celebrated for their efforts to create more inclusive and compassionate
societies, each in their own unique way.