MICROBIOLOGY 3RD YEAR

LECTURE 1ST SEMESTER

Lesson 1A - Bacteriology History

Microbiology C. Biotechnology
● science that deals with the study of very small or minute ● Genetic engineering
organisms ● GMO
● study of microorganisms ● Pharmaceutical products
● Gene therapy/Therapeutic measures
Microorganisms/scope
● Bacteria (Bacteriology) Specific Areas of Microbiology
● Archaea (Crenarcheota, Eurearcheota, Korarcheota, ● General microbiology
Nanoarcheota) ● Medical microbiology
● Algae (Phycology) ● Veterinary microbiology
● Protozoans (Protozoology) ● Agricultural microbiology
● Fungi (Mycology) ● Food microbiologist
● Viruses (Virology) ● Dairy microbiologist
● Industrial microbiology
Microorganisms as Cells − Industrial microbiologist
− Applied microbiologist
● an open and dynamic entity ● Sanitary microbiology
● communicate and exchange materials with their environment ● Environmental microbiology
● highly organized structure consisting ● Space microbiology/Exobiology
primarily of proteins, lipids, nucleic acid and polysaccharide ● Microbial physiology
● possess characteristics of living system (domain of life) ● Microbial genetics
● Microbial ecology
Role:
− Causes diseases
− Indirect evidence that microorganisms were agents of Historical Background
human disease Discussions on the historical background is divided into the
following areas:
Domains of Life ● Observation of microorganisms
● Microorganisms as living entities
● reproduction (growth) ● Role of microorganisms
● metabolism (uptake, transport, elimination)
● differentiation (e.g. Spore formation)
● communication (chemical signal) Robert Hooke
● movement ● 1665
● evolution ● Simple compound microscope (30x)
− “Cells”
Basic Themes of Microbioogy − “Elongated stalks” - fungi
● basic biological science
− provides tools for probing the processes of life Janssen
(the understanding of the chemical and
physical basis of life) ● 1600
● Invented the microscope
● applied biological science
− deals with practical problems in medicine, agriculture and Anton van Leewenhoek
industry
● 1676
● Single biconvex lens microscope (50-300x)
Impact/Importance of Microorganisms in Humans ● “weeanimalcules - protozoa
Goal of Microbiologist − First to see bacteria
● understand how the microorganisms works and devise ways in
− Also described algae, yeast and fungi
which the benefits of microorganisms can be ncreased and its ● Made the first recorded functional microscope (based on
harmful effects will be curtailed. Janssen’s idea)
● First described bacteria, blood cells, spermatozoa
● Described bacteria into three forms: cocci, bacilli and spiral-
A. Medicine shaped microorganisms
● infectious disease agents ● Father of Microbiology
3% - pathogenic
10%- opportunistic Ernst Karl Abbe
87%- non-pathogenic
● improve sanitary practices ● 1878
● discovery and use of antimicrobial agents ● Introduced the oil immersion objective
● Invented the system of lenses and mirrors which concentrates
light on objects being viewed
B. Agriculture − Abbe condenser
● Nitrogen fixation (for plant growth)
● Digestive process of ruminant animals Paul Ehrlich
● Cycling of nutrients ( C, N, S)
● Plant and animal diseases ● 1890
● Improved visualization of bacteria through the use of stains
− Methylene blue
C. Food and Industry
● Fermentation
● Food additive Hans Christian Gram
● Food preservation (Bacteriocin) ● 1884
● Food products (cheese, yogurt, milk, etc.) ● Gram Staining - Developed staining technique which divided the
bacteria into two groups
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Louis Pasteur Sergei Winogradsky
● 1857 ● Isolated and described nitrifying bacteria
● Published a refutation of spontaneous generation ● Discovered microorganisms capable of inorganic chemical
● Microscopic examination oxidation
− Wine contained yeast cells ● Developed a model system for growing anaerobic
− ‘Sick’ (sour) wine contained bacteria and yeast photosynthetic and microaerophilic bacteria
● Pasteur recommended the use of heat to control bacterial ● Described anaerobic nitrogen fixation
contamination
− Pasteurization
● Fermentation process by bacteria Taxonomy
● Introduce the aerobe and anaerobes ● science of classifying microorganisms
● Significant contribution to the germ theory if the disease ● provides universal names for organisms
(Specific to a disease) ● provides reference for identifying organisms
● Changes hospital practices to minimize nosocomial infection
● Vaccines: cholera, anthrax and rabies
Taxonomical Component
John Tyndall 1. Classification
− arrangement of organisms into groups or taxa based on
● 1877 mutual similarity and evolutionary relatedness.
● Final blow to spontaneous generation theory
− Dust carries germs 2. Nomenclature
● Evidence for the existence heat-resistant forms of bacteria − concerned with the assignment of names to taxonomic
− tyndallization groups in agreement with published rules
3. Identification
Ferdinand Cohn − process of determining that a particular isolates
● 1879 belongs to a recognized taxon
● Discovered endospores
Systematics
Ignaz Semmelweis ● study of the evolutionary history of organisms
● 1861 ● scientific study of characterizing and arranging organisms in an
● Childbed fever was transmitted by physicians orderly manner
● Introduced the use of antiseptics ● any study of organisms when the knowledge gained is used in
taxonomy
Joseph Lister
● 1867 Nomenclature
● Instruments were heat-sterilized ● informal or vernacular name or very specialized or restricted
● Use of phenol as disinfectant name
● Scientific name or taxonomic group
● Latinized, has define position in taxonomic hierarchy
● Binomial name of species (Linnaeus)
● e.g. Koch’s bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis a

Taxonomical Hierarchy
1. Domain
2. Kingdom
3. Phylum
4. Class
5. Order
6. Family
7. Genus
8. Species
9. Intra sub-specific rank (e.g. biotype/biovar)

Classification System
1. Artificial - based on arbitrary chosen criteria or shared
characteristics
2. Natural - arrange organisms into groups whose members share
many characteristics and reflect the biological nature of the
organisms
a. Phenetic System
Robert Koch − based on mutual similarity of the phenotypic
● 1876-1877 characteristics of the organisms
● First direct demonstration of the role of bacteria in causing b. Phylogenetic or Phyletic System
disease - bacillus anthracis caused Anthrax − Based on the evolutionary relationship
● Also isolated the bacterium that caused tuberculosis -
Mycobacterium tuberculosis Polyphasic Taxonomy
● Koch postulates - adopted as a guide for relating specific
microbes to specific diseases − Combines phylogenetic & phenetic informations
● Germ theory of the disease (Jacob Henle) ● morphological (microscopy)
● Develop the use of solid culture media (Hesse) (use of agar from ● cultural observation
algae) ● physiological and ecological properties
● The use of petri dishes (Petri) ● chemical cell wall analysis
● Fixing, staining and photographing bacteria ● Immunological typing
● Discovered Vibrio cholarae and spores of bacillus anthracis ● G and C content of DNA
● Tubeculin (skin test for TB) ● 16s rRNA analysis
● nucleic acid hybridization and others
Alexander Fleming
Classification Systems
● Discovered the “miracle drug” penecillin from Penicilllium
Carl Linneaus (1700s)
Selman Waksman ● Plantae
● Animalia
● Discovered streptomycin from a mold-like bacillus Streptomyces
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Ernst Haeckel (1866)
● Plantae
● Animalia
● Protista (protistos = first, primitive)

Robert Whittaker (!969)

● Monera
● Protista
● Fungi
● Plantae
● Animalia

Carl Woese & Ralph Wolfe (1977)

● Eubacteria
● Protista
● Plantae
● Archaebacteria
● Fungi
● Animalia

Major Criteria used:

1. Cell type (Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic)
2. Level of organization (colonial or aline; unicellular or
multicellular)
3. Nutrition (Absorption, synthesis or ingestion)

Microbial Diversity include the following

● Morphology (size and shape)
● Structure
● Metabolism
● Ecological
● Behavior
● Evolutionary (Genetic)
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