RAADS

RAADS–R
Published: April 4, 2020

Last updated on March 14, 2024
Contents
 1 Who the test is designed for
 2 Versions & translations
 3 Taking the test
 4 Scoring
 5 Subscales
 6 Average scores
 7 Mean scores
 8 Validity
 9 Discussion
 10 The RAADS–R
 11 What do my scores mean?
 12 Statements per subscales
 13 Recommended next steps
 14 References
 15 Tags
 16 Disclaimer
The Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale–Revised (RAADS–R) is a self-

report questionnaire designed to identify adult autistics who “escape diagnosis” due
to a subclinical level presentation.
Basic information
Statements: 80
Duration: 10–30 minutes
Type: screening tool
Authors: Riva Ariella Ritvo et al.
Publishing year: 2011
Seminal paper: The Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale-Revised (RAADS–
R): A Scale to Assist the Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder
in Adults: An International Validation Study (Ritvo et al., 2011)
Original RAADS
Statements: 78
Publishing year: 2008
Seminal paper: A Scale to Assist the Diagnosis of Autism and Asperger’s
Disorder in Adults (RAADS): A Pilot Study (Ritvo et al., 2008)
Take the test here:
RAADS–R
Who the test is designed for

 Adults (age 16+) with ASD level 1 or subclinical autism.
 Adults with IQ in the normal range (IQ >=80).[1]
Versions & translations

The RAADS–R has been translated into Swedish, and was also available in most
languages through Google Translate. But as of 13 January 2022, it seems the
online RAADS–R tests have been taken down. As far as we know, we are currently
the only ones who host the RAADS–R online, albeit in English only.
Taking the test
The RAADS–R is a self-report instrument. However, the authors mention that a
clinician might help a participant interpret items if they have difficulty
understanding the question.
The test assesses developmental symptoms correlating with the three DSM-
5 diagnostic categories (Language, Social relatedness, and Sensory–motor), as
well as a fourth subscale, Circumscribed interests. It consists of 80 statements,
giving you 4 choices for each statement:
 True now and when I was young

 True now only
 True only when I was younger than 16
 Never true
If you decide to take the test, please consider the Discussion section below.
Scoring
Thresholds
The scoring range of the RAADS–R is 0–240. A score of 65+ indicates you are
likely autistic, as no neurotypical scored above 64 in the research. A score
of <65 means you are likely not autistic. However, note that no single test is
conclusive. For more certainty, we suggest taking a few other autism tests as well.
In the table below, you can see the threshold scores and maximum possible scores
for the subscales of the RAADS–R.
❮
RAADS–R scores
Construct Threshold score Maximum score
Total score 65 240
Language 4 21
Social relatedness 31 117
Sensory–motor 16 60
Circumscribed interests 15 42
❯
To see how your score compares to other people’s, have a look at the Average
scores section. For more information on the RAADS–R subscales, have a look at
the Subscales section below.
Scoring methods
You can take the test using two methods:
 Automated-scoring
 Paper-based if you want documentation of your answers (you can find the scoring key
at the bottom of the PDF)
Scoring
The scoring of most of the statements (63) is as follows:
 True now and when I was young (3 points)

 True now only (2 points)
 True only when I was younger than 16 (1 point)
 Never true (0 points)
However, the point value is reversed for the 17 so-called normative questions:[2]
 True now and when I was young (0 points)

 True now only (1 point)
 True only when I was younger than 16 (2 points)
 Never true (3 points)
Below you can see an example of the first 3 questions, the first of which (denoted
by an asterisk) is normative and thus has reversed scoring.
Subscales
Language
The language subscale is made up of 7 statements. The focus of these statements is
on:
 Movie talk: Friends notice you’ve heard something new because you start using the
word or phrase regularly.
 Small talk: A light conversation about unimportant things that people make during
social interactions—instead of topics that are actually interesting and fun to talk about.
 Being literal: Having challenges when ‘what is said’ language does not match ‘what is
meant’ language.
Social relatedness
The social relatedness subscale is made up of 39 statements. The focus of these
statements is on:
 Mentalization: Challenges with understanding what others are thinking or feeling.

 Mutual interests: Preferring to be with people with whom you share interests.
 Outsider: Being considered ‘different’.
 Bluntness: Being called rude; or that you have asked embarrassing questions; or pointed
out when others have made an error.
 Dialectical reciprocity: Challenges knowing when it is your turn to talk, in a
conversation or on the phone.
 Emotional reciprocity: Difficulty knowing when a person is flirting with you.
 Auditory processing issues: Challenges talking with several people at the same time.
 Object permanence: Not missing people when they’re absent.
 Maintaining relationships: Challenges making or keeping friends.
 Nonverbal communication: Challenges understanding body language.
 Mimicry/imitation: Copying others’ behaviour to fit in.
 Camouflaging: Hiding your automatic behaviours to fit in with others.
Sensory–motor
The sensory–motor subscale is made up of 20 statements. The focus of these
statements is on:
 Voice volume challenges: Talking very loud, not loud enough, or significant
fluctuations between the two.
 Voice differences: Speaking monotone, like a child, or in silly voices.
 Motor control issues: Clumsiness and being uncoordinated.
 Sensory: Sensory stimulation that doesn’t bother others can be painful and
overwhelming. The experience can differ significantly at various times or be context-
dependent. You may get anxious when overstimulated.
Circumscribed interests
The circumscribed interests subscale is made up of 14 statements. The focus of
these statements is on:
 Details preference: focuses on details before the big picture, but can do both.
 Upset when the unexpected occurs: A dislike of someone changing your routine—this
does not mean that you stick to your own routine, just that you dislike someone else
changing YOUR routine.
 Special interests: Speaking about them, having them…
Average scores
The table below shows the average total scores and subscores for people taking the
RAADS-R, divided by autistic people, suspected autistic people, and non-autistic
people (neurotypicals).
❮
Average RAADS-R scores
Social Sensory/
Total score Language relatedness motor
Autism threshold 65.0 4.0 31.0 16.0
values
Autistic males 148.6 11.9 71.3 36.7
Autistic females 160.4 12.8 73.5 43.1
Suspected autistic 141.6 11.2 70.0 33.3
males
Suspected autistic 145.2 11.3 67.2 38.7
females
Neurotypical males 84.2 6.6 43.0 19.0
Neurotypical females 91.6 6.8 42.8 24.8
❯
You might ask, “If the threshold score is 65, and no neurotypicals scored higher
than 64 in the research, then why are the average neurotypical scores above 80?”
Excellent question!
The answer is in how the data is being collected. The table above is based on
people taking the RAADS–R online, which for research purposes starts with the
question as to whether you are diagnosed with autism, suspect you’re autistic, or
are not autistic. But some people that answered the latter will—contrary to their
own expectations—end up scoring in the autistic range. Due to this misattribution,
their scores get counted as neurotypical scores despite scoring in the autistic range,
thus skewing the results.
In other words, the average neurotypical scores as reported by the online RAADS–
R (on Aspietests.org) are almost certainly too high. The average scores you can
find in the research literature are more reliable, given that they use genuine
neurotypicals as a control group. In the article below, you can find a table with
average scores that I have taken from the research literature.
A summary of the autism tests & scores
Mean scores
Because the table with average scores is based on skewed data, let me also present
the mean scores from Ritvo’s seminal paper:[3]
❮
Mean RAADS–R scores
Social Sensory/
Mean total Range Language relatedness motor
Autistic spectrum (n = 66) 133.83 44–227 11.08 67.89 32.82
Asperger (n = 135) — — 10.06 65.07 28.96
Controls (n = 276) 25.95 0–65 1.86 9.24 5.26
❯
Validity
The RAADS–R is a reliable instrument to assist the diagnosis of autistic adults.[4]
 No neurotypical who took the test scored above the autism threshold.
 Only 3% of the autistic group did not score over 65.
 Test–retest reliability was high, particularly for the autistic group.[5]
Here is how the RAADS–R measures up:
❮
RAADS-R validity
Measure Result Meaning
Sensitivity 97% Test’s ability to identify positive results
Specificity 100% Test’s ability to identify negative results
Concurrent validity 96% Test’s validity compared with ADOS Module 4, SRS
Test–retest reliability .987 Test’s agreement between results of successive measurements
❯
Sensitivity
A sensitivity of 97% means that 97% of autistic people who took the test met the
cutoff score and were accurately classified as autistic. Said another way, it
represents the proportion of autistics who were correctly classified as autistic based
on the questionnaire.
In contrast, a 100% specificity score means that all (100% of) the neurotypical
people who took the test were below the cutoff score and were accurately classified
as non-autistic. It represents the proportion of neurotypicals who were correctly
classified as neurotypical based on the questionnaire.
The takeaway is that the RAADS–R has a high probability of accurately classifying
those who take the test as autistic or not autistic.
Total RAADS–R score

A total RAADS–R score of 65 or higher is consistent with the diagnosis of autism
and supports a clinician’s diagnosis. However, if there is a difference between the
clinician’s diagnosis and the RAADS–R diagnostic assignment, the clinician’s
diagnosis should take precedent. This is because symptoms may be revealed only
during an interview.
Also, the RAADS–R standardization study reported that many autism subjects,
particularly those in their late teens and early twenties, failed to acknowledge the
presence of symptoms that their families said were present and which were readily
observed by the diagnostician.[6]
Age, gender, & self-expectancy of autism

Research also shows that a person’s age, gender, autism diagnosis, or whether an
individual considered themselves to be autistic did not impact how they understood
the survey; the only relevant factor is their actual neurotype. A 2024 study shows
that diagnosed autistics and undiagnosed individuals who considered themselves to
be autistic responded to the survey in a similar way; whereas those who were
unsure whether they’re autistic were more different in their responses.[7]
Discussion
Dr. Natalie Engelbrecht:
The test has been validated and cited in the medical literature numerous times.
However, as both an autistic and a psychotherapist, I have some concerns with the
RAADS–R:
 Quite a few of the statements are not actually characteristic of autism and are likely
going to be experienced as demeaning (e.g. I am NEVER a compassionate type of
person).
 A few questions are characteristic of alexithymia rather than autism (e.g. the ones on
lack of compassion and empathy). While alexithymia correlates strongly with autism, it
should not be confused with autism itself.
 Two-thirds of autistic adults were incorrectly identified by clinicians when they used this
test, despite the fact that the test has strong validity.[8] I suspect the reason for this is that
the normative questions that indicate what we ought to be like are outdated. I contacted
Dr. Ritvo regarding this, but she has declined to respond.
My test results are above. And it did identify me as autistic, which I am. The test is
based on the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for autism[9] which views us as having
deficits, deficits, deficits!
I find many of the questions insensitive and lacking in understanding about what is
normative in regards to autistics. The test claims that a clinician ‘ought’ to see the
following characteristics if a person is autistic:
 A lack of compassion
 A dislike of close friendships
 Monotonous speech
 An inability to manage small talk.
Of the 80 statements in the RAADS–R, the following 17 are normative. And

remember, according to the RAADS–R, ‘never true’ gives the highest score (3) for
these statements. Statements that are unlikely to be ‘never true’ for most autistic
people, are in bold.
 1. I am a sympathetic person
 6. I can “put myself in other people’s shoes”
 11. I miss my best friends or family when we are apart for a long time.
 18. I understand when friends need to be comforted.
 23. Meeting new people is usually easy for me.
 26. I like having a conversation with several people, for instance around a dinner table, at
school, or at work.
 33. I speak with a normal rhythm.
 37. I am an understanding type of person.
 43. I like to talk things over with my friends.
 47. I feel very comfortable dating or being in social situations with others.
 48. I try to be as helpful as I can when other people tell me their personal problems.
 53. I am considered a compassionate type of person.
 58. I can chat and make small talk with people.
 62. I usually speak in a normal tone.
 68. I can tell when someone says one thing but means something else.
 72. I enjoy spending time eating and talking with my family and friends.
 77. I like to have close friends.
These descriptions are so lacking in nuance and are not at all representative of who
I am. This is probably my least favourite autism test for that reason alone.
Kendall:
A significant percentage of the statements are nearly impossible for me to answer

or, have no appropriate answer. It feels like throwing a dart at times; no choice is
accurate, just slightly more or less accurate.
That said, the test has a close to 100% success rate in differentiating autism from
non-autism, despite these limitations.
The RAADS–R
Please read each statement below and choose the answer that best fits your
experiences during social interactions.
1. I am a sympathetic person.
a. True now and when I was young
b. True only now
c. True only when I was younger than 16
d. Never true
2. I often use words and phrases from movies and television in

conversations.
b. True only now
d. Never true
3. I am often surprised when others tell me I have been rude.
b. True only now
d. Never true
4. Sometimes I talk too loudly or too softly, and I am not aware of it.
b. True only now

d. Never true
5. I often don't know how to act in social situations.
b. True only now
d. Never true
6. I can 'put myself in other people's shoes.'
b. True only now
d. Never true
7. I have a hard time figuring out what some phrases mean, like 'you
are the apple of my eye.'
b. True only now
d. Never true
8. I only like to talk to people who share my special interests.

b. True only now
d. Never true
9. I focus on details rather than the overall idea.
b. True only now
d. Never true
10. I always notice how food feels in my mouth. This is more

important to me than how it tastes.
b. True only now
d. Never true
11. I miss my best friends or family when we are apart for a long time.
b. True only now

d. Never true
12. Sometimes I offend others by saying what I am thinking, even if I

don't mean to.
b. True only now
d. Never true
13. I only like to think and talk about a few things that interest me.
b. True only now
d. Never true
14. I'd rather go out to eat in a restaurant by myself than with someone
I know.
b. True only now
d. Never true
15. I cannot imagine what it would be like to be someone else.

b. True only now
d. Never true
16. I have been told that I am clumsy or uncoordinated.
b. True only now
d. Never true
17. Others consider me odd or different.
b. True only now
d. Never true
18. I understand when friends need to be comforted.
b. True only now
d. Never true
19. I am very sensitive to the way my clothes feel when I touch them.
How they feel is more important to me than how they look.
b. True only now
d. Never true
20. I like to copy the way certain people speak and act. It helps me
appear more normal.
b. True only now
d. Never true
21. It can be very intimidating for me to talk to more than one person
at the same time.
b. True only now
d. Never true
22. I have to 'act normal' to please other people and make them like
me.

b. True only now
d. Never true
23. Meeting new people is usually easy for me.
b. True only now
d. Never true
24. I get highly confused when someone interrupts me when I am

talking about something I am very interested in.
b. True only now
d. Never true
25. It is difficult for me to understand how other people are feeling

when we are talking.
b. True only now
d. Never true
26. I like having a conversation with several people, for instance
around a dinner table, at school or at work.
b. True only now
d. Never true
27. I take things too literally, so I often miss what people are trying to
say.
b. True only now
d. Never true
28. It is very difficult for me to understand when someone is

embarrassed or jealous.
b. True only now
d. Never true
29. Some ordinary textures that do not bother others feel very
offensive when they touch my skin.

b. True only now
d. Never true
30. I get extremely upset when the way I like to do things is suddenly
changed.
b. True only now
d. Never true
31. I have never wanted or needed to have what other people call an
'intimate relationship.'
b. True only now
d. Never true
32. It is difficult for me to start and stop a conversation. I need to keep

going until I am finished.
b. True only now

d. Never true
33. I speak with a normal rhythm.
b. True only now
d. Never true
34. The same sound, color or texture can suddenly change from very
sensitive to very dull.
b. True only now
d. Never true
35. The phrase 'I've got you under my skin' makes me uncomfortable.
b. True only now
d. Never true
36. Sometimes the sound of a word or a high-pitched noise can be

painful to my ears.

b. True only now
d. Never true
37. I am an understanding type of person.
b. True only now
d. Never true
38. I do not connect with characters in movies and cannot feel what
they feel.
b. True only now
d. Never true
39. I cannot tell when someone is flirting with me.
b. True only now
d. Never true
40. I can see in my mind in exact detail things that I am interested in.
b. True only now
d. Never true
41. I keep lists of things that interest me, even when they have no
practical use (for example sports statistics, train schedules, calendar
dates, historical facts and dates).
b. True only now
d. Never true
42. When I feel overwhelmed by my senses, I have to isolate myself to

shut them down.
b. True only now
d. Never true
43. I like to talk things over with my friends.

b. True only now
d. Never true
44. I cannot tell if someone is interested or bored with what I am

saying.
b. True only now
d. Never true
45. It can be very hard to read someone's face, hand and body
movements when they are talking.
b. True only now
d. Never true
46. The same thing (like clothes or temperatures) can feel very
different to me at different times.
b. True only now

d. Never true
47. I feel very comfortable with dating or being in social situations

with others.
b. True only now
d. Never true
48. I try to be as helpful as I can when other people tell me their

personal problems.
b. True only now
d. Never true
49. I have been told that I have an unusual voice (for example flat,
monotone, childish, or high-pitched).
b. True only now
d. Never true
50. Sometimes a thought or a subject gets stuck in my mind and I have

to talk about it even if no one is interested.
b. True only now
d. Never true
51. I do certain things with my hands over and over again (like
flapping, twirling sticks or strings, waving things by my eyes).
b. True only now
d. Never true
52. I have never been interested in what most of the people I know
consider interesting.
b. True only now
d. Never true
53. I am considered a compassionate type of person.
b. True only now

d. Never true
54. I get along with other people by following a set of specific rules
that help me look normal.
b. True only now
d. Never true
55. It is very difficult for me to work and function in groups.
b. True only now
d. Never true
56. When I am talking to someone, it is hard to change the subject. If

the other person does so, I can get very upset and confused.
b. True only now
d. Never true
57. Sometimes I have to cover my ears to block out painful noises

(like vacuum cleaners or people talking too much or too loudly).
b. True only now
d. Never true
58. I can chat and make small talk with people.
b. True only now
d. Never true
59. Sometimes things that should feel painful are not (for instance
when I hurt myself or burn my hand on the stove).
b. True only now
d. Never true
60. When talking to someone, I have a hard time telling when it is my

turn to talk or to listen.
b. True only now

d. Never true
61. I am considered a loner by those who know me best.
b. True only now
d. Never true
62. I usually speak in a normal tone.
b. True only now
d. Never true
63. I like things to be exactly the same day after day and even small
changes in my routines upset me.
b. True only now
d. Never true
64. How to make friends and socialize is a mystery to me.

b. True only now
d. Never true
65. It calms me to spin around or to rock in a chair when I'm feeling

stressed.
b. True only now
d. Never true
66. The phrase, 'He wears his heart on his sleeve,' does not make sense
to me.
b. True only now
d. Never true
67. If I am in a place where there are many smells, textures to feel,

noises or bright lights, I feel anxious or frightened.
b. True only now

d. Never true
68. I can tell when someone says one thing but means something else.
b. True only now
d. Never true
69. I like to be by myself as much as I can.
b. True only now
d. Never true
70. I keep my thoughts stacked in my memory like they are on filing

cards, and I pick out the ones I need by looking through the stack and
finding the right one (or another unique way).
b. True only now
d. Never true
71. The same sound sometimes seems very loud or very soft, even
though I know it has not changed.
b. True only now
d. Never true
72. I enjoy spending time eating and talking with my family and
friends.
b. True only now
d. Never true
73. I can't tolerate things I dislike (like smells, textures, sounds or

colors).
b. True only now
d. Never true
74. I don't like to be hugged or held.
b. True only now

d. Never true
75. When I go somewhere, I have to follow a familiar route or I can

get very confused and upset.
b. True only now
d. Never true
76. It is difficult to figure out what other people expect of me.
b. True only now
d. Never true
77. I like to have close friends.
b. True only now
d. Never true
78. People tell me that I give too much detail.

b. True only now
d. Never true
79. I am often told that I ask embarrassing questions.
b. True only now
d. Never true
80. I tend to point out other people's mistakes.
b. True only now
d. Never true
Score
What do my scores mean?

All scores of 65 or higher are indicative of autistic traits. The higher the score, the
more autistic traits you have. In the table below are general interpretations of
various total scores on the RAADS–R.
❮
Meaning of RAADS–R scores
Score Interpretation
25 You are not autistic.
50 Some autistic traits, but likely not autistic (yet some autistic people score as low as 44).
65 The minimum score at which autism is considered.
90 Stronger indications of autism, although non-autistics may score as high.
130 The mean score of autistic people; strong evidence for autism.
160 Very strong evidence for autism.
227 The maximum score autistic people acquired in Ritvo’s seminal paper on the RAADS–R.[10]
240 The maximum possible RAADS–R score.
❯
Do note that no single test is conclusive, and not every autistic person necessarily
scores above the defined threshold on each test. If you score low on the RAADS–R
but still think you could be autistic, try taking a few other autism tests.
Statements per subscales

Below you can see which statements of the RAADS–R belong to which of the
subscales. Double-click or tap on a subscale to see all statements for that subscale
grouped together.
❮
Statements per subscales
Social Sensory/ Circumscribe
Statement relatedness Language motor interests
1 ✘
2 ✘
3 ✘
4 ✘
5 ✘
6 ✘
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80 ✘
❯
Recommended next steps

After the RAADS–R, consider taking one of the tests below.
Autism Spectrum Quotient

A simple screening test that is used as a basis
for pursuing a formal autism evaluation
CAT-Q
Measures camouflaging, and can account
for lower scores on other autism tests
Aspie Quiz
Identifies neurodivergence and
potential co-occurring conditions
Online autism tests can play an essential role in the process of self-discovery, and
may inform your decision to pursue a formal diagnosis. For a formal assessment,
please see a knowledgeable medical professional trained in assessing autism.
If you are looking for an autism assessment,

Dr. Natalie Engelbrecht ND RP can offer help!
You can find more information here:
Autism assessments
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References
References
1↑ A Scale to Assist the Diagnosis of Autism and Asperger’s Disorder in Adults (RAADS): A Pilot S
The Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale-Revised (RAADS–R): A scale to assist the diagnosis
2↑, 3↑, 4↑
in adults: An international validation study (Ritvo et al., 2011)
Table 7 – Test-retest data statistical analysis | The Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale-Revise
5↑
assist the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in adults: An international validation study (Ritvo
6↑ The Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale-Revised (RAADS–R)
7↑ Psychometric exploration of the RAADS-R with autistic adults: Implications for research and clini
2024)
Examining the Diagnostic Validity of Autism Measures Among Adults in an Outpatient Clinic Sam
8↑
McGonigle, 2019)
9↑ Diagnostic Criteria for Autism Spectrum Disorder | CDC
The Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale-Revised (RAADS-R): A Scale to Assist the Diagnos
10↑
Disorder in Adults: An International Validation Study (Ritvo et al., 2011)

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RAADS

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RAADS–R

Published: April 4, 2020

The Ritvo Autism Asperger Diagnostic Scale–Revised (RAADS–R) is a self-

Take the test here:

Who the test is designed for

Versions & translations

 True now and when I was young

 True now and when I was young (3 points)

 True now and when I was young (0 points)

 Mentalization: Challenges with understanding what others are thinking or feeling.

A summary of the autism tests & scores

Here is how the RAADS–R measures up:

Total RAADS–R score

Age, gender, & self-expectancy of autism

Of the 80 statements in the RAADS–R, the following 17 are normative. And

A significant percentage of the statements are nearly impossible for me to answer

b. True only now

c. True only when I was younger than 16

2. I often use words and phrases from movies and television in

a. True now and when I was young

b. True only now

c. True only when I was younger than 16

3. I am often surprised when others tell me I have been rude.

a. True now and when I was young

b. True only now

c. True only when I was younger than 16

a. True now and when I was young

b. True only now

5. I often don't know how to act in social situations.

a. True now and when I was young

b. True only now

c. True only when I was younger than 16

6. I can 'put myself in other people's shoes.'

a. True now and when I was young

b. True only now

c. True only when I was younger than 16

a. True now and when I was young

b. True only now

c. True only when I was younger than 16

8. I only like to talk to people who share my special interests.

b. True only now

c. True only when I was younger than 16

9. I focus on details rather than the overall idea.

a. True now and when I was young

b. True only now

c. True only when I was younger than 16

10. I always notice how food feels in my mouth. This is more

a. True now and when I was young

b. True only now

c. True only when I was younger than 16

a. True now and when I was young

b. True only now

c. True only when I was younger than 16

12. Sometimes I offend others by saying what I am thinking, even if I

a. True now and when I was young

b. True only now

c. True only when I was younger than 16

a. True now and when I was young

b. True only now

c. True only when I was younger than 16

a. True now and when I was young

b. True only now

c. True only when I was younger than 16

15. I cannot imagine what it would be like to be someone else.