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Chapter 06 Test Bank
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________
1. Which of the following is included in the labor force?

A. A student who is still in school but not working or looking for work.
B. A part-time store clerk who is looking for another job.
C. A person who voluntarily runs a charity.
D. A person who spends the entire day taking care of his or her own young children at home.
2. Who among the following is included in the labor force?

A. A hardworking homemaker who does not want to be employed outside the home.
B. A man doing 10 years in prison for armed robbery.
C. The president of Microsoft.
D. A retired commander of the armed forces.
3. People are not part of the labor force when they

A. Go on vacation.
B. Are old enough to work but choose not to work.
C. Suffer from a temporary illness that keeps them away from their job.
D. None of the choices are correct.
4. The labor force participation rate is the number

A. Of unemployed divided by the number of employed.
B. Of employed divided by the number in the labor force.
C. Of employed divided by the total population.
D. In the labor force divided by the working-age population.
5. When the labor force participation rate is declining, the

A. Unemployment rate is rising faster than the total population rate.
B. Percentage of the working-age population that is outside the labor force is declining.
C. Percentage of the working-age population that is willing and able to work is declining.
D. Percentage of the total population that is employed is rising.
6. Jack graduated from college last month, but he has not yet started looking for a job. Jack is
A. Frictionally unemployed.
B. Structurally unemployed.
C. A discouraged worker and is part of the unemployment statistic.
D. Not part of the labor force and is not counted in the unemployment rate.
7. Production possibilities are the

A. Alternative combinations of output that can be produced using all available resources and technology.
B. Various production methods that producers can employ.
C. Various types of input that each manufacturing facility can choose to employ.
D. Percentage of output produced by each worker.
8. As of 2010, approximately what percentage of the U.S. population participated in the civilian labor force?
A. 30 percent.
B. 40 percent.
C. 50 percent.
D. 60 percent.
9. For the labor force to definitely increase,

A. There must be an increase in total population.
B. There must be an increase in immigration.
C. People must turn from being discouraged workers into people actively seeking employment.
10. If a nation experiences a year of unusually high immigration that increases the size of the labor force, we can
conclude that the
A. Nation will choose a different point on the production possibilities curve.
B. Nation's production possibilities curve will shift outward.
C. Nation's production possibilities curve will shift inward.
D. Nation's capital per worker will rise.
11. The production possibilities curve
A. Represents the different quantities of goods society can consume while operating at full employment.
B. Must shift outward every year.
C. Is another name for the aggregate demand curve.
D. Tends to increase as the population grows.
12. Which of the following would not increase the physical production possibilities curve?
A. Greater constraints for oil drilling companies.
B. Increased availability of factors of production.
C. Increased technology.
13. From 1950 until 2000, the labor force participation rate has
A. Increased for men and increased for women.
B. Decreased for men and decreased for women.
C. Increased for men and decreased for women.
D. Decreased for men and increased for women.
14. The benefits to the United States of outsourcing include all of the following except
A. Foreign firms insource or send jobs to the United States.
B. U.S. productivity rises, resulting in higher profits at U.S. firms that outsource.
C. Higher domestic labor cost for U.S. firms.
D. Greater domestic investment by U.S. firms that outsource.
15. If more teenagers stay in school longer rather than dropping out and entering the labor force,
A. The production possibilities curve shifts outward.
B. The production possibilities curve shifts inward.
C. The production possibilities curve remains unchanged.
D. The unemployment rate goes up.
16. When the economy is below full employment, it is producing

A. On the production possibilities curve.
B. Beyond the production possibilities curve.
C. Inside the production possibilities curve.
17. Unemployment is defined as

A. The active search and inability of labor force participants to find jobs.
B. The active search and inability of citizens to find jobs that utilize their capabilities.
C. The proportion of the total population that is unemployed.
D. A decrease in the labor force.
18. According to Okun's Law, if unemployment rises by 5 percent while imports and exports increase at roughly
the same rate, the economy will lose output equal to
A. 1 percent.
B. 2 percent.
C. 5 percent.
D. 10 percent.
19. The observation that a 1 percent increase in unemployment leads to a 2 percent decrease in real output is
known as
A. A recession.
B. A Lucas Wedge.
C. Okun's Law.
D. Under allocation of resources.
20. All of the following are true about Okun's Law except
A. It quantifies the relationship between unemployment and the production possibilities curve.
B. It allows a dollar value to be assigned to the cost of unemployment.
C. It indicates that there is a negative 2:1 relationship between output and unemployment.
D. It indicates that GDP is not affected by unemployment.
21. The macro consequence of unemployment is

A. Lost output for the economy.
B. Lost income for the individual worker.
C. A leftward shift in the production possibilities curve.
D. A 1 percent decrease in GDP for every 1 percent decrease in unemployment.
22. Those that work part-time and do not desire full-time employment are referred to as
A. Employed.
B. The phantom unemployed.
C. Underemployed.
D. Discouraged workers.
23. To be officially counted as unemployed, one must be

A. Either not working or working only part-time.
B. Not employed at a full-time job.
C. Actively seeking employment and currently not working.
24. The proportion of the labor force that is unemployed is the

A. Employment index.
B. Underemployed rate.
C. Unemployment rate.
D. Okun's Law.
25. The most widely used measure of the unemployment rate is found by the
A. U.S. Department of Labor in surveys of businesses to determine the number of employees as a percentage
of the total labor force.
B. U.S. Census Bureau in monthly surveys that examine whether people are working or are willing to work.
C. U.S. Census Bureau in its census of the population every 10 years.
D. Council of Economic Advisers, which summarizes its nationwide surveys in its yearly report to the president.
26. If the population of a country is 250,000 people, its labor force consists of 145,000 people, 35,000 people are
unemployed, 10,000 are unable to work, and 5,000 are unwilling to work, the unemployment rate is
A. 22.1 percent.
B. 14.0 percent.
C. 24.1 percent.
D. 19.4 percent.
27. Suppose that in a population of 50 million persons, 40 million are in the labor force, 36 million are employed, 2
million are classified as unable to work, and 1 million are classified as unwilling to work. The unemployment
rate is
A. 10.0 percent.
B. 72.0 percent.
C. 8.0 percent.
D. 80.0 percent.
28. Suppose a country has 10 million people. Three-fourths of those individuals are in the labor force, with 500,000
unemployed. Full employment occurs at 5 percent. Based on this information, what is the unemployment rate?
A. 6.67 percent.
B. 75 percent.
C. 7.5 percent.
D. 5 percent.
29. Suppose a country has 1 billion people. 75 percent of its citizens are in the labor force, with 90 million unemployed.
Full employment occurs at 2 percent. Based on this information, by what percentage has real output failed to reach
its potential according to the revised Okun's Law?
A. 2 percent.
B. 10 percent.
C. 12 percent.
D. 20 percent.
30. Suppose a country has 1 billion people. 75 percent of its citizens are in the labor force, with 90 million unemployed.
Full employment occurs at 2 percent. Based on this information, what is the unemployment rate?
A. 12.0 percent.
B. 25.0 percent.
C. 9.0 percent.
D. 8.3 percent.
31.
What was the unemployment rate in 2004 in Table 6.1?
A. 3.9 percent.
B. 75 percent.
C. 3.3 percent.
D. 2.5 percent.
32.
A. 12.7 percent.
B. 72.7 percent.
C. 51.6 percent.
D. 17.5 percent.
33.
What was the labor force participation rate in 2004 in Table 6.1?
A. 18.3 percent.
B. 133.3 percent.
C. 75.0 percent.
D. 77.5 percent.
34.
Based on Table 6.2, what was the labor force participation rate in 1998?
A. 5.88 percent.
B. 8.33 percent.
C. 70.58 percent.
D. 76.47 percent.
35.
Based on Table 6.2, what was the unemployment rate in 1999?
A. 8.42 percent.
B. 10.96 percent.
C. 68.42 percent.
D. 76.84 percent.
36.
A. 77.27 percent.
B. 65.45 percent.
C. 11.81 percent.
D. 18.05 percent.
37.
What is the number of unemployed in Year 1 in Table 6.3?
A. 90 million.
B. 94 million.
C. 106 million.
D. 4 million.
38.
What is the unemployment rate in Year 5 in Table 6.3?
A. 7.4 percent.
B. 6.9 percent.
C. 4.0 percent.
D. 54.0 percent.
39.
What is the labor force participation rate in Year 1 in Table 6.3?
A. 96.4 percent.
B. 3.6 percent.
C. 53.0 percent.
D. 55.0 percent.
40. There is a/an ________________ relationship between educational level of the labor force and the
unemployment rate.
A. direct relationship
B. positive relationship
C. cyclical relationship
D. inverse relationship
41. Which of the following groups typically has the highest unemployment rate?
A. White teenagers.
B. Black adults.
C. White adult females.
D. Black teenagers.
42. Which of the following groups generally has the lowest unemployment rate?
A. High school dropouts.
B. High school graduates with no further education.
C. College dropouts.
D. College graduates.
43. When an economy enters a recession, the

A. Duration of unemployment rises.
B. Cost of unemployment falls.
C. Number of unemployed falls.
D. Number of discouraged workers falls.
44. All of the following are true when the economy is growing except
A. Duration of unemployment falls.
B. Costs associated with current unemployment fall.
C. Unemployment rate falls.
D. Underemployment rises.
45. Which of the following falls into the largest unemployment category during a recession?
A. A recent college graduate entering the labor force for the first time.
B. A woman who left the labor force to raise children and now wants to return to work.
C. A factory worker who is laid off because of a temporary plant closing.
D. A teenager looking for his or her first summer job.
46. Of the following reasons for unemployment, which will increase most because of a recession?
A. Job losers.
B. Reentrants.
C. New entrants.
D. Job leavers.
47. Discouraged workers

A. Do not actively seek employment although they desire to be employed.
B. Are part of the labor force.
C. Are workers who are unhappy in their jobs.
D. Are counted as part of total unemployment.
48. Which of the following is considered a discouraged worker?

A. A professional football player who is forced to play a new position.
B. A professional football player who gets cut after the preseason schedule has been completed.
C. A professional football coach coming off a 0
D A retired professional football player who tried to make a comeback but found no one was willing to give him a
. tryout, so he no longer looks for a job.
49. After a fruitless two-year search for a job, a former executive gives up and decides to live off the land in the
Rocky Mountains. This former executive is considered
A. A discouraged worker.
C. One of the phantom unemployed.
D. Underemployed.
50.
What was the unemployment rate in Nationland in 1999?
A. 7.6 percent.
B. 7.1 percent.
C. 5.0 percent.
D. 65.0 percent.
51.
What was the labor force participation rate in Nationland in 2000?
A. 67.0 percent.
B. 65.0 percent.
C. 72.0 percent.
D. 72.7 percent.
52.
If discouraged workers are included in the labor force, what was the unemployment rate for 1999?
A. 3.0 percent.
B. 9.7 percent.
C. 10.8 percent.
D. 2.8 percent.
53.
A. 18.6 percent.
B. 3.8 percent.
C. 4.3 percent.
D. 15.7 percent.
54. Suppose there are 6 million unemployed workers actively seeking a job. After a period of time, 1,500,000 of
these workers become discouraged and no longer look for employment. If everything else remains constant,
the unemployment rate will
A. Decrease.
B. Increase.
C. Remain unchanged until the unemployed find a job.
D. Increase initially but decrease when the phantom unemployed receive unemployment benefits.
55. Individuals who are working part-time while seeking full-time employment are classified as
A. Unemployed.
B. Underemployed.
C. Discouraged workers.
D. Phantom unemployed.
56. Underemployment is defined as

A. Individuals desiring to work but who are discouraged by the process and have given up looking.
B. People who have been laid off because of a recession and have little chance of finding a job.
C. Individuals who are lazy and will not go out looking for a job but say they are looking.
D. People seeking full-time paid employment but work only part-time or are employed at jobs below their capability.
57. Underemployment refers to

A. The same thing as unemployment.
B. A person who is lazy and not working hard at her job.
C. A person who is not able to use her full capabilities in her job.
D. A discouraged worker.
58. Part-time workers who desire full-time employment are

A. Underemployed and contribute to the unemployment statistic.
B. Underemployed but do not contribute to the unemployment statistic.
C. Not part of the labor force and do not contribute to the unemployment statistic.
D. Discouraged workers and contribute to the unemployment statistic.
59. Suppose a student graduates from college with a civil engineering degree and is now employed to grade papers,
answer the phone, and make copies-tasks that are below the graduate's capabilities. The graduate can best be
classified as
C. Phantom unemployed.
D. Underemployed.
60. The phantom unemployed are

A. People who report that they are actively seeking a job even when they have little or no intention of finding one.
B. People who want a job but aren't looking because they don't expect to find one.
C. People who lack the skills to be employed.
D. Workers with very high rates of absenteeism.
61. The official unemployment statistics may exaggerate the significance of unemployment by including the
A. Underemployed.
B. Phantom unemployed.
C. Discouraged worker.
D. High school dropout.
62. Suppose there are 4 million people in an economy that are classified as unemployed. After a more thorough
investigation, it becomes obvious that 200,000 of these people are actually phantom unemployed. As a result
of this discovery, the unemployment rate will
A. Decrease.
B. Increase.
63. Which of the following groups could increase in size and cause a significantly higher unemployment rate?
A. Discouraged workers.
B. Underemployed workers.
D. Children under the age of 16.
64. A 30-year-old stay-at-home son tells his parent he is looking for work but cannot find a job. When the parent
finds the son a job, he refuses to take it. The 30-year-old can best be classified as
C. Structurally unemployed.
D. Underemployed.
65. Which of the following groups would be classified as unemployed when calculating the unemployment rate?
A. Underemployed workers.
B. Discouraged workers.
C. The phantom unemployed.
D. Individuals who are neither employed nor actively seeking a job.

A. Not part of the labor force because they do not desire to work.
B. Unemployed and cause the unemployment statistic to overstate the level of unemployment.
C. Discouraged and cause the unemployment statistic to understate the level of unemployment.
D. Classified as cyclically unemployed.
67. All of the following are considered to be human costs of increased unemployment except
A. Admissions to mental institutions.
B. Fatal heart attacks.
C. Decreased stress levels.
68. When the U.S. unemployment rate decreased in the late 1990s, so did all of the following except
A. Poverty rate.
B. Income per capita.
C. Child abuse.
69. Studies have shown that unemployment causes
A. Increased expenditure on food.
B. More spending on child care because more mothers go to work.
C. Increased health problems.
D. Little impact since most people receive unemployment benefits.
70. When migrant workers seek employment after the crops have been picked, the unemployment rate goes up. This
situation is an example of
A. Frictional unemployment.
B. Seasonal unemployment.
C. Structural unemployment.
D. Cyclical unemployment.
71. After the harvest, some farmhands lose their jobs. They are considered to be
A. Cyclically unemployed.
C. Frictionally unemployed.
D. Seasonally unemployed.
72. When there's a shortage in the number of jobs available when teenagers look for summer jobs, the type of
unemployment that arises is called
B. Structural unemployment.
C. Seasonal unemployment.
73. Which of the following types of unemployment would best characterize a snow ski instructor's unemployment
during the summer months?
A. Structural unemployment.
B. Frictional unemployment.
74. After Christmas, retail sales fall and many clerks are laid off until the following Christmas. This is an example
of which of the following types of unemployment?
C. Cyclical unemployment.
D. Seasonal unemployment.
75. The type of unemployment that economists generally associate with normal growth of the labor force and
expanding job opportunities in a dynamic economy is
D. Structural unemployment.
76. Nancy returns to school to study medicine. After graduating and the economy is not in a recession, she spends six
months looking for a job. During this period, she is considered
77. Frictional unemployment could result from each of the following except
A. The reallocation of employees to growing industries.
B. The inability of people to find work during certain seasons of the year.
C. The opportunity for people to leave jobs in which they are underemployed.
78. After being fired from a job, some people find that it may take several months to find a new job in the same type
of work, even when the economy is not in a recession. This is an example of which of the following types of
unemployment?
79. Frictional unemployment goes up when
A. A student quits work to return to school at the end of the summer.
B. A corporation transfers a worker to another city.
C. A worker quits one job to search for another in the same line of work.
D. There is inadequate demand for labor.
80. Frictional unemployment can be distinguished from other types of unemployment in that we assume all of the
following except
A. There is an adequate demand for labor to employ the frictionally unemployed.
B. The frictionally unemployed possess the necessary education and skills to become employed.
C. Search time is relatively short for frictionally unemployed persons.
D. The skills of the frictionally unemployed are no longer in demand.
81. Samantha recently quit her job at the university because she is looking for another job for which she is qualified in
a small town. Samantha is
D. Not part of the labor force and does not contribute to the unemployment rate.
82. When there is a mismatch between the skills required for a job and the skills of job seekers, the unemployment that
results is an example of
83. Structural unemployment occurs when

A. Workers do not have the skills required to fill the vacant positions in the job market.
B. Firms fail in the normal course of business activity.
C. An industry experiences a seasonal downturn.
84. In terms of the musical chairs analogy in the text, which of the following is a description of
structural unemployment?
A. There are too few chairs.
B. There are too many chairs.
C. There are enough chairs, but some are not the right size.
D. There are enough chairs, but it takes time to find one.
th
85. Tom worked at NASA for 13 years. In the 14 year, his job was automated, resulting in him losing his job.
He looked for a new job for 18 months before finding a job in a different line of work that paid less. During his
18-month job search, Tom was considered to be
86. Automobile workers in Detroit who are unemployed because of foreign imports at the same time that job vacancies
exist for coal miners in West Virginia would most likely be classified as
A. Structurally unemployed.
B. Cyclically unemployed.
87. A teenager without a high school diploma is unable to find work because all of the available jobs require a
certain minimum reading skill level which he is not proficient in. Which of the following best characterizes the
teenager's circumstances?
D. Underemployed.
88. Long-term changes in demand that make some goods obsolete (possibly due to technological advancement) are
likely to have their greatest impact on
B. Cyclical unemployment.
C. Frictional unemployment.
89. If workers do not have the skills that are required in the job market, which of the following will occur?
D. Frictional unemployment.
90. In terms of the musical chairs analogy in the text, which of the following is a description of cyclical unemployment?

91. A U.S. worker who loses his or her job in an import industry because the good is no longer produced would be
classified as, ceteris paribus,
C. Seasonally unemployed.
D. Structurally unemployed.
92. During an economic downturn, consumers spend considerably less on goods and services. This results in layoffs
that are classified as
A. Cyclical.
B. Structural.
C. Frictional.
D. Seasonal.
93. Which of the following unemployment categories is most clearly related to the rate of growth in real GDP?
A. Structural.
B. Seasonal.
C. Frictional.
D. Cyclical.
94. Which of the following government policies or programs would be most appropriate to offset cyclical
unemployment?
A. Those that stimulate more demand.
B. More job training.
C. Additional job placement services.
D. Additional health services to counter the effects of unemployment.
95. Which of the following government programs would be most appropriate to counteract cyclical unemployment?
A. Increased job placement services.
B. Greater government expenditures to increase GDP.
C. Year-round school.
D. More job training programs.
96. Full employment in the U.S. economy means that

A. Frictional unemployment has been reduced to zero.
B. The total unemployment rate has been reduced to zero.
C. The economy has reached the lowest level of unemployment compatible with price stability.
D Structural unemployment has reached its minimum as a result of increased spending, and the economy is
. moving toward the peak of the business cycle.
97. The lowest level of unemployment compatible with price stability

A. Is referred to as full employment.
B. Is estimated at between 0 and 2 percent unemployment.
C. Allows for some cyclical unemployment.
D. Is equal to the natural rate of unemployment plus the inflation rate.
98. The Employment Act of 1946 set which of the following goals for the economy?
A. A zero unemployment rate.
B. A zero inflation rate.
C. Lowering cyclical and structural unemployment within reasonable but nonspecific bounds.
D. Achieving a 4 percent target in seasonal and frictional unemployment.
99. What is the likely consequence of an unemployment rate falling below the rate at which "full employment" is
achieved?
A. The threat of recession.
B. Increased inflationary pressures.
C. An increase in discouraged workers.
100. During which one of the following decades was the goal of 4 percent unemployment set as an acceptable
compromise between our full employment and inflation goals?
A. 1960s.
B. 1970s.
C. 1980s.
D. 1990s.
101. How have the unemployment components of the natural rate of unemployment changed over the past 20 years?
A. Frictional unemployment has increased and structural unemployment has increased.

B. Frictional unemployment has decreased and structural unemployment has decreased.
C. Frictional unemployment has decreased and structural unemployment has increased.
D. Frictional unemployment has increased and structural unemployment has decreased.
102. Why has structural unemployment in the United States increased over the last 20 years?
A. Rapid technology changes have eliminated the needs for certain skill sets.
B. Companies are increasingly outsourcing certain tasks to cheaper foreign markets.
C. Increased trade with other countries has shut down U.S. factories competing with import industries.
D. All of the choices are correct.
103. The natural rate of unemployment includes

A. Seasonal and cyclical unemployment only.
B. Cyclical and frictional unemployment only.
C. Structural and seasonal unemployment only.
D. Frictional and structural unemployment only.
104. Which of the following was a stated goal of the Humphrey-Hawkins Act?
A. Zero percent unemployment rate.
B. Zero percent inflation rate.
C. 4 percent unemployment rate.
D. 4 percent inflation rate.
105. Unemployment was particularly high during

A. The Great Depression.
B. World War II.
C. The Korean War.
D. The 1980s.
106. Unemployment was fairly low during

B. World War II.
C. The 1930s.
D. The recession of 1981
107. Unemployment was fairly low during all of the following periods except
A. World War II.
B. The Korean War.
C. The late 1990s.
D. The Great Depression.
108. Outsourcing is the
A. Unemployment that is inevitable when jobs leave a country.
B. Relocation of production from domestic companies to foreign countries.
C. Loss of output because of an increase in unemployment.
D. Movement of workers to foreign countries where there are more jobs.
109. All of the following are true about outsourcing of jobs except that it
A. Occurs because labor is cheaper in other countries.
B. Increases specialization.
C. Reduces costs and increases profits for companies.
D. Ultimately leaves the United States worse off.
110. When jobs are outsourced,

A. Unemployment increases significantly.
B. Corporations lose money.
C. The economy begins to collapse.
D. Production possibilities expand.
111. As a result of outsourcing,

A. Domestic workers may become more productive.
B. Profits decrease for domestic companies.
C. GDP definitely decreases.
D. Unemployment must increase in the long run.
112. One cartoon in the text shows a contented rich man saying, "I don't like six-percent unemployment either. But I can
live with it." The point is that
A. Not everyone experiences the effects of unemployment equally.
B. Everyone agrees that unemployment should be the top priority for government action.
C. No one can avoid unemployment or the effects of unemployment.
D. It is good to be an independent analyst because those types of jobs are always in demand.
113. According to The New Yorker cartoon, one restaurant patron states that since he has recently stopped looking for
a job, he has helped to lower the unemployment rate. He is:
A. Wrong in that his action raised the unemployment rate.
B. Right in that he became a discouraged worker.
C. Wrong in that he is still in the labor force.
114. According to an In the News article "Carpentry Work Crashing Down," Labor demand for carpenters remains low as
the economy climbs out of the recent recession due to
A. Cyclical unemployment from lack of housing demand.
B. Frictional unemployment due to a lumber shortage.
C. Structural unemployment due to a mismatch between workforce skills and employer needs.
115. Someone 18 years old who is not employed and is not actively seeking work is considered
A. Not in the labor force.
B. In the labor force.
C. Employed.
D. Unemployed.
116. Suppose the working-age population of Country A is 200 million, the number employed is 130 million, and
the number unemployed is 10 million. What is the labor force participation rate?
A. 60 percent.
B. 70 percent.
C. 65 percent.
D. 75 percent.
117. An unemployed worker who wants a job but has given up in the search for a new job is referred to as a/an
A. Unemployed worker.
B. Phantom unemployed worker.
D. Underemployed worker.
118. In the 1960s the Council of Economic Advisers determined that the acceptable level of unemployment that
would be used in determining full employment was
A. 5.5 percent.
B. 5 percent.
C. 4.5 percent.
D. 4 percent.
119. According to the section "The Economy Tomorrow," outsourcing eliminates about __________ jobs in the United
States each year.
A. 300,000
B. 500,000
C. 3,000,000
D. 5,000,000
120. When unemployed people stop looking for jobs, the

A. Unemployment rate increases and the labor force increases.
B. Unemployment rate decreases and the labor force decreases.
C. Unemployment rate increases and the labor force decreases.
D. Unemployment rate decreases and the labor force increases.
121. When people over 16 years old start looking for jobs, the
122. Jim's job was transferred 800 miles away. Although his employer will let him keep his job if he goes to the new
factory, Jim cannot move. Jim is
C. Cyclically unemployed.
123. According to an In the News article written in 2009, "Unemployment Rate Hits 10.2%, a 26-Year High," the
seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was the highest since
A. 1973.
B. 1983.
C. 1993.
D. 2003.
124. How is foreign trade in inputs similar to trade in outputs?

A. U.S. producers buy (outsource) cheap foreign inputs (labor) while U.S. consumers buy cheap foreign outputs
(U.S. imports).
B. U.S. consumers sell (outsource) cheap foreign inputs (labor) while U.S. producers sell cheap foreign outputs
(U.S. imports).
C. U.S. producers sell (outsource) cheap foreign inputs (labor) while U.S. consumers buy cheap foreign outputs
(U.S. imports).
125. In the early weeks of a recession, what type of unemployment gets larger?
A. Frictional.
B. Structural.
C. Cyclical.
D. Seasonal.
126. If there is a prolonged recession and, at the same time, technological advances change the skill sets of some
jobs and eliminate others, what type of unemployment gets larger?
A. Frictional.
B. Structural.
C. Seasonal.
127. If cyclical unemployment is zero, the economy is

A. Outside the production possibilities curve.
B. Inside the production possibilities curve.
C. On the fixed production possibilities curve.
D. On the production possibilities curve that shifts inward.
128. Ceteris paribus, if structural unemployment increases, the economy is
129. Ceteris paribus, if seasonal unemployment increases, the seasonally adjusted economy is
130. An underemployed worker who is looking for a full-time job is

131. Most household and volunteer workers are not included in the labor force.
True False
132. If an 18-year-old male is taking college classes full-time and does not have a job and is not looking for one, he is
considered unemployed.
True False
133. The labor force participation rate is the percentage of the labor force that is actually participating or employed.
True False
134. When workers begin retiring at earlier ages, the production possibilities curve shifts outward.
True False
135. The updated version of Okun's Law indicates that a 1 percent increase in the unemployment rate causes a 2
percent decrease in real GDP.
True False
136. When the growth rate of the labor force is faster than the growth rate of the unemployed, the unemployment rate is
falling.
True False
137. The number of unemployed can drop simultaneously with increases in the unemployment rate.
True False
138. People who get discouraged and no longer seek work are counted as unemployed.
True False
139. The underemployed are not included among the unemployed because they are working.
True False
140. Most of the costs of unemployment can be measured in financial terms.

True False
141. It is impossible to find a direct relationship between unemployment and social problems such as illness, crime, and
divorce.
True False
142. Frictional unemployment stems from an insufficient level of demand in the economy.
True False
143. Cyclical unemployment stems from an insufficient level of demand in the economy.
True False
144. Full employment means everyone in the labor force has a job.
True False
145. In the Employment Act of 1946, Congress committed the federal government to pursue a goal of 0 percent
unemployment and inflation.
True False
146. Why does the unemployment rate go down as more people become discouraged about the economy?
147. According to Okun's Law, how does a 2 percent increase in unemployment affect the economy?
148. Is the unemployment rate the same for all groups of people in an economy? Why or why not?
149. Explain how discouraged workers either overstate or understate the unemployment problem.
150. Explain two economic costs, and two human costs of unemployment.
151. How can the outsourcing of jobs cause production possibilities to expand?
Chapter 06 Test Bank Key
1. Which of the following is included in the labor force?
A. A student who is still in school but not working or looking for work.
B. A part-time store clerk who is looking for another job.
C. A person who voluntarily runs a charity.
D. A person who spends the entire day taking care of his or her own young children at home.
Anyone who is 16 years of age or older, is not in the military or prison, is not a patient in a hospital, is actively
searching for a job, and has a job is considered to be in the labor force.
AACSB: Reflective Thinking

Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 02 Medium
Learning Objective: 06-01 How unemployment is measured.
Topic: THE LABOR FORCE
2. Who among the following is included in the labor force?
A. A hardworking homemaker who does not want to be employed outside the home.
B. A man doing 10 years in prison for armed robbery.
C. The president of Microsoft.
D. A retired commander of the armed forces.
One has to be employed or actively searching to be considered part of the labor force.

Blooms: Understand
3. People are not part of the labor force when
they A. Go on vacation.
B. Are old enough to work but choose not to work.
C. Suffer from a temporary illness that keeps them away from their job.
Anyone not employed who is not actively searching for work is considered not in the labor force.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 01 Easy
4. The labor force participation rate is the number
A. Of unemployed divided by the number of employed.
B. Of employed divided by the number in the labor force.
C. Of employed divided by the total population.
D. In the labor force divided by the working-age population.
The labor force participation rate measures the percentage of the working population either employed or
unemployed and can be expressed by the equation: (Employed+Unemployed)/(Labor Force).

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 01 Easy
5. When the labor force participation rate is declining, the
A. Unemployment rate is rising faster than the total population rate.
B. Percentage of the working-age population that is outside the labor force is declining.
C. Percentage of the working-age population that is willing and able to work is declining.
D. Percentage of the total population that is employed is rising.
A lower labor force participation rate means a smaller fraction of the population is employed or unemployed
and can be expressed by the equation: (Employed+Unemployed)/(Labor Force).

Blooms: Understand
6. Jack graduated from college last month, but he has not yet started looking for a job. Jack is
D. Not part of the labor force and is not counted in the unemployment rate.
To be considered in the labor force one must be 16 years of age or older, and either working for pay or
actively seeking paid employment. As Jack is not seeking work, he's not considered unemployed and thus not
part of the labor force.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
7. Production possibilities are the
A. Alternative combinations of output that can be produced using all available resources and technology.
B. Various production methods that producers can employ.
C. Various types of input that each manufacturing facility can choose to employ.
D. Percentage of output produced by each worker.
The production possibilities represent the different possible production amounts given our fixed resources.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 01 Easy
8. As of 2010, approximately what percentage of the U.S. population participated in the civilian labor force?
A. 30 percent.
B. 40 percent.
C. 50 percent.
D. 60 percent.
As of 2010, approximately 50 percent of the U.S. population participated in the civilian labor force.

Blooms: Understand
9. For the labor force to definitely increase,
A. There must be an increase in total population.
B. There must be an increase in immigration.
C. People must turn from being discouraged workers into people actively seeking employment.
Usually an increase in population or immigration brings about an increase in the labor force. However, if this
population or immigration increase is from people under 16 years old, then the labor force has not increased.
The labor force definitely increases if discouraged workers who are out of the labor force enter the labor
force as active job seekers.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 01 Easy
10. If a nation experiences a year of unusually high immigration that increases the size of the labor force, we can
conclude that the
A. Nation will choose a different point on the production possibilities curve.
B. Nation's production possibilities curve will shift outward.
C. Nation's production possibilities curve will shift inward.
D. Nation's capital per worker will rise.
Production possibilities will increase whenever there is an increase in resources.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Analyze
Difficulty: 03 Hard
11. The production possibilities curve
A. Represents the different quantities of goods society can consume while operating at full employment.
B. Must shift outward every year.
C. Is another name for the aggregate demand curve.
D. Tends to increase as the population grows.
The production possibilities curve will shift outward as the population grows due natural factors and
immigration.

Blooms: Understand
12. Which of the following would not increase the physical production possibilities curve?
A. Greater constraints for oil drilling companies.
B. Increased availability of factors of production.
C. Increased technology.
If the government imposed a ban on offshore drilling, production would decline, resulting in an inward shift of
the production possibilities curve.

Blooms: Understand
13. From 1950 until 2000, the labor force participation rate has
A. Increased for men and increased for women.
B. Decreased for men and decreased for women.
C. Increased for men and decreased for women.
D. Decreased for men and increased for women.
The labor force participation rate for men has decreased due to men living long enough to retire. The labor
force participation rate for women has increased because the opportunity cost of remaining an unpaid
homemaker as opposed to a labor force participant has significantly increased.

Blooms: Understand
14. The benefits to the United States of outsourcing include all of the following except
A. Foreign firms insource or send jobs to the United States.
B. U.S. productivity rises, resulting in higher profits at U.S. firms that outsource.
C. Higher domestic labor cost for U.S. firms.
D. Greater domestic investment by U.S. firms that outsource.
Outsourcing tends to be a net positive for the United States. It allows our firms to operate more profitably and
invest more domestically; and foreign firms send jobs to the United States, offsetting some of our outsourced
jobs.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: THE HISTORICAL RECORD
15. If more teenagers stay in school longer rather than dropping out and entering the labor force,
A. The production possibilities curve shifts outward.
B. The production possibilities curve shifts inward.
C. The production possibilities curve remains unchanged.
D. The unemployment rate goes up.
Reducing resources such as labor due to more schooling will consequently lead to a decrease in the population
who are in the labor force, thus decreasing the production possibilities curve.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
16. When the economy is below full employment, it is producing
A. On the production possibilities curve.
B. Beyond the production possibilities curve.
C. Inside the production possibilities curve.
When an economy is below full employment, it is not utilizing its resources to the full extent. Thus,
unemployed resources are above the natural rate of unemployment resulting in society producing at a point
below the production possibilities curve.

Blooms: Understand
17. Unemployment is defined as
A. The active search and inability of labor force participants to find jobs.
B. The active search and inability of citizens to find jobs that utilize their capabilities.
C. The proportion of the total population that is unemployed.
D. A decrease in the labor force.
One is considered to be unemployed when one is without a job and actively seeking work.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 01 Easy
18. According to Okun's Law, if unemployment rises by 5 percent while imports and exports increase at roughly
the same rate, the economy will lose output equal to
A. 1 percent.
B. 2 percent.
C. 5 percent.
D. 10 percent.
According to Okun's Law, there is a negative 2:1 relationship between unemployment and real GDP. For
every 1 percent increase in unemployment, Okun's Law forecasts a 2 percent decrease in real GDP.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Analyze
Difficulty: 03 Hard
19. The observation that a 1 percent increase in unemployment leads to a 2 percent decrease in real output is
known as
A. A recession.
B. A Lucas Wedge.
C. Okun's Law.
D. Under allocation of resources.
Okun's Law is a guide to how much the economy will suffer in lost real output when unemployment rises.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 01 Easy
20. All of the following are true about Okun's Law except
A. It quantifies the relationship between unemployment and the production possibilities curve.
B. It allows a dollar value to be assigned to the cost of unemployment.
C. It indicates that there is a negative 2:1 relationship between output and unemployment.
D. It indicates that GDP is not affected by unemployment.
Okun's Law explores the relationship between changes to unemployment and changes to real GDP.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
21. The macro consequence of unemployment is
A. Lost output for the economy.
B. Lost income for the individual worker.
C. A leftward shift in the production possibilities curve.
D. A 1 percent decrease in GDP for every 1 percent decrease in unemployment.
The dollar value of the decline in output due to unemployment is a measurable macro consequence.

Blooms: Understand
22. Those that work part-time and do not desire full-time employment are referred to as
A. Employed.
B. The phantom unemployed.
C. Underemployed.
D. Discouraged workers.
Unless one is out of work and actively seeking work, one will be classified as employed.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 01 Easy
Topic: MEASURING UNEMPLOYMENT
23. To be officially counted as unemployed, one must be
A. Either not working or working only part-time.
B. Not employed at a full-time job.
C. Actively seeking employment and currently not working.
Being without a job is insufficient to be considered as unemployed; one must also be actively seeking a job.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 01 Easy
24. The proportion of the labor force that is unemployed is the
A. Employment index.
B. Underemployed rate.
C. Unemployment rate.
D. Okun's Law.
The number unemployed divided by the labor force equals the unemployment rate-the fraction of the labor force
that is unemployed. Recall that unemployed/labor force = unemployment rate.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 01 Easy
25. The most widely used measure of the unemployment rate is found by the
A. U.S. Department of Labor in surveys of businesses to determine the number of employees as a percentage
of the total labor force.
B. U.S. Census Bureau in monthly surveys that examine whether people are working or are willing to work.
C. U.S. Census Bureau in its census of the population every 10 years.
D. Council of Economic Advisers, which summarizes its nationwide surveys in its yearly report to the
president. The Census Bureau is responsible for sampling the population of the United States to find useful
information such as unemployment figures.

Blooms: Understand
26. If the population of a country is 250,000 people, its labor force consists of 145,000 people, 35,000 people are
unemployed, 10,000 are unable to work, and 5,000 are unwilling to work, the unemployment rate is
A. 22.1 percent.
B. 14.0 percent.
C. 24.1 percent.
D. 19.4 percent.
The unemployment rate is determined by taking the number of unemployed and dividing it by the number
of people in the labor force. Unemployment rate = unemployed/labor force = 35,000/145,000 = 24.1%.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
27. Suppose that in a population of 50 million persons, 40 million are in the labor force, 36 million are employed,
2 million are classified as unable to work, and 1 million are classified as unwilling to work. The unemployment
rate is
A. 10.0 percent.
B. 72.0 percent.
C. 8.0 percent.
D. 80.0 percent.
The number of unemployed people divided by the number of people in the labor force yields the unemployment
rate. Thus, the number of unemployed is Labor force- employed (40-36=4). And because unemployment is
unemployed divided by the labor force, we can calculate: Unemployment rate = unemployed/labor force = (4/
40) = 10%.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
28. Suppose a country has 10 million people. Three-fourths of those individuals are in the labor force, with 500,000
A. 6.67 percent.
B. 75 percent.
C. 7.5 percent.
D. 5 percent.
Taking the number of unemployed people and dividing it by the number of people in the labor force will give you
the unemployment rate. Unemployment rate = unemployed/labor force = (500,000/7,500,000) = 6.67%.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
29. Suppose a country has 1 billion people. 75 percent of its citizens are in the labor force, with 90 million
unemployed. Full employment occurs at 2 percent. Based on this information, by what percentage has real
output failed to reach its potential according to the revised Okun's Law?
A. 2 percent.
B. 10 percent.
C. 12 percent.
D. 20 percent.
Okun's Law tells us the amount in percentage terms by which GDP falls for every 1 percent increase in
unemployment. In this case, unemployment is 12 percent, which is 10 percent higher than full employment.
[Unemployment rate = unemployed/labor force = (90,000,000/750,000,000) = 12%.]Therefore, the GDP is
twice that percentage short of potential GDP, or 20 percent.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Analyze
Difficulty: 03 Hard
30. Suppose a country has 1 billion people. 75 percent of its citizens are in the labor force, with 90 million
A. 12.0 percent.
B. 25.0 percent.
C. 9.0 percent.
D. 8.3 percent.
The unemployment rate can be found by dividing the number of people who are unemployed by the number of
people in the labor force: (90 million/750 million) * 100.
AACSB: Analytic Accessibility:

Keyboard Navigation Blooms:
Analyze Difficulty: 03 Hard

31.
A. 3.9 percent.
B. 75 percent.
C. 3.3 percent.
D. 2.5 percent.
If one divides the number of unemployed people by the number of people in the labor force, the answer will be
the unemployment rate: (5 million/150 million) * 100.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
32.
A. 12.7 percent.
B. 72.7 percent.
C. 51.6 percent.
D. 17.5 percent.
The unemployment rate is equal to the number of unemployed people divided by the number of people in the
labor force: (35 million/200 million) * 100.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
33.
What was the labor force participation rate in 2004 in Table 6.1?
A. 18.3 percent.
B. 133.3 percent.
C. 75.0 percent.
D. 77.5 percent.
The labor force participation rate is the fraction of the working age population in the labor force: (150
million/200 million) * 100.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
34.
A. 5.88 percent.
B. 8.33 percent.
C. 70.58 percent.
D. 76.47 percent.
One can find the labor force participation rate by dividing the labor force by the population: {(60 + 5)/85} * 100.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
35.
Based on Table 6.2, what was the unemployment rate in 1999?
A. 8.42 percent.
B. 10.96 percent.
C. 68.42 percent.
D. 76.84 percent.
The number of unemployed people divided by the number of people in the labor force is the unemployment
rate: {8/( 8 + 65)} * 100.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
36.
A. 77.27 percent.
B. 65.45 percent.
C. 11.81 percent.
D. 18.05 percent.
The labor force participation rate is equal to the labor force divided by the population: {(72 + 13)/110} * 100.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
37.
What is the number of unemployed in Year 1 in Table 6.3?
A. 90 million.
B. 94 million.
C. 106 million.
D. 4 million.
The number of unemployed people can be found by subtracting the number employed from the number in the
labor force: (110 - 106).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Analyze
Difficulty: 03 Hard
38.
What is the unemployment rate in Year 5 in Table 6.3?
A. 7.4 percent.
B. 6.9 percent.
C. 4.0 percent.
D. 54.0 percent.
The number of unemployed people divided by the number of people in the labor force equals the
unemployment rate: {(145 - 135)/145} * 100.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Analyze
Difficulty: 03 Hard
39.
What is the labor force participation rate in Year 1 in Table 6.3?
A. 96.4 percent.
B. 3.6 percent.
C. 53.0 percent.
D. 55.0 percent.
One can find the labor force participation rate by dividing the labor force by the population: (110/200) * 100.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Analyze
Difficulty: 03 Hard
40. There is a/an ________________ relationship between educational level of the labor force and the
unemployment rate.
A. direct relationship
B. positive relationship
C. cyclical relationship
D. inverse relationship
Workers with higher levels of education typically remain unemployed for shorter periods than their less
educated counterparts.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Analyze
Difficulty: 03 Hard
41. Which of the following groups typically has the highest unemployment rate?
A. White teenagers.
B. Black adults.
C. White adult females.
D. Black teenagers.
Blacks and teenagers are usually the groups that have higher unemployment rates.

Blooms: Understand
42. Which of the following groups generally has the lowest unemployment rate?
A. High school dropouts.
B. High school graduates with no further education.
C. College dropouts.
D. College graduates.
The higher the level of education attained, the lower the unemployment rate will be for that group of
workers, ceteris paribus</i>.

Blooms: Understand
43. When an economy enters a recession, the
A. Duration of unemployment rises.
B. Cost of unemployment falls.
C. Number of unemployed falls.
D. Number of discouraged workers falls.
Unemployment usually lasts longer in recessions than during economic expansions.

Blooms: Understand
44. All of the following are true when the economy is growing except
A. Duration of unemployment falls.
B. Costs associated with current unemployment fall.
C. Unemployment rate falls.
D. Underemployment rises.
Typically unemployment figures improve during economic expansions.

Blooms: Understand
45. Which of the following falls into the largest unemployment category during a recession?
A. A recent college graduate entering the labor force for the first time.
B. A woman who left the labor force to raise children and now wants to return to work.
C. A factory worker who is laid off because of a temporary plant closing.
D. A teenager looking for his or her first summer job.
During recessions, cyclical unemployment (as in the plant closing) rises.

Blooms: Understand
46. Of the following reasons for unemployment, which will increase most because of a recession?
A. Job losers.
B. Reentrants.
C. New entrants.
D. Job leavers.
Layoffs due to insufficient demand in the economy, also known as cyclical unemployment, lead to a
greater amount of layoffs than during an economic expansion.

Blooms: Understand
47. Discouraged workers
A. Do not actively seek employment although they desire to be employed.
B. Are part of the labor force.
C. Are workers who are unhappy in their jobs.
D. Are counted as part of total unemployment.
Discouraged workers distort the true estimate of our nation's unemployment rate because they are not
working and not actively seeking work, and therefore are not included in the labor force. They would work if
offered a job.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 01 Easy
48. Which of the following is considered a discouraged worker?
A. A professional football player who is forced to play a new position.
B. A professional football player who gets cut after the preseason schedule has been completed.
C. A professional football coach coming off a 0
D. A retired professional football player who tried to make a comeback but found no one was willing to give
him a tryout, so he no longer looks for a job.
When unemployed workers halt their job search, they become discouraged workers and move out of the
labor force.

Blooms: Understand
49. After a fruitless two-year search for a job, a former executive gives up and decides to live off the land in the
Rocky Mountains. This former executive is considered
C. One of the phantom unemployed.
D. Underemployed.
Discouraged workers are not actively seeking employment.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 01 Easy
50.
What was the unemployment rate in Nationland in 1999?
A. 7.6 percent.
B. 7.1 percent.
C. 5.0 percent.
D. 65.0 percent.
The unemployment rate is simply the number of people who are unemployed divided by the labor force which is
the number of unemployed plus the number of employed: 5/(65 + 5).
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
51.
What was the labor force participation rate in Nationland in 2000?
A. 67.0 percent.
B. 65.0 percent.
C. 72.0 percent.
D. 72.7 percent.
The labor force participation rate is simply the labor force divided by the population: (10 + 70)/110 *100 as the
answer is given as a percent rather than a proportion.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
52.
A. 3.0 percent.
B. 9.7 percent.
C. 10.8 percent.
D. 2.8 percent.
By including discouraged workers this new unemployment figure may give a better estimate of the actual
unemployment rate because it includes all the people that would like to work: (2 + 5)/(2 + 5 + 65)*100 as the
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
53.
A. 18.6 percent.
B. 3.8 percent.
C. 4.3 percent.
D. 15.7 percent.
By including discouraged workers, this new unemployment figure may give a better estimate of the actual
unemployment rate because it includes all the people that would like to work: (3 + 10)/(3 + 10 + 70) *100 as the
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
54. Suppose there are 6 million unemployed workers actively seeking a job. After a period of time, 1,500,000 of
these workers become discouraged and no longer look for employment. If everything else remains constant,
the unemployment rate will
A. Decrease.
B. Increase.
The official unemployment rate can mask actual unemployment. As the unemployment rate is calculated by
dividing the number of unemployed by the labor force, when a portion of the unemployed leave the labor
force, the numerator shrinks, causing the unemployment rate to decrease.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
55. Individuals who are working part-time while seeking full-time employment are classified as
A. Unemployed.
B. Underemployed.
C. Discouraged workers.
D. Phantom unemployed.
Underemployment describes a worker whose value of human capital, or production possibilities is not being
used to the full-potential. Thus labor resources aren't being fully utilized. Such as an individual working part-
time but seeking a full-time position, or an individual who has a degree in engineering but is working as a
waiter.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 01 Easy
56. Underemployment is defined as
A. Individuals desiring to work but who are discouraged by the process and have given up looking.
B. People who have been laid off because of a recession and have little chance of finding a job.
C. Individuals who are lazy and will not go out looking for a job but say they are looking.
D. People seeking full-time paid employment but work only part-time or are employed at jobs below their
capability.
This would include someone, for example, with a law degree who is temporarily selling insurance until he
is hired by a law firm.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 01 Easy
57. Underemployment refers to
A. The same thing as unemployment.
B. A person who is lazy and not working hard at her job.
C. A person who is not able to use her full capabilities in her job.
D. A discouraged worker.
Underemployment is usually higher during recessions than during economic expansions.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 01 Easy
58. Part-time workers who desire full-time employment are
A. Underemployed and contribute to the unemployment statistic.
B. Underemployed but do not contribute to the unemployment statistic.
C. Not part of the labor force and do not contribute to the unemployment statistic.
D. Discouraged workers and contribute to the unemployment statistic.
By excluding underemployment of workers, this is another way that the official unemployment figures disguise
the full extent of the unemployment problem.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
59. Suppose a student graduates from college with a civil engineering degree and is now employed to grade
papers, answer the phone, and make copies-tasks that are below the graduate's capabilities. The graduate
can best be classified as
D. Underemployed.
The official unemployment figures are distorted by underemployed workers and tend to paint a better picture
than is present in reality.

Blooms: Understand
A. People who report that they are actively seeking a job even when they have little or no intention of finding
one.
B. People who want a job but aren't looking because they don't expect to find one.
C. People who lack the skills to be employed.
D. Workers with very high rates of absenteeism.
The phantom unemployed, being counted as truly unemployed, actually make the official unemployment rate
overstate the true extent of unemployment.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 01 Easy
61. The official unemployment statistics may exaggerate the significance of unemployment by including the
A. Underemployed.
D. High school dropout.
Underemployed workers and discouraged workers are not included in the labor force and are not
considered unemployed. Phantom workers are considered unemployed and describe individuals who are
not actively seeking work, although they report that they are.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 01 Easy
62. Suppose there are 4 million people in an economy that are classified as unemployed. After a more thorough
investigation, it becomes obvious that 200,000 of these people are actually phantom unemployed. As a result
of this discovery, the unemployment rate will
A. Decrease.
B. Increase.
As the phantom unemployed are included in calculating the unemployment rate, after discovering the number
of phantom unemployed workers, this number will subtracted from the number of unemployed and will
consequently lead to a decrease in the unemployment rate. The phantom unemployed are one of the few
categories that actually cause the official numbers to overstate true unemployment.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
63. Which of the following groups could increase in size and cause a significantly higher unemployment rate?
A. Discouraged workers.
B. Underemployed workers.
D. Children under the age of 16.
The phantom unemployed do count toward the unemployment figures. But they are not very motivated to seek
work.

Blooms: Understand
64. A 30-year-old stay-at-home son tells his parent he is looking for work but cannot find a job. When the
parent finds the son a job, he refuses to take it. The 30-year-old can best be classified as
D. Underemployed.
When one is not actively seeking work and not too excited about finding it, one may be considered phantom
unemployed.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
Learning Objective: 06-03 The major types of unemployment.
65. Which of the following groups would be classified as unemployed when calculating the unemployment rate?
A. Underemployed workers.
B. Discouraged workers.
C. The phantom unemployed.
D. Individuals who are neither employed nor actively seeking a job.
The phantom unemployed count toward the unemployed and artificially inflate the official rate of unemployment.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
A. Not part of the labor force because they do not desire to work.
B. Unemployed and cause the unemployment statistic to overstate the level of unemployment.
C. Discouraged and cause the unemployment statistic to understate the level of unemployment.
D. Classified as cyclically unemployed.
The phantom unemployed are not very eager to find work, yet they are technically searching for work.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
67. All of the following are considered to be human costs of increased unemployment except
A. Admissions to mental institutions.
B. Fatal heart attacks.
C. Decreased stress levels.
Rising unemployment seems to increase stress levels and related physical and mental health issues.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
Learning Objective: 06-02 The socioeconomic costs of unemployment.
Topic: THE HUMAN COSTS
68. When the U.S. unemployment rate decreased in the late 1990s, so did all of the following except
A. Poverty rate.
B. Income per capita.
C. Child abuse.
Poverty rates tend to fall when unemployment declines.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
69. Studies have shown that unemployment causes
A. Increased expenditure on food.
B. More spending on child care because more mothers go to work.
C. Increased health problems.
D. Little impact since most people receive unemployment benefits.
There are many human costs that come with unemployment.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 01 Easy
70. When migrant workers seek employment after the crops have been picked, the unemployment rate goes
up. This situation is an example of
C. Structural unemployment.
Certain types of work take place during the appropriate season. As a result, unemployment tends to rise and
fall in sync with the seasons.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: DEFINING FULL EMPLOYMENT
71. After the harvest, some farmhands lose their jobs. They are considered to be
Seasonal unemployment occurs when the appropriate production season changes and work is no longer
needed until the following year.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
72. When there's a shortage in the number of jobs available when teenagers look for summer jobs, the type of
unemployment that arises is called
Seasonal unemployment arises when an industry needs less labor because the work is seasonal.

Blooms: Understand
73. Which of the following types of unemployment would best characterize a snow ski instructor's unemployment
during the summer months?
Seasonal unemployment comes and goes with changes in the seasons.

Blooms: Understand
74. After Christmas, retail sales fall and many clerks are laid off until the following Christmas. This is an example
of which of the following types of unemployment?
Some workers lose their jobs when the seasons change and work specific to the season is no longer available.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
75. The type of unemployment that economists generally associate with normal growth of the labor force and
expanding job opportunities in a dynamic economy is
D. Structural unemployment.
There is always a certain amount of unemployment from job seekers looking for actual jobs that they are
qualified for in the economy. A good example is when Jane gets a job in another town. Her husband Bob, who
is a highly qualified tax accountant, will be frictionally unemployed until he finds a job in their new location.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 01 Easy
76. Nancy returns to school to study medicine. After graduating and the economy is not in a recession, she spends
six months looking for a job. During this period, she is considered
Frictionally unemployed workers do not usually stay unemployed because they have skills that are
needed by employers, but it takes some time to find the best match for the worker and the employer.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
77. Frictional unemployment could result from each of the following except
A. The reallocation of employees to growing industries.
B. The inability of people to find work during certain seasons of the year.
C. The opportunity for people to leave jobs in which they are underemployed.
Frictional unemployment describes brief period of unemployment experienced by people moving between jobs
or into the labor market. The inability to find work during certain seasons of the year is known as seasonal
unemployment.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
78. After being fired from a job, some people find that it may take several months to find a new job in the same type
of work, even when the economy is not in a recession. This is an example of which of the following types of
unemployment?
Frictional unemployment is normal in the economy and does not tend to last long because the worker has
skills that are in demand.

Blooms: Understand
79. Frictional unemployment goes up when
A. A student quits work to return to school at the end of the summer.
B. A corporation transfers a worker to another city.
C. A worker quits one job to search for another in the same line of work.
Time spent searching between jobs in the same line of work leads to frictional unemployment.

Blooms: Understand
80. Frictional unemployment can be distinguished from other types of unemployment in that we assume all of
the following except
A. There is an adequate demand for labor to employ the frictionally unemployed.
B. The frictionally unemployed possess the necessary education and skills to become employed.
C. Search time is relatively short for frictionally unemployed persons.
D. The skills of the frictionally unemployed are no longer in demand.
If the skills of the unemployed worker were no longer in demand, the worker would be considered structurally
unemployed.

Blooms: Understand
81. Samantha recently quit her job at the university because she is looking for another job for which she is qualified
in a small town. Samantha is
D. Not part of the labor force and does not contribute to the unemployment rate.
A frictionally unemployed worker has skills that will transfer to his or her new employer.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
82. When there is a mismatch between the skills required for a job and the skills of job seekers, the
unemployment that results is an example of
Structural unemployment is a serious matter because the worker does not have skills that employers
are looking for.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 01 Easy
83. Structural unemployment occurs when
A. Workers do not have the skills required to fill the vacant positions in the job market.
B. Firms fail in the normal course of business activity.
C. An industry experiences a seasonal downturn.
Structural unemployment can persist for a long time because the skills possessed by the unemployed are
no longer in demand.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
structural unemployment?
Structural unemployment does not go away; many times the worker will need to be retrained for a new job.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 01 Easy
th
85. Tom worked at NASA for 13 years. In the 14 year, his job was automated, resulting in him losing his job.
He looked for a new job for 18 months before finding a job in a different line of work that paid less. During his
18-month job search, Tom was considered to be
142. Frictionally unemployed.
143. Seasonally unemployed.
Tom lost his job because his skills were no longer needed; as such, he was considered structurally
unemployed.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
86. Automobile workers in Detroit who are unemployed because of foreign imports at the same time that
job vacancies exist for coal miners in West Virginia would most likely be classified as
A. Structurally unemployed.
Structural unemployment exists when change makes certain jobs obsolescent.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 01 Easy
87. A teenager without a high school diploma is unable to find work because all of the available jobs require a
certain minimum reading skill level which he is not proficient in. Which of the following best characterizes the
teenager's circumstances?
D. Underemployed.
The individual does not possess any skills that are desired by current employers.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
88. Long-term changes in demand that make some goods obsolete (possibly due to technological
advancement) are likely to have their greatest impact on
B. Cyclical unemployment.
C. Frictional unemployment.
For example, when the car replaced the horse-drawn carriage, many workers producing horseshoes lost
their jobs with little hope of replacing them with a comparable job.

Blooms: Understand
89. If workers do not have the skills that are required in the job market, which of the following will occur?
D. Frictional unemployment.
Structural unemployment is serious because it may be very hard for the displaced worker to find a good job.

Blooms: Understand
cyclical unemployment?
Cyclical unemployment becomes a serious problem during recessions as companies downsize due to a
temporary decrease in product demand as a result there are fewer jobs available (like chairs).

Blooms: Understand
91. A U.S. worker who loses his or her job in an import industry because the good is no longer produced would
be classified as, ceteris paribus,
C. Seasonally unemployed.
D. Structurally unemployed.
Structural unemployment arises because (1) the skill set of the worker does not meet the needs of the employer
or (2) the job has been moved to a location where the worker can no longer go, such as through outsourcing.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
92. During an economic downturn, consumers spend considerably less on goods and services. This results in
layoffs that are classified as
A. Cyclical.
B. Structural.
C. Frictional.
D. Seasonal.
Cyclical unemployment arises when buyers during a recession are not spending enough to support current
levels of production.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
93. Which of the following unemployment categories is most clearly related to the rate of growth in real GDP?
A. Structural.
B. Seasonal.
C. Frictional.
D. Cyclical.
Recessions reduce or eliminate growth in the economy, thereby causing an increase in cyclical unemployment.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
94. Which of the following government policies or programs would be most appropriate to offset cyclical
unemployment?
A. Those that stimulate more demand.
B. More job training.
C. Additional job placement services.
D. Additional health services to counter the effects of unemployment.
A government stimulus that creates more demand will blunt the effect of diminished private sector demand.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
95. Which of the following government programs would be most appropriate to counteract cyclical unemployment?
A. Increased job placement services.

B. Greater government expenditures to increase GDP.
C. Year-round school.
D. More job training programs.
Cyclical unemployment arises when there is an inadequate level of aggregate demand. When private sector
spending falls, GDP will fall unless government spending increases to offset the fall in private sector spending.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
96. Full employment in the U.S. economy means that
A. Frictional unemployment has been reduced to zero.
B. The total unemployment rate has been reduced to zero.
C. The economy has reached the lowest level of unemployment compatible with price stability.
D. Structural unemployment has reached its minimum as a result of increased spending, and the economy is
moving toward the peak of the business cycle.
Employing more and more resources beyond a normal level of operation tends to drive up resource prices and
lead to inflation in an economy; full employment means reaching the point of full resource utilization consistent
with price stability. It does not mean that all available resources are being used.

Blooms: Understand
Learning Objective: 06-04 The meaning of "full employment."
97. The lowest level of unemployment compatible with price stability
A. Is referred to as full employment.
B. Is estimated at between 0 and 2 percent unemployment.
C. Allows for some cyclical unemployment.
D. Is equal to the natural rate of unemployment plus the inflation rate.
Full employment does not mean that everybody has a job. It means that there is no tendency for wages and
prices to rise as a result of excessive strain on the labor market.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 01 Easy
98. The Employment Act of 1946 set which of the following goals for the economy?
A. A zero unemployment rate.
B. A zero inflation rate.
C. Lowering cyclical and structural unemployment within reasonable but nonspecific bounds.
D. Achieving a 4 percent target in seasonal and frictional unemployment.
Low unemployment is an important macroeconomic goal.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
99. What is the likely consequence of an unemployment rate falling below the rate at which "full employment" is
achieved?
A. The threat of recession.
B. Increased inflationary pressures.
C. An increase in discouraged workers.
As an economy approaches its production possibilities, labor and other recourses become increasingly
scarce, and market participants bid for these remaining resources. In consequence, wages and price start
to rise. Thus, inflationary behavior in the marketplace is an indication that employment is nearing capacity.

Blooms: Understand
100. During which one of the following decades was the goal of 4 percent unemployment set as an acceptable
compromise between our full employment and inflation goals?
A. 1960s.
B. 1970s.
C. 1980s.
D. 1990s.
Originally 4 percent was considered the lowest unemployment rate that was consistent with price stability.

Blooms: Understand
101. How have the unemployment components of the natural rate of unemployment changed over the past
20 years?
A. Frictional unemployment has increased and structural unemployment has increased.
B. Frictional unemployment has decreased and structural unemployment has decreased.
C. Frictional unemployment has decreased and structural unemployment has increased.
D. Frictional unemployment has increased and structural unemployment has decreased.
Frictional unemployment has decreased due to better communication, and structural unemployment has
increased due to rapid technology changes and increased trade and outsourcing.

Blooms: Understand
102. Why has structural unemployment in the United States increased over the last 20 years?
A. Rapid technology changes have eliminated the needs for certain skill sets.
B. Companies are increasingly outsourcing certain tasks to cheaper foreign markets.
C. Increased trade with other countries has shut down U.S. factories competing with import industries.
Structural unemployment has increased due to rapid technology changes and increased trade and outsourcing.

Blooms: Understand
103. The natural rate of unemployment includes
A. Seasonal and cyclical unemployment only.
B. Cyclical and frictional unemployment only.
C. Structural and seasonal unemployment only.
D. Frictional and structural unemployment only.
The natural rate of unemployment does not include seasonal or cyclical unemployment.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
104. Which of the following was a stated goal of the Humphrey-Hawkins Act?
A. Zero percent unemployment rate.
B. Zero percent inflation rate.
C. 4 percent unemployment rate.
D. 4 percent inflation rate.
The Humphrey-Hawkins Act established 4 percent as the upper level for the desired level of unemployment.

Blooms: Understand
105. Unemployment was particularly high during
B. World War II.
C. The Korean War.
D. The 1980s.
Severe economic contractions like the Great Depression lead to very high levels of unemployment.

Blooms: Understand
106. Unemployment was fairly low
during A. The Great Depression.
B. World War II.
C. The 1930s.
D. The recession of 1981
Economic expansions and war production efforts lead to lower unemployment rates.

Blooms: Understand
107. Unemployment was fairly low during all of the following periods except
A. World War II.
B. The Korean War.
C. The late 1990s.
D. The Great Depression.
The Great Depression saw the worst period of unemployment in U.S. economic history.

Blooms: Understand
108. Outsourcing is the
A. Unemployment that is inevitable when jobs leave a country.
B. Relocation of production from domestic companies to foreign countries.
C. Loss of output because of an increase in unemployment.
D. Movement of workers to foreign countries where there are more jobs.
Sometimes lower prices from domestic companies can be delivered to domestic consumers through lower
production costs achieved in other countries.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 01 Easy
109. All of the following are true about outsourcing of jobs except that it
A. Occurs because labor is cheaper in other countries.
B. Increases specialization.
C. Reduces costs and increases profits for companies.
D. Ultimately leaves the United States worse off.
The United States benefits through outsourcing by paying lower prices for foreign factors of production, and
job losses are minimal in the short run as a fraction of the overall labor force.

Blooms: Understand
110. When jobs are outsourced,
A. Unemployment increases significantly.
B. Corporations lose money.
C. The economy begins to collapse.
D. Production possibilities expand.
Outsourcing allows the United States to be more efficient with its resources by allowing workers to obtain
their comparative advantage, thereby allowing greater production possibilities.

Blooms: Understand
111. As a result of outsourcing,
A. Domestic workers may become more productive.
B. Profits decrease for domestic companies.
C. GDP definitely decreases.
D. Unemployment must increase in the long run.
Buying cheaper imports not only allows consumers to save money, but it ultimately allows us to produce even
more.

Blooms: Understand
112. One cartoon in the text shows a contented rich man saying, "I don't like six-percent unemployment either. But I
can live with it." The point is that
A. Not everyone experiences the effects of unemployment equally.
B. Everyone agrees that unemployment should be the top priority for government action.
C. No one can avoid unemployment or the effects of unemployment.
D. It is good to be an independent analyst because those types of jobs are always in demand.
The costs of unemployment are borne by those who actually lose their jobs.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
113. According to The New Yorker cartoon, one restaurant patron states that since he has recently stopped looking
for a job, he has helped to lower the unemployment rate. He is:
A. Wrong in that his action raised the unemployment rate.
B. Right in that he became a discouraged worker.
C. Wrong in that he is still in the labor force.
People that looked for work in the last 12 months but did not look for work in the last month but wanted a job
are discouraged workers. They are not in the labor force and their movement out of the labor force lowers the
unemployment rate.

Blooms: Understand
114. According to an In the News article "Carpentry Work Crashing Down," Labor demand for carpenters remains
low as the economy climbs out of the recent recession due to
A. Cyclical unemployment from lack of housing demand.
B. Frictional unemployment due to a lumber shortage.
C. Structural unemployment due to a mismatch between workforce skills and employer needs.
As the economy adjust to new consumer demands, as well as technology changes, workers with out-of-date
skill sets become structurally unemployed.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: IN THE NEWS
115. Someone 18 years old who is not employed and is not actively seeking work is considered
A. Not in the labor force.
B. In the labor force.
C. Employed.
D. Unemployed.
Those not in the labor force include anyone who is not working and not actively seeking work over the age of 16
years-old, such as retired people, homemakers, and many students.

Blooms: Understand
116. Suppose the working-age population of Country A is 200 million, the number employed is 130 million, and
the number unemployed is 10 million. What is the labor force participation rate?
A. 60 percent.
B. 70 percent.
C. 65 percent.
D. 75 percent.
The labor force participation rate is the labor force divided by the working-age population expressed as a
percentage: (130 + 10)/200.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
117. An unemployed worker who wants a job but has given up in the search for a new job is referred to as a/an
A. Unemployed worker.
B. Phantom unemployed worker.
C. Discouraged worker. D.
Underemployed worker.
The presence of discouraged workers distorts our official unemployment figures as discouraged workers are
not included in the unemployment rate, but are technically not employed in the economy.

Blooms: Understand
118. In the 1960s the Council of Economic Advisers determined that the acceptable level of unemployment
that would be used in determining full employment was
A. 5.5 percent.
B. 5 percent.
C. 4.5 percent.
D. 4 percent.
As unemployment fell lower and lower, the price level rose, so the council decided 4 percent would be
the perfect number for full employment.

Blooms: Understand
119. According to the section "The Economy Tomorrow," outsourcing eliminates about __________ jobs in the
United States each year.
A. 300,000
B. 500,000
C. 3,000,000
D. 5,000,000
The total number of outsourced jobs averages less than 300,000 per year. This accounts for only 3-5 percent
of total U.S. unemployment and only 0.002 percent of all U.S. jobs, so outsourcing can't be a major explanation
for U.S. unemployment.

Blooms: Understand
120. When unemployed people stop looking for jobs, the
When people stop looking for work they are defined as a discouraged worker and are no longer included in the
labor force. The 'looking for work'portions of both the numerator and denominator get smaller. Example: 4/(4 +
6) = 40%; 3/(3 + 6) = 33.3%.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
121. When people over 16 years old start looking for jobs, the
Individuals are considered a part of the labor force if they are age 16 and over, working or actively seeking for
work. When people start looking for work, the 'looking for work'portions of both the numerator and denominator
get larger. Example: 3/(3 + 6) = 33.3%; 4/(4 + 6) = 40 %.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
122. Jim's job was transferred 800 miles away. Although his employer will let him keep his job if he goes to the new
factory, Jim cannot move. Jim is
C. Cyclically unemployed.
Structural unemployment arises from (1) having the wrong skill set or (2) having the right skill set but
being unable to get to your job.

Blooms: Understand
123. According to an In the News article written in 2009, "Unemployment Rate Hits 10.2%, a 26-Year High," the
seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was the highest since
A. 1973.
B. 1983.
C. 1993.
D. 2003.
To solve this, you must read the article.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: IN THE NEWS
124. How is foreign trade in inputs similar to trade in outputs?
A. U.S. producers buy (outsource) cheap foreign inputs (labor) while U.S. consumers buy cheap
foreign outputs (U.S. imports).
B. U.S. consumers sell (outsource) cheap foreign inputs (labor) while U.S. producers sell cheap foreign
outputs (U.S. imports).
C. U.S. producers sell (outsource) cheap foreign inputs (labor) while U.S. consumers buy cheap foreign
outputs (U.S. imports).
Outsourcing is basically foreign trade in inputs. You are buying iron ore or labor from a cheap foreign source.

Blooms: Understand
125. In the early weeks of a recession, what type of unemployment gets larger?
A. Frictional.
B. Structural.
C. Cyclical.
D. Seasonal.
Cyclical unemployment describes joblessness that occurs due to an inadequate level of aggregate demand.
As demand falls off, the economy enters the downward portion of the business cycle that is characterized
by cyclical unemployment.

Blooms: Understand
126. If there is a prolonged recession and, at the same time, technological advances change the skill sets of some
jobs and eliminate others, what type of unemployment gets larger?
A. Frictional.
B. Structural.
C. Seasonal.
As the economy remains in a prolonged recession, old skill sets of unemployed workers begin to deteriorate
as new skill sets are being required for new technologies. As such, structural unemployment will expand
until workers update their skill sets.

Blooms: Understand
127. If cyclical unemployment is zero, the economy is
At the natural rate of unemployment (frictional + structural), the economy is on the production possibilities
curve. This is also where cyclical unemployment is zero. If cyclical unemployment is above zero, the
economy moves inside the production possibilities curve.

Blooms: Understand
128. Ceteris paribus, if structural unemployment increases, the economy is
curve. If any part of the natural rate of unemployment increases, the production possibilities curve shifts inward.

Blooms: Understand
129. Ceteris paribus, if seasonal unemployment increases, the seasonally adjusted economy is
curve. Cyclical unemployment moves an economy inside the curve. Seasonal unemployment will not
affect a seasonally adjusted economy. That is, the economy is on a fixed production possibilities curve.

Blooms: Understand
130. An underemployed worker who is looking for a full-time job is
An underemployed worker is employed.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Apply
Difficulty: 03 Hard
131. Most household and volunteer workers are not included in the labor force.
TRUE
Unless a worker is employed legally by the market and income is reported, she or he will be excluded
from official unemployment figures.

Blooms: Understand
132. If an 18-year-old male is taking college classes full-time and does not have a job and is not looking for one, he
is considered unemployed.
FALSE
One must be actively seeking work to be considered unemployed.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Analyze
Difficulty: 03 Hard
133. The labor force participation rate is the percentage of the labor force that is actually participating or employed.
FALSE
The labor force participation rate is the number of employed workers plus the number of unemployed
workers divided by the total population, multiplied by 100.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 01 Easy
134. When workers begin retiring at earlier ages, the production possibilities curve shifts outward.
FALSE
This would cause the production possibilities curve to shift inward as there are fewer individuals in the
labor force as there were previously.

Blooms: Understand
135. The updated version of Okun's Law indicates that a 1 percent increase in the unemployment rate causes a 2
percent decrease in real GDP.
TRUE
Okun's Law shows the relationship between changes in the unemployment rate and changes in GDP.

Blooms: Understand
136. When the growth rate of the labor force is faster than the growth rate of the unemployed, the unemployment
rate is falling.
TRUE
This is because the denominator is growing faster than the numerator in the unemployment calculation.

Blooms: Understand
137. The number of unemployed can drop simultaneously with increases in the unemployment rate.
TRUE
This is because the labor force is shrinking, thereby causing people formerly classified as unemployed to be
no longer in the labor force.

Blooms: Understand
138. People who get discouraged and no longer seek work are counted as unemployed.
FALSE
These individuals would be classified as discouraged workers. Discouraged workers are not counted at being
unemployed.

Blooms: Understand
139. The underemployed are not included among the unemployed because they are working.
TRUE
This masks the true unemployment rate.

Blooms: Understand
140. Most of the costs of unemployment can be measured in financial terms.
FALSE
There are nonmonetary costs borne by the unemployed and their families such as human costs including social
stress and ill health.

Blooms: Understand
141. It is impossible to find a direct relationship between unemployment and social problems such as illness,
crime, and divorce.
FALSE
Families experience great stress when one or more members are unemployed, which leads to many
domestic and social problems.

Blooms: Understand
144. Frictional unemployment stems from an insufficient level of demand in the economy.
FALSE
Cyclical unemployment stems from an insufficient level of demand in the economy. Frictional unemployment
describes brief periods of unemployment experienced by people moving into the labor market.

Blooms: Understand
143. Cyclical unemployment stems from an insufficient level of demand in the economy.
TRUE
When spending on goods and services declines, layoffs will occur because companies cannot maintain the
level of production and still earn profit.

Blooms: Understand
144. Full employment means everyone in the labor force has a job.
FALSE
Full employment is simply the lowest unemployment level possible consistent with price stability.

Blooms: Understand
145. In the Employment Act of 1946, Congress committed the federal government to pursue a goal of 0 percent
unemployment and inflation.
FALSE
The Employment Act of 1946 did not specify actual numbers to target for inflation and unemployment.

Blooms: Understand
146. Why does the unemployment rate go down as more people become discouraged about the economy?
As people become discouraged, they stop looking for jobs and drop out of the labor force. This decreases
both the numerator and denominator by the same number. However, it reduces the numerator by a bigger
percentage than the denominator, and the unemployment rate falls. Example: {Look/(Look + Work)} = 4/(4 +
6) = 40%. When people stop looking this number becomes 3/(3 + 6) = 33.3%.

Blooms: Understand
147. According to Okun's Law, how does a 2 percent increase in unemployment affect the economy?
Okun's Law says that 1 percent more unemployment is estimated to equal 2 percent less output. As a result,
a 2 percent increase in unemployment translates into a 4 percent decrease in the amount of output for the
economy.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Analyze
Difficulty: 03 Hard
148. Is the unemployment rate the same for all groups of people in an economy? Why or why not?
No. The unemployment rate is an average for the entire economy, but unemployment differs across various
sectors of the population. Typically teenagers, minority groups, and those with less education experience higher
levels of unemployment. Unemployment also varies across regions of the country. One region may be growing
and expanding while another region may be experiencing a downturn. As a result, the unemployment rate can
be lower in one region and higher in another.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Analyze
Difficulty: 03 Hard
149. Explain how discouraged workers either overstate or understate the unemployment problem.
Discouraged workers are those who would like a job but have given up the search. Because they are not
actively seeking employment, discouraged workers are not part of the labor force and are not included in the
unemployment statistic. The existence of discouraged workers tends to understate the unemployment problem.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Analyze
Difficulty: 03 Hard
150. Explain two economic costs, and two human costs of unemployment.
One cost of unemployment is lost output, meaning less production for the economy. A second cost is the loss
of income for the individual. Other costs such as increased suicides, increased crime, and increased illness
are also consequences of unemployment.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Analyze
Difficulty: 03 Hard
151. How can the outsourcing of jobs cause production possibilities to expand?
Businesses choose to outsource jobs or move production to other countries because labor is cheaper in other
countries. The decrease in the cost of labor allows U.S. firms to earn greater profits. The profits can be used
for new investment. It also allows U.S. workers to focus on more complex tasks and specialize in what they are
best at doing (i.e., comparative advantage). The end result is higher productivity.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Analyze
Difficulty: 03 Hard
Chapter 06 Test Bank Summary
Category # of Questions
AACSB: Analytic 58
AACSB: Reflective Thinking 93
Accessibility: Keyboard Navigation 132
Blooms: Analyze 14
Blooms: Apply 44
Blooms: Remember 24
Blooms: Understand 69
Difficulty: 01 Easy 24
Difficulty: 02 Medium 69
Difficulty: 03 Hard 58
Learning Objective: 06-01 How unemployment is measured. 87
Learning Objective: 06-02 The socioeconomic costs of unemployment. 8
Learning Objective: 06-03 The major types of unemployment. 43
Learning Objective: 06-04 The meaning of "full employment." 13
Topic: DEFINING FULL EMPLOYMENT 48
Topic: IN THE NEWS 2
Topic: MEASURING UNEMPLOYMENT 56
Topic: THE HISTORICAL RECORD 9
Topic: THE HUMAN COSTS 8
Topic: THE LABOR FORCE 26
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»Also d a s ist es! Weil Ihr Neffe durch seine Ausschweifungen mir
das Leben vergiftete, weil sein Beispiel am Hofe als Vorbild dient,
weil die Tugend und Reinheit der Gesinnungen hier nur noch ein
Schall sind, darum beliebt es Ihnen, mein Fürst, mich dem großen
Haufen zuzuzählen und mir Vergehen anzudichten, die, so fern sie
auch meinem Charakter liegen, von Ihnen dennoch als
selbstverständlich betrachtet werden?! Wie bedaure ich Sie, daß Sie
so allen Glauben an Menschenwerth verloren haben! Doch die
Pflicht gegen mich selbst gebietet mir, Ihnen mitzutheilen, daß es der
Baron gewagt, sich um meine Gunst zu bewerben, und ich mich in
Folge dessen veranlaßt sah, ihn fern von mir zu halten. Ich würde
mich dieserhalb bereits bei Ihnen beklagt haben, wenn er seine
Neigung nicht unter dem Deckmantel der Ergebenheit verborgen
hätte. Jetzt aber, nachdem er es trotz alledem wagte, Sie in solcher
groben Weise zu täuschen und mich dadurch nicht minder zu
beschimpfen, jetzt, mein Fürst, erwarte ich, daß er der gerechten
Strafe nicht entgehen wird. Sie sind es sich selbst, Sie sind es mir,
der Gemahlin Ihres Neffen, schuldig!«
Mit edler Würde und gesteigerter Wärme hatte Sidonie diese
Worte gesprochen, und es schien ihr gelungen zu sein, den Fürsten
zu überzeugen. Wir sagen, es s c h i e n ihr das; denn in der That
machte sich trotz alledem der Argwohn in ihm geltend, daß Sidonie
vielleicht nur bedacht war, sich, indem sie ihren Günstling, der sie
verrathen hatte, opferte, in seinen Augen über den ihr gemachten
Vorwurf zu rechtfertigen. Denn leider hegte der Fürst mehr Vertrauen
zu Boisière, als zu der Prinzessin, die er überdies mit einer
vorgefaßten Meinung beurtheilte, von den eigenen Ansichten über
Menschenwerth befangen.
Dennoch übte ihre Vorstellung und ihr Verhalten eine gute
Wirkung auf ihn aus, indem er sich durch dieselben zur
Anerkennung ihrer Unschuld wenigstens vorläufig gezwungen sah.
Eine nähere Untersuchung dieser Angelegenheit sollte ihm eine
feste Ueberzeugung verschaffen. In diesem Vornehmen entgegnete
er in mildem Ton:
»Ihr Verlangen soll erfüllt werden; ich werde selbst mit dem Baron
sprechen. Sie sehen mich tief betrübt, in solcher Weise getäuscht zu
sein. Doch, Sie wissen, das ist einmal das Loos aller Fürsten, und
Sie dürfen es mir nicht verargen, wenn ich den Worten erprobter
Diener Glauben schenkte. Sie sollen Genugthuung erhalten.«
»Ich danke Ihnen, mein gnädiger Fürst, und hoffe mit
Bestimmtheit, daß dies auch in Bezug auf den bekannten Vorfall
geschehen wird,« entgegnete Sidonie.
»Das ist in der That eine sehr üble Sache, und ich weiß nicht, wie
ich Ihnen darin dienen soll,« wandte der Fürst ein. »Was verlangen
Sie?«
»Die Entfernung des Mädchens aus meiner Nähe,« sprach
Sidonie bestimmt.
»Das wird den Prinzen aufbringen! — Wie ich höre, hängt er sehr
an dem Geschöpf.«
»Ich dächte, mein Fürst, meine Forderung ist im Hinblick auf den
erduldeten Schimpf sehr gering?«
»Gewiß, gewiß. Nun, wir wollen sehen. Das Beste wird es
jedenfalls sein.«
Es trat ein kurzes Schweigen ein, während dessen der Fürst
unmuthig und bedenklich vor sich hin schaute und die Prinzessin
dasjenige erwog, was sie dem Fürsten noch zu sagen beabsichtigte.
Als sie sich genügend gesammelt glaubte, sprach sie:
»Mein Besuch ist hiermit noch nicht erledigt, mein Fürst, und
bezweckt noch eine andere, sehr ernste Angelegenheit, die ich
Ihnen vorzutragen wünsche.«
»Haben Sie etwa noch andere Unannehmlichkeiten erfahren?«
fragte der Fürst.
»Ich kann dies glücklicher Weise verneinen. Ich bin genöthigt,
einen Entschluß auszusprechen, der durch die unheilvollen
Verhältnisse, in welchen ich mich befinde, erzeugt worden ist, und
der, wie ich glaube, Ihren und des Prinzen Wünschen entgegen
kommen wird.«
»Und was belieben Sie, Prinzessin?« fragte der Fürst gespannt.
»Ich bitte Sie, gnädiger Fürst, meiner unglücklichen Lage ein Ende
zu machen und meine Ehe zu trennen.«
»Wie, Prinzessin?!« rief der Fürst überrascht.
»Sie werden erkennen, daß mir unter den obwaltenden
Umständen keine Wahl bleibt.«
»Bedenken Sie, liebste Prinzessin, die Wichtigkeit eines solchen
Schrittes!«
»Ich habe ihn bedacht und bitte Sie, denselben gleichfalls in
Erwägung zu ziehen.«
»Nein, nein! Nehmen Sie Ihr Wort zurück! Es kann Alles noch
besser werden.«
»Wenn dies auch wirklich der Fall sein sollte, würde es dennoch
meinen Entschluß nicht ändern. Des Prinzen Verhalten hat meine
Geduld erschöpft,« entgegnete Sidonie voll Würde.
»Ueberlegen Sie nochmals die Angelegenheit, und ich gebe es
Ihnen anheim, was Sie alsdann thun. Sie sind die Gemahlin des
künftigen Regenten, Sie haben daher Rücksicht auf diesen Umstand
zu nehmen,« bemerkte der Fürst.
»Ich glaube das bereits lange genug gethan zu haben, vielleicht
schon zu lange für mein Interesse, ohne daß der Prinz sich
veranlaßt gesehen, dies anzuerkennen. Seine Mißachtung länger zu
ertragen vermag ich nicht, und so wiederhole ich meine Bitte,«
entgegnete Sidonie.
»Sei es denn!« fiel der Fürst gereizt ein. »Doch lassen Sie uns
nichts übereilen, denn dergleichen will reiflich erwogen sein.
Bedenken Sie, welches Aufsehen ein so bedeutsamer und
unerhörter Schritt erregen muß, und es thut nicht gut, den Leuten
einen Einblick in das Familienleben der Fürsten zu gewähren.
Vielleicht können wir dies noch vermeiden. Ich werde mit dem
Prinzen sprechen und Ihnen seiner Zeit das Resultat mittheilen.
Warten Sie also das Weitere ab. Wollen Sie?«
»Ich will es, mein Fürst,« entgegnete Sidonie nach kurzem
Ueberlegen und fügte alsdann hinzu: »Zwar erkenne ich, daß die
Verhältnisse allerdings Berücksichtigung verlangen; sollte diese
jedoch so weit ausgedehnt werden können, ein ganzes langes
unglückliches Leben zu beanspruchen? Ich glaube nicht, mein Fürst;
denn auch das Herz hat seine Rechte.«
»Sie dürfen bei Beurtheilung fürstlicher Ehen nicht den
gewöhnlichen bürgerlichen Maßstab anlegen, noch dergleichen
Ansprüche erheben, und ich wünschte, Sie gelängen zu der Einsicht,
daß bei der ersteren mehr die Interessen des Staats als das Herz
maßgebend sind,« bemerkte der Fürst.
»Und warum sollten sich beide nicht vereinigen lassen? Sollte
dem Fürsten, eben weil er Fürst ist, das Glück des gewöhnlichen
Menschen, das Glück der Liebe, versagt sein? Ich kann mich davon
nicht überzeugen, und das um so weniger, da der Stand unmöglich
die Ansprüche unseres Herzens ändert. Und wenn dem so wäre, so
müßte ich die Fürsten beklagen, da sie zu entbehren gezwungen
sind, was der einfachste Mensch für den höchsten Schatz des
Lebens anerkennt.«
»Diese Ansichten begründen eben ihren beklagenswerthen
Irrthum, in welchem Sie sich befinden und durch welchen Sie sich
von dem Hofleben geschieden haben. Sie wollen die Macht des
Zeitgeistes nicht anerkennen, stellen sich über denselben und
stoßen dadurch überall an, wie Sie das bereits erfahren haben
müssen. Der Welt zu verrathen, daß man sich besser dünkt als sie,
daß man ihre Sitten und Gebräuche verachtet, ist unklug und ein
großer Fehler, namentlich bei einer Frau, die nicht die Gewalt und
den Geist besitzt, die Welt nach ihrem Sinn zu leiten. Fügten Sie
sich in den Zeitgeist, so würden Sie behaglicher leben und Ihr gegen
mich ausgesprochenes Verlangen würde unterblieben sein.« —
»Ich glaube Ihnen, mein Fürst; indessen scheinen Sie zu
übersehen, daß, wenn mir auch die Macht fehlt, die Welt nach
meinen Ansichten zu bessern, ich dennoch die Berechtigung
besitze, nach den Forderungen meiner sittlichen Natur zu leben und
darnach meine Ansprüche an die Menschen zu erheben. Das Gute
und Wahre gilt für alle Zeiten und darf dem herrschenden Zeitgeist
nicht weichen, wenn der Mensch sich nicht selbst aufgeben will.
Warum wollen Sie mir also mein Streben zum Vorwurf machen, da
es gute Zwecke in sich trägt? Daß man über mich spöttelt, weil ich
jene Dinge verachte, welche die bessere Natur des Menschen
verunzieren, weiß ich; ich besitze jedoch so viel Kraft der
Ueberzeugung, um mich darüber hinweg zu setzen. Mit den
Schlechten schlecht zu werden, zeigt von einem gehaltlosen
Charakter, von dem Mangel wirklich sittlicher Grundsätze. Und sollte
nicht einst die Zeit kommen, in welcher das Bessere wieder
allgemeinere Geltung erhält, und sollten wir diese nicht herbei zu
führen bemüht sein? Ist das Leben der Menschen nicht wandelbar
wie ihre Neigungen und Wünsche?« —
»Wer möchte daran zweifeln?! Aber wenn man den Zeitgeist nicht
zu ändern vermag, ist es klug, nicht offen gegen ihn zu verstoßen,«
bemerkte der Fürst.
»Und warum sollten Diejenigen, denen die Macht dazu gegeben
ist, warum sollten die Fürsten sich eine solche Aufgabe nicht stellen
wollen? Warum thun sie es nicht, wenn sie die Nothwendigkeit dazu
fühlen? Ihr Beispiel, ihr Verhalten, ja ihr Wunsch schon genügt, auf
das Volk zu wirken. Dieses schaut stets nach oben, und wenn es
schlecht wird, sind es stets die Folgen eines übeln Beispiels, das sie
vor Augen haben. Man ahmt das Schlimme viel leichter nach als das
Gute, aber auch dieses, wenn es sich beharrlich zeigt. Und bedingen
die Höfe nicht so eigentlich den Zeitgeist? Kennen wir die
Einwirkung des französischen Hofes auf die Höfe in Deutschland
nicht zur Genüge, und sind seine Gebrechen nicht auf uns nur
darum übergegangen, weil sie von unseren Höfen beifällig
aufgenommen wurden? Man äfft nicht nur die Trachten, man äfft
noch leichter leichtfertige Gebräuche nach, und die Sünde wird keine
Sünde mehr, weil sie Mode geworden ist und jedes moralische
Bedenken unterdrückt. Ein Verbrechen hört jedoch darum nicht auf,
ein solches zu sein, weil sich ein Jeder in der Gesellschaft daran
betheiligt. Sie achten und lieben die Menschen wenig, mein Fürst;
würde dies nicht sein, so bin ich überzeugt, Sie würden die Ihnen zu
Gebote stehende Macht auch zu deren Besserung und Veredlung
benutzen.« —
»Chimären, Chimären!« fiel der Fürst mit Ironie ein. »Sie kennen
die Menschen nicht, und darum hegen Sie dergleichen Wünsche. Ich
sage Ihnen, besäßen Sie meine Kenntniß von der Menschennatur,
Sie würden Ihr Ich zum Mittelpunkt des Lebens machen, und damit
Basta. Gelingt es selbst dem Schöpfer dieser Menschen nicht, sie zu
Engeln zu machen, wie sollte diese Aufgabe einem Menschen
zugefallen sein? Hätte die Urkraft es anders haben wollen, so
würden Sie sich heute nicht über Diejenigen beklagen, welche dem
lieben Gott nicht in das Handwerk pfuschen wollen. Nur die Geister
regieren, und ihrer sind wenige; der Haufe besteht aus Sklaven oder
Unvernünftigen, und es lohnt wahrlich nicht der Mühe, sie zur
Erkenntniß ihrer Niedrigkeit zu leiten; sie würden es Ihnen nicht
danken, denn sie würden sich darin unglücklich fühlen. Die Materie,
der Stoff, das Sinnliche ist im Leben das Gesuchteste; in ihnen fühlt
sich der Haufe wohl; Moral und Geist hinken nach, sobald die Sinne
Befriedigung finden; denn die Welt vermag auch ohne Moral zu
bestehen, und an diese hat der liebe Gott wahrlich nicht gedacht, als
er unsern Planeten in den Weltenraum setzte. Diese Ansichten
mögen Ihnen zwar sehr materiell erscheinen, sie sind darum jedoch
nicht minder gerechtfertigt, und Sie würden dieselben theilen,
besäßen Sie meine Erfahrungen. Ueberlegen Sie sich meine Worte,
Prinzessin, vielleicht gelangen Sie alsdann zu anderen Ansichten
über das Leben, über sich selbst und Ihre Verhältnisse. Ich sage
Ihnen, das Leben ist es nicht werth, die Moral über ein behagliches
Dasein zu stellen. Sein Ton verklingt rasch, oft so rasch, ehe man
sich darin kaum zurecht gefunden hat, und auch den bedeutendsten
Menschen gelingt es kaum, daß dieser Ton noch ein wenig nach
ihrem Sterben nachklingt, und geschieht es, so wird sein Widerhall
dennoch rasch von dem Getöse des fortrauschenden Lebens
aufgesogen. Doch genug dieser Dinge, die Ihnen vielleicht nicht
zusagen. Aber sie sind gesprochen und Sie mögen daraus
erkennen, daß man zu ganz anderen Ansichten gelangt, wenn man
das Leben und die Menschen nicht aus der Vogelperspective
betrachtet.«
Er schwieg und schaute durch das Fenster. Sidoniens Auge hing
mit Ueberraschung an den erregten Zügen des Fürsten. Noch
niemals hatte sich sein Cynismus in solcher Weise zu erkennen
gegeben, und sie bebte davor zurück, indem derselbe ihre Seele
verletzte.
Sie fühlte sich der Dialektik des Fürsten nicht gewachsen, und so
wäre es klug gewesen, seine Worte schweigend hinzunehmen. Sie
vermochte dies jedoch nicht; ihr Gefühl trieb sie an, die eigenen
Grundsätze zu vertheidigen und dem Fürsten zu erkennen zu geben,
wie weit sie entfernt war, seine trostlosen Anschauungen zu theilen,
und darum entgegnete sie:
»Sie mögen in vieler Hinsicht Recht haben, mein Fürst; ich darf
mir darüber kein Urtheil erlauben. Ein Jeder beurtheilt das Leben
von seinem Standpunkt aus, und derjenige der Frauen ist ein
anderer als der der Männer, und so will ich Ihnen nicht verhehlen,
daß mich Ihre Worte nur noch mehr in der Erkenntniß befestigt
haben, daß es in der Menschenbrust ein Gefühl giebt, das ihn über
die Trostlosigkeit Ihrer Anschauungen erheben dürfte.« —
»O, ich merke, wo Sie hinaus wollen!« fiel der Fürst ein. »Sie sind
eine Frau und wollen darum von Liebe und Tugend sprechen. Ist es
nicht so?«
»Ja, mein Fürst,« entgegnete Sidonie ruhig. »Wer diese beiden
Elemente im Menschenleben nicht kennt, mag sich leicht mit den
Resultaten der Speculation des Verstandes zufrieden geben, doch
nicht derjenige, der in ihnen die Schöpfer eines höheren Daseins
schätzt und sich durch sie über die Materie des Lebens erhebt.«
»So machen Sie nur rasch den Dreiklang voll und fügen Sie auch
den Glauben hinzu, der ja so eigentlich den Frauen angehört und
von ihnen ganz besonders protegirt wird. Ich sage absichtlich:
Dreiklang, denn meiner Ansicht nach ist die Liebe, wie die Tugend
und der Glaube nur ein flüchtiger Ton, der sich nicht fassen läßt und
lediglich in der Idee, vielleicht im Temperament, in der Constitution
des Menschen beruht, ja vielleicht sogar auch in der Mode, im
Zeitgeist. Denn es hat, wie Sie wissen, Tugend-, Liebes- und
Glaubenszeiten gegeben, in denen man für diese eine besondere
Vorliebe zeigte; ob aus Neigung, Ueberzeugung oder in Folge von
Nachahmung und weil es einmal Sitte war, müßte leicht zu
entscheiden sein, ganz abgesehen, daß dabei die Schauspielkunst
gewiß ganz besonders cultivirt wurde. Sie sehen, daß die von Ihnen
gepriesenen Elemente die denselben beigelegte Bedeutung nicht
verdienen. Alles Ideale im Leben weicht früher oder später der
Materie, und diejenigen, welche dies nicht anerkennen wollen,
stempeln sich zu Narren oder Märtyrern. Chacun à son goût! Oder
ist es etwa nicht so? Strebt nicht Alles der Materie zu, die sich für
den Menschen im Tode gipfelt, was der unverständige Glaube nicht
zu ändern vermag? Wenn ich der Bibel eine Wahrheit zugestehe, so
ist es diese, daß der Mensch wieder zu Erde werden muß, aus
welcher er geschaffen wurde. — Und die Liebe! — Ist sie mehr, als
das Mittel sehr realistischer Zwecke? Erwägen Sie, Prinzessin. Ich
stelle die Freundschaft als edler über sie, vorausgesetzt, daß die
Selbstsucht keinen Theil daran hat. Die Freundschaft entspringt
nicht einem Naturgesetz, die Liebe jedoch lediglich aus diesem, und
die Natur ist nur belebte Materie. So wären wir mit dem von Ihnen so
geschätzten Dreiklang fertig, dessen Harmonie sich vielleicht ganz
gut anhört, der uns jedoch betrügt, da er nicht hält, was er
verspricht.« —
»Wenn es mir auch gelänge, Ihren Ansichten beizustimmen, so
machte sich dennoch die Frage in mir geltend, was aus unserm
Leben würde, wenn Sie ihm die wichtigsten Stützen nehmen
wollen?« fragte Sidonie und schaute den Fürsten mit Spannung an.
»Es würde nicht anders werden, als es ist, vielleicht ändert sich
seine Physiognomie ein wenig; mehr aber auch nicht. Das
Naturgesetz würde sich alle Zeit erfüllen, und das ist eben das
Leben,« fiel der Fürst ein.
Sidonie schüttelte bedenklich das Haupt. Es widerstrebte ihrer
sittlichen Natur, dem Fürsten auf einem Gebiet zu folgen, das ihrer
innersten Ueberzeugung nach zu einer trostlosen Oede führen
mußte. Auch fühlte sie sich nicht befähigt genug, die
ausgesprochenen Ansichten zu widerlegen, und so schwieg sie.
Der Fürst bemerkte das und errieth ihre Gedanken; denn er
wandte sich sogleich an sie mit der Bemerkung:
»Ich erkenne, daß unsere Unterredung weiter gegangen ist, als
ich beabsichtigte. Dergleichen ist nicht für Frauen; ich hätte das
bedenken sollen. Um der Wahrheit dreist in’s Antlitz zu schauen,
gehört ein stärkerer Geist, als ihn Frauen besitzen. Sie mögen sich
durch eine sichere Erkenntniß nicht ihre Illusionen rauben lassen,
selbst wenn sie fühlen, daß diese eben nichts Anderes sind. Das ist
einmal ihre Natur, und ich berücksichtige das. Doch würde es mich
freuen, sollte unsere Unterredung in dem bekannten Interesse für
Sie und mich von Vortheil sein und dies durch die Folgezeit
begründet werden.« Er reichte ihr die Hand. »Halten Sie mir Ihr
Versprechen und überlegen Sie sich reiflich die bewußte
Angelegenheit; ich werde Ihr Interesse nach allen Richtungen
wahrnehmen, hoffe dagegen auch, daß Sie meinen Wünschen
entgegen kommen werden.« —
Es war Sidonien angenehm, daß der Fürst in solcher Weise die ihr
wenig behagliche Unterredung endete, die sie weder zur Aenderung
ihrer Ansichten bewegen, noch überhaupt ihren Interessen dienen
konnte. Mit einem stillen Bedauern über des Fürsten leeres und
kaltes Herz und die geringen wahrhaften Freuden, die er genießen
durfte, erhob sie sich und bemerkte:
»Ich danke Ihnen, mein gnädiger Fürst, für die mir geschenkte
Theilnahme und bin überzeugt, meine Wünsche werden erfüllt
werden. Ich beuge mich gern und anerkennend vor dem
forschenden Geist, fühle ich mich auch nicht befähigt, ihm zu folgen;
doch wenn ich dies auch thue, halte ich dennoch an der
Ueberzeugung fest, daß aller Reichthum des Geistes den Werth des
Herzens nicht zu ersetzen vermag. Verzeihung, mein Fürst, wenn ich
Ihnen dies nicht verhehle; aber ich würde Ihren Geist zu
unterschätzen fürchten, wollte ich die Besorgniß hegen, derselbe
ertrüge den Widerspruch nicht. Sie haben mir meinen Standpunkt
angewiesen; ob ich denselben durch den Widerspruch überschreite,
weiß ich nicht, da ich die ihm von Ihnen bestimmte Grenze nicht
kenne; that ich dies jedoch, mein Fürst, so gewann ich dadurch
vielleicht den Vortheil, Sie auf einen Irrthum in Ihren
Voraussetzungen aufmerksam gemacht zu haben.« —
»Oder sagen Sie richtiger, sich als eine Ausnahme von der Regel
zu bezeichnen,« fiel der Fürst ein und fügte in höflichem Ton hinzu:
»Ich habe Sie längst als eine solche Ausnahme Ihres Geschlechts
betrachtet, und der Beweis dafür ist unsere heutige Unterredung, zu
welcher ich mich unter anderen Verhältnissen vielleicht nicht
verstanden haben würde.«
»Ich danke Ihnen für dieses Compliment und hoffe, daraus die
besten Hoffnungen für meine Wünsche schöpfen zu dürfen.«
Mit diesen Worten verabschiedete sich die Prinzessin.
Der Fürst schaute ihr mit einem fast ironischen Blick nach. Trotz
seiner Versicherung, in ihr eine Ausnahme ihres Geschlechts zu
erkennen, war er dennoch von Sidoniens Unfähigkeit, ihn
vollkommen zu verstehen, überzeugt. Sie war ein Weib und darum
auch in die engen Grenzen ihrer Natur gebannt, aus welcher sie
nicht heraus zu treten vermochte. Darum mußten auch seine
Bemühungen fruchtlos bleiben.
Diese Voraussetzung verdroß ihn in hohem Grade, mehr jedoch
noch die Erkenntniß der ihm gespielten Täuschung, wodurch alle
seine so sicheren Hoffnungen zerstört wurden. Denn er glaubte an
Sidoniens Schuldlosigkeit nicht zweifeln zu dürfen; ihr festes
Benehmen, vor Allem jedoch ihr Entschluß, sich von dem Prinzen zu
trennen, dienten ihm als gewichtige Beweise dafür. Zwar hatte er,
wie wir wissen, bereits selbst an eine Trennung der Ehe gedacht;
des Prinzen Abneigung jedoch, sich wieder zu vermählen, so wie
sein Widerwille vor einem solchen Aufsehen erregenden Schritt
ließen ihn diesen Gedanken wieder aufgeben. Damit blieb aber auch
sein Wunsch unerfüllt und die Erbfolge nicht gesichert, und die
stattgefundene Unterredung mit Sidonien ließ ihm keine Hoffnung,
mit seinen Arrangements irgend zu reüssiren. Unter solchen
Umständen blieb ihm nur noch der letzte Versuch übrig, durch
Eingehen auf der Prinzessin gerechte Forderungen wieder ein gutes
Verhältniß zwischen ihr und dem Prinzen zu ermöglichen. Ihm war
die gute Wirkung seiner Erinnerung der ihr obliegenden
Mutterpflichten nicht entgangen, und er schloß daraus, daß Sidonie,
sobald der Prinz sich ihr in der entsprechenden Weise näherte, eine
Versöhnung mit ihm nicht ablehnen würde.
Von dieser Ueberzeugung erfüllt, gedachte er nach des Prinzen
Genesung mit diesem die Angelegenheit eingehend zu besprechen
und sein ganzes Ansehen geltend zu machen, um das gewünschte
Resultat zu erreichen. Nachdem er in dieser Beziehung seinen
Entschluß gefaßt hatte, war er bedacht, sich Gewißheit über die ihm
gespielte Täuschung zu verschaffen, und ließ darum sogleich
Boisière zu sich rufen, dem er das Erfahrene mittheilte. Dieser war
nicht wenig bestürzt, so durchaus Ungeahntes vernehmen zu
müssen, und entschuldigte sich mit der Versicherung, lediglich durch
Mühlfels’ Mittheilungen zu der Ueberzeugung einer Liaison verleitet
worden zu sein.
Der Fürst schüttelte unmuthig das Haupt; doch kannte er den
Chevalier zu gut, um nicht zu wissen, daß dieser in einer so
wichtigen Angelegenheit nur durch die sichersten Beweise zu dem
ihm gemachten Bericht bestimmt werden konnte. So trug also
lediglich Mühlfels die Schuld, und er befahl dem Chevalier, ihm
denselben sogleich zuzuführen.
Der Baron vernahm mit nicht geringer Bestürzung den Befehl des
Fürsten und den Anlaß dazu, und wurde dadurch um so mehr
betroffen, da, wie wir erfahren haben, er den Verrath seiner
Täuschung einmal für unmöglich gehalten und derselbe überdies
jetzt eben so plötzlich als ungeahnt über ihn gekommen war.
Derselbe vernichtete zugleich alle seine so angenehmen Hoffnungen
und erfüllte ihn mit der Besorgniß, nicht straflos davon zu kommen
und obenein den ganzen Schimpf gekränkter Eigenliebe tragen zu
müssen.
Trotz alledem verlor er die Fassung nur für wenige Augenblicke;
alsdann gewann er dieselbe wieder in so weit, um sich für die
Audienz bei dem Fürsten vorzubereiten. Er ließ sich nochmals die
dem Chevalier von dem Fürsten gemachten anklagenden
Mittheilungen wiederholen, erwog dieselben in allen Einzelnheiten
und gelangte dabei zu der Ueberzeugung, sich mit einigem Geschick
aus der so gefährlichen Lage ziehen zu können.
Dadurch ermuthigt, erklärte er sich bereit, dem Chevalier zu
folgen.
Dieser beschwor ihn, sich und ihn selbst in einer Weise vor dem
entrüsteten Fürsten zu entschuldigen, daß dessen Unmuth
beschwichtigt wurde und er ihnen Gnade angedeihen ließ. Denn
geschah dies nicht, so war seine so ehrenvolle Stellung gefährdet.
Mühlfels, dessen Kaltblütigkeit wieder vollkommen zurückgekehrt
war, beruhigte ihn mit der Versicherung, daß es ihm voraussichtlich
gelingen müßte, den Fürsten von seiner Schuldlosigkeit zu
überzeugen, und dadurch in etwas getröstet, führte ihn der Chevalier
zu der Audienz.
Er wurde von dem Fürsten mit Strenge und Kälte empfangen.
»Sie haben sich erlaubt,« sprach dieser, »Boisière und durch ihn
auch mich in der unverantwortlichsten Weise zu täuschen. Sie
kannten die Wichtigkeit eines solchen Handelns, was haben Sie
darauf zu sagen?«
Trotz dieser strengen Anrede verlor Mühlfels die Fassung nicht,
sondern entgegnete ruhig:
»Ich vermag, mein gnädiger Fürst, nicht zu beurtheilen, welcher
Worte sich der Chevalier bedient hat, um mein Verhältniß zu der
Prinzessin Hoheit zu bezeichnen; eben so wenig weiß ich, wie er die
ihm von mir anvertrauten Worte zu deuten für gut befunden. Ich
habe nicht mehr gesagt, als ich zu verantworten hoffe, mein Fürst.«
—
»Sie weichen einer bestimmten Antwort aus. Lassen Sie alle
Umschweife und sagen Sie, ob Ihnen die Prinzessin wirkliche
Gunstbezeigungen geschenkt hat,« sprach der Fürst hart und
befehlend, wobei er den Baron mit scharfen Blicken fixirte. Dieser
wurde dadurch ein wenig verlegen, faßte sich jedoch und
entgegnete:
»Ich darf darauf unbedingt bejahend antworten.«
»Das heißt?« fiel der Fürst ein.
»Hoheit haben meine Dienste wohlwollend aufgenommen,«
entgegnete Mühlfels zögernd.
»Wie soll ich das verstehen? Es ist hier nicht von Diensten die
Rede, sondern von einer Intimität zwischen der Hoheit und Ihnen,
deren Sie sich gegen den Chevalier gerühmt haben.«
»Der Chevalier irrte sich, wenn er meiner Mittheilung eine solche
Deutung untergelegt hat. Ich habe ihm nur das Wohlwollen
bezeichnet, womit mich die Prinzessin beglückt und meine
Huldigungen anzunehmen geruhte. Denn ich läugne nicht, mein
gnädiger Fürst, daß ich die Prinzessin hoch verehre und mich um
Ihre Gunst beworben habe; ich würde jedoch deren Ansehen zu
beflecken fürchten, wollte ich die von dem Chevalier mitgetheilten
Worte zugeben. Niemals hat mich die Prinzessin durch eine Gunst
erfreut, welche ihrer Stellung und der guten Sitte zuwider gewesen
wäre.«
»Nun, Boisière, was sagen Sie dazu?« fragte der Fürst und
schaute diesen, der bestürzt dastand, fragend an. »Sollte,« fuhr er
fort, »etwa Ihr Eifer, mir zu dienen, Sie zu weit geführt haben?«
»Halten zu Gnaden, mein Fürst, die Andeutungen des Barons und
selbst sein Wunsch, der Prinzessin statt meiner aufzuwarten,
berechtigten mich zu dem abgestatteten Bericht, mehr noch sein
Entgegenkommen, als ich ihm früher den Wunsch des gnädigsten
Fürsten mittheilte,« entschuldigte sich Boisière.
»Es ist gut, Boisière,« brach der Fürst kurz ab und schritt
nachdenkend durch das Gemach. Sein Scharfblick und seine
Menschenkenntniß hatten ihn leicht errathen lassen, welcher der
eigentliche Urheber der Täuschung war; überdies kannte er den
Charakter des Barons genügend.
Er sah aber auch ein, daß er selbst mehr oder weniger die
Veranlassung dieser Täuschung war, indem er den Wunsch betreffs
einer Liaison mit der Prinzessin ausgesprochen und so des Barons
Eitelkeit geweckt hatte. Dieser Umstand stimmte ihn milder gegen
diesen, ohne ihn jedoch zu entschuldigen. Nach einigen
Augenblicken wandte er sich an Mühlfels und bemerkte in
verweisendem Ton:
»Ob Ihre Eitelkeit Sie hinsichts der Erfolge bei der Prinzessin
täuschte, will ich dahin gestellt sein lassen; Sie haben jedoch
leichtsinnig gehandelt und nicht bedacht, welche Folgen dergleichen
zweideutige Bemerkungen, wie Sie sie gegen Boisière zu machen
sich erlaubt, nach sich ziehen können. In solchen Angelegenheiten
und mir gegenüber gilt nur die strengste Wahrheit. Das mußten Sie
wissen. Sie sind schuld, daß ich mich compromittirt habe. Sie
werden sich morgen zu der Garnison nach Bergen begeben und
daselbst zum Dienst stellen. Ich hoffe, die dortige Abgeschiedenheit
wird Sie zur Erkenntniß Ihres Leichtsinns gelangen lassen und Sie
werden sich der Besserung befleißigen.«
»Mein gnädigster Fürst!« fiel Mühlfels, durch diesen strengen und
nicht geahnten Urtheilsspruch in der tiefsten Seele getroffen, ein und
blickte flehend zu dem Fürsten auf.
»Kein Wort, Baron! Ich weiß, daß ich viel zu milde mit Ihnen
verfahre; Sie verdienen eine härtere Strafe und verdanken meine
gnädige Rücksicht lediglich Ihrer Stellung zu dem Prinzen und Ihrer
Familie,« entgegnete der Fürst in strengem Ton und winkte mit der
Hand; Mühlfels entfernte sich schweigend, ohne daß er seine Bitte
um Milderung der Strafe zu wiederholen wagte.
Der Fürst befand sich in der übelsten Stimmung. Es war ihm
unangenehm, gezwungen zu sein, des Prinzen Günstling von dem
Hof zu verweisen; denn er wußte, daß dieser Befehl den Letzteren
verletzen würde. Vielleicht wäre er milder gegen Mühlfels gewesen,
hätte er nicht die Nothwendigkeit erkannt, Sidonien dadurch die
gewünschte Genugthuung zu verschaffen und so seiner Absicht,
eine Versöhnung zwischen den Getrennten herbei zu führen, zu
dienen.
Ueberdies war er willens, in dieser Angelegenheit mit aller Strenge
zu verfahren und den Prinzen dadurch zum Eingehen auf seine
Wünsche zu zwingen.
Mit welchen Gefühlen Sidonie nach ihrem Palais zurückkehrte,
darf kaum näher bezeichnet werden. Die Unterredung mit dem
Fürsten, in welcher sie Mühlfels’ Täuschung kennen gelernt hatte,
beugte sie tief; mehr als Alles jedoch war es der schmerzliche
Gedanke, der süßen Hoffnung, frei zu werden, wahrscheinlich
entsagen zu müssen.
Des Fürsten Vorstellungen und Abneigung, auf eine Trennung
ihrer Ehe einzugehen, hatten sie mit der Ueberzeugung erfüllt, daß
man ihr kaum zu überwindende Schwierigkeiten entgegen stellen
würde, um sie zum Aufgeben ihres Verlangens zu veranlassen. Eben
so wenig durfte sie auf die Hilfe und Zustimmung ihres Bruders zu
ihrem beabsichtigten Schritt rechnen, sobald sich der Fürst dazu
nicht geneigt zeigte, da der Herzog sich stets des Letzteren Willen
unterzuordnen für seine Pflicht erachtete.
Aurelie, die sie bei der Rückkehr von dem Fürsten erwartete,
wurde durch Sidoniens so ungeahnte Mittheilungen in hohem Grade
überrascht; nichts von allem Vernommenen verletzte sie jedoch so
tief, als die Voraussetzung des Fürsten von Sidoniens
Einverständniß mit Mühlfels, und ihr Schmerz darüber war um so
tiefer, da sie nur zu gut wußte, wie sehr ihre Freundin darunter litt.
Und dennoch mußten sie dem Zufall danken, der das Gewebe
einer so schimpflichen Intrigue enthüllt und die Prinzessin von der
sie bedrohenden Gefahr befreit hatte. Wohin hätte es führen
müssen, würde ein so übler Verdacht auf Sidonien geruht haben. —
Eine sehr bedeutungsvolle Frage war es, ob der Fürst nach mit
dem Prinzen genommener Rücksprache über Sidoniens Entschluß
die Zustimmung des Letzteren erhielt und dadurch etwa veranlaßt
wurde, früher oder später auf ihr Verlangen einzugehen. Man war
genöthigt, das Weitere abzuwarten; aber es konnte nicht fehlen, daß
diese Angelegenheiten in der Folgezeit das Interesse der
Freundinnen unablässig in Anspruch nahm, und eben so wenig, daß
Sidonie unter denselben sichtlich litt und, des Trostes des Geliebten
beraubt, täglich düsterer wurde und sich mehr und mehr von allen
Zerstreuungen zurückzog. —
Die Urheberin dieser so bedauerlichen Ereignisse ahnte von dem
durch ihren Besuch des Schauspiels angerichteten Unheil nicht das
Geringste und würde darüber auch nichts erfahren haben, wäre dem
Prinzen nicht durch Boisière ihr Ungehorsam und dessen Folgen
verrathen worden.
Der Prinz, im höchsten Grade unangenehm überrascht, ließ den
Fürsten durch dessen Abgesandten vorläufig mit seiner gänzlichen
Unkenntniß dieser Angelegenheit bekannt machen und zugleich
bitten, ihm, sobald er sich wohl genug fühlte, eine Unterredung zu
gestatten, um sich bei ihm noch persönlich entschuldigen zu können.
Dies wurde ihm von dem Fürsten gern bewilligt, da, wie wir
wissen, dieser einen ähnlichen Wunsch hegte.
Es verstand sich von selbst, daß der Prinz bei Marianens
nächstem Besuch ihr seinen Unwillen über ihr leichtsinniges und
ungehorsames Benehmen zu erkennen gab und sie zugleich mit den
daraus entstandenen übeln Folgen bekannt machte.
»Nun, was ist dabei?« fragte sie unbefangen, nachdem der Prinz
seine Vorwürfe ausgesprochen hatte, und bemerkte alsdann in
schnippischem Ton: »Wäre ich eine von den vornehmen Damen, die
ich im Schauspiel gesehen habe, so würde man mich gern geduldet
und meinen Besuch nicht unstatthaft gefunden haben; jetzt aber, da
ich nur ein ganz gewöhnliches Waldfräulein bin, spotten sie über
mich und wollen mich unter sich nicht dulden, und doch weiß ich,
daß mich eine Jede von ihnen um Deine Gunst beneidet, mein
schöner Prinz. Warum machst Du mich nicht zu einer solchen
vornehmen Dame, damit ich mich überall zeigen kann? Du bist doch
ein Prinz und wirst bald Landesherr sein; hast Du denn nicht so viel
Macht, mich zu einer Gräfin oder wenigstens Baronin zu machen?«
»Sei nicht thöricht und zufrieden mit dem, was Du hast!« fiel der
Prinz unmuthig ein und fügte verweisend hinzu: »Dein Leichtsinn
und Ungehorsam wird Alles verderben und bringt mich in fatale
Ungelegenheiten. Noch weiß ich nicht, wie ich den Fürsten und
meine Gemahlin beruhigen werde, und fürchte, Deine Keckheit wird
nicht ungestraft hingenommen werden. Das Uebelste dabei ist
jedoch, daß Deine Unvorsichtigkeit das Geheimniß meines
Umganges mit Dir zerstört und mich dadurch des Vergnügens
beraubt hat, das mir dasselbe gewährte!«
»Wäre das nicht auch ohne mein Thun früher oder später
geschehen?« fragte sie, mit einem in ihrer Hand befindlichen
Stöckchen tändelnd, und schaute den Prinzen treuherzig an.
»Glaubst Du denn, mein schöner Prinz,« fuhr sie fort, »daß man von
Deinen Besuchen bei mir nichts weiß? Da würdest Du Dich schön
irren! Ich denke, die ganze Welt weiß schon darum. Du solltest also
nicht böse sein und Dich vielmehr herzlich freuen, daß mich die
Leute gesehen haben; denn nun haben sie mich doch von Angesicht
schauen und sich mit ihren eigenen Augen überzeugen können, daß
die Mariane wol hübsch genug ist, um Dir zu gefallen. Du hättest nur
sehen sollen, mein Prinz, wie sie mich begafften, als ob ich ein
Wunderthier wäre. O, wie hat mich das belustigt und wie bin ich
bemüht gewesen, die vornehme Dame zu spielen und meinem
Prinzen Ehre zu machen. Auch die blasse junge Dame in der großen
Loge, die sie Deine Frau nannten, hat mich mit ihren sanften Augen
angeschaut; ach, sie war die Schönste von Allen und hat mir am
besten gefallen.«
»Schweig mir damit!« herrschte der Prinz. »Du bist eine Närrin,
und ich erkenne, daß mir Dein Leichtsinn nur üble Streiche spielen
wird. Meine zu große Nachsicht hat Dich verwöhnt und ich bin vor
ähnlichen Thorheiten nicht sicher!«
»O glaub’ das nicht, mein Prinz! Du weißt, ich thue gern Deinen
Willen. Sei nur nicht böse! Sieh, ich bin ein unerfahrenes, dummes
Waldkind, dem darfst Du so etwas nicht übel nehmen. Jetzt bin ich
schon klüger geworden, und ich schwöre Dir, ich werde Deine
Befehle stets befolgen.«
Sie hätschelte ihn dabei und wußte ihre Rolle so gut zu spielen,
daß der Prinz unter anderen Umständen sich jedenfalls hätte
versöhnen lassen; dieses Mal gelang ihr das jedoch nicht. Denn
durch Boisière über Sidoniens Forderungen unterrichtet, sah er
irgend eine folgenreiche Maßnahme von Seiten des Fürsten voraus,
die nicht mehr ausbleiben konnte, und das verstimmte ihn in hohem
Grade und machte sein Herz ihren Schmeicheleien unzugänglich.
Ueberdies erkannte er die Fruchtlosigkeit seiner Bemühungen, sie
zur Einsicht der Bedeutsamkeit der besprochenen Verhältnisse zu
leiten. Ihre Befangenheit in dergleichen Dingen war zu groß. Darum
entgegnete er in strengem Ton:
»Lass’ Deine Zärtlichkeiten und erwarte mich morgen! Ich werde
eine Unterredung mit dem Fürsten haben und bin auf Schlimmes
gefaßt. Du sollst es erfahren und wirst dann erkennen, wie schwer
sich Dein Ungehorsam bestraft!«
Mit diesen Worten verabschiedete er sie zugleich. Mariane
schaute ihn überrascht und fragend an. In solcher Weise hatte der
Prinz noch niemals mit ihr gesprochen, und dieser Umstand erfüllte
sie mit der Vermuthung, daß ihr Besuch doch wol etwas Schlimmes
angerichtet haben mußte. Sie ließ den Kopf hängen, blickte traurig
vor sich hin und bemerkte schmollend:
»Prinz, Du gehst sehr hart mit mir um und hast mich gewiß nicht
mehr lieb. — Vergieb mir!«
»Wir wollen sehen, was der Fürst bestimmt. Jetzt geh’ nur, denn
ich möchte ruhen. Morgen erfährst Du das Weitere,« sprach der
Prinz, dessen Unmuth sie nicht zu beschwichtigen vermochte.
Mariane kannte das, setzte ihr Hütchen auf, blickte den Prinzen
noch einmal traurig an, und als er ihr nicht wie sonst die Arme
öffnete, schied sie still von ihm.
Ihr war ganz wunderlich zu Muthe. Sie hatte zum ersten Mal
erfahren, daß der Prinz auch rauh und lieblos sein konnte.
Sie mußte also wol einen großen Fehler mit ihrem Besuch
gemacht haben. Sie vermochte denselben freilich noch immer nicht
einzusehen; denn am Ende war ihrer Ansicht nach doch nur der
Prinz selbst an Allem schuld. Warum machte er sie nicht zu einer
vornehmen Dame? Eignete sich ihre Schönheit denn nicht dazu und
hatte man sie nicht im Schauspiel für eine solche gehalten? O, sie
hatte ganz Recht; wäre sie eine Gräfin oder Baronin gewesen, so
würde man ihre Liebschaft mit dem Prinzen ganz natürlich gefunden
haben; jetzt hielt man sie für viel zu gering dazu.
Als sie nach Hause zurückgekehrt war und Madame Voisin mit
Allem bekannt gemacht und deren Bedauern vernommen hatte,
begab sie sich zu ihren Vögeln und Affen, mit denen sie sich häufig
und gern zu unterhalten pflegte.
Der Papagei und die Affen begrüßten sie mit freudigem Geschrei,
da sie die Herrin sehr gut kannten und manch’ süßen Brocken aus
ihrer Hand empfingen, wie dies auch jetzt der Fall war. Sie unterhielt
sich während dessen mit ihnen.
»O, ihr wißt nicht, wie böse der Prinz mit mir war!« sprach sie mit
einem ernsten Gesicht. »Er hat mich ausgescholten und hieß mich
gehen. Das hättet ihr nicht gethan. Wärst Du, mein Joko,« — wandte
sie sich an ihren Lieblingsaffen, — »der Prinz, Du würdest mich nicht
fortgeschickt und so böse behandelt haben. O Joko, Joko, wie sind
die Menschen doch so schlimm und gönnen Einem nicht den Bissen
Freude, den man hat! Nun, wenn es damit zu Ende sein sollte,
reisen wir wieder nach dem Walde, dort will ich mit euch leben
herrlich und in Freuden.«
Joko ließ ein zustimmendes Schnurren vernehmen und
schmeichelte sich an ihre Brust.
»Siehst Du, Joko,« fuhr sie fort, »ich bin eigentlich auch nur so
eine Art hübscher Affe wie Du, an dem der Prinz Gefallen findet und
mit dem er sich die Zeit vertreibt, und mache ich nun einmal einen
dummen Sprung, dann wird er gleich böse und die anderen Alle
auch, als ob ich Wunder was gethan hätte. Aber pass’ nur auf, Joko,
ich werde den Prinzen schon wieder lustig machen, wie Du mich,
und er wird mich zur Gräfin erheben, wie sie sagen, und dann
können wir Sprünge und Zoten nach Belieben anstellen, dann
schadet das nichts; dann ist Alles in der Ordnung, und man wird
mich dann nicht verspotten, sondern bewundern und allgemein
großen Respect vor mir haben. Das wirst Du Alles hören, wenn er
morgen hierher kommt; denn er wird morgen zum Fürsten gehen
und von dem will er zu mir kommen. Schreie nicht so, Pepi!« befahl
sie dem Papagei, der, neidisch über die dem Affen geschenkte
Zärtlichkeit, sich auf der Stange unruhig hin und her bewegte und ein
auffallendes Gekrächze ausstieß. »Sei still,« fuhr sie fort, »Du
kommst mir wie eine jener vornehmen Damen vor, die eben so
neidisch wie Du sind. Zwar haben sie mich nicht mit dem Munde,
doch desto mehr mit den scharfen Augen angekrächzt, als ob sie
mich am liebsten gebissen hätten. O,« lachte sie hell auf, »sie hätten
es schon gethan, wenn sie es nur durften! Aber siehst Du, Pepi, sie
durften es nicht! Sie wagten es nicht, da ich der Leibaffe des Prinzen
bin, was sie so gern sein möchten.« Und sie belachte ihren Witz,
und während sie sich in solcher Weise unterhielt, vergaß sie bald die
erfahrene Unannehmlichkeit; ihr froher und leichter Sinn half ihr über
alles Grübeln und Trauern schnell fort. Warum sollte sie sich auch
grämen? Wußte sie denn nicht, daß sie den Prinzen bald beruhigen
und er wieder nach ihrem Willen sein würde? Er mußte d o c hthun,
was sie wünschte, ob er sich auch noch so hart anstellte. Und mit
diesen Betrachtungen hatte ihr Kummer sein Ende erreicht. —
Wir kehren nun zu Mühlfels zurück, der nach der Unterredung mit
dem Fürsten in der übelsten Stimmung nach Hause zurückgekehrt
war und hier überlegte, was ihm zur Abwendung der über ihn
verhängten Strafe zu thun übrig blieb.
Daß seine Versetzung nach der kleinen, von allem Verkehr
entfernten Garnison Aufsehen erregen und die Leute veranlassen
würde, nach der Ursache der erfahrenen Ungnade zu forschen,
verstand sich von selbst, und eben so selbstverständlich war es, daß
man dieselbe entdeckte. Boisière war nicht zuverlässig, überdies
hatte er ihn durch die abgegebene Erklärung bei dem Fürsten
gereizt und kannte die Hofverhältnisse zu gut, um nicht überzeugt zu
sein, der eitle Hofmann würde sich durch vertrauliche Mittheilungen
darüber zu rächen bedacht sein.
So konnte ihn nur des Prinzen Fürsprache bei dem Fürsten retten;
um sich diese jedoch zu verschaffen, mußte er diesen von der
Berechtigung seines Vorhabens gegen den Fürsten überzeugen.
Und sein böser Charakter ersann sich dazu ein übles Mittel. Es galt
seine Rettung und er bebte vor demselben nicht zurück,
unbekümmert um die sich daran knüpfenden verletzenden Folgen
für die Prinzessin. Nachdem er sich in solcher Weise genügend
vorbereitet hatte, begab er sich zu dem Prinzen. Dieser hatte bereits
durch Boisière das Nähere über die Versetzung erfahren und
empfing ihn mit einem Vorwurf über seine Unvorsichtigkeit.
»Ich hoffe, Hoheit werden diesen Vorwurf zurücknehmen, wenn
ich Ihnen Alles vertraut habe,« entgegnete Mühlfels ruhig und
resignirt.
»Was haben Sie mir noch zu sagen?« fragte der Prinz.
»Vielleicht etwas, was Sie nicht erwarteten, mein Prinz,« sprach
Mühlfels und fügte hinzu: »Vor allen Dingen habe ich es für meine

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1. Which of the following is included in the labor force?

2. Who among the following is included in the labor force?

3. People are not part of the labor force when they

4. The labor force participation rate is the number

5. When the labor force participation rate is declining, the

7. Production possibilities are the

9. For the labor force to definitely increase,

16. When the economy is below full employment, it is producing

17. Unemployment is defined as

21. The macro consequence of unemployment is

23. To be officially counted as unemployed, one must be

24. The proportion of the labor force that is unemployed is the

What was the unemployment rate in 2004 in Table 6.1?

What was the unemployment rate in 2006 in Table 6.1?

Based on Table 6.2, what was the unemployment rate in 1999?

What is the number of unemployed in Year 1 in Table 6.3?

What is the unemployment rate in Year 5 in Table 6.3?

What is the labor force participation rate in Year 1 in Table 6.3?

43. When an economy enters a recession, the

47. Discouraged workers

48. Which of the following is considered a discouraged worker?

What was the unemployment rate in Nationland in 1999?

What was the labor force participation rate in Nationland in 2000?

56. Underemployment is defined as

57. Underemployment refers to

58. Part-time workers who desire full-time employment are

60. The phantom unemployed are

66. The phantom unemployed are

83. Structural unemployment occurs when

A. There are too few chairs.

96. Full employment in the U.S. economy means that

97. The lowest level of unemployment compatible with price stability

A. Frictional unemployment has increased and structural unemployment has increased.

103. The natural rate of unemployment includes

105. Unemployment was particularly high during

106. Unemployment was fairly low during

110. When jobs are outsourced,

111. As a result of outsourcing,

120. When unemployed people stop looking for jobs, the

124. How is foreign trade in inputs similar to trade in outputs?

127. If cyclical unemployment is zero, the economy is

130. An underemployed worker who is looking for a full-time job is

140. Most of the costs of unemployment can be measured in financial terms.

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

AACSB: Reflective Thinking