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(Download PDF) Biological Anthropology The Natural History of Humankind 4th Edition Stanford Test Bank Full Chapter
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Chapter 10: Early Hominins
1. The position of the ________ on the skull can help to determine whether an animal
was a biped or quadruped.
a. lumbar vertebrae
b. brow ridge
c. foramen magnum
d. sagittal crest
Correct Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Outline the anatomical changes necessary for Becoming a
Biped.
Topic: Becoming a Biped
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
2. The ________ of a quadruped are long and flat, while those of a biped are short and
flat.
a. ischium
b. ilium
c. sacrum
d. vertebrae
Correct Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Outline the anatomical changes necessary for Becoming a
Biped.
Topic: Becoming a Biped
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
271
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3. The main propulsive force of a biped’s foot comes from the ________.
a. heel
b. arch
c. ankle
d. big toe
Correct Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Outline the anatomical changes necessary for Becoming a
Biped.
Topic: Becoming a Biped
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
4. Modern human arms are ________ than the arms of early hominins.
a. more robust
b. less robust
c. longer
d. more flexible
Correct Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Outline the anatomical changes necessary for Becoming a
Biped.
Topic: Becoming a Biped
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
a. U-shaped; parabolic
b. larger; smaller
c. prognathic; parabolic
d. parabolic; U-shaped
Correct Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Answer the question Will You Know a Hominin When You
See One? by being able to describe the anatomical features that define the hominins.
Topic: Will You Know a Hominin When You See One?
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
272
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6. In hominins, the anterior teeth are __________ compared to those of apes.
a. smaller
b. sharper
c. larger
d. similar
Correct Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Answer the question Will You Know a Hominin When You
See One? by being able to describe the anatomical features that define the hominins.
Topic: Will You Know a Hominin When You See One?
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Correct Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Answer the question Will You Know a Hominin When You
See One? by being able to describe the anatomical features that define the hominins.
Topic: Will You Know a Hominin When You See One?
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
8. The __________ is a space in the tooth row that allows the canine of the lower jaw to
slide past the third premolar in apes and early hominins.
a. maxilla
b. mandible
c. diastema
d. double cusp
Correct Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Answer the question Will You Know a Hominin When You
See One? by being able to describe the anatomical features that define the hominins.
Topic: Will You Know a Hominin When You See One?
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
273
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9. Australopithecines show __________.
Correct Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Answer the question Will You Know a Hominin When You
See One? by being able to describe the anatomical features that define the hominins.
Topic: Will You Know a Hominin When You See One?
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
10. __________ is a tooth array in which different teeth have different forms and
functions.
a. Homodont
b. Multidental
c. Parabolic dentition
d. Heterodont
Correct Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Answer the question Will You Know a Hominin When You
See One? by being able to describe the anatomical features that define the hominins.
Topic: Will You Know a Hominin When You See One?
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Correct Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Answer the question Will You Know a Hominin When You
See One? by being able to describe the anatomical features that define the hominins.
Topic: Will You Know a Hominin When You See One?
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
274
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12. The reduction or loss of cranial crests in hominin species represents __________.
Correct Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Answer the question Will You Know a Hominin When You
See One? by being able to describe the anatomical features that define the hominins.
Topic: Will You Know a Hominin When You See One?
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
13. Why has the Great Rift Valley of Africa been so important to paleoanthropologists?
Correct Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Discuss the anatomical characteristics of Ardipithecus and
the First Hominins and the selective pressures that might have favored the origin of
bipedalism.
Topic: Ardipithecus and the First Hominins
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Correct Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Answer the question Will You Know a Hominin When You
See One? by being able to describe the anatomical features that define the hominins.
Topic: Will You Know a Hominin When You See One?
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
275
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15. Molecular evidence suggests that the first signs of hominization should appear
__________.
Correct Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Discuss the anatomical characteristics of Ardipithecus and
the First Hominins and the selective pressures that might have favored the origin of
bipedalism.
Topic: Ardipithecus and the First Hominins
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
16. Why has it been difficult for paleoanthropologists to identify the “earliest” hominin
species?
a. The fossil record for hominins between 10 and 6 million years ago has too many
specimens to classify.
b. No hominin finds date from 7 to 4.4 million years ago.
c. Hominin fossils from the late Miocene are very fragmentary and show only slight
differences from apes.
d. There are no possible candidates still under analysis.
Correct Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Discuss the anatomical characteristics of Ardipithecus and
the First Hominins and the selective pressures that might have favored the origin of
bipedalism.
Topic: Ardipithecus and the First Hominins
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
276
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17. The Toumai fossil, or Sahelanthropus tchadensis, is unique because __________.
Correct Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Discuss the anatomical characteristics of Ardipithecus and
the First Hominins and the selective pressures that might have favored the origin of
bipedalism.
Topic: Ardipithecus and the First Hominins
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Correct Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Discuss the anatomical characteristics of Ardipithecus and
the First Hominins and the selective pressures that might have favored the origin of
bipedalism.
Topic: Ardipithecus and the First Hominins
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
277
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19. Martin Pickford and Brigitte Senut have claimed Orrorin tugenensis to be a biped
based on __________.
Correct Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Discuss the anatomical characteristics of Ardipithecus and
the First Hominins and the selective pressures that might have favored the origin of
bipedalism.
Topic: Ardipithecus and the First Hominins
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
20. Ardipithecus ramidus and Ardipithecus kadabba have defied expectations about early
hominins because __________.
Correct Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Discuss the anatomical characteristics of Ardipithecus and
the First Hominins and the selective pressures that might have favored the origin of
bipedalism.
Topic: Ardipithecus and the First Hominins
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
278
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21. At present, the most likely candidate for the stem hominin is __________.
a. Australopithecus anamensis
b. Orrorin tugenensis
c. Ardipithecus ramidus
d. Sahelanthropus tchadensis
Correct Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Discuss the anatomical characteristics of Ardipithecus and
the First Hominins and the selective pressures that might have favored the origin of
bipedalism.
Topic: Ardipithecus and the First Hominins
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
Correct Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 10.3: Discuss the anatomical characteristics of Ardipithecus and
the First Hominins and the selective pressures that might have favored the origin of
bipedalism.
Topic: Ardipithecus and the First Hominins
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
a. Australopithecus afarensis
b. Ardipithecus ramidus
c. Australopithecus robustus
d. Australopithecus anamensis
Correct Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
279
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24. Australopithecus anamensis is more ape-like than other australopithecines because of
its __________.
a. smaller size
b. longer arms and numerous adaptations for brachiation
c. ape-like dentition
d. transitional bipedal adaptations
Correct Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Difficult
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
25. Lucy was discovered by Donald Johanson at Hadar, in the Awash Valley of
__________ in 1974. Lucy’s species lived from around __________.
Correct Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
Correct Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
280
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27. The _________ is a bony crest running lengthwise down the center of the cranium on
the parietal bones for the attachment of the temporalis muscles.
Correct Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
28. With respect to cranial capacity and dentition, Australopithecus afarensis may be
considered __________.
Correct Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Correct Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
281
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30. The footprints at Laetoli were made by __________.
a. Australopithecus africanus
b. Australopithecus afarensis
c. Australopithecus robustus
d. Australopithecus boisei
Correct Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
31. Although accomplished as a biped, certain features such as curved phalanges in the
toes and fingers suggest that Australopithecus afarensis __________.
Correct Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Correct Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
282
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33. Australopithecus afarensis shows ___________ sexual dimorphism.
a. little
b. no
c. extreme
d. average
Correct Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
34. __________ of A. afarensis specimens have been found since the discovery of Lucy.
a. Dozens
b. Hundreds
c. Thousands
d. Millions
Correct Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
35. The Kenyanthropus platyops find at Lake Turkana, Kenya, although still debated,
could mean that __________.
Correct Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
283
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36. The oldest known __________ come from Bouri and Gona, Ethiopia and date to
approximately __________.
Correct Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
37. Which of the following hominins is associated with the earliest stone tools based on
stratigraphic association?
a. Australopithecus garhi
b. Kenyanthropus platyops
c. Australopithecus afarensis
d. Australopithecus africanus
Correct Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
a. Slag
b. Granite
c. Breccia
d. Basalt
Correct Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
284
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
39. How did paleoanthropologists initially receive Dart’s findings on the Taung Child?
Correct Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
40. Why are most hominin fossil finds in southern Africa from caves?
Correct Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
41. In eastern Africa, fossil finds are often dated using __________ dating techniques,
while in southern Africa, fossils are usually dated using __________ dating techniques.
a. absolute; relative
b. relative; absolute
c. radiocarbon; type-analysis
d. seriation; absolute
Correct Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
285
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42. Australopithecus africanus has been found throughout __________.
a. central Africa
b. southern Africa
c. eastern Africa
d. western Africa
Correct Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
43. In an article in the science journal, Nature, Dart argued that the Taung Child was a
hominin based on __________.
Correct Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
44. With a date of 3.67 million years old, the fossil known as __________ would be older
than __________.
Correct Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
286
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45. Australopithecus africanus is considered to be more derived than Australopithecus
afarensis because __________.
Correct Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
46. The other animals at Australopithecus africanus sites suggest that these hominins
were living in __________.
a. water
b. open plains
c. mountainous terrain
d. open woodlands
Correct Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
47. The unique anatomical features of robust australopithecines suggest they were
__________.
Correct Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
287
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48. In order to accommodate massive jaw muscles, robust australopithecines have flared
__________.
a. sagittal crests
b. mandibles
c. brow ridges
d. zygomatic arches
Correct Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
49. The robust australopithecines are today sometimes referred to by the genus name
__________.
a. Paranthropus
b. Kenyanthropus
c. Zinjanthropus
d. Orrorin
Correct Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
50. Australopithecus sediba has some cranial and pelvic features similar to which
species?
a, Australopithecus aethiopicus
b. Australopithecus boisei
c. Homo erectus
d. Homo sapiens
Correct Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
288
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
51. __________ is the most primitive of the robust australopithecines and possibly the
root ancestor.
a. Australopithecus robustus
b. Australopithecus aethiopicus
c. Australopithecus boisei
d. Australopithecus garhi
Correct Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Correct Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
53. The wear patterns on animal bones associated with Australopithecus robustus suggest
they were used __________.
Correct Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
289
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
54. Australopithecine species that shared the same environments at the same time show
__________.
Correct Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 10.5: Show your understanding of the implications of the
Australopithecine radiation by discussing the evolutionary relationships among the
species in the genus Australopithecus and begin to explain their evolutionary radiation in
Africa.
Topic: Implications of the Australopithecine Radiation
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
55. Which species were contemporaries on the African continent 2.5 million years ago?
Correct Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 10.5: Show your understanding of the implications of the
Australopithecine radiation by discussing the evolutionary relationships among the
species in the genus Australopithecus and begin to explain their evolutionary radiation in
Africa.
Topic: Implications of the Australopithecine Radiation
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
290
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
56. What does the ability to make stone tools suggest about australopithecines?
Correct Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 10.5: Show your understanding of the implications of the
Australopithecine radiation by discussing the evolutionary relationships among the
species in the genus Australopithecus and begin to explain their evolutionary radiation in
Africa.
Topic: Implications of the Australopithecine Radiation
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Analyze It
57. Most scientists agree that __________ is the most likely root ancestor of the
australopithecines.
a. Australopithecus aethiopicus
b. Australopithecus anamensis
c. Australopithecus bahrelghazali
d. Kenyanthropus playtops
Correct Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 10.5: Show your understanding of the implications of the
Australopithecine radiation by discussing the evolutionary relationships among the
species in the genus Australopithecus and begin to explain their evolutionary radiation in
Africa.
Topic: Implications of the Australopithecine Radiation
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
291
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58. Which of the following has been suggested as the direct ancestor of the genus Homo?
a. Paranthropus robustus
b. Sahelanthropus tchadensis
c. Australopithecus garhi
d. Orrorin tugenensis
Correct Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 10.5: Show your understanding of the implications of the
Australopithecine radiation by discussing the evolutionary relationships among the
species in the genus Australopithecus and begin to explain their evolutionary radiation in
Africa.
Topic: Implications of the Australopithecine Radiation
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
Correct Answer: c
Learning Objective: LO 10.5: Show your understanding of the implications of the
Australopithecine radiation by discussing the evolutionary relationships among the
species in the genus Australopithecus and begin to explain their evolutionary radiation in
Africa.
Topic: Implications of the Australopithecine Radiation
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Analyze It
292
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60. Which of the following describes the possible ancestor to the genus Homo?
Correct Answer: d
Learning Objective: LO 10.5: Show your understanding of the implications of the
Australopithecine radiation by discussing the evolutionary relationships among the
species in the genus Australopithecus and begin to explain their evolutionary radiation in
Africa.
Topic: Implications of the Australopithecine Radiation
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
True/False Questions
61. Early bipedal hominins had inefficient locomotion and struggled to survive in their
environments.
a. True
b. False
Correct Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 10.1: Outline the anatomical changes necessary for Becoming a
Biped.
Topic: Becoming a Biped
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
62. In apes, the sectorial premolar has one cusp, whereas in hominins, it has two cusps.
a. True
b. False
Correct Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Answer the question Will You Know a Hominin When You
See One? by being able to describe the anatomical features that define the hominins.
Topic: Will You Know a Hominin When You See One?
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
293
Copyright © 2017, 2013, 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
63. The response of the British scientific establishment to Dart’s argument regarding
Piltdown Man and the Taung Child was generally supportive.
a. True
b. False
Correct Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Easy
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
64. The masseter, temporalis, medial and lateral pterygoid muscles as a group are called
the muscles of mastication.
a. True
b. False
Correct Answer: a
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Remember the Facts
65. Stone tools allowed australopithecines to exploit new food resources, leading to the
evolution of the genus Homo.
a. True
b. False
Correct Answer: b
Learning Objective: LO 10.5: Show your understanding of the implications of the
Australopithecine radiation by discussing the evolutionary relationships among the
species in the genus Australopithecus and begin to explain their evolutionary radiation in
Africa.
Topic: Implications of the Australopithecine Radiation
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Analyze It
294
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Essays
66. Compare and contrast the dentition of hominoids and humans. In what ways does the
dentition of early hominins show the transition between the two?
Learning Objective: LO 10.2: Answer the question Will You Know a Hominin When You
See One? by being able to describe the anatomical features that define the hominins.
Topic: Will You Know a Hominin When You See One?
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
68. Most hominin fossil finds have come from the Afar Triangle in east Africa or
southern Africa. What conditions led to the preservation of so many fossils in these two
areas? How have these conditions led to differences in dating techniques and information
known about the hominins represented by these fossils?
295
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69. Provide an overview of australopithecine physiology as represented by
Australopithecus afarensis. What does this physiology reveal about the environment in
which early hominins lived and how they adapted to their surroundings?
70. What clues concerning the social lives of early hominins are revealed by
australopithecine physiology? What is a likely scenario for australopithecine social group
composition and organization based on this evidence?
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Apply What You Know
71. What are the physical characteristics of robust australopithecines? What do these
characteristics reveal about the ecology of robust australopithecines? Be sure to include
information on diet and tool use.
Learning Objective: LO 10.4: Detail the various species of the genus Australopithecus
and Kin, including their anatomical characteristics, temporal and geographic range.
Topic: Australopithecus and Kin
Difficulty Level: Moderate
Skill Level: Understand the Concepts
72. Describe the distribution of hominins in Africa at 2 million years ago. Provide the
names of hominins at that time and where they lived. Focusing on the concept of
cohabitation, explain how multiple hominins could exist simultaneously.
296
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73. Discuss tool use among early hominins. What types of tools may have been used?
When do stone tools appear and what might this mean? How might tool use have
impacted hominin intelligence?
74. Give two possible hominin phylogenies. Discuss the candidates for the ancestor of the
genus Homo. Which australopithecine species currently seems to be the best candidate?
297
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