(download pdf) Calculus with Applications 11th Edition Lial Solutions Manual full chapter

Calculus with Applications 11th Edition
Lial Solutions Manual

Go to download the full and correct content document:
https://testbankfan.com/product/calculus-with-applications-11th-edition-lial-solutions-
manual/
More products digital (pdf, epub, mobi) instant
download maybe you interests ...
Calculus with Applications 11th Edition Lial Test Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/calculus-with-applications-11th-
edition-lial-test-bank/
Calculus with Applications 10th Edition Lial Solutions

Manual
edition-lial-solutions-manual/
Calculus with Applications 10th Edition Lial Test Bank
edition-lial-test-bank/
Finite Mathematics with Applications 11th Edition Lial

Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/finite-mathematics-with-
applications-11th-edition-lial-solutions-manual/
Finite Mathematics and Calculus with Applications 10th
Edition Lial Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/finite-mathematics-and-calculus-
with-applications-10th-edition-lial-solutions-manual/
Finite Mathematics with Applications 11th Edition Lial

Test Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/finite-mathematics-with-
applications-11th-edition-lial-test-bank/
Finite Mathematics and Calculus with Applications 10th

Edition Lial Test Bank
https://testbankfan.com/product/finite-mathematics-and-calculus-
with-applications-10th-edition-lial-test-bank/
Mathematics with Applications In the Management Natural

and Social Sciences 11th Edition Lial Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/mathematics-with-applications-in-
the-management-natural-and-social-sciences-11th-edition-lial-
solutions-manual/
Calculus and Its Applications 11th Edition Bittinger

Solutions Manual
https://testbankfan.com/product/calculus-and-its-
applications-11th-edition-bittinger-solutions-manual/
Chapter 6
APPLICATIONS OF THE DERIVATIVE

6.1 Absolute Extrema Setting f ¢( x) equal to 0, we have x = 0, x = -4, or
x = 1.
Your Turn 1
x f ( x)
2/3 5/3
To find the absolute extrema of f ( x) = 3x - 3x -4 148
on [0, 8], first find the critical numbers in the interval 0 20
(0,8). 1 23
f ¢( x) = 2 x-1/3 - 5x 2/3 The absolute maximum is 148, at x = -4. As noted

above, there is no absolute minimum.
2
= 1/3 - 5 x 2/3
x
2 5x
= 1/3 - 1/3 6.1 Warmup Exercisess
x x
1
= 1/3 (2 - 5 x)
x W1. f ( x) = 4 x3 - 7 x 2 - 40 x + 5
f ¢( x) is 0 when 2 - 5 x = 0, that is, when f ¢( x) = 12 x 2 - 14 x - 40
x = 52 = 0.4. Now evaluate the function f at the = 2(6 x 2 - 7 x - 20)

critical value 0.4 and at the endpoints 0 and 8. f ¢ is defined everywhere, so the only critical
x f ( x) numbers will occur where f ¢( x) = 0.

0 0 2(6 x 2 - 7 x - 20) = 0
0.4 0.977 2(3x + 4)(2 x - 5) = 0
8 -84 3x + 4 = 0 or 2 x - 5 = 0
4 5
The absolute maximum of approximately 0.977 occurs x =- or x =
when x = 2/5; the absolute minimum of -84 occurs 3 2
when x = 8. 4 5
The critical numbers are - and .
3 2
Your Turn 2
W2. f ( x) = 15x7 / 2 - 7 x9 / 2
The domain of the function
105 5 / 2 63 7 / 2
f ( x) = - x 4 - 4 x3 + 8x 2 + 20 f ¢( x) = x - x
2 2
is the open interval (-¥, ¥). As x approaches +¥
æ 21 ö
and -¥ the dominant term is -x 4 , and this approaches = çç x5 / 2 ÷÷÷ ( 3x - 5 )
çè 2 ø
-¥. Thus the function has no absolute minimum. To
f ¢ is defined everywhere, so the only critical
find the absolute maximum, we evaluate f at the critical
points. numbers will occur where f ¢( x ) = 0, which
happens at x = 0 and at x = 5/3.
f ¢( x) = -4 x3 - 12 x 2 + 16 x
= -4 x( x 2 + 3x - 4) 6.1 Exercises
= -4 x( x + 4)( x - 1)
1. As shown on the graph, the absolute maximum
occurs at x3; there is no absolute minimum. (There
is no functional value that is less than all others.)
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 403

404 Chapter 6 APPLICATIONS OF THE DERIVATIVE
2. As shown on the graph, the absolute minimum x f ( x)

occurs at x1; there is no absolute maximum. -3 23
(There is no functional value that is greater than -2 33 Absolute maximum
all others.)
4 -75 Absolute minimum
3. As shown on the graph, there are no absolute 6 -31
extrema.
1 3 3
13. f ( x) = x + x 2 - 4 x + 1; [-5, 2]
4. As shown on the graph, there are no absolute 3 2
extrema. Find critical numbers:
5. As shown on the graph, the absolute minimum f ¢( x ) = x 2 + 3 x - 4 = 0

occurs at x1; there is no absolute maximum. ( x + 4)( x - 1) = 0
x = -4 or x =1
x f ( x)
occurs at x1; there is no absolute minimum.
59
-4 » 19.67 Absolute maximum
3
7
occurs at x1; the absolute minimum occurs at x2. 1 - » -1.17 Absolute minimum
6
101
8. As shown on the graph, the absolute maximum -5 » 16.83
6
occurs at x2 ; the absolute minimum occurs at x1.
5
2 » 1.67
3
11. f ( x) = x3 - 6 x 2 + 9 x - 8; [0,5]
1 3 1 2
Find critical numbers: 14. f ( x) = x - x - 6 x + 3; [-4, 4]
3 2
f ¢( x) = 3x 2 -12 x + 9 = 0 Find critical numbers:
x2 - 4x + 3 = 0 f ¢( x ) = x 2 - x - 6 = 0
( x - 3)( x - 1) = 0 ( x + 2)( x - 3) = 0
x = 1 or x = 3 x = -2 or x = 3
x f ( x)
x f ( x)
0 -8 Absolute minimum
7
1 -4 -4 - » -2.3
3
3 -8 Absolute minimum 31
-2 » 10.33 Absolute maximum
5 12 Absolute maximum 3
21
3 - » -10.5 Absolute minimum
2
12. f ( x) = x3 - 3x 2 - 24 x + 5; [-3,6]
23
Find critical numbers: 4 - » -7.7
3
f ¢( x) = 3x 2 - 6 x - 24 = 0
3( x 2 - 2 x - 8) = 0 15. f ( x) = x 4 - 18 x 2 + 1; [-4, 4]
3( x + 2)( x - 4) = 0 f ¢( x) = 4 x3 - 36 x = 0
x = -2 or x = 4 4 x( x 2 - 9) = 0
4 x( x + 3)( x - 3) = 0
x = 0 or x = -3 or x = 3
Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Section 6.1 405
x f ( x) x -1
19. f ( x) = ; [1, 5]
-4 - 31 x2 + 1
-3 - 80 Absolute minimum -x 2 + 2 x + 1
f ¢( x ) =
0 1 Absolute maximum ( x 2 + 1)2
3 - 80 Absolute minimum f ¢( x) = 0 when
4 - 31
-x 2 + 2 x + 1 = 0
16. f ( x) = x 4 - 32 x 2 - 7; [-5, 6] x = 1  2,
f ¢( x) = 4 x3 - 64 x = 0 but 1 - 2 is not in [1, 5].

2
4 x( x - 16) = 0 x f ( x)
4 x( x - 4)( x + 4) = 0 1 0 Absolute minimum
x = 0 or x = 4 or x = -4 2
5 » 0.15
13
x f ( x)
2 -1
-5 -182 1+ 2 » 0.21 Absolute maximum
2
-4 -263 Absolute minimum
0 -7 x
20. f ( x) = 2
; [0, 4]
4 -263 Absolute minimum x +2
6 137 Absolute maximum ( x 2 + 2)1 - x(2 x)
f ¢( x ) =
( x 2 + 2) 2
-x 2 + 2
1- x = =0
17. f ( x) = ; [0, 3] ( x 2 + 2)2
3+ x
-4 -x 2 + 2 = 0
f ¢( x ) =
(3 + x) 2 x2 = 2
No critical numbers x = 2 or x = - 2, but - 2 is not in [0, 4].
x f ( x) f ¢( x) is defined for all x.
1
0 Absolute maximum
3 x f ( x)
1 0 0 Absolute minimum
3 - Absolute minimum
3
2 » 0.35 Absolute maximum
2
4
8+x 2
18. f ( x) = ; [4, 6] 4
8-x 9
(8 - x)(1) - (8 + x)(-1) » 0.22
f ¢( x) =
(8 - x) 2
16 21. f ( x) = ( x 2 - 4)1/3; [-2, 3]
= 2
(8 - x) 1
f ¢( x) = ( x 2 - 4)-2/3 (2 x)
f ¢( x) is never zero. Although f ¢( x) fails to exist 3
if x = 8, 8 is not in the given interval. 2x
=
3( x - 4) 2/3
2
x f ( x)
f ¢( x) = 0 when 2 x = 0
4 3 Absolute minimum
x =0
6 7 Absolute maximum
f ¢( x) is undefined at x = -2 and x = 2, but
f ( x) is defined there, so -2 and 2 are also
critical numbers:

x f ( x) 24. f ( x) = x + 3x 2/3; [-10, 1]

-2 0
f ¢( x) = 1 + 2 x-1/3
1/3
0 (-4) » -1.587 Absolute minimum 2
=1+ 3
2 0 x
3 51/3 » 1.710 Absolute maximum 3
x +2
= 3
x
2 2/3
22. f ( x) = ( x - 16) ; [-5, 8] f ¢( x) = 0 when 3
x +2=0
2 4x
f ¢( x) = ( x 2 - 16)-1/3 (2 x) = 3
x = -2
3 3( x - 16)1/3
2
x = -8
f ¢( x) = 0 when 4 x = 0
x =0 f ¢( x) is undefined at x = 0, but f ( x) is defined
at x = 0, so 0 is also a critical number.
f ¢( x) is undefined at x = -4 and x = 4; but
f ( x) is defined there, so -4 and 4 are also x f ( x)
critical numbers. -10 3.925
-8 4 Absolute maximum
x f ( x)
-5 92/3 » 4.327
-4 0 Absolute minimum
0 (-16)2/3 » 6.350
25. f ( x) = x 2 - 8 ln x; [1, 4]
8
8 482/3 » 13.208 Absolute maximum f ¢( x) = 2 x -
x
8
f ¢( x) = 0 when 2x - =0
23. f ( x) = 5 x 2/3 + 2 x5/3; [-2, 1] x
10 -1/3 10 2/3 8
f ¢( x ) = x + x 2x =
3 3 x
10 10 x 2/3 2x2 = 8
= +
3x1/3 3 x2 = 4
10 x + 10 x = -2 or x = 2
=
3x1/3
10( x + 1) but x = -2 is not in the given interval.
=
33 x Although f ¢( x) fails to exist at x = 0, 0 is not in
the specified domain for f ( x), so 0 is not a critical
f ¢( x) = 0 when 10( x + 1) = 0
number.
x +1 = 0
x = -1. x f ( x)
1 1
f ¢( x) is undefined at x = 0, but f ( x) is defined 2 -1.545 Absolute minimum
at x = 0, so 0 is also a critical number. 4 4.910 Absolute maximum
x f ( x)
-2 1.587
-1 3

Section 6.1 407
ln x 28. f ( x) = x 2e-0.5 x ;[2, 5]

26. f ( x) = 2
; [1, 4]
x æ 1 ö
f ¢( x) = x 2 çç - e-0.5 x ÷÷÷ + 2 xe-0.5 x
x 2 ⋅ 1x - ln x ⋅ 2 x èç 2 ø
f ¢( x ) =
x4 æ 1 ö
= e-0.5 x çç 2 x - x 2 ÷÷÷
x - 2 x ln x çè 2 ø
=
x4 f ¢( x) = 0 when
x(1 - 2 ln x) æ 1 ö
= e-0.5 x çç 2 x - x 2 ÷÷ = 0
x4 çè 2 ÷ø
1 - 2 ln x x = 0 or x = 4
=
x3 but x = 0 is not in the given interval.
f ¢( x) = 0 when 1 - 2 ln x = 0 x f ( x)
- 2 ln x = -1 2 1.472 Absolute minimum
1 4 2.165 Absolute maximum
ln x =
2 5 2.052
1/2
x =e
Although f ¢( x) fails to exist at x = 0, 0 is not in -5 x 4 + 2 x 3 + 3 x 2 + 9

29. f ( x) = ; [-1, 1]
the specified domain for f ( x), so 0 is not a critical x 4 - x3 + x 2 + 7
number. The indicated domain tells us the x-values to use
for the viewing window, but we must experiment
x f ( x)
to find a suitable range for the y-values. In order to
1 0 Absolute minimum show the absolute extrema on [-1, 1], we find that
e1/2 0.1839 Absolute maximum a suitable window is [-1, 1] by [0, 1.5] with
Xscl = 0.1, Yscl = 0.1.
4 0.0866
From the graph, we see that on [-1, 1], f has an
27. f ( x) = x + e-3x ; [-1, 3] absolute maximum of 1.356 at about 0.6085 and
an absolute minimum of 0.5 at -1.
f ¢( x) = 1 - 3e-3x
f ¢( x) = 0 when 1 - 3e-3x = 0 x3 + 2 x + 5
30. f ( x) = ; [-3, 0]
-3e-3x = -1 x 4 + 3x3 + 10
1 The indicated domain tells us the x-values to use
e-3x =
3 for the viewing window, but we must experiment
1 to find a suitable range for the y-values. In order to
-3x = ln show the absolute extrema on [-3, 0] , we find that
3
a suitable window is [-3, 0] by [-9, 1] .
ln 3
x =
3 From the graph, we see that on [-3, 0], f has an
absolute maximum of 0.5 at 0 and an absolute
x f ( x)
minimum of −8.10 at about -2.35.
-1 19.09 Absolute maximum
ln 3 8
0.6995 Absolute minimum 31. f ( x) = 2 x + 2 + 1, x > 0
3
x
3 3.000
16
f ¢( x ) = 2 - 3
x
2 x3 - 16
=
x3
2( x - 2)( x 2 + 2 x + 4)
=
x3

Since the specified domain is (0, ¥), a critical The critical numbers are 0, 1, and 2.
number is x = 2. x f ( x)
x f ( x) 0 1
2 7 1 2
2 1
There is an absolute minimum of 7 at x = 2;
there is no absolute maximum, as can be seen by There is no absolute maximum, as can be seen by
looking at the graph of f. looking at the graph of f. There is an absolute
minimum of 1 at x = 0 and x = 2.
9
32. f ( x) = 12 - x - , x>0 x -1
x 35. f ( x) = 2
9 x + 2x + 6
f ¢ ( x ) = -1 + 2
x ( x 2 + 2 x + 6)(1) - ( x - 1)(2 x + 2)
f ¢( x ) =
9 - x2 ( x 2 + 2 x + 6)2
=
x2 x2 + 2x + 6 - 2x2 + 2
=
(3 + x)(3 - x) ( x 2 + 2 x + 6)2
= 2
x
-x 2 + 2 x + 8
=
f ¢( x) = 0 when x = -3 or x = 3, and f ¢( x) ( x 2 + 2 x + 6)2
does not exist when x = 0. However, the
-( x 2 - 2 x - 8)
specified domain for f is (0, ¥). Since -3 and 0 =
are not in the domain of f, the only critical number ( x 2 + 2 x + 6)2
is 3. -( x - 4)( x + 2)
=
x f ( x) ( x 2 + 2 x + 6)2
3 6 Critical numbers are 4 and -2.
x f ( x)
There is an absolute maximum of 6 at x = 3.
There is no absolute minimum, as can be seen by 1
-2 -
looking at the graph of f. 2
4 0.1
33. f ( x) = -3x 4 + 8 x3 + 18x 2 + 2 There is an absolute maximum of 0.1 at x = 4
and an absolute minimum of −0.5 at x = -2.
f ¢( x) = -12 x3 + 24 x 2 + 36 x
This can be verified by looking at the graph of f.
= -12 x( x 2 - 2 x - 3)
= -12 x( x - 3)( x + 1) x
36. f ( x) = 2
Critical numbers are 0, 3, and -1. x +1
( x 2 + 1) - x(2 x)
x f ( x) f ¢( x ) =
-1 9 ( x 2 + 1)2
0 2 x2 + 1 - 2x2
=
3 137 ( x 2 + 1) 2
There is an absolute maximum of 137 at x = 3; 1 - x2

=
there is no absolute minimum, as can be seen by ( x 2 + 1)2
looking at the graph of f. (1 + x)(1 - x)
=
( x 2 + 1) 2
4 3 2
34. f ( x) = x - 4 x + 4 x + 1 The critical numbers are -1 and 1.
f ¢( x) = 4 x3 - 12 x 2 + 8x
= 4 x( x 2 - 3x + 2)
= 4 x( x - 2)( x - 1)

Section 6.1 409
x f ( x) 39. f ( x) = 2 x - 3x 2/3
-1 -0.5
2 23 x - 2
1 0.5 f ¢( x) = 2 - 2 x-1/3 = 2 - 3
= 3
x x
There is an absolute maximum of 0.5 at x = 1 3
f ¢( x) = 0 when 2 x - 2 = 0
and an absolute minimum of -0.5 at x = -1.
23 x = 2
This can be verified by looking at the graph of f.
3
x =1
ln x x =1
37. f ( x) =
x3
f ¢( x) is undefined at x = 0, but f ( x) is defined
x3 ⋅ 1x - 3x 2 ln x at x = 0. So the critical numbers are 0 and 1.
f ¢( x ) =
x6 (a) On [-1, 0.5]
x 2 - 3x 2 ln x
= x f ( x)
x6
-1 -5
x 2 (1 - 3ln x)
= 0 0
x6
1 - 3ln x 1 -1
= 0.5 -0.88988
x4
Absolute minimum of -5 at x = -1;
f ¢( x) = 0 when x = e1/3 , and f ¢( x) does not
absolute maximum of 0 at x = 0
exist when x £ 0. The only critical number is e1/3.
(b) On [0.5, 2]
x f ( x)
x f ( x)
1 -1
e1/3 e » 0.1226 0.5 -0.88988
3
1 -1
There is an absolute maximum of 0.1226 at 2 -0.7622
x = e1/3 . There is no absolute minimum, as can
be seen by looking at the graph of f. Absolute maximum of about -0.76 at
x = 2; absolute minimum of -1 at x = 1.
38. f ( x) = x ln x
1 40. Let P( x) be the perimeter of the rectangle with
f ¢( x) = x ⋅ + 1 ⋅ ln x
x vertices (0, 0), ( x, 0), ( x, f ( x)), and (0, f ( x)) for
= 1 + ln x x > 0 when f ( x) = e-2 x .
f ¢( x) = 0 when x = e-1 , and f ¢( x) does not
exist when x £ 0. The only critical number is e-1.
x f ( x)
-1 -1
e -e » -0.3679
There is an absolute minimum of -0.3679 at

x = e-1. There is no absolute maximum, as can
be seen by looking at the graph of f.
The length of the rectangle is x and the width is

given by e-2 x . Therefore, an equation for the
perimeter is

P( x) = x + e-2 x + x + e-2 x and P¢( x) < 0 on the interval (10, ¥). Thus,
= 2( x + e-2 x ). P( x) is a maximum at x = 10.
Since x is measured in hundreds thousands,
P¢( x) = 2 - 4e-2 x 10 hundred thousand or 1,000,000 tires
must be sold to maximize profit.
P¢( x) = 0 when 2 - 4e-2 x = 0
Also,
- 4e-2 x = -2
1 P(10) = -(10)3 + 9(10)2 + 120(10) - 400
-2 x
e =
2 = 700.
2x
e = 2 The maximum profit is $700 thousand or
2 x = ln 2 $700,000.
ln 2
x =
2 44. P( x) = -0.02 x3 + 600 x - 20, 000, [50,150]
x P( x) P¢( x) = -0.06 x 2 + 600
ln 2 = -0.06( x 2 - 10, 000)
1 + ln 2 » 1.693
2 = -0.06( x + 100)( x - 100)
There is an absolute minimum of 1.693 at There are critical numbers at x = -100 and
x =
ln 2
. There is no absolute maximum, as can x = 100. Only x = 100 is in the domain of P( x).
2
be seen by looking at the graph of P. Therefore, x P ( x)
the correct statement is a. 50 7500
100 20, 000
41. (a) Looking at the graph we see that there are 150 2500
relative maxima of 8496 in 2001, 7556 in
2004, 6985 in 2006, and 6700 in 2008. There The maximum profit is $20,000, which occurs
are relative minima of 7127 in 2000, 7465 in when 100 units per week are made.
2003, 6748 in 2005, 5933 in 2007, and 5014
in 2011. 45. C ( x) = x3 + 37 x + 250
(b) The absolute maximum is 8496 (in 2001) and
the absolute minimum is 5014 (in 2011). (a) 1 £ x £ 10
C ( x) x3 + 37 x + 250
C ( x) = =
42. (a) Looking at the graph we see that there are x x
relative maxima of 341 in 2000 and 218 250
= x 2 + 37 +
in 2007. There are relative minima of 131 x
in 2003 and 60 in 2011.
250
(b) The absolute maximum is 341 (in 2000) and C ¢( x ) = 2 x -
the absolute minimum is 60 (in 2011). x2
3
2 x - 250
= = 0 when
3 2
43. P( x) = -x + 9 x + 120 x - 400, x ³ 5 x2
2 x3 = 250
P¢( x) = -3x 2 + 18x + 120
x3 = 125
= -3( x 2 - 6 x - 40)
x = 5.
= -3( x - 10)( x + 4) = 0
x = 10 or x = -4 Test for relative minimum.
-4 is not relevant since x ³ 5, so the only

critical number is 10.
The graph of P¢( x) is a parabola that opens
downward, so P¢( x) > 0 on the interval [5, 10)

Section 6.1 411
C ¢(4) = -7.625 < 0 f ( x)

47. The value x = 11.5 minimizes x
because this
C ¢(6) » 5.0556 > 0 is the point where the line from the origin to the
C (5) = 112 curve is tangent to the curve.
A production level of 11.5 units results in the
C (1) = 1 + 37 + 250 = 288
minimum cost per unit.
C (10) = 100 + 37 + 25 = 162
f ( x)
The minimum for 1 £ x £ 10 is 112. 48. The value x = 20 minimizes x
because this is
the point where the line from the origin to the
(b) 10 £ x £ 20 curve is tangent to the curve.
There are no critical values in this interval. A production level of 20 units results in the minimum
Check the endpoints. cost per unit.
C (10) = 162
f ( x)
C (20) = 400 + 37 + 12.5 = 449.5 49. The value x = 100 maximizes x
because this
The minimum for 10 £ x £ 20 is 162. is the point where the line from the origin to the
curve is tangent to the curve.
46. C ( x) = 81x 2 + 17 x + 324 A production level of 100 units results in the
maximum profit per item produced.
(a) 1 £ x £ 10
f ( x)
2 50. The value x = 280 maximizes because this
C ( x) 81x + 17 x + 324 x
C ( x) = = is the point where the line from the origin to the
x x
curve is tangent to the curve.
324
= 81x + 17 + A production level of 280 units results in the
x
maximum profit per item produced.
324
C ¢( x ) = 81 - 2 = 0 when
x 52. To simplify the calculations, write
81 = 2
324 P(i ) as P(i ) = D ⋅ i t - E ⋅ i + F
x where D and E are positive constants,
x = 2. and 0 < t < 1.
-2 is not meaningful is this application and P¢(i ) = D ⋅ t ⋅ i t -1 - E
is not in the given domain.
P¢¢(i ) = D ⋅ t ⋅ (t - 1) ⋅ i t - 2
Test 2 for minimum.
P¢ will be 0 when
C ¢(1) = -243 < 0 æ D ⋅ t ö÷1/ (1-t )
i = çç
C ¢(3) = 45 > 0 çè E ø÷÷
C ( x) is minimum when x = 2. This represents a maximum of P since the factor of

(t - 1) makes P¢¢ negative everywhere. To
324 recover the formula for the location of the
C (2) = 81(2) + 17 + = 341
2 maximum given in the exercise, substitute the
The minimum on the interval 1 £ x £ 10 is original expressions for D and E and simplify.
341.
x 2 + 36
(b) 10 £ x £ 20 53. f ( x) = , 1 £ x £ 12
2x
There are no critical numbers in this interval.
2 x(2 x) - ( x 2 + 36)(2)
Test the endpoints. f ¢( x ) =
(2 x)2
C (10) = 859.4
4 x 2 - 2 x 2 - 72
C (20) = 1620 + 17 + 16.2 =
4x2
= 1653.2
2 x 2 - 72 2( x 2 - 36)
The minimum on the interval 10 £ x £ 20 = =
is 859.4. 4x2 4x2

( x + 6)( x - 6) T R(T )
= 2
2x 15 81.01
f ¢( x) = 0 when x = 6 and when x = -6. 21.92 79.29
Only 6 is in the interval 1 £ x £ 12. 46 98.89
Test for relative maximum or minimum. The relative humidity is minimized at about
(11)(-1) 21.92°C.
f ¢(5) = <0
50
(13)(1) 1 2
f ¢(7) = >0 57. M ( x) = - x + 2 x - 20, 30 £ x £ 65
98 45
The minimum occurs at x = 6, or at 6 months. 1 2x
M ¢( x) = - (2 x) + 2 = - +2
Since f (6) = 6, f (1) = 18.5, and f (12) = 7.5, 45 45
the minimum percent is 6%. When M ¢( x) = 0,
54. S ( x) = -x3 + 3x 2 + 360x + 5000; 6 £ x £ 20 -

2x
+2=0
45
S ¢( x) = -3x 2 + 6 x + 360
2x
2=
= -3( x 2 - 2 x - 120) 45
S ¢( x) = -3( x - 12)( x + 10) = 0 45 = x.
x = 12 or x = -10 (not in the interval) x M ( x)
x f ( x) 30 20
6 7052 45 25
12 8024 145
65 » 16.1
10 7900 9
The absolute maximum miles per gallon is 25 at 45
12° is the temperature that produces the maximum
mph and the absolute minimum miles per gallon is
number of salmon.
about 16.1 at 65 mph.
55. Since we are only interested in the length during
weeks 22 through 28, the domain of the function 58. M ( x) = -0.015x 2 + 1.31x - 7.3, 30 £ x £ 60
for this problem is [22, 28]. We now look for any M ¢( x) = -0.03x + 1.31 = 0
critical numbers in this interval. We find x » 43.7
L¢(t ) = 0.788 - 0.02t x M ( x)
There is a critical number at t = 0.788 = 39.4.
0.02
30 18.5
which is not in the interval. Thus, the maximum 43.7 21.3
value will occur at one of the endpoints. 60 17.3
t L(t ) The absolute maximum of 21.3 mpg occurs at 43.7
22 5.4 mph. The absolute minimum of 17.3 mpg occurs at
60 mph.
28 7.2
The maximum length is about 7.2 millimeters. æ x ö÷2 æ 12 - x ö÷

2
59. Total area A( x) = π çç ÷ + ççç ÷÷ø
èç 2π ÷ø è 4
56. The function is defined on the interval [15, 46].
x2 (12 - x)2
We look first for critical numbers in the interval. = +
We find 4π 16
R¢(T ) = -0.00021T 2 + 0.0802T - 1.6572
Using our graphing calculator, we find one critical

number in the interval at about 21.92

Section 6.2 413
x 12 - x Therefore, the circle formed by piece of length

A¢( x) = - =0 x = 412+ππ can be inscribed inside the square.
2π 8
4 x - π (12 - x)
=0 62. (a)
8π I ( p) = - p ln p - (1 - p) ln (1 - p)
12π æ1ö
x = » 5.28 I ¢( p) = - p ççç ÷÷÷ + (ln p)(-1)
4+π è p ø÷
x Area é -1 ù
- ê (1 - p) + [ln (1 - p)](-1) ú
0 9 ê 1- p ú
ë û
5.28 5.04 = -1 - ln p + 1 + ln (1 - p)
12 11.46 = - ln p + ln (1 - p)
The total area is minimized when the piece used to (b) - ln p + ln (1 - p) = 0

form the circle is 412+ππ feet, or about 5.28 feet long. ln (1 - p) = ln p
1- p = p
60. Total area = A( x) 1= 2p
æ x ö÷2 æ 12 - x ö÷2 1
= p
= π çç ÷ + ççç ÷
èç 2π ÷ø è 4 ÷ø 2
x2 (12 - x)2 I ¢(0.25) = 1.0986

= + I ¢(0.75) = -1.099
4π 16
x 12 - x There is a relative maximum of 0.693 at p = 1.
A¢( x) = - =0 2
2π 8
4 x - π (12 - x)
=0
8π
12π 6.2 Applications of Extrema
x = » 5.28
4+π
Your Turn 1
x Area
0 9 Assign a variable to the quantity to be minimized:
5.28 5.04 M = x2 y
12 11.46
Use the given condition to express M in terms of one
The total area is maximized when all 12 feet of variable, say x :
wire are used to form the circle.
x + 3 y = 30
61. For the solution to Exercise 59, the piece of length
30 - x
x used to form the circle is 412+ππ feet. The circle y =
3
can be inscribed inside the square if the side of the
2 æç 30 - x ö÷ 2 1 3
square equals the diameter of the circle (that is, M = x ç ÷÷ = 10 x - x
çè 3 ø 3
twice the radius).
side of the square = 2 (radius) Find the domain of M:
12 - x æ x ö÷ Since x and y must be nonnegative, we have x ³ 0

= 2 çç ÷÷
4 çè 2π ø and 30- x ³ 0 which requires x £ 30. Thus the
3
12 - x x domain of M is [0, 30].
=
4 π
Find the critical numbers:
4x = 12π - π x
x(4 + π ) = 12π dM
= 20 x - x 2 = x(20 - x)
12π dx
x =
4+π dM is 0 when x = 0 (already found as an endpoint)
dx
and when x = 20.

Evaluate M at the critical numbers and endpoints: Your Turn 3

x M We follow the procedure of Example 3, but now our
0 0 volume function is
4000
20 3 V ( x) = x(8 - 2 x) 2 = 4(16 x - 8 x 2 + x3 ).
30 0 For nonnegative side lengths we require x ³ 0 and
The maximum of M occurs at x = 20. 8 - 2 x ³ 0 or x £ 4; the domain of V is thus [0, 4].
The corresponding value of y is 30-3 20 or 10 .
3
Set the derivative of V equal to 0 and solve for x.
Your Turn 2
V ¢( x) = 4(16 - 16 x + 3x 2 ) = 4(3x - 4)( x - 4)
The first steps of the solution follow Example 2. As in
Example 2, 300 - x will be the distance the professor This derivative has two positive roots, x = 4 and
must run along the trail. The first change in the model x = 4/3. We have already identified one of these as an
occurs when we compute the professor’s total time. endpoint of the domain and the other lies within the
Since his speed through the woods is now 40 m/min domain. Evaluating V at 0, 4/3 and 4 gives the following
rather than 70 m/min, his total time T ( x) is now table.
x V
300 - x 8002 + x 2
T ( x) = + . 0 0
160 40
4/3 1024
27
4 0
As before, the domain of T is [0, 300]. The derivative
of T is The maximum volume is 1024/27 m3 and occurs when
1 1 æç 1 ö÷ x = 4/3 m.
2 2 -1/2
T ¢( x ) = - + ç ÷ (800 + x ) (2 x)
160 40 çè 2 ø÷ Note that we can solve this problem efficiently using a
scaling argument. Since the proportions of the largest-
Now find the critical numbers by setting the derivative
volume box should not depend on the linear scale we
of T equal to 0.
adopt (that is, on the units in which we measure length),
1 1 æç 1 ö÷ 2 2 -1/2 we can just note that our piece of metal is 8/12 or the
- + ç ÷ (800 + x ) (2 x) = 0
160 40 çè 2 ø÷ 2/3 size of the one in Example 3. Our minimizing
x 1 length x will be 2/3 of the value we found in Example
= 3, or (2/3)(2) = 4/3 m.
2
40 800 + x 2 160
4x = 8002 + x 2 Your Turn 4

16 x 2 = 8002 + x 2 Follow the procedure of Example 4 with a volume of
2
15 x = 800 2 500 cm3 instead of 1000 cm3.
800
x = V = π r 2h = 500
15 so
x » 206.56
500
Calculate the total time at this critical number and at the h=
πr2
endpoints of the domain.
and
x T
500
0 21.875 S = 2π r 2 + 2π r
πr2
206.56 21.24 1000
300 21.36 = 2π r 2 + .
r
The minimum travel time occurs for x = 206.56. The Excluding a radius of 0 gives a domain for S of
professor runs 300 - 206.56 meters or about 93 meters (0, ¥). Now find the critical numbers of S.
along the path and then heads into the woods.

Section 6.2 415
1000 2x + 1
S ¢ = 4π r - W2. f ( x) =
r 2
x2 + 3
1000 (2)( x 2 + 3) - (2 x + 1)(2 x )
4π r = 2 f ¢( x ) =
r ( x 2 + 3)2
250
r3 = 2x 2 + 6 - 4x2 - 2x
π =
( x 2 + 3)2
æ 250 ö÷1/3
r = çç » 4.301
çè π ÷÷ø (-2)( x 2 + x - 3)
=
( x 2 + 3)2
We can verify that S ¢ is negative to the left of 4.3 and
positive to the right (for example, S ¢(4) » -12.2 and
f ¢( x ) = 0 when x 2 + x - 3 = 0.
S ¢(5) » 22.8). Thus the function S is decreasing as we The roots of this equation are given by
move toward 4.3 from left and increasing as we move
past 4.3 to the right, so there is a relative minimum at -1  13
the quadratic formula as x =
4.3. Since there is only one critical number, the critical 2
point theorem tells us that it corresponds to an absolute -1  13
minimum of the area function. so the critical numbers include .
2
Then h » 500 » 8.604. The minimum surface
π (4.301)2
Since f ¢ is defined everywhere, these will be the
area is obtained with a radius of 4.3 cm and a height of
only critical numbers.
8.6 cm.
As with the box in Your Turn 3, we could obtain this
answer directly from Example 4 using a scaling
argument. Changing the volume by a factor of 1/2
6.2 Exercises
(from 1000 to 500) scales all linear measures by a factor
of (1/2)1/3, so we can find the new r and h by dividing 1. x + y = 180, P = xy
the values found in Example 4 by (1/2)1/3 : (a) y = 180 - x
5.419 (b) P = xy = x(180 - x)

r = 1/3
» 4.301
2 (c) Since y = 180 - x and x and y are
10.84
h= » 8.604 nonnegative numbers, x ³ 0 and
21/3 180 - x ³ 0 or x £ 180. The domain
of P is [0, 180].
(d) P¢( x) = 180 - 2 x

6.2 Warmup Exercises 180 - 2 x = 0
2(90 - x) = 0
W1. f ( x ) = 5x 4 - 18 x 3 - 28 x 2 + 12
x = 90
f ¢( x ) = 20 x 3 - 54 x 2 - 56 x
(e) x P
(
= (2 x ) 10 x 2 - 27 x - 28 ) 0 0
= (2 x )(5x + 4)(2 x - 7) 90 8100
f ¢( x ) = 0 when 180 0
2 x = 0 or 5x + 4 = 0 or 2 x - 7 = 0.
(f) From the chart, the maximum value of P is
Thus the critical numbers are 8100; this occurs when x = 90 and y = 90.
4 7
0, - , .
5 2 2. x + y = 140
Minimize x 2 + y 2.
(a) y = 140 - x

(b) Let 4. x + y = 105

2 2 2 2
P = x + y = x + (140 - x)
Maximize xy 2.
2 2
= x + 19,600 - 280x + x
(a) y = 105 - x
= 2 x 2 - 280 x + 19, 600.
(b) Let P = xy 2 = x(105 - x)2
(c) Since y = 140 - x and x and y are
nonnegative numbers, the domain of P = x(11, 025 - 210 x + x 2 )
is [0, 140]. = 11, 025x - 210 x 2 + x3.
(d) P¢ = 4 x - 280
4 x - 280 = 0 nonnegative numbers, the domain of
4 x = 280 P is [0, 105].
x = 70
(d) P¢ = 11, 025 - 420 x + 3x 2
(e) x P
0 19, 600 3x 2 - 420 x + 11, 025 = 0
70 9800 3( x 2 - 140 x + 3675) = 0
140 19, 600 3( x - 35) ( x - 105) = 0
x = 35 or x = 105
(f) The minimum value of x 2 + y 2 occurs
when x = 70 and y = 140 - x (e) x P
= 140 -70 = 70. The minimum value 0 0
is 9800. 35 171,500
105 0
3. x + y = 90
(f) The maximum value of xy 2 occurs when
2
Minimize x y. x = 35 and y = 70. The maximum value
(a) y = 90 - x is 171,500.
(b) Let P = x 2 y = x 2 (90 - x) 1 3

5. C ( x) = x + 2 x 2 - 3x + 35
2 3 2
= 90 x - x .
The average cost function is
nonnegative numbers, the domain of C ( x)
A( x) = C ( x) =
P is [0, 90]. x
1 x3 + 2 x 2 - 3x + 35
(d) P¢ = 180 x - 3x 2 = 2
x
180 x - 3x 2 = 0 1 2 35
= x + 2x - 3 +
3x(60 - x) = 0 2 x
x = 0 or x = 60 1 2
or x + 2 x - 3 + 35x-1.
2
(e) x P
Then
0 0
60 108, 000 A¢( x) = x + 2 - 35x-2
90 0 35
or x + 2 - .
x2
(f) The maximum value of x 2 y occurs when
Graph y = A¢( x) on a graphing calculator.
x = 60 and y = 30. The maximum value is
A suitable choice for the viewing window is
108,000.
[0,10] by [-10,10]. (Negative values of x are not
meaningful in this application.) Using the

Section 6.2 417
calculator, we see that the graph has an x-intercept The maximum revenue is 64,000,000 cents or
at x » 2.722. Thus, 2.722 is a critical number. $640, 000.
Now graph y = A( x) and use this graph to
confirm that a minimum occurs at x » 2.722. x
8. p( x) = 12 -
8
Thus, the average cost is smallest at x » 2.722.
At this value of x, A » 19.007. (a) Revenue from x thousand compact discs:
R( x) = 1000 xp
6. C ( x) = 10 + 20 x1/2 + 16 x3/2 æ xö
= 1000 x çç12 - ÷÷÷
The average cost function is çè 8ø
A( x) = C ( x) =
C ( x) = 12,000 x - 125 x 2
x
(b) R¢( x) = 12, 000 - 250 x
10 + 20 x1/2 + 16 x3/2
=
x 12,000 - 250 x = 0
10 12,000 = 250 x
= + 20 x-1/2 + 16 x1/2
x 48 = x
or 10 x-1 + 20 x-1/2 + 16 x1/2.
The maximum revenue occurs when
Then 48 thousand compact discs are sold.
A¢( x) = -10 x-2 - 10 x-3/2 + 8x-1/2. (c) R(48) = 12,000(48) - 125(48)2

= 288,000
Graph y = A¢( x) on a graphing calculator.
The maximum revenue is $288,000.
A suitable choice for the viewing window is
[0, 10] by [-10,10]. (Negative values of x are not
meaningful in this application.) We see that this 9. Let x = the width
graph has one x-intercept. Using the calculator, we and y = the length.
find that this x-value is about 2.110, which shows
that 2.110 is the only critical number of A. (a) The perimeter is
Now graph y = A( x) and use this graph to P = 2x + y
confirm that a minimum occurs at x » 2.110.
= 1400,
Thus, the average cost is smallest at x » 2.110.
At this value of x, A » 41.749. so
y = 1400 - 2 x.
x
7. p( x) = 160 -
10 (b) Area = xy = x(1400 - 2 x)
(a) Revenue from sale of x thousand candy bars: A( x) = 1400 x - 2 x 2
R( x) = 1000 xp
(c) A¢ = 1400 - 4 x
æ x ö
= 1000 x çç160 - ÷÷÷ 1400 - 4 x = 0
çè 10 ø
1400 = 4 x
= 160,000 x - 100 x 2 350 = x
(b) R¢( x) = 160, 000 - 200 x A¢¢ = -4, which implies that x = 350 m
leads to the maximum area.
160, 000 - 200 x = 0
800 = x (d) If x = 350,
The maximum revenue occurs when y = 1400 - 2(350) = 700.

800 thousand bars are sold.
The maximum area is (350)(700)
(c) R(800) = 160,000(800) - 100(800) 2
= 245, 000 m 2.
= 64,000,000

10. Let x = length of field 1800 - 4 x = 0

y = width of field. 1800 = 4 x
Perimeter: 450 = x
P = 2 x + 2 y = 300 A¢¢ = -4, which implies that x = 450 is the

x + y = 150 location of a maximum.
y = 150 - x If x = 450, y = 1800 - 2(450) = 900.
Area: The maximum area is
A = xy (450)(900) = 405, 000 m 2.

= x(150 - x)
= 150 x - x 2 12.
1200 − (3/2)x
Thus,
A( x) = 150 x - x 2 x x x
A¢( x) = 150 - 2 x.
A¢( x) = 0 when 1200 − (3/2)x
150 - 2 x = 0
x = 75. There are three fence pieces of length x, which
leaves 2400 - 3x for the two remaining sides.
Each of these remaining sides thus has length
A¢¢( x) = -2, so A¢¢(75) = -2 < 0, which 1200 - (3/2) x. The area enclosed is
confirms that a maximum value occurs at x = 75.
A( x) = x[1200 - (3/2) x]
If x = 75.
3x 2
y = 150 - x = 150 - 75 = 75. = 1200 x - ,
2
A maximum area occurs when the length is 75 m
measured in square meters. Both x and
and the width is 75 m.
1200 - (3/2) x must be nonnegative, so the
domain of A is [0,800]. Now set the derivative
11. Let x = the width of the rectangle
equal to zero to solve for any critical numbers:
y = the total length of the rectangle.
A¢( x) = 1200 - 3x
1200 - 3x = 0
1200 = 3x
x = 400
Evaluate A at the endpoints of the domain and at
the single critical value x = 400.
x A
An equation for the fencing is 0 0
3600 = 4 x + 2 y 400 240, 000
2 y = 3600 - 4 x 800 0
y = 1800 - 2 x. The maximum area enclosed by the pen is
Area = xy = x(1800 - 2 x) 240,000 m 2. To achieve this, the farmer will use
three fence sections of length 400 m and two of
A( x) = 1800 x - 2 x 2
length 1200 - (3/2) (400) = 600 m.
A¢ = 1800 - 4 x

Section 6.2 419
13. Let x = length at $1.50 per meter 128, 000

5- = 0
y = width at $3 per meter. x2
128, 000
xy = 25,600 5=
x2
25,600
y = 5x 2 = 128, 000
x
51, 200 x 2 = 25, 600
Perimeter = x + 2 y = x + x = 160
x
51, 200 20, 000
Cost = C ( x) = x(1.5) + (3) y = = 125
x 160
153, 600 320 ft at $2.50 per foot will cost $800. 250 ft at
= 1.5x +
x $3.20 per foot will cost $800. The entire cost will
be $1600.
Minimize cost:
153, 600 15. Let x = the number of refunds.
C ¢( x) = 1.5 -
x2 Then 90 + x = the number of passengers.
153,600
1.5 - =0 (a) Revenue = R( x) = (90 + x)(1600 - 10 x)
x2
153,600 = 144, 000 + 700 x - 10 x 2
1.5 =
x2 Assume that the number of refunds is
2 nonnegative and that the number of refunds is
1.5 x = 153,600 limited to 160 so that the revenue will be
x 2 = 102, 400 nonnegative. Thus the domain of R is [0,160].
x = 320 Now set the derivative of R equal to 0 and
solve.
25,600
y = = 80
320 R¢ = 700 - 20 x = 0
x = 35
320 m at $1.50 per meter will cost $480. 160 m at
$3 per meter will cost $480. The total cost will be Check the value of R at this critical number
$960. and at the endpoints of the domain:
x R
14. Let x = the length at $2.50 per foot
0 144, 000
y = the width at $3.20 per foot.
35 156, 250
xy = 20,000
160 0
20,000
y =
x Thus the maximum revenue is obtained with
35 refunds, which happens when there are 125
40, 000 passengers.
Perimeter = 2 x + 2 y = 2 x +
x
(b) The maximum revenue is $156,250.
40, 000
Cost = C ( x) = 2 x(2.5) + (3.2)
x 16. Let x = the number of seats.
128, 000
= 5x + Profit is 8 dollars per seat for 0 £ x £ 50.
x
Profit (in dollars) is 8 - 0.1( x - 50) per seat for
Minimize cost: x > 50.
128, 000 We except that the total number of seats which
C ¢( x ) = 5 -
x2 makes the total profit a maximum will be greater
than 50 because after 50 the profit is still increasing,
though at a slower rate. (Thus we know the
function is concave down and its one extremum
will be a maximum.)

(a) The total profit for x seats is R = (160 - 0.50 x)(250 + x)

P( x) = [8 - 0.1( x - 50)]x = 40, 000 + 35x - 0.50 x 2
= (8 - 0.1x + 5) x R¢ = 35 - x = 0
= (13 - 0.1x) x x = 35
2
= (13x - 0.1x ) R¢¢ = -1 < 0, so when 250 + 35 = 285 tables
P¢( x ) = 13 - 0.2 x are ordered, revenue is maximum.
13 - 0.2 x = 0 Thus, the maximum revenue is
x = 65 R(35) = 40,000 + 35(35) - 0.50(35)2
65 seats will produce the maximum profit. = 40,612.5
2
(b) P(65) = 13(65) - 0.1(65 ) The maximum revenue is $40,612.50.
= 845 - 422.5 Minimum revenue is found by letting R = 0.
= 422.5 (160 - 0.50 x)(250 + x) = 0
The maximum profit is $422.50. 160 - 0.50 x = 0 or 250 + x = 0
x = 320 or x = -250
17. Let x = the number of days to wait.
(impossible)
12, 000
= 120 = the number of 100-lb groups So when 250 + 320 = 570 tables are ordered,
100
collected already. revenue is 0, that is, each table is free.
I would fire the assistant.
Then 7.5 - 0.15 x = the price per 100 lb;
4 x = the number of 100-lb groups
collected per day; 19. Let x = a side of the base
h = the height of the box.
120 + 4 x = total number of 100-lb groups
collected.
Revenue = R( x)
= (7.5 - 0.15 x)(120 + 4 x)
= 900 + 12 x - 0.6 x 2
R¢( x) = 12 - 1.2 x = 0
x = 10
An equation for the volume of the box is
R¢¢( x) = -1.2 < 0 so R( x) is maximized at
x = 10. V = x 2h,
The scouts should wait 10 days at which time their so 32 = x 2h
income will be maximized at 32
h= .
2
R(10) = 900 + 12(10) - 0.6(10) = $960. x2
The box is open at the top so the area of the
18. Let x = the number of additional surface material m ( x) in square inches is the area
tables.
of the base plus the area of the four sides.
Then 160 - 0.50 x = the cost per table
m( x) = x 2 + 4 xh
and 250 + x = the number of tables
æ 32 ö
ordered. = x 2 + 4 x çç 2 ÷÷÷
çè x ø
128
= x2 +
x
128
m¢( x) = 2 x -
x2

Section 6.2 421
2 x 3 - 128 The dimensions are 3 ft by 6 ft by 2 ft.

= 0
x2
21. Let x = the length of the side
2 x 3 - 128 = 0
of the cutout square.
2( x 3 - 64) = 0
Then 3 - 2 x = the width of the box
x = 4
and 8 - 2 x = the length of the box.
m¢( x) = 2 + 256 > 0 since x > 0.
x3 V ( x) = x(3 - 2 x)(8 - 2 x)
So, x = 4 minimizes the surface material. = 4 x3 - 22 x 2 + 24 x
If x = 4.
The domain of V is ( 0, 32 ) .
32 32
h= = = 2. Maximize the volume.
x2 16
The dimensions that will minimize the surface V ¢( x) = 12 x 2 - 44 x + 24
material are 4 in. by 4 in. by 2 in.
12 x 2 - 44 x + 24 = 0
20. Let x = the width. Then 2 x = the length 4(3x 2 - 11x + 6) = 0
and h = the height. 4(3x - 2)( x - 3) = 0
2
An equation for volume is x = or x = 3
3
V = (2 x)( x)h = 2 x 2h 3 is not in the domain of V.
36 = 2 x 2h.
V ¢¢( x) = 24 x - 44
So, h = 18 . æ2ö
x2 V ¢¢ çç ÷÷÷ = -28 < 0
çè 3 ø
The surface area S ( x) is the sum of the areas of
the base and the four sides. This implies that V is maximized when x = 2.
3
The box will have maximum volume when
S ( x) = (2 x)( x) + 2 xh + 2(2 x)h x = 23 ft or 8 in.
= 2 x 2 + 6 xh
æ 18 ö 22. (a) From Example 3, the area of the base is
= 2 x 2 + 6 x çç 2 ÷÷÷
çè x ø (12 - 2 x)(12 - 2 x) = 4 x 2 - 48x + 144 and
108 the total area of all four walls is 4 x(12 - 2 x)
= 2x2 +
x
= -8x 2 + 48x. Since the box has maximum
108 volume when x = 2, the area of the base is
S ¢( x ) = 4 x -
x2 4(2)2 - 48(2) + 144 = 64 square inches
3
4 x - 108 and the total area of all four walls is -8(2) 2
2
= 0
x + 48(2) = 64 square inches. So, both are
3
4( x - 27) = 0 64 square inches.
x = 3 (b) From Exercise 21, the are of the base is
108(2) (3 - 2 x)(8 - 2 x) = 4 x 2 - 22 x + 24 and
S ¢¢( x) = 4 +
x3 the total area of all four walls is 2 x(3 - 2 x)
216
= 4 + 3 > 0 since x > 0 + 2 x(8 - 2 x) = -8 x 2 + 22 x. Since the box
x
has maximum volume when x = 2, the area
So x = 3 minimizes the surface material. 3
2
If x = 3, of the base is 4 ( 23 ) - 22 ( 23 ) + 24 = 1009
18 18 square feet and the total area of all four walls
h= 2
= = 2.
x 9

2 24. Let x = the width of printed material

is -8 ( 23 ) + 22 ( 23 ) = 1009 square feet.
and y = the length of printed material.
So, both are 100 square feet.
9 Then, the area of the printed material is
(c) Based on the results from parts (a) and (b), it xy = 36,
appears that the area of the base and the total
36
area of the walls for the box with maximum so y = .
volume are equal. (This conjecture is true.) x
Also, x + 2 = the width of a page
23. Let x = the length of a side of and y + 3 = the length of a page.
the top and bottom.
The area of a page is
Then x2 = the area of the top and
A = ( x + 2)( y + 3)
bottom
= xy + 2 y + 3x + 6
and (3)(2x2) = the cost for the top
æ 36 ö
and bottom = 36 + 2 çç ÷÷÷ + 3x + 6
çè x ø
72
Let y = depth of box. = 42 + + 3x.
x
Then xy = the area of one side, 72
A¢ = - 2 + 3 = 0
4xy = the total area of the x
sides. x 2 = 24
and (1.50)(4xy) = The cost of the sides x = 24
The total cost is = 2 6
C ( x) = (3)(2 x 2 ) + (1.50)(4 xy) = 6 x 2 + 6 xy. (We discard x = -2 6 since must have x > 0.)
The volume is A¢¢ = 216

3
> 0 when x = 2 6, which implies
x
V = 16,000 = x 2 y. that A is minimized when x = 2 6.

16,000 36 36 18 18 6
y = y = = = = =3 6
x2 x 2 6 6 6
æ 16, 000 ö÷ 96, 000 The width of a page is
C ( x) = 6 x 2 + 6 x çç ÷ = 6x2 +
çè x 2 ÷ø x
x+2= 2 6 +2
96, 000
C ¢( x) = 12 x - =0 » 6.9 in.
x2
x3 = 8000 The length of a page is
x = 20 y+3= 3 6 +3
» 10.3 in.
192,000
C ¢¢( x ) = 12 + > 0 at x = 20, which
x3
implies that C ( x) is minimized when x = 20. 25. (a) S = 2π r 2 + 2π rh, V = π r 2h
2V
16,000 S = 2π r 2 +
y = = 40 r
(20)2
Treat V as a constant.
So the dimensions of the box are x by x by y, or 2V
20 cm by 20 cm by 40 cm. S ¢ = 4π r - 2
r
96,000
C (20) = 6(20) 2 + = 7200
20
The minimum total cost is $7200.

Section 6.2 423
2V r( x ) = (100 - 6 x )(2 + x )2 (5)

4π r - 2
=0
r
= -30 x 3 + 380 x 2 + 1880 x + 2000
3
4π r - 2V
=0 r ¢( x ) = -90 x 2 + 760 x + 1880
r2
= (-10)( x + 2)(9 x - 94)
4π r 3 - 2V = 0
The domain of both r and r ¢ is [0, 16.5] since 2-by-
2π r 3 - V = 0 2 is the minimum size and the number sold must be
2π r 3 = V nonnegative.
The only positive root of r¢( x ) is 94/9 » 10.444.
2π r 3 = π r 2h
2r = h Since r¢¢( x ) = -180 x + 760
æ 94 ö
and r¢¢ çç ÷÷÷ = -1120 < 0,
çè 9 ø
26. V = π r 2h = 16
94/9 represents a local maximum for r. Since x
16 must be a multiple of 0.5, we evaluate r at x = 10
h=
πr2 and x = 10.5.
r(10) = 28,800
The total cost is the sum of the cost of the top and
bottom and the cost of the sides. r(10.5) = 28,906.25
Check the value of r at the endpoints of the
C = 2(2)(π r 2 ) + 1(2π rh) domain of r, which are also possible locations for
æ 16 ö an absolute maximum.
= 4(π r 2 ) + 1(2π r ) çç 2 ÷÷÷ r(0) = 2000 and r(16.5) = 1711.25
èç π r ø
Thus the maximum revenue of $28,906.25 is
32
= 4π r 2 + obtained when the carpets have length and width
r equal to 2 + 10.5 = 12.5 feet.
Minimize cost.
32 28. As in Exercise 9, the dimensions of the lot are x
C ¢ = 8π r - 2 meters perpendicular to the river and
r 1400 - 2 x meters along the river. The number
32 sold will be half the river frontage, or 700 - x;
8π r - 2 = 0
r since this number must be an integer, x must be an
integer.
8π r 3 = 32
The revenue will be the number sold times
π r3 = 4 the lot area in square meters times the price per
square meter, or
4 r( x ) = (700 - x )( x )(1400 - 2 x )(0.50)
r = 3
π
= x(700 - x )2 .
» 1.08
r ¢( x ) = (1)(700 - x )2 + ( x )(-2)(700 - x )
16
h= » 4.34 = (700 - x )(700 - 3x )
π (1.08) 2
r ¢¢( x ) = 6 x - 2800
The radius should be 1.08 ft and the height should r¢ has two positive roots, 700 and
be 4.34 ft. If these rounded values for the height
700/3 » 233.333. Evaluate r¢¢ at each of these
and radius are used, the cost is
roots:
$2(2)(π r 2 ) + $1(2π rh) r¢¢(700) = 1400
= 4π (1.08) 2 + 2π (1.08)(4.34) r¢¢(700/3) = -1400 < 0
= $44.11. Thus r has a local maximum at x = 700/3. We
should also check the endpoints of the domain of
r, which are x = 0 and x = 700, but clearly the
27. Let x be the number of feet over the minimum 2-
foot length and width. The revenue r( x) is then revenue is 0 at both of these points. Thus
x = 700/3 delivers the maximum revenue. Since
the number sold times the area in square feet times
the price per square foot: x must be an integer, evaluate r( x ) at x = 233

and x = 234. 1000

h= » 11.75.
r(233) = 50,814,737 π (5.206) 2
r(234) = 50,814,504
To minimize cost, the can should have radius
Thus the maximum revenue of $50,814,737 occurs
5.206 cm and height 11.75 cm.
when the lot dimensions are 233 meters by
1400 - 2(233) = 934 meters. The number sold
will be 700 - 233 = 467. 30. In Exercise 29, we found that the cost of the
aluminum to make the can is
29. From Example 4, we know that the surface area of æ 2000 ö÷ 60

0.03çç 2π r 2 + 2
÷÷ = 0.06π r + .
the can is given by çè r ø r
2000 The cost for the vertical seam is 0.01h. From
S = 2π r 2 + .
r Example 4, we see that h and r are related by the
2 equation
/
Aluminum costs 3c/cm , so the cost of the
aluminum to make the can is 1000
h= ,
πr2
æ 2000 ÷ö 60
0.03çç 2π r 2 + 2
÷÷ = 0.06π r + . so the sealing cost is
çè r ø r
æ 1000 ö
The perimeter (or circumference) of the circular 0.01h = 0.01çç 2 ÷÷÷
top is 2π r. Since there is a 2c/cm
/ charge to seal çè π r ø
the top and bottom, the sealing cost is 10
= .
0.02(2)(2π r ) = 0.08π r. πr2
Thus, the total cost is given by the function
Thus, the total cost is given by the function
60 10
60 C (r ) = 0.06π r 2 + + 2
C (r ) = 0.06π r 2 + + 0.08π r r πr
r
10
= 0.06π r 2 + 60r -1 + 0.08π r. or 0.06π r 2 + 60r -1 + r -2 .
π
Then
Then
-2
C ¢(r ) = 0.12π r - 60r + 0.08π 20
C ¢( x) = 0.12π r - 60r -2 - r -3
60 π
= 0.12π r - 2 + 0.08π .
r 60 20
or 0.12π r - 2
- .
Graph r π r3
60 Graph
y = 0.12π x - 2 + 0.08π
x 60 20
y = 0.12π r - 2
-
on a graphing calculator. Since r must be positive r π r3
in this application, our window should not include
negative values of x. A suitable choice for the on a graphing calculator. Since r must be positive,
viewing window is [0,10] by [-10, 10]. From the our window should not include negative values
graph, we find that C ¢( x ) = 0 when x » 5.206. of x. A suitable choice for the viewing window is
Thus, the cost is minimized when the radius is [0, 10] by [-10, 10]. From the graph, we find
about 5.206 cm. that C ¢( x ) = 0 when x » 5.454.
We can find the corresponding height by using the Thus, the cost is minimized when the radius is
equation about 5.454 cm.
1000 We can find the corresponding height by using the
h= equation.
πr2
from Example 4. 1000
h=
If r = 5.206. πr2

Section 6.2 425
1000 V = π r 2h
h= 2
» 10.70.
π (5.454)
V = π r 2 (30 - 2r )
To minimize cost, the can should have radius = 30π r 2 - 2π r 3
5.454 cm and height 10.70 cm.
Maximize volume.
31. In Exercise 29 and 30, we found that the cost of the V ¢ = 60π r - 6π r 2
2 60 ,
aluminum to make the can is 0.06π r + the
r 60π r - 6π r 2 = 0
cost to seal the top and bottom is 0.08π r , and the
6π r (10 - r ) = 0
cost to seal the vertical seam is 10 . Thus, the
π r2 r = 0 or r = 10
total cost is now given by the function
If r = 0, there is no box, so we discard this value.
260 10 V ¢¢ = 60π - 12π r < 0 for r = 10, which
C (r ) = 0.06π r + + 0.08π r +
r π r2 implies that r = 10 gives maximum volume.
10 When r = 10, h = 30 - 2(10) = 10.
or 0.06π r 2 + 60r -1 + 0.08π r + r -2 .
π The volume is maximum when the radius and
Then height are both 10 cm.
20 -3
C ¢(r ) = 0.12π r - 60r -2 + 0.80π - r 33. Distance on shore: 9 - x miles
π
60 20 Cost on shore: $400 per mile
or 0.12π r - 2 + 0.08π - 3 .
r πr Distance underwater: x 2 + 36
Graph Cost underwater: $500 per mile
60 20 Find the distance from A, that is, (9 - x),
y = 0.12π r - + 0.08π -
r 2
π r3 to minimize cost, C ( x).
on a graphing calculator. A suitable choice for the æ ö

C ( x) = (9 - x)(400) + çç x 2 + 36 ÷÷÷ (500)
viewing window is [0, 10] by [-10, 10]. From the è ø
graph, we find that C ¢( x) = 0 when x » 5.242. = 3600 - 400 x + 500( x 2 + 36)1 2
Thus, the cost is minimized when the radius is æ1ö
about 5.242 cm. To find the corresponding height, C ¢( x) = -400 + 500 çç ÷÷÷ ( x 2 + 36)-1 2 (2 x)
çè 2 ø
use the equation
500 x
1000 = -400 +
h= x 2 + 36
πr2
from Example 4. If C ¢( x) = 0,
If r = 5.242, 500 x
= 400
1000 x 2 + 36
h= » 11.58.
π (5.242) 2 5x
= x 2 + 36
4
To minimize cost, the can should have radius 25 2
5.242 cm and height 11.58 cm. x = x 2 + 36
16
9 2
32. 120 centimeters of ribbon are available; it will x = 36
cover 4 heights and 8 radii. 16
6⋅4
4h + 8r = 120 x = = 8.
3
h + 2r = 30 (Discard the negative solution.)
h = 30 - 2r Then the distance should be
9- x = 9-8
= 1 mile from point A.

34. Distance on shore: 7 - x miles 1 2 1

t = 0 or 3 - t = 0
Cost on shore: $400 per mile 50 5
t = 0 or t = 15
Distance underwater: x 2 + 36
t p(t )
Cost underwater: $500 per mile
0 0
Find the distance from A, that is, 7 - x.
to minimize cost, C ( x). 15 16.875
20 0
C ( x) = (7 - x)(400) + ( x 2 + 36)(500)
The number of people infected reaches a
= 2800 - 400 x + 500( x 2 + 36)1/2 maximum in 15 days.
æ1ö (b) P(15) = 16.875%
C ¢( x) = -400 + 500 çç ÷÷÷ ( x 2 + 36)1/2 (2 x)
çè 2 ø
500 x
= -400 + 36. (a) p(t ) = 10te-t /8 , [0, 40]
x 2 + 36
æ 1ö
p¢(t ) = 10te-t /8 çç - ÷÷÷ + e-t /8 (10)
If C ¢( x) = 0, çè 8 ø
500 x æ t ö
= 400 = 10e-t /8 çç - + 1÷÷
çè 8 ÷ø
x 2 + 36
5x Critical numbers:
= x 2 + 36
4 p¢(t ) = 0 when
25 2
x = x 2 + 36 t
16 - +1 = 0
9 2 8
x = 36 t = 8.
16
36 ⋅ 16 t p(t )
x2 =
9 0 0
6⋅4 8 29.43
x = = 8.
3 40 2.6952
(Discard the negative solution.)
x = 8 is impossible since Point A is only 7 miles The percent of the population infected reaches
a maximum in 8 days.
from point C.
Check the endpoints. (b) P(8) = 29.43%
x C ( x)
0 5800 37. H (S ) = f (S ) - S
7 4610 f (S ) = 12S 0.25
The cost is minimized when x = 7. H (S ) = 12S 0.25 - S

7 - x = 7 - 7 = 0, so the company should H ¢(S ) = 3S -0.75 - 1
angle the cable at Point A.
H ¢(S ) = 0 when
20t 3 - t 4 3S -0.75 - 1 = 0
35. p(t ) = , [0, 20]
1000 1
S -0.75 =
3 2 1 3 3
(a) p¢(t ) = t - t 1 1
50 250 =
1 2é 1 ù S 0.75 3
= t ê3 - t ú S 3/4 = 3
50 êë 5 úû
Critical numbers: S = 34/3
S = 4.327.

Section 6.2 427
The number of creatures needed to sustain the é 1 12 æç 1 ö÷ ùú

population is S0 = 4.327 thousand. N ¢(t ) = 20 ê - ç ÷
ê 12
ë t èç 12 ÷ø úû
H ¢¢(S ) = -2.25 < 0 when S = 4.327, so H (S ) æ1 1ö
1.75
S = 20 çç - ÷÷÷
çè 12 tø
is maximized.
20(t - 12)
H (4.327) = 12(4.327)0.25 - 4.327 =
12t
» 12.98
N ¢(t ) = 0 when
The maximum sustainable harvest is 12.98
thousand. t - 12 = 0
38. H (S ) = f (S ) - S t = 12.
25S
f (S ) =
S +2 N ¢¢(t ) does not exist at t = 0, but 0 is not in the
( S + 2)(25) - 25S domain of N.
H ¢( S ) = -1
(S + 2)2 Thus, 12 is the only critical number.
25S + 50 - 25S - (S + 2)2 To find the absolute extrema on [1, 15], evaluate N
=
(S + 2) 2 at the critical number and at the endpoints.
50 - (S 2 + 4S + 4) t N (t )
=
(S + 2)2 1 81.365
12 50
-S 2 - 4S + 46
= 15 50.537
(S + 2) 2
H ¢( S ) = 0 when Use this table to answer the questions in (a)-(d).
(a) The number of bacteria will be a minimum at
S 2 + 4S - 46 = 0 t = 12, which represents 12 days.
-4  16 + 184 (b) The minimum number of bacteria is given by
S =
2 N (12) = 50, which represents 50 bacteria
= 5.071. per mL.
(Discard the negative solution.) (c) The number of bacteria will be a maximum at
The number of creatures needed to sustain the t = 1, which represents 1 day.
population is S0 = 5.071 thousand. (d) The maximum number of bacteria is give by
N(1) = 81.365, which represents 81.365
(S + 2)2 (-2S - 4) - (S 2 - 4S + 46)(2S + 4) bacteria per mL.
H ¢¢ = < 0,
(S + 2)4
so H is a maximum at S0 = 5.071. 40. (a) H (S ) = f (S ) - S

= Ser (1- S /P) - S
25(5.071)
H (S0 ) = - 5.071 æ rö
7.071 H ¢(S ) = Ser (1- S /P) çç - ÷÷÷ + er (1- S /P) - 1
» 12.86 çè P ø
The maximum sustainable harvest is 12.86 thousand. Note that

f (S ) = Ser (1- S /P)
æ t æ t öö æ rö
39. N (t ) = 20 çç - ln çç ÷÷÷ ÷÷÷ + 30; f ¢(S ) = Ser (1- S /P) çç - ÷÷÷ + er (1- S /P).
çè 12 èç 12 ø ÷ø çè P ø
1 £ t £ 15

æ rö f (S ) = Ser (1- S /P)

H ¢(S ) = Ser (1- S /P) çç - ÷÷÷ + er (1- S /P) - 1 = 0
çè P ø
0.4 0.4(1- S /500)
f ¢(S ) = - Se + e0.4(1- S /500)
æ rö 500
Ser (1- S /P) çç - ÷÷÷ + er (1- S /P) = 1
çè P ø
f ¢(S0 ) = -0.0008S0e0.4(1- S0 /500) + e0.4(1- S0 /500)
f ¢( S ) = 1
Graph
r (1- S /P)
(b) f (S ) = Se
Y1 = -0.0008 x e0.4(1- x /500) + e0.4(1- x /500)
æ rö
f ¢(S ) = çç - ÷÷÷ Ser (1- S /P) + er (1- S /P) and
çè P ø
Set f ¢(S0 ) = 1 Y2 = 1
é -rS0 ù on the same screen. A suitable choice for the

r (1- S0 /P )
e ê + 1ú = 1 viewing window is [0, 300] by [0.5, 1.5] with
êë P úû
Xscl = 50, Yscl = 0.5. By zooming or using the
1 “intersect” option, we find that the graphs intersect
er (1- S0 /P) = -rS0
+1 when x » 237.10.
P
The maximum sustainable harvest is 237.10.
Using H (S ) from part (a), we get
43. Let x = distance from P to A.
H ( S0 ) = S0e r (1- S0 /P) - S0
(
= S0 e r (1- S0 /P ) - 1 )
æ ö÷
ç 1 ÷÷.
= S0 ççç - 1 ÷÷
çè 1 - rS0 ÷ø
P
41. r = 0.1, P = 100
f (S ) = Ser (1- S /P) Energy used over land: 1 unit per mile
1 Energy used over water: 4 units per mile
f ¢(S ) = - ⋅ Se0.1(1- S /100) + e0.1(1- S /100) 3
1000
Distance over land: (2 - x) mi
f ¢(S0 ) = -0.001S0e0.1(1- S0 /100) + e0.1(1- S0 /100)
Distance over water: 1 + x 2 mi
Graph
Find the location of P to minimize energy used.
Y1 = -0.001xe0.1(1- x /100) + e0.1(1- x /100)
4
E ( x) = 1(2 - x) + 1 + x 2 , where 0 £ x £ 2.
and 3
4æ1ö
Y2 = 1 E ¢( x) = -1 + çç ÷÷÷ (1 + x 2 )-1/2 (2 x)
3 çè 2 ø
on the same screen. A suitable choice for the
viewing window is [0, 60] by [0.5, 1.5] with If E ¢( x) = 0,
Xscl = 10 and Yscl = 0.5. By zooming or using
the “intersect” option, we find the graphs intersect 4
x(1 + x 2 )-1/2 = 1
when x » 49.37. 3
The maximum sustainable harvest is 49.37. 4x
= 1
3(1 + x 2 )1/2
42. r = 0.4, P = 500 4
x = (1 + x 2 )1/2
3
16 2
x = 1 + x2
9

Section 6.2 429
7 2 10
x =1 x(1 + x 2 )-1/2 = 1
9 9
9 10 x
x2 = = 1
7 9(1 + x 2 )1/2
3 3 7 10
x = = . x = (1 + x 2 )1/2
7 7 9
100 2
x E ( x) x = 1 + x2
81
0 3.3333
19 2
1.134 2.8819 x = 1
81
2 2.9814 81
x2 =
19
The absolute minimum occurs at x » 1.134. 9
x =
3 7 19
Point P is 7
» 1.134 mi from Point A.
9 19
=
44. Let x = distance from P to A. 19
» 2.06.
This value cannot give the absolute maximum

since the total distance from A to L is just 2 miles.
Test the endpoints of the domain.
x E ( x)
0 3 19 » 3.1111
2 2.4845
Energy used over land: 1 unit per mile Point P must be at Point L.
Energy used over water: 10 units per mile

9
45. (a) f (S ) = aSe-bS f (S ) = Se r (1- S /P)
Distance over land: (2 - x) mi
= Se r -rS /P
2
Distance over water: 1 + x mi = Se r e-rS /P
Find the location of P to minimize energy used. = e r Se-(r /P) S
10 Comparing the two terms, replace a with
E ( x) = 1(2 - x) + 1 + x 2 , where 0 £ x £ 2.
9 er and b with r /P.
10 æç 1 ö÷ 2 -1/2
E ¢( x ) = -1 + ç ÷ (1 + x ) (2 x) (b) Shepherd:
9 çè 2 ÷ø
aS
If E ¢( x) = 0, f (S ) =
1 + (S /b)c
[1 + (S /b)c ](a) - (aS )[c(S /b)c-1(1/b)]
f ¢( S ) =
[1 + (S /b)c ]2
a + a(S /b)c - (acS /b)(S /b)c-1
=
[1 + (S /b)c ]2
a + a(S /b)c - ac(S /b)c
=
[1 + (S /b)c ]2
a[1 + (1 - c)(S /b)c ]
=
[1 + (S /b)c ]2

Ricker: population is about 194,000 tons. This can be

verified by examing the graph of f (S ).
f (S ) = aSe-bS
(e) First find the critical numbers by solving
f ¢(S ) = ae-bS + aSe-bS (-b)
f ¢(S ) = 0.
= ae-bS (1 - bS )
Ricker:
Berverton-Holt: f ¢( S ) = 0
aS -bS
f (S ) = ae (1 - bS ) = 0
1 + (S /b) 1 - bS = 0
[1 + (S /b) ](a) - aS (1/b) 1
f ¢( S ) = S =
[1 + (S /b)]2 b
a + a(S /b) - a(S /b) Substitute b = 0.0039 and solve for S.
=
[1 + (S /b)]2 1
a S =
= 0.0039
[1 + (S /b)]2 S » 256.410
(c) Shepherd: Using the Ricker model, next year’s
population is maximized when this year’s
a[1 + (1 - c)(0/b)c ]
f ¢(0) = = a population is about 256,000 tons. This can be
[1 + (0/b)c ]2 verified by examining the graph of f (S ).
Ricker:
aS
f ¢(0) = ae-b(0)[1 - b(0)] = a 46. f (S ) = - rS
S
1+
Beverton-Holt: b
a Find the critical numbers:
f ¢(0) = = a
[1 + (0/b)]2 æ abS ö¢
f ¢( S ) = çç - rS ÷÷÷
çè b + S ø
The constant a represents the slope of the
graph of f (S ) at S = 0. (ab)(b + S ) - (abS )(1)
= -r
(d) First find the critical numbers by solving (b + S ) 2
f ¢(S ) = 0. ab2
= -r
Shepherd: (b + S ) 2
f ¢( S ) = 0 f ¢(S ) = 0 when
a[1 + (1 - c)(S /b)c ] = 0 ab2

= r
c (b + S ) 2
(1 - c)(S /b) = -1
ab2
(c - 1)(S /b)c = 1 (b + S ) 2 =
r
Substitute b = 248.72 and c = 3.24 and b + S = b a / r (we assume b > 0)
solve for S.
(3.24 - 1)( S /248.72)3.24 = 1
S = -b + b a / r = b ( a/r - 1 )
-2ab3
æ S ö÷3.24 1 Since f ¢¢(S ) = < 0 everywhere
çç = (b + S )3
çè 248.72 ÷ø÷ 2.24
on the domain of f , assuming a and b are
S æ 1 ÷ö1/3.24
= çç positive, there is a local maximum of f at
248.72 çè 2.24 ø÷÷
æ 1 ö÷1/3.24
S = b ( a/r - 1 . )
S = 248.72 çç » 193.914
çè 2.24 ÷÷ø
47. The goal is to minimize surface area for a
Using the Shepherd model, next year’s fixed volume, that is, to
population is maximized when this year’s

Section 6.2 431
minimize 2π r 2 + 2π rh when π r h = 65.

2
(aSv3 + I )kE - kEv(3aSv 2 )
(b) D¢(v) =
h =
65
so we can write the surface as a (aSv3 + I ) 2
π r2 kE (aSv3 + I - 3aSv3 )
function of r alone: =
(aSv3 + I ) 2
æ 65 ö
S ( r ) = 2π r 2 + 2π r çç 2 ÷÷÷ kE ( I - 2aSv3 )
çè π r ø
=
2 130 (aSv3 + I )2
= 2π r +
r Find the critical numbers by solving
Find the critical numbers. D¢(v) = 0 for v.
130
S ¢( r ) = 4π r - 2
r I - 2aSv3 = 0
¢
S ( r ) = 0 implies 2aSv3 = I
130 I
4π r = 2 v3 =
r 2aS
130
r3 = æ I ö÷1/3
4π v = çç
çè 2aS ÷ø÷
æ 130 ÷ö1/ 3
r = çç = 2.1789 » 2.18
çè 4π ÷÷ø
49. Let 8 - x = the distance the hunter
æ 65 ö will travel on the river.
The formula S (r ) = 2π r 2 + 2π r çç 2 ÷÷
çè π r ÷ø
shows that letting r go to 0 and increasing r Then 9 + x 2 = the distance he will travel
without limit both increase the surface area on land.
without limit, so the critical value found
above represents a local minimum for the
surface area. r = 2.1789 implies
65
h = = 4.3580 » 4.36.
π (2.1789)2
Thus the radius and height of the cell of
minimum surface area are 2.18 μ m and
4.36 μ m.
48. (a) Solve the given equation for effective power The rate on the river is 5 mph, the rate on land is 2
for T, time. mph. Using t = dr ,
kE
= aSv3 + I 8- x
T = the time on the river,
5
kE
=T 9 - x2
aSv3 + I = the time on land.
2
Since distance is velocity, v, times time, T, we
have The total time is
kE 8- x 9 + x2
D(v) = v T ( x) = +
aSv3 + I 5 2
kEv 8 1 1
= . = - x + (9 + x 2 )1/2.
aSv3 + I 5 5 2
1 1
T ¢ = - + ⋅ 2 x(9 + x 2 )-1/2
5 4

1 x
- + = 0 8-x 361 + x 2
5 2(9 + x 2 )1/2 T ( x) = +
5 2
1 x 8 1 1
= = - x + (361 + x 2 )-1/2.
5 2(9 + x 2 )1/2 5 5 2
2(9 + x 2 )1/2 = 5x 1 1
T ¢( x) = - + ⋅ 2 x(361 + x 2 )-1/2
5 4
4(9 + x 2 ) = 25x 2
1 x
36 + 4 x 2 = 25x 2 - + =0
5 2(361 + x 2 )1/2
36 = 21x 2
1 x
6 =
= x 5 2(361 + x 2 )1/2
21
2(361 + x 2 )1/2 = 5x
6 21 2 21
= = x
21 7 4(361 + x 2 ) = 25 x 2
x T ( x) 1444 + 4 x 2 = 25 x 2
0 3.1 1444 = 21x 2
2 21 2.98 38
7 = x
21
8 4.27
8.29 = x
Since the maximum time is 2.98 hr, the hunter 8.29 is not possible, since the cabin is only 8 miles
2 21 56- 2 21 west. Check the endpoints.
should travel 8 - 7
= 7
or about
6.7 miles along the river. x T ( x)
0 11.1
50. Let 8 - x = the distance the hunter will 8 10.3
travel on the river.
T ( x) is minimized when x = 8.
The distance along the river is given by 8 - x, so
the hunter should travel 8 - 8 = 0 miles along
the river. He should complete the entire trip
on land.
51. Let x = width.

Then x = height
and 108 - 4 x = length.
(since length plus girth = 108 )

V ( x) = l ⋅ w ⋅ h
Then 192 + x 2 = the distance he will = (108 - 4 x) x ⋅ x
travel on land.
Since the rate on the river is 5 mph, the rate on = 108x 2 - 4 x3
land is 2 mph, and t = dr , V ¢( x) = 216 x - 12 x 2
8- x Set V ¢( x) = 0, and solve for x.

= the time on the river
5
216 x - 12 x 2 = 0
2
361 + x 12 x(18 - x) = 0
= the time on the land.
2
x = 0 or x = 18
The total time is
0 is not in the domain, so the only critical number
is 18.

Section 6.3 433
Width = 18 Your Turn 3

Height = 18 q = 24,000 - 3 p 2
Length = 108 - 4(18) = 36 dq
= -6 p
The dimensions of the box with maximum volume dp
are 36 inches by 18 inches by 18 inches. p dq 6 p2
E =- =
q dp 24,000 - 3 p 2
When p = 50,
6.3 Further Business Applications:
Economic Lot Size; Economic Order 6(502 )
Quantity; Elasticity of Demand E =
24,000 - 3(502 )
» 0.909,
Your Turn 1
which corresponds to inelastic demand.
Use Equation (3) with k = 3, M = 18, 000 and
f = 750. Your Turn 4
2fM q = 200e-0.4 p
q =
k dq
= -80e-0.4 p
2(750)(18,000) dp
=
3 p dq
E =-
= (900)(10,000) q dp
= 3000 80 p e-0.4 p
=
To minimize production costs there should be 3000 cans 200e-0.4 p
per batch, requiring 18, 000/3, 000 = 6 batches per year. = 0.4 p
For p = 100 we have E = 0.4(100) = 40, which

Your Turn 2
corresponds to elastic demand.
Use Equation (3) with k = 2, M = 320 and f = 30.
Your Turn 5
2(30)(320)
q =
2 q = 3600 - 3 p 2
= 9600 dq
= -6 p
» 97.98 dp
p dq
E =-
q dp
Since q is very close to 98 we expect a q of 98 to
6 p2
minimize costs, but we will check both 97 and 98 =
fM kq 3600 - 3 p 2
using T (q) = q
+ 2
. T (97) » 195.969 and T (98)
2 p2
» 195.959, so the company should order 98 units in =
1200 - p 2
each batch. The time between orders will be about
12 ( 320 )
98 = 3.675 months. The demand has unit elasticity when E = 1.
2 p2
=1
1200 - p 2
2 p 2 = 1200 - p 2
3 p 2 = 1200
p 2 = 400
p = 20

Testing value for p smaller and larger than 20 p dq

6. E =- ⋅
(say 15 and 25) we find q dp
E (15) < 1 Since p ¹ 0, E = 0 when
dq
= 0. The
dp
E (25) > 1
derivative is zero, which implies that the
Thus demand is inelastic when p < 20 and elastic demand function has a horizontal tangent line
when p > 20. at the value of p where E = 0.
Revenue is maximized at the price corresponding to unit m

elasticity, which is p = $20. At this price the revenue is 7. q = m - np for 0 £ p £
n
pq = (20)[3600 - 3(202 )] dq
= -n
= (20)(2400) dp
= 48,000 p dq
E =- ⋅
q dp
or $48,000.
p
E =- (-n)
m - np
6.3 Warmup Exercises pn
E = =1
k m - np
W1. f ( x) = = kx-1
x pn = m - np
k 2np = m
f ¢( x) = k (-1) x-2 = -
x2 m
p =
a 2n
W2. f ( x) = 2
= ax-2
x Thus, E = 1 when p = m , or at the midpoint
2n
-3 2a
f ¢( x) = a(-2) x =- of the demand curve on the interval 0 £ p £ m.
x3 n
8. (a) q = Cp-k
6.3 Exercises dq
= -Ckp-k -1
dp
2fM
1. When q < k
, T ¢(q) < - k2 + k
2
= 0; and - p dq
E = ⋅
2fM k k
q dp
when q > , T ¢(q) > - + = 0. Since
k 2 2 -p
= (-Ckp-k -1)
the function T (q) is decreasing before q =
2fM Cp-k
k
2fM kp-k
and increasing after q = , there must be a = = k
k p-k
2fM
relative minimum at q = k
. By the critical
point theorem, there is an absolute minimum there. 9. Use equation (3) with k = 1, M = 100,000, and
f = 500.
3. The economic order quantity formula assumes that
M, the total units needed per year, is known. Thus, 2fM 2(500)(100,000)
q = =
c is the correct answer. k 1
= 100,000,000 = 10,000
5. The demand function q( p) is positive and
10,000 lamps should be made in each batch to
dq minimize production costs.
increasing, so dp
is positive. Since p0 and q0 are
p dq
also positive, the elasticity E = - q 0 ⋅ dp
is
0
negative.

Section 6.3 435
10. Use equation (3) with k = 9, M = 13,950, and -f M

+k =0
f = 31. q2
fM
2fM k =
q = q2
k
2(31)(13,950) q 2k = f M
= fM
9 q2 =
= 96,100 = 310 k
fM
310 cases should be made in each batch to q =
k
minimize production costs.
Since lim T (q) = ¥,
11. From Exercise 9, M = 100,000, and q = q0
10, 000. The number of batches per year is lim T (q) = ¥, and
q ¥
M 100,000
q
= 10,000
= 10. fM
q = k
is the only critical value in (0, ¥),
12. From Exercise 10, M = 13,950 and q = 310. fM

q = k
is the number of unit that should be
The number of batches per year is
ordered or manufactured to minimize total costs.
M 13,950
= = 45
q 310
fM
16. Use q = k
from Exercise 15 with k = 6,
13. Here k = 0.50, M = 100, 000, and f = 60. M = 5000, and f = 1000.
We have
fM (1000)(5000)
2fM 2(60)(100,000) q = = » 912.9
q = = k 6
k 0.50
fM
= 24,000,000 » 4898.98 with T (q) = q
+ kq (assume g = 0 since the
T (4898) = 2449.489792 and T (4899) subsequent cost per book is so low that it can be
ignored), T (912) » 10,954.456 and T (913)
= 2449.489743, so ordering 4899 copies
per order minimizes the annual costs. » 10,954.451. So, 913 books should be printed
in each print run.
14. Here k = 1, M = 900, and f = 5. We have
17. Assuming an annual cost, k1, for storing a single
2f M unit, plus an annual cost per unit, k2, that must be
q =
k paid for each unit up to the maximum number of
2(5)(900) units stored, we have
=
1 fM kq
T (q ) = + gM + 1 + k2q; (0, ¥)
= 9000 » 94.9 q 2
-f M k
T (94) » 94.872 and T (95) » 94.868, so ordering T ¢( q ) = 2
+ 1 + k2
q 2
95 bottles per order minimizes the annual costs.
Set the derivative equal to 0.
15. Using maximum inventory size,
fM
T (q ) = + gM + kq; (0, ¥)
q
-f M
T ¢( q ) = +k
q2

-f M k (b) R = pq
2
+ 1 + k2 = 0
q 2 dR
= q(1 - E )
k1 + 2k2 fM dp
= 2
2 q When R is maximum, q(1 - E ) = 0.
2
q (k1 + 2k2 ) Since q = 0 means no revenue, set
= fM
2 1 - E = 0, so E = 1.
2f M
q2 = From (a),
k1 + 2k2
p
2f M =1
q = 200 - p
k1 + 2k2
p = 200 - p
Since lim T (q) = ¥, lim T (q) = ¥, and p = 100.
q0 q ¥
p
2f M q = 50 -
q = k1 + 2k2
is the only critical value in (0, ¥), 4
100
2f M = 50 -
q = is the number of units that should 4
k1 + 2k2
= 25
be ordered or manufactured to minimize the total
cost in this case. Total revenue is maximized if q = 25.
2f M 20. q = 25,000 - 50 p
18. Use q = k1 + 2k2
from Exercise 17 with k1 = 1,
k2 = 2, M = 30, 000, and f = 750. Also, note dq
(a) = -50
that g = 8. dp
p dq
E =- ⋅
2fM q dp
q =
k1 + 2k2 p
=- (-50)
2(750)(30,000) 25,000 - 50 p
=
1 + 2(2) p
=
500 - p
= 9,000,000 = 3000
(b) R = pq
The number of production runs each year to
minimize her total costs is dR
= q(1 - E )
dp
M 30,000
= = 10.
q 3000 When R is maximum, q(1 - E ) = 0.
p Since q = 0 means no revenue, set

19. q = 50 - 1 - E = 0.
4
dq 1 E =1
(a) =-
dp 4 From part (a),
p dq p
E =- ⋅ =1
q dp 500 - p
p æ 1 ö÷ p = 500 - p
=- çç - ÷
50 -
p çè 4 ÷ø
4 p = 250.
q = 25,000 - 50 p
æ 1ö
p
= - 200- p çç - ÷÷÷ = 25,000 - 50(250)
çè 4 ø
4 = 12,500
p
= Total revenue is maximized if q = 12,500.
200 - p

Section 6.3 437
21. (a) q = 37,500 - 5 p 2 2 p2

=
dq 4800 - p 2
= -10 p
dp
(b) R = pq
- p dq
E = ⋅ dR
q dp = q(1 - E )
dp
-p
= (-10 p) When R is maximum, q(1 - E ) = 0. Since
37,500 - 5 p 2
q = 0 means no revenue, set 1 - E = 0.
10 p 2
=- E =1
37,500 - 5 p 2
From part (a),
2 p2
=
7500 - p 2 2 p2
=1
(b) R = pq 4800 - p 2
dR 2 p 2 = 4800 - p 2
= q(1 - E )
dp 3 p 2 = 4800
When R is maximum, q(1 - E ) = 0. Since p 2 = 1600
q = 0 means no revenue, set 1 - E = 0. p = 40.
E =1 Since p must be positive, p = 40.
From (a),
q = 48, 000 - 10 p 2
2 p2 = 48, 000 - 10(40)2
2
=1
7500 - p = 48, 000 - 10(1600)
2 p 2 = 7500 - p 2 = 48, 000 - 16, 000
2 = 32, 000
3 p = 7500
p 2 = 2500
23. p = 400e-0.2q
p = 50.
dq
In order to find the derivative , we first need to
Since p must be positive, p = 50. dp
solve for q in the equation p = 400e-0.2q .

q = 37,500 - 5 p 2
p
= 37,500 - 5(50)2 (a) = e-0.2q
400
= 37,500 - 5(2500)
æ p ÷ö
ln çç = ln (e-0.2q ) = -0.2q
= 37,500 - 12,500 çè 400 ÷÷ø
= 25,000.
p
ln 400 æ p ÷ö
q = = -5 ln çç
22. q = 48,000 - 10 p 2 -0.2 çè 400 ÷÷ø
dq Now
(a) = -20 p
dp dq 1 1 -5
= -5 p ⋅ = , and
p dq dp 400 p
E =- ⋅ 400
q dp p dq p -5 5
-p E =- ⋅ =- ⋅ = .
= (-20 p) q dp q p q
48,000 - 10 p 2
(b) R = pq
20 p 2 dR
=- = q(1 - E )
48, 000 - 10 p 2 dp

When R is maximum, q(1 - E ) = 0. Since 25. q = 400 - 0.2 p 2

q = 0 means no revenue, set 1 - E = 0. dq
= 0 - 0.4 p
E =1 dp
p dq
E =- ⋅
From part (a), q dp
5 P
=1 E =- (-0.4 p)
q 400 - 0.2 p 2
5= q 0.4 p 2
=
400 - 0.2 p 2
24. q = 10 - ln p
(a) If p = $20,
dq 1
(a) =-
dp p (0.4)(20) 2
E =
p dq 400 - 0.2(20) 2
E =- ⋅
q dp = 0.5.
- p æç 1 ö÷
= ç- ÷ Since E < 1, demand is inelastic. This
10 - ln p çè p ÷÷ø indicates that total revenue increases as price
1 increases.
=
10 - ln p (b) If p = $40,
(b) R = pq
(0.4)(40) 2
dR E =
= q(1 - E ) 400 - 0.2(40) 2
dp
= 8.
When R is maximum, q(1 - E ) = 0. Since
q = 0 means no revenue, set 1 - E = 0. Since E > 1, demand is elastic. This indicates
that total revenue decreases as price increases.
E =1
From part (a), 26. q = 300 - 2 p
1 dq
=1 = -2
10 - ln p dp
1 = 10 - ln p p dq
E =- ⋅
ln p = 9 q dp
p(-2)
p = e9 E =-
300 - 2 p
q = 10 - ln p
2p
= 10 - ln e9 =
300 - 2 p
= 10 - 9
(a) When p = $100,
=1
Note that E = 1, thus we would expect E to 200
q E =
300 - 200
be maximum when q = 1. = 2.
Since E > 1, demand is elastic. This indicates
that a percentage increase in price will result
in a greater percentage decrease in demand.
(b) When p = $50,
100
E =
300 - 100
1
= < 1.
2

Section 6.3 439
Since E < 1, supply is inelastic. This indicates 30. q = 342.5 p-0.5314

that a percentage change in price will result in
a smaller percentage change in demand. dq
= 342.5(-0.5314) p-0.5354-1
dp
27. q = 2, 431,129 p-0.06 -182
= 1.5314
dq
= (-0.06)[2, 431,129 p-1.06 ] p
dp p dq
E =- ⋅
p dq q dp
E =-
q dp -p -182
= -0.5314
⋅ 1.5314
p 342.5 p p
=- (-0.06)[2, 431,129 p-1.06 ]
2, 431,129 p-0.06 182
=
= 0.06 342.5
» 0.5314
At any price (including $100/barrel) the elasticity
is 0.06 and the demand is inelastic. Since E < 1, the demand is inelastic.
28. q = Ap-0.13 31. (a) q = 55.2 - 0.022 p

dq
= (-0.13)[ Ap-1.13 ] dq
= -0.022
dp dp
p dq p dq
E =- E =- ⋅
q dp q dp
p
= - -0.13 (-0.13)[ Ap-1.13 ] =
-p
⋅ (-0.022)
Ap 55.2 - 0.022 p
= 0.13 0.022 p
=
At any price the elasticity is 0.13 and the demand 55.2 - 0.022 p
for rice is inelastic.
When p = $166.10,
29. q = 3,751, 000 p-2.826
3.6542
dq E = » 0.071.
= (-2.826)[3,751,000 p-3.826 ] 55.2 - 3.6542
dp
(b) Since E < 1, the demand for airfare is inelastic
p dq
E =- at this price.
q dp
p
(c) R = pq
=- (-2.826) dR
3,751, 000 p-2.826 = q(1 - E )
dp
[3,751, 000 p-3.826 ]
= 2.826 When R is maximum, q(1 - E ) = 0.
Since q = 0 means no revenue, set
At any price the elasticity is 2.826 and the demand
is elastic. 1 - E = 0.
E =1
From (a),
0.022 p
=1
55.2 - 0.022 p
0.022 p = 55.2 - 0.022 p
0.044 p = 55.2
p » 1255
Total revenue is maximized if p » $1255.

32. p = 0.604q 2 - 20.16q + 263.067 But E = - q 0 ⋅

p dq
so the ratio PB equals the
0 dp PA
dq elasticity E.
= 1.208q - 20.16
dp 34. (a) q( p) = mp + b
p dq p The p and q intercepts are
E =- ⋅ = (-b / m, 0) and (0, b).
q dp -q
dp
( dq ) (b) The midpoint of the line joining these
0.604q 2 - 20.16q + 263.067 intercepts is (-b /(2m), b /2).
= (c) The elasticity is
-q(1.208q - 20.16)
p dq p
- = - ⋅ m.
(a) Since q = 11, q dp q
114.391 At the point found in (b) the elasticity is
E = » 1.51 -b /(2m)
-11(-6.872) - ⋅ m = 1.
b /2
(b) Since E > 1, demand is elastic.
(c) As q approaches 16.6887, the denominator of
E approaches zero, so E approaches infinity.
6.4 Implicit Differentiation
33. Your Turn 1
x 2 + y 2 = xy
d 2 d
(x + y2) = xy
dx dx
dy dy
2x + 2 y = x + y
dx dx
dy
(2 y - x) = y - 2x
dx
dy y - 2x
=
dx 2y - x
In the figure, we label P0 as P. The slope of the
Your Turn 2
tangent line is
xe y + x 2 = ln y
dq BR OB - OR OB - q0
=- = =
dp RP -RP - p0 d d
( xe y + x 2 ) = ln y
or dx dx
d d 2 d
dq xe y + x = ln y
- p0 = OB - q0 dx dx dx
dp dy 1 dy
e y + xe y + 2x =
p dq OB dx y dx
- 0 ⋅ = -1
q0 dp q0 æ y ö
çç xe - 1 ÷÷ dy = -2 x - e y
=
OB
-1 çè y ø÷÷ dx
OR
dy
( xye y - 1) = -2 xy - ye y
Because triangles AOB and PRB are similar, dx
p dq AB dy -2 xy - ye y ye y - 2 xy
- 0 ⋅ = -1 = =
q0 dp AP dx xye y - 1 1 - xye y
AB - AP
= Your Turn 3
AP
PB y 4 - x4 - y 2 + x2 = 0
=
PA

Section 6.4 441
d 4 d 6.4 Warmup Exercises

( y - x4 - y 2 + x2 ) = (0)
dx dx
dy dy W1. f ( x) = x ln( x 2 + 1)
4 y3 - 4 x3 - 2 y + 2x = 0
dx dx Use the product rule and write the factor
dy
(4 y 3 - 2 y) = 4 x3 - 2 x ln( x 2 + 1) as h( g ( x)) with h( x) = ln x and
dx
g ( x) = x 2 + 1 and apply the chain rule.
3
At the point (1, 1), 4 y - 2 y ¹ 0 so we can divide 2x
both sides of the equation above by this factor. f ¢( x) = (1) ln( x 2 + 1) + ( x) 2
x +1
dy 4 x3 - 2 x 2x2
= = ln( x 2 + 1) +
dx 4 y3 - 2 y 2
x +1
At (1, 1), W2. Use the quotient and chain rules, writing
3
dy 3
4x - 2x 4-2 e x as h( g ( x )) with h( x ) = e x and
= = =1
dx 4 y3 - 2 y 4-2 g ( x ) = x 3.
3
so the slope of the tangent line is m = 1. Use the point- ex
f ( x) =
slope form of the equation of a line. x2
y - y1 = m( x - x1) æ 2 x 3 ö÷ 2 æ 3ö
y - 1 = 1( x - 1)
( )
çç 3x e ÷÷ x - çç e x ÷÷÷( 2 x )
è ø è ø
f ¢( x ) = 2
y = x ( x2 )
e x ( 3x 4 - 2 x )
3
The equation of the tangent line at the point (1, 1)
is y = x. =
x4
( )
3
Your Turn 4 e x 3x 3 - 2
= 3
100,000 x
p = 2
= 100,000(q 2 + 100q)-1
q + 100q
d d
6.4 Exercises
p = [100, 000 (q 2 + 100q)-1]
dp dp 1. 6 x 2 + 5 y 2 = 36
2q + 100 dq
1 = -100, 000 2 d d
(q + 100q) 2 dp (6 x 2 + 5 y 2 ) = (36)
dx dx
dq (q 2 + 100q) 2 d d d
=- (6 x 2 ) + (5 y 2 ) = (36)
dp 100, 000 (2q + 100) dx dx dx
dy
Substitute q = 200 in this expression for the 12 x + 5 ⋅ 2 y =0
dx
derivative.
dy
10 y = -12 x
dq (q 2 + 100q)2 dx
=-
dp 100, 000 (2q + 100) dy 6x
=-
2
[200 + 100(200)] 2 dx 5y
=-
(100, 000)[2(200) + 100]
= -72
When the price is 200, the rate of change of demand with
respect to price is -72 units per unit change in price.

2. 7 x 2 - 4 y 2 = 24 5. 5x3 = 3 y 2 + 4 y
d d d d
(7 x 2 - 4 y 2 ) = (24) (5x3 ) = (3 y 2 + 4 y)
dx dx dx dx
d d d d d
(7 x 2 ) - (4 y 2 ) = (24) 15 x 2 = (3 y 2 ) + (4 y)
dx dx dx dx dx
dy dy dy
14 x - 8 y =0 15 x 2 = 6 y +4
dx dx dx
dy 15 x 2 dy
8y = 14 x =
dx 6y + 4 dx
dy 7x
=
dx 4y
6. 3x3 - 8 y 2 = 10 y
3. 8 x 2 - 10 xy + 3 y 2 = 26 d d
(3x3 - 8 y 2 ) = (10 y)
dx dx
d d d d dy
(8 x 2 - 10 xy + 3 y 2 ) = (26) (3x3 ) - (8 y 2 ) = 10
dx dx dx dx dx
d d dy dy
16 x - (10 xy) + (3 y 2 ) =0 2
9 x - 16 y = 10
dx dx dx dx
dy d dy dy
16 x - 10 x - y (10 x) + 6 y =0 9 x 2 = (16 y + 10)
dx dx dx dx
dy dy
16 x - 10 x - 10 y + 6 y =0 9x2 dy
dx dx =
16 y + 10 dx
dy
(-10 x + 6 y) = -16 x + 10 y
dx
-16 x + 10 y 2- y
dy
= 7. 3x 2 =
dx -10 x + 6 y 2+ y
dy 8x - 5 y d d çæ 2 - y ÷ö
= (3x 2 ) = ç ÷÷
dx 5x - 3 y dx dx çèç 2 + y ÷ø
(2 + y) d (2 - y) - (2 - y) d (2 + y)
6x = dx dx
2 2
4. 7 x = 5 y + 4 xy + 1 (2 + y) 2
d
(7 x 2 ) =
d
(5 y 2 + 4 xy + 1) 6x =
(2 + y) - ( dydx ) - (2 - y) dydx
dx dx (2 + y) 2
d
14 x = (5 y 2 + 4 xy + 1) -4
dy
dx 6x = dx
d d d (2 + y)2
14 x = 10 y y + 4 x ( y) + y (4 x)
dx dx dx dy
6 x(2 + y)2 = -4
dy dy dx
14 x = 10 y + 4 x (1) + 4 y
dx dx 3x(2 + y) 2 dy
- =
dy 2 dx
14 x - 4 y = (10 y + 4 x)
dx
14 x - 4 y dy
=
10 y + 4 x dx
7x - 2 y dy
=
2x + 5 y dx

Section 6.4 443
5+ x 11. x 4 y 3 + 4 x3/2 = 6 y 3/2 + 5

8. 2 y2 =
5- x
d 4 3 d
d d æç 5 + x ö÷ ( x y + 4 x3/2 ) = (6 y 3/2 + 5)
(2 y 2 ) = ç ÷ dx dx
dx dx çè 5 - x ÷ø d 4 3 d d d
dy (1)(5 - x) - (-1)(5 + x) (x y ) + (4 x3/2 ) = (6 y 3/2 ) + (5)
4y = dx dx dx dx
dx (5 - x) 2 dy dy
4 x3 y 3 + x 4 ⋅ 3 y 2 + 6 x1/2 = 9 y1/2 +0
dy 5-x+5+ x dx dx
4y =
dx (5 - x)2 dy dy
4 x3 y 3 + 6 x1/2 = 9 y1/2 - 3x 4 y 2
10 dx dx
=
(5 - x)2 dy
4 x3 y 3 + 6 x1/2 = (9 y1/2 - 3x 4 y 2 )
dy 10 dx
=
dx 4 y(5 - x) 2 4 x3 y 3 + 6 x1/2 dy
1/2 4 2
=
5 9y - 3x y dx
= 2
2 y(5 - x)
12. ( xy)4/3 + x1/3 = y 6 + 1
9. 2 x + 4 y = 5y
d d 6
[( xy)4/3 + x1/3 ] = ( y + 1)
d d dx dx
(2 x1/2 + 4 y1/2 ) = (5 y )
dx dx d 4/3 4/3 d 1/3 d 6 d
(x y ) + (x ) = (y ) + (1)
dy dy dx dx dx dx
x-1/2 + 2 y-1/2 =5
dx dx 4 1/3 dy 4 1
dy x 4/3 ⋅ y + x1/3 y 4/3 + x-2/3
-1 2
(2 y - 5) = -x-1/2 3 dx 3 3
dx dy
= 6 y5 +0
dy x-1/2 çæ x1/2 y1/2 ö÷÷ dx
= çç ÷
dx 5 - 2 y-1/2 çè x1/2 y1/2 ø÷÷ 4 1/3 4/3 1 dy 4 dy
x y + x-2/3 = 6 y 5 - x 4/3 y1/3
1/2 3 3 dx 3 dx
y
= 1/2 1/2
x (5 y - 2) 1/3 4/3 -2/3 5 dy 4/3 1/3 dy
4x y +x = 18 y - 4x y
dx dx
y dy
= 1/3 4/3
4x y +x-2/3 5 4/3 1/3
= (18 y - 4 x y ) ⋅
x (5 y - 2) dx
4 x1/3 y 4/3 + x-2/3 dy
3/2 5 4/3 1/3
=
10. 4 x - 8 y = 6 y 18 y - 4 x y dx
2/3 1 3 4/3 -2/3
d d x 4x y +x dy
(4 x1/2 - 8 y1/2 ) = 6 ( y 3/2 ) 2/3
⋅ 5 4/3 1/3
=
dx dx x 18 y - 4 x y dx
dy 3 dy 4/3
+1
2 x-1/2 - 4 y-1/2 = 6 ⋅ y1/2 4 xy
=
dy
dx 2 dx 18x 2/3 5
y - 4x y 2 1/3 dx
dy
2 x-1/2 = (9 y1/2 + 4 y-1/2 )
dx
2 x-1/2 dy
1/2 -1/2
=
9y + 4y dx
2 y dy
=
x (9 y + 4) dx

16. y ln x + 2 = x3/2 y5/2

2
13. e x y
= 5x + 4 y + 2
d x2 y d d d 3/2 5/2
(e ) = (5 x + 4 y + 2) ( y ln x + 2) = (x y )
dx dx dx dx
d d d d dy y 3 5 dy
= x1/2 y 5/2 + x 3/2 y 3/2
2
e x y ( x 2 y) = (5 x) + (4 y) + (2) ln x + +0
dx dx dx dx dx x 2 2 dx
2 æ dy ö dy dy 5 3/2 3/2 dy 3 1/2 5/2 y
e x y çç 2 xy + x 2 ÷÷÷ = 5 + 4 +0 ln x - x y = x y -
çè dx ø dx dx 2 dx 2 x
æ
dy ç 5 3/2 3/2 ö 3 y
çç ln x - x y ÷÷÷ = x1/2 y 5/2 -
2 2 dy dy
2 xye x y + x 2e x y = 5+4 dx è 2 ø 2 x
dx dx
2 dy dy 2 3 x1/2 y 5/2 - y
x 2e x y -4 = 5 - 2 xye x y dy 2 x
dx dx =
dx ln x - 25 x 3/2 y 3/2
2 dy 2
( x 2e x y - 4) = 5 - 2 xye x y
dx 3x 3/2 y 5/2 - 2 y
=
2 x(2 ln x - 5x 3/2 y 3/2 )
dy 5 - 2 xye x y
= 2
dx x 2e x y - 4
17. x 2 + y 2 = 25; tangent at (-3, 4)
14. x 2e y + y = x3 d 2 d
(x + y2) = (25)
dx dx
d 2 y d 3
( x e + y) = (x ) dy
dx dx 2x + 2 y =0
dx
d 2 y d
(x e ) + ( y) = 3x 2 dy
dx dx 2y = -2 x
dx
dy dy
2 xe y + x 2e y + = 3x 2 dy x
dx dx =-
dx y
dy dy
x 2e y + = 3x 2 - 2 xe y
dx dx x -3 3
m=- =- =
dy y 4 4
( x 2e y + 1) = 3x 2 - 2 xe y
dx y - y1 = m( x - x1)
dy 3x 2 - 2 xe y 3
= y-4= [ x - (-3)]
dx x 2e y + 1 4
4 y - 16 = 3x + 9
15. x + ln y = x 2 y 3 4 y = 3x + 25
3 25
d d 2 3 y = x+
( x + ln y) = (x y ) 4 4
dx dx
1 dy dy
1+ = 2 xy 3 + 3x 2 y 2 18. x 2 + y 2 = 100; tangent at (8, - 6)
y dx dx
1 dy dy d 2 d
- 3x 2 y 2 = 2 xy 3 - 1 (x + y2) = (100)
y dx dx dx dx
æ1 ö dy
çç - 3x 2 y 2 ÷÷ dy = 2 xy 3 - 1 2x + 2 y =0
çè y ÷÷ dx dx
ø
dy x
dy 2 xy 3 - 1 =-
= dx y
dx 1 - 3x 2 y 2
y x 8 4
m=- =- =
y(2 xy 3 - 1) y -6 3
=
1 - 3x 2 y 3

Section 6.4 445
y - y1 = m( x - x1) 2 xy 3 2(-1)(2)3
m =- =-
4 3x 2 y 2 3(-1)2 (2)2
y+6= ( x - 8)
3 16 4
3 y + 18 = 4 x - 32 = =
12 3
3 y = 4 x - 50 4
4 50 y - 2 = ( x + 1)
y = x- 3
3 3 3 y - 6 = 4x + 4
3 y = 4 x + 10
19. x 2 y 2 = 1; tangent at (-1, 1) 4 10
y = x+
3 3
d 2 2 d
(x y ) = (1) 1
dx dx y - 2 = - ( x - 4)
4
d d
x2 ( y 2 ) + y 2 ( x2 ) = 0 1
dx dx y =- x+3
4
dy
x 2 (2 y) + y 2 (2 x) = 0
dx
dy 21. 2 y2 - x = 4; tangent at (16, 2)
2x2 y = -2 xy 2
dx
d d
dy -2 xy 2 y (2 y 2 - x ) = (4)
= =- dx dx
dx 2 x
2x y dy 1
4y - x-1/2 =0
dx 2
y 1
m=- =- =1 dy 1
x -1 4y =
y - 1 = 1[ x - (-1)]
dx 2 x1/2
dy 1
y = x +1+1 =
dx 8 yx1/2
y = x+2
1 1
m= 1/2
=
2 3
20. x y = 8; tangent at (-1, 2) 8 yx 8(2)(16)1/2
1 1
d 2 3 d = =
(x y ) = (8) 8(2)(4) 64
dx dx
dy 1
2 xy3 + 3x 2 y 2 =0 y - 2 = - ( x - 4)
dx 4
dy 2 xy 3 1
=- 2 2 y =- x+3
dx 4
3x y
1
y-2= ( x - 16)
64
64 y - 128 = x - 16
64 y = x + 112
x 7
y = +
64 4

dy
22. y +
x
= 3; tangent at (4, 2) dy - 1 yx-1/2 + x
y = 2 dx
dx y2
d æç x ö÷
÷÷ = d (3) y2
dy 1
= - yx-1/2 + x
dy
çç y + dx 2 dx
dx çè y ÷ø dx
dy 1 -1/2
dy d æç x ö÷÷ ( y2 - x) = - yx
+ ç ÷=0 dx 2
dx dx ççè y ÷ø dy -y
= 1/2 2
dy
+
y ( 12 ) x-1/ 2 - x
dy
dx
=0
dx 2x ( y - x )
-y
dx y2 m = 1/2 2
2x ( y - x )
-2
=
2(2)(4 - 2)
1
=-
4
2
+ y2
23. ex = xe5 y - y 2e5 x /2 ; tangent at (2,1)
d x2 + y 2 d
(e )= ( xe5 y - y 2e5 x /2 )
dx dx
2
+ y2 d 2 d é dy d æ 5x ö ù
ex ⋅ ( x + y 2 ) = e5 y + x (e5 y ) - ê 2 y e5 x /2 + y 2e5x /2 çç ÷÷÷ ú
dx dx ê dx
ë dx çè 2 ø úû
2
+ y 2 æç dy ö 5 y dy dy 5
ex çç 2 x + 2 y ÷÷÷ = e + x ⋅ 5e
5y
- 2 ye5 x /2 - y 2e5x /2
è dx ø dx dx 2
æ x2 + y 2 ö dy 2 2 5
ç
çè 2 ye - 5xe5 y + 2 ye5 x /2 ÷÷ = -2 xe x + y + e5 y - y 2e5 x /2
ø dx 2
2 2
dy -2 xe x + y + e5 y - 52 y 2e5x /2
= 2 2
dx 2 ye x + y - 5xe5 y + 2 ye5 x /2
-4e5 + e5 - 5 e5
2
- 11
2
e5 11
m= 5 5 5
= 5
=
2e - 10e + 2e -6e 12
11
y -1 = ( x - 2)
12
11 5
y = x-
12 6

Section 6.4 447
3 2
24. 2 xe xy = e x + ye x ; tangent at (1, 1)
d d æç x3 2ö
(2xe xy ) = ç e + ye x ÷÷÷
dx dx è ø
d 3 d dy 2 2 d 2
2e xy + 2x ⋅ e xy ( xy) = e x ( x3) + ⋅ 2 x + ye x ⋅ (x )
dx dx dx dx
æ dy ö 3 dy 2 2
2e xy + 2xe xy çç y + x ÷÷÷ = e x ⋅ 3x2 + e x + ye x ⋅ 2x
çè dx ø dx
æ 2 xy x2 ö÷ dy xy xy x2 2 x3
ç
çè 2x e - e ÷÷ø dx = -2e - 2xye + 2xye + 3x e
2 3
dy -2e xy - 2xye xy + 2xye x + 3x2e x
= 2
dx 2x2e xy - e x
-2e - 2e + 2e + 3e e
m= = =1
2e - e e
y - 1 = 1( x - 1)
y = x
25. ln( x + y) = x3 y 2 + ln( x 2 + 2) - 4; tangent at (1, 2)
d d 3 2
[ln( x + y)] = [ x y + ln( x 2 + 2) - 4]
dx dx
1 d dy 1 d 2 d
⋅ ( x + y ) = 3x 2 y 2 + x3 ⋅ 2 y + 2 ⋅ ( x + 2) - (4)
x + y dx dx x +2 dx dx
æ 1 ö
3 ÷÷ dy 2x 1
çç 2 2
çè x + y - 2 x y ÷ø÷ dx = 3x y + x 2 + 2 - x + y
dy 3x 2 y 2 + 22 x - x +1 y
x +2
=
dx 1 - 2 x3 y
x+ y
3 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 4 + 23⋅1 - 13 37
3 = - 37
m= 1 - 2 ⋅1⋅ 2
= -11
3 3
11
37
y-2 =- ( x - 1)
11
37 59
y =- x+
11 11

y
26. ln( x 2 + y 2 ) = ln(5 x) + - 2; tangent at (1, 2)
x
d d é y ù
[ln( x 2 + y 2 )] = ê ln(5 x) + - 2 ú
dx dx ëê x úû
dy
1 d 2 1 d x dx - y d
2
⋅
2 dx
(x + y2) = ⋅ (5x) + 2
- (2)
x + y 5 x dx x dx
1 æ ö
ç 2 x + 2 y dy ÷÷ = 1 + 1 ⋅ dy - y
2 2 ççè ø÷
x + y dx x x dx x2
æ 2y 1 ö÷÷ dy 1 y 2x
çç - = - 2 - 2
çç 2 2 ÷÷
èx + y x ø÷ dx x x x + y2
y
1 - - 22x 2
dy x x2 x +y
= 2y
dx - 1x
x2 + y 2
1 - 2 - 52 -7
m= 4
= -51 = 7
5
-1 5
y - 2 = 7( x - 1)
y = 7x - 5

Section 6.4 449
27. y 3 + xy - y = 8 x 4 ; x = 1 29. y 3 + xy 2 + 1 = x + 2 y 2 ; x = 2
First, find the y-value of the point. Find the y-value of the point.
y 3 + (1) y - y = 8(1)4 y3 + 2 y 2 + 1 = 2 + 2 y 2
y3 = 8 y3 + 1 = 2
y = 2 y3 = 1
The point is (1, 2). y =1
dy The point is (2, 1).
Find dx
.
dy
dy dy dy Find .
3y2 +x + y- = 32 x3 dx
dx dx dx
dy dy dy dy
(3 y 2 + x - 1) = 32 x3 - y 3y2 + x2 y + y2 = 1 + 4y
dx dx dx dx
dy 32 x3 - y dy dy dy
= 3y2 + 2 xy - 4y = 1- y2
dx 3y2 + x - 1 dx dx dx
dy
At (1, 2), (3 y 2 + 2 xy - 4 y) = 1- y2
dx
dy 32(1)3 - 2 30 5 dy 1 - y2
= = = . =
dx 2
3(2) + 1 - 1 12 2 dx 3 y 2 + 2 xy - 4 y
5 At (2, 1),
y-2 = ( x - 1)
2
5 5 dy 1 - 12
y-2 = x- = 2
= 0.
2 2 dx 3(1) + 2(2)(1) - 4(1)
5 1 y - 0 = 0( x - 2)
y = x-
2 2 y =1
28. y 3 + 2 x 2 y - 8 y = x3 + 19, x = 2 30. y 4 (1 - x) + xy = 2, x = 1

dy dy dy Find the y-value.
3y2 + 2x2 + 4 xy - 8 = 3x 2
dx dx dx
y 4 (1 - 1) + y = 2
dy
(3 y 2 + 2 x 2 - 8) = 3x 2 - 4 xy y = 2
dx
dy 3x 2 - 4 xy The point is (1, 2).
=
dx 3 y2 + 2x2 - 8 Find
dy
.
dx
Find y when x = 2.
dy dy
y 4 (-1) + 4 y 3 (1 - x) +x + y = 0
3
y + 8 y - 8 y = 8 + 19 dx dx
dy dy dy
y3 = 27 - y 4 + 4 y3 - 4 xy3 +x + y = 0
dx dx dx
y =3 (4 y3 - 4 xy3 + x)
dy
= y4 - y
dy 12 - 24 -12 4 dx
= = =-
dx 27 + 8 - 8 27 9 dy y4 - y
=
dx 4 y3 - 4 xy3 + x
4
y - 3 = - ( x - 2)
9 dy
at (1, 2) is
4 8 dx
y-3 = - x+
9 9
24 - 2 16 - 2
4 35 = = 14.
y =- x+ 3
4 ⋅ 2 - 1(1)2 + 1 3 32 - 32 + 1
9 9

y - 2 = 14( x - 1) dy
Find .
y - 2 = 14 x - 14 dx
y = 14 x - 12 y 1 2 dy 1 dy
(2 x) + ( x - 64) + x 2/3 y-2/3
18 18 dx 3 dx
31. 2 y3 ( x - 3) + x y = 3; x = 3 2 -1/3 1/3
+ x y =0
3
Find the y-value of the point.
æ x 2 - 64 x 2/3 y-2/3 ö÷÷ dy -2 xy 2 x-1/3 y1/3
çç
2 y 3 (3 - 3) + 3 y = 3 çç 18 + ÷
÷÷ dx = -
è 3 ø 18 3
3 y =3 -1/3 1/3
-2 xy
dy - 2x 3 y -2 xy - 12 x-1/3 y1/3
y =1 = 18 =
x 2 - 64 + 6 x 2/3 y-2/3
2/3 -2/3
dx x 2 - 64 + x y
y =1 18 3
The point is (3, 1) dy

at (8, 27) is
dy dx
Find dx
.
-2(8)(27) - 12(8)-1/3(27)-1/3 -432 - 18
dy 2/3 -2/3
= 24
2 y3 (1) + 6 y 2 ( x - 3) 64 - 64 + 6(8) (27) 9
dx
æ 9 ö
æ 1 ö÷ -1/2 dy = (-450) çç ÷÷÷
+ x çç ÷÷ y + y =0 çè 24 ø
çè 2 ø dx
-675
dy x dy =
6 y 2 ( x - 3) + = -2 y 3 - y 4
dx 2 y dx
675
é ù dy y - 27 = - ( x - 8)
ê 6 y 2 ( x - 3) + x ú 3 4
ê 2 y ú dx = -2 y - y
675
êë úû y - 27 = - x + 1350
4
dy -2 y 3 - y
= 675
dx 6 y 2 ( x - 3) + x y =- x + 1377
2 y 4
-4 y 7/2 - 2 y 33. x 2/3 + y 2/3 = 2; (1, 1)
=
12 y 5/2 ( x - 3) + x dy
Find .
At (3, 1), dx
2 -1/3 2 dy
dy -4(1) - 2 -6 x + y-1/3 =0
= = = -2. 3 3 dx
dx 12(1)(3 - 3) + 3 3
2 dy 2
y-1/3 = - x-1/3
y - 1 = -2( x - 3) 3 dx 3
2
y - 1 = -2 x + 6 dy - x -1/3
y = -2 x + 7 = 23
dx y-1/3
3
y 2 y1/3
32. ( x - 64) + x 2/3 y1/3 = 12, x = 8 = - 1/3
18 x
Find the y-value of the point. At (1, 1)
dy 11/3
y =- = -1
(64 - 64) + 82/3 y1/3 = 12 dx 11/3
18
y -1 = -1( x - 1)
4 y1/3 = 12
y -1 = -x + 1
y1/3 = 3
y = -x + 2
y = 27
The point is (8, 27).

Section 6.4 451
34. 3( x 2 + y 2 )2 = 25( x 2 - y 2 ); (2, 1)

dy
Find .
dx
d 2 d
6( x 2 + y 2 ) ( x + y 2 ) = 25 ( x 2 - y 2 )
dx dx
æ dy ö æ dy ö
6( x 2 + y 2 ) çç 2 x + 2 y ÷÷÷ = 25 çç 2 x - 2 y ÷÷÷
èç dx ø èç dx ø
dy dy dy
12 x3 + 12 x 2 y + 12 xy 2 + 12 y 3 = 50 x - 50 y
dx dx dx
2 dy 3 dy dy
12 x y + 12 y + 50 y = -12 x - 12 xy 2 + 50 x
3
dx dx dx
dy
(12 x 2 y + 12 y3 + 50 y) = -12 x3 - 12 xy 2 + 50 x
dx
dy -12 x3 - 12 xy 2 + 50 x
=
dx 12 x 2 y + 12 y 3 + 50 y
At (2,1),
dy -12(2)3 - 12(2)(1) 2 + 50(2)

=
dx 12(2)2 + 12(1)3 + 50(1)
-20
=
110
2
=-
11
2
y - 1 = - ( x - 2)
11
2 4
y -1 = - x +
11 11
2 15
y =- x+
11 11
35. y 2 ( x 2 + y 2 ) = 20 x 2 ; (1, 2)
dy
Find .
dx
dy æ dy ö
+ y 2 çç 2 x + 2 y ÷÷÷
2 y( x 2 + y 2 ) = 40 x
dx ç
è dx ø
dy dy dy
2x2 y + 2 y3 + 2 xy 2 + 2 y 3 = 40 x
dx dx dx
dy dy
2x2 y + 4 y3 = -2 xy 2 + 40 x
dx dx
æ dy ö
(2 x 2 y + 4 y 3 ) çç ÷÷÷ = -2 xy 2 + 40 x
çè dx ø
dy -2 xy 2 + 40 x
=
dx 2x2 y + 4 y3

At (1, 2),
dy -2(1)(2)2 + 40(1)
=
dx 2(1)2 (2) + 4(2)3
32 8
= =
36 9
8
y - 2 = ( x - 1)
9
8 8
y-2= x-
9 9
8 10
y = x+
9 9
36. 2( x 2 + y 2 ) 2 = 25xy 2 ; (2, 1)

dy
Find .
dx
d 2 d
4( x 2 + y 2 ) ( x + y 2 ) = 25 ( xy 2 )
dx dx
æ dy ö æ dy ö
4( x 2 + y 2 ) çç 2 x + 2 y ÷÷ = 25 çç y 2 + 2 xy ÷÷
èç dx ø÷ èç dx ø÷
dy dy dy
8x3 + 8 x 2 y + 8 xy 2 + 8 y3 = 25 y 2 + 50 xy
dx dx dx
dy dy dy
8x 2 y + 8 y3 - 50 xy = -8 x3 - 8 xy 2 + 25 y 2
dx dx dx
æ dy ö
(8x 2 y + 8 y 3 - 50 xy) çç ÷÷÷ = -8 x3 - 8 xy 2 + 25 y 2
çè dx ø
dy -8 x3 - 8 xy 2 + 25 y 2
=
dx 8x 2 y + 8 y3 - 50 xy
At (2,1),
dy -8(2)3 - 8(2)(1)2 + 25(1) 2

=
dx 8(2) 2 (1) + 8(1)3 - 50(2)(1)
-55 11
= =
-60 12
11
y -1 = ( x - 2)
12
11 11
y -1 = x-
12 6
11 5
y = x-
12 6

Section 6.4 453
37. x 2 + y 2 = 100 39. (a) u + 2v + 1 = 5
(a) Lines are tangent at points where x = 6. du du

( u + 2v + 1) = (5)
By substituting x = 6 in the equation, we dv dv
find that the points are (6, 8) and (6, - 8). 1 -1/2 du 1
u + (2v + 1)-1/2 (2) = 0
2 dv 2
d 2 d
(x + y2) = (100) 1 -1/2 du 1
dx dx u =-
2 dv (2v + 1)1/2
dy
2x + 2 y =0
dx du 2u1/2
=-
2y
dy
= -2 x
dv (2v + 1)1/2
dx
x (b) u + 2v + 1 = 5
dy = -
y dv dv
( u + 2v + 1) = (5)
x 6 3 du du
m1 = - =- =- 1 -1/2 1 dv
y 8 4 u + (2v + 1)-1/2 (2) =0
x 6 3 2 2 du
m2 = - = - = dv 1
y -8 4 (2v + 1)-1/2 = - u-1/2
du 2
First tangent: dv (2v + 1)1/2
=-
3
y - 8 = - ( x - 6)
du 2u1/2
4
The derivatives are reciprocals.
3 25
y =- x+ 2
-v
4 2 40. (a) eu -v =1
Second tangent: d æ u2 -v ö d
çe - v ÷÷÷ = (1)
3 dv çè ø dv
y - (-8) =( x - 6)
4 d æ u 2 - v ÷ö d d
çe ÷÷ø - dv v = dv (1)
3 18 dv çè
y+8 = x-
4 4 2 d
eu - v (u 2 - v ) - 1 = 0
3 25 dv
y = x-
4 2 2 æ du ö
eu - v çç 2u - 1 ÷÷÷ = 1
çè dv ø
(b)
du 1
2u -1 = 2
dv e -v
u
du 1 çæ 1 ÷ö
= çç 2 + 1 ÷÷
dv 2u èç eu - v ÷ø÷
2
du 1 + eu - v
= 2
dv 2ueu - v
38. y 2 = x3 + ax + b
d 2 d 3
(y ) = ( x + ax + b)
dx dx
dy
2y = 3x 2 + a
dx
dy 3x 2 + a
=
dx 2y

43. C 2 = x 2 + 100 x + 50
u2 - v
(b) e -v =1
dC 1
d æ u2 - v ö d (a) 2C = 2 x + (100) x-1/2
çe - v ÷÷÷ = (1) dx 2
du çè ø du
dC 2 x + 50 x-1/2
d æ u 2 - v ö÷ d d =
çe ÷÷ø - du v = du (1) dx 2C
du çè
dC x + 25 x-1/2 x1/2
2 d 2 dv = ⋅ 1/2
eu - v (u - v ) - = 0 dx C x
du du
2 æ dv ö÷ dv dC x3/2 + 25
eu - v çç 2u - ÷- = 0 =
çè du ÷ø du dx Cx1/2
When x = 5, the approximate increase in
2 dv dv 2 cost in dollars of an additional unit is
eu - v - = -2ueu - v
du du (5)3/2 + 25 36.18
dv æ u 2 - v ö 2 =
- çç e + 1 ÷÷÷ = -2ueu - v 2
(5 + 100 5 + 50) 1/2 1/2
(5) (17.28) 5
du è ø
2 » 0.94.
dv 2ueu - v
= 2
du (b) 900( x - 5) 2 + 25R 2 = 22, 500
eu - v + 1
R 2 = 900 - 36( x - 5) 2
41. x 2 + y 2 + 1 = 0 dR
2R = -72( x - 5)
dx
d 2 d
(x + y2) = (-1) dR -36( x - 5) 180 - 36 x
dx dx = =
dx R R
dy
2x + 2 y =0
dx When x = 5, the approximate change in
dy -2 x x revenue for a unit increase in sales is
= =-
dx 2y y 180 - 36(5) 0
= = 0.
R R
If x and y are real numbers, x 2 and y 2 are
nonnegative; 1 plus a nonnegative number cannot
equal zero, so there is no function y = f ( x) that 44. 2 p 2 + q 2 = 1600
satisfies x 2 + y 2 + 1 = 0. dq
(a) 4 p + 2q =0
dp
dq
42. x = w( x)e w( x) 4 p = -2q
dp
Differentiate both sides with respect to x using the
product and chain rules. 2p dq
- =
dw w dw w q dp
1= e + w⋅ e
dx dx This is the rate of change of demand with
respect to price.
1=
dw w
dx
(
e + we w ) dp
dw 1 (b) 4 p + 2q = 0
= w dq
dx e (1 + w) dp q
=-
When w = 1, dq 2p
dw 1 1
= 1 = . This is the rate of change of price with respect
dx e (1 + 1) 2e to demand.

Section 6.4 455
45. (a) ln q = D - 0.44 ln p p dq

E =-
1 dq 0.44 q dp
=-
q dp p æ p ö÷
= ççç - C -0.678 ÷÷ (eC (-0.678) p-1.678 )
dp q èç e p ÷ø÷
= -0.44
dq p
= 0.678
p dq This is the same answer as found in part (a).
E =-
q dp
pæ qö 47. First note that
= - çç -0.44 ÷÷÷
q çè p ÷ø if log R( w) = 1.83 - 0.43log(w)
= 0.44
then R(w) = 101.83-0.43log( w)
E is less than 1, so the demand is inelastic.
= 101.8310-0.43log( w)
(b) Solving for q first:
= 101.83[10log( w) ]-0.43
ln q = D - 0.44 ln p
= 101.83 w-0.43
ln q D -0.44 ln p
e =e
d d
q = e D p-0.44 (a) [log R(w)] = [1.83 - 0.43log(w)]
dw dw
dq
= e D (-0.678) p-1.44 1 1 dR
= 0 - 0.43
1 1
dp ln10 R(w) dw ln10 w
p dq dR R(w)
E =- = -0.43
q dp dw w
æ p ö÷ 101.83 w-0.43
= ççç - D -0.44 ÷÷ (e D (-0.44) p-1.44 ) = -0.43
çè e p ÷÷ø w
» -29.0716w-1.43
= 0.44
This is the same answer as found in part (a). (b) R(w) = 101.83 w-0.43
d d
[ R(w)] = [101.83 w-0.43 ]
46. (a) ln q = C - 0.678ln p dw dw
dR
1 dq
=-
0.678 = 101.83 (-0.43)w-1.43
q dp p dw
dp q » -29.0716w-1.43
= -0.678
dq p
48. xy a = k
p dq d d
E =- ( xy a ) = (k )
q dp dx dx
pæ qö d a
= - çç -0.678 ÷÷÷ x ( y ) + y a (1) = 0
q èç p ø÷ dx
= 0.678 æ dy ö
x çç ay a -1 ÷÷÷ + y a = 0
çè dx ø
E is less than 1, so the demand is inelastic.
dy
(b) Solving for q first: axy a -1 = -ya
dx
ln q = C - 0.678ln p
dy ya
e ln q
=e C -0.678ln p =-
dx axy a -1
q = eC p-0.678 dy y
=-
dq dx ax
= eC (-0.678) p-1.678
dp

49. b - a = (b + a)3 f ¢¢( R)

C
d d =
(b - a) = [(b + a)3 ] (1 + hcR)3
db db
da d é d 2t ù
1-
db
= 3(b + a)2
db
(b + a) ê
( 2
ê 2 R + 2R hC + R h C
3 2 2
)
ú
ú
´ ê dR ú
da æ da ö÷ ê dt ú
1- = 3(b + a)2 çç1 + ÷ ê + 2 ( 1 + hcR ) - 2thC úú
db çè db ø÷ ê
ë dR û
da da C
1- = 3(b + a)2 + 3(b + a) 2 =
db db (1 + hcR)3
da da é d 2t ù
- - 3(b + a)2 = 3(b + a)2 - 1 ê 2 ú
db db ê 2 R ( 1 + hcR ) ú
´ ê dR ú
da ê ú
[-1 - 3(b + a) 2] = 3(b + a)2 - 1 ê dt ú
db ê + 2 ( 1 + hcR ) - 2thC ú
ë dR û
da 3(b + a) 2 - 1
= For the graph of f ( R) to be concave down,
db -1 - 3(b + a) 2 f ( R) must be negative, which will be true
da when the expression in brackets above is
=0
db negative. This is what the exercise claims.
3(b + a )2 - 1 = 0
52. 2s 2 + st - 4 = 3t
1
b+a = æ
3 ds 1 ds ö
4s + (st )-1/2 çç s + t ÷÷÷ = 3
dt 2 çè dt ø
æ 1 ö÷3 1
Since b - a = (b + a)3 = çç ÷ = . ds s + t ds
çè 3 ÷÷ø 3 3 4s + dt = 3
dt 2 st
1
b+a = 8s( st ) ds
dt
+ s + t ds
dt
3 =3
1
2 st
-(b - a) = -
3 3 (8s st + t ) ds
dt
+s
=3
2a = 2 2 st
3 3
ds
1 (8s st + t ) = 6 st - s
a = dt
3 3
ds -s + 6 st
=
50. f ( x) g ( N ( x)) - m - s( x) = 0 dt 8s st + t
Differentiate both sides with respect to x.
f ¢( x ) g ( N ( x )) + f ( x ) g ¢( N ( x )) N ¢( x )
- s¢( x ) = 0 53. s 3 - 4st + 2t 3 - 5t = 0
Solve for N ¢( x). ds æç ds ö
3s 2 - ç 4t + 4s ÷÷÷ + 6t 2 - 5 = 0
ç
dt è dt ø
f ( x ) g ¢( N ( x )) N ¢( x ) = s¢( x ) - f ¢( x ) g ( N ( x ))
ds ds
s¢( x ) - f ¢( x ) g ( N ( x )) 3s 2 - 4t - 4s + 6t 2 - 5 = 0
N ¢( x ) = dt dt
f ( x ) g ¢( N ( x ))
ds 2
dN s¢( x ) - f ¢( x ) g ( N ) (3s - 4t ) = 4s - 6t 2 + 5
= dt
dx f ( x ) g ¢( N )
ds 4s - 6t 2 + 5
=
51. Differentiate f ( R) twice, treating t as a dt 3s 2 - 4t
function of R.

Section 6.5 457
dy
2(7)(3) + 2(24) =0
6.5 Related Rates dt
dy -2(7)(3)
Your Turn 1 =
dt 2(24)
x3 + 2 xy + y 2 = 1, where both x and y are functions =-
7
of t. Given x = 1, y = -2, and dx /dy = 6, find 8
dy /dt. The latter is sliding down the side of the building at
7/8 ft/min.
d 3
dt
(
x + 2 xy + y 2 =
d
dt
)
(1)
Your Turn 3
dx dy dx dy
3x 2 + 2x + 2y + 2y = 0
dt dt dt dt In Example 4, differentiating the formula for the volume
dy dy æ dx dx ö of a cone gives the following result:
52 x + 2y = -çç 3x 2 + 2 y ÷÷÷
dt dt ç
è dt dt ø dV 1 é dh dr ù
= π ê r2 + (h)(2r ) ú
dy dx çç 3x + 2 y ö÷÷
æ 2
dt 3 êë dt dt úû
= ç- ÷
dt dt çèç 2 x + 2 y ÷÷ø÷
For this problem,
Now substitute the given values. dV dr
= -10, = -0.4, r = 4, and h = 20.
dt dt
dy dx æç 3x 2 + 2 y ö÷÷
= ç- ÷
dt dt ççè 2 x + 2 y ÷÷ø Substitute these values above and solve for dh /dt.
æ 3(12 ) + 2(-2) ö÷ dV 1 é dh dr ù
ç
= 6çç - ÷÷ = π ê r2 + (h)(2r ) ú
çè 2(1) + 2(-2) ÷÷ø dt 3 êë dt dt úû
1 é dh ù
æ -1 ö÷ -10 = π ê (42 ) + (20)(2)(4)(-0.4) ú
= 6çç - ê úû
çè -2 ø÷÷ 3 ë dt
30 dh
= -3 - + 64 = 16
π dt
dh - 30 + 64
Your Turn 2 = π
dt 16
dh
» 3.4
dt
Ladder The length increases at a rate of 3.4 cm per hour.
y 25 ft Your Turn 4
The revenue equation is
æ q 2 ö÷÷ q3
ç
x R = qp = q çç 2000 - ÷÷ = 2000q - .
çè 100 ÷ø 100
x 2 + y 2 = 252 , where both x and y are functions of t.
Differentiate with respect to t.
We are interested in what happens when x = 7 ft. At
dR dq 3q 2 dq
2 2
this time, y = 25 - 7 = 24, and since the bottom = 2000 -
dt dt 100 dt
of the ladder is slipping away from the building at 3 ft/min, æ
ç 3q 2 ö÷÷ dq
dx /dt = 3. = çç 2000 - ÷
çè 100 ÷÷ø dt
d 2
dt
(x + y2 =
d
)
dt
(252 )
Substitute the know values for q and dq /dt , which are
dx dy the same as in Example 5: q = 200, dq /dt = 50.
2x + 2y =0
dt dt
Now substitute the known values.

æ 3q 2 ö÷÷ dq dx
dR ç
= çç 2000 - 2. 8 y 3 + x 2 = 1; = 2, x = 3, y = -1
÷ dt
dt çè 100 ÷ø÷ dt
æ dy dx
ç 3(2002 ) ö÷÷ 24 y 2 + 2x = 0
= çç 2000 - ÷ (50) dt dt
çè 100 ÷ø÷
dy -2 x dx x dx
dt = - dt
= (800)(50) = 40, 000 =
dt 24 y 2 12 y 2
Revenue is increasing at the rate of $40,000 per day. (3)(2) 1
=- 2
=-
12(-1) 2
6.5 Warmup Exercises
dx
3. 2 xy - 5 x + 3 y 3 = -51; = -6,
W1. x3 y + y 4 x = 5 dt
Differentiate both sides with respect to x. x = 3, y = -2
é dy ù é æ dy ö ù
ê x3 + 3x 2 y ú + ê x çç 4 y 3 ÷÷÷ + y 4 ú = 0 dy dx dx dx
êë dx úû êë èç dx ø ú
û 2x + 2y -5 + 9 y2 =0
dt dt dt dt
dx
(
dy 3
) (
x + 4 xy 3 = - 3x 2 y + y 4 ) (2 x + 9 y 2 )
dy
dt
+ (2 y - 5)
dx
dt
=0
dy 3x 2 y + y 4 (2 x + 9 y 2 )
dy
= (5 - 2 y )
dx
=- 3 dt dt
dx x + 4 xy 3
dy 5 - 2y dx
= ⋅
2 dt
dt 2x + 9 y
W2. x 2 + y 2 = 3xy3 5 - 2(-2)
= ⋅ (-6)
Differentiate both sides with respect to x. 2(3) + 9(-2)2
dy æ dy ö
2x + 2 y = (3x ) çç 3 y 2 ÷÷÷ + 3 y 3 =
9
⋅ (-6) =
-54
dx çè dx ø 42 42
9
dy
dx
( )
2 y - 9 xy 2 = 3 y 3 - 2 x =-
7
dy 3y3 - 2x
=
dx 2 y - 9 xy 2
6.5 Exercises
dx
1. y 2 - 8x3 = -55; = -4, x = 2, y = 3
dt
dy dx
2y - 24 x 2 =0
dt dt
dy dx
y = 12 x 2
dt dt
dy
3 = 48(-4)
dt
dy
= -64
dt

Section 6.5 459
dx
4. 4 x3 - 6 xy 2 + 3 y 2 = 228; = 3,
dt
x = -3, y = 4
dx æç 2 dx dy ö dy
12 x 2 - ç6y + 12 xy ÷÷÷ + 6 y =0
dt çè dt dt ø dt
dx dx dy dy
12 x 2 - 6 y2 - 12 xy + 6y =0
dt dt dt dt
dy dx
(6 y - 12 xy) = (6 y 2 - 12 x 2 )
dt dt
dy y 2 - 2 x 2 dx
= ⋅
dt y - 2 xy dt
42 - 2 ⋅ (-3) 2
= ⋅3
4 - 2 ⋅ (-3) ⋅ 4
2 -6
=- ⋅3=
28 28
3
=-
14
x2 + y dx
5. = 9; = 2, x = 4, y = 2
x-y dt
(
( x - y) 2 x dx
dt
+
dy
dt ) - (x2 + y) ( dxdt - dydt ) = 0
( x - y) 2
dy dy
2 x( x - y) dx
dt
+ ( x - y) dt - ( x 2 + y) dx
dt
+ ( x 2 + y) dt
=0
( x - y)2
dx dy
[2 x( x - y) - ( x 2 + y)] + [( x - y) + ( x 2 + y)] =0
dt dt
dy [( x 2 + y) - 2 x( x - y)] dx
dt
= 2
dt ( x - y) + ( x + y)
dy (-x 2 + y + 2 xy) dx
dt
=
dt x + x2
[-(4)2 + 2 + 2(4)(2)](2)
=
4 + 42
4 1
= =
20 5

dy æy ö dx
(ln x + xe y ) = -çç + e y ÷÷
3
y - 4x 2
44 dx dt ç
èx ÷ø dt
6. = ; = 5,
(y )
3 31 dt
x + 2y + e y dx
dy x dt
x = -3, y = -2 =-
dt ln x + xe y
31( y 3 - 4 x 2 ) = 44( x3 + 2 y) ( y + xe y ) dx
=- dt
31y 3 - 124 x 2 = 44 x3 + 88 y x ln x + x 2e y
93 y 2
dy
- 248 x
dx
= 132 x 2
dx
+ 88
dy [0 + (1)e0 ](5)
=- = -5
dt dt dt dt (1) ln1 + 12 e0
2 dy 2 dx
(93 y - 88) = (132 x + 248x)
dt dt dx
9. C = 0.2 x 2 + 10,000; x = 80, = 12
dy 132 x 2 + 248x dx dt
= ⋅
dt 93 y 2 - 88 dt
dC dx
= 0.2(2 x) = 0.2(160)(12) = 384
132(-3) 2 + 248(-3) dt dt
= ⋅5
93(-2)2 - 88 The cost is changing at a rate of $384 per month.
444 2220 555
= ⋅5 = =
284 284 71 R2 dC
10. C = + 12,000; = 15
450,000 dx
dx R = 25,000
7. xe y = 3 + ln x; = 6, x = 2, y = 0
dt
dC R dR
= ⋅
ydx dy 1 dx dx 225,000 dx
e + xe y = 0+
dt dt x dt 25,000 dR
15 = ⋅
y dy æ1 ö dx 225,000 dx
xe = çç - e y ÷÷÷
dt çè x ø dt 1 dR
15 = ⋅
dy
=
( 1x - e y ) dxdt 9 dx
dR
dt xe y 135 =
dx
(1 - xe y ) dx
dt
= Revenue is changing at a rate of $135 per month.
x 2e y
[1 - (2)e0 ](6) 11. R = 50 x - 0.4 x 2 ; C = 5 x + 15;
=
2 2 e0 dx
x = 40; = 10
-6 3 dt
= =-
4 2
dR dx dx
(a) = 50 - 0.8 x
dt dt dt
dx
8. y ln x + xe y = 1; = 5, x = 1, y = 0 = 50(10) - 0.8(40)(10)
dt
= 500 - 320
d d d = 180
( y ln x) + ( xe y ) = (1)
dt dx dt Revenue is increasing at a rate of $180 per day.
dy y dx dx dy
ln x + + ey + x ⋅ ey =0 dC dx
dt x dt dt dt (b) =5 = 5(10) = 50
dt dt
dy æç y ö dx
(ln x + xe y ) + ç + e y ÷÷÷ =0 Cost is increasing at a rate of $50 per day.
dt çè x ø dt
(c) Profit = Revenue - Cost
P = R-C
dP dR dC
= - = 180 - 50 = 130
dt dt dt
Profit is increasing at a rate of $130 per day.

Section 6.5 461
12. R = 50 x - 0.4 x 2 , C = 5 x + 15; æ 1 ö

R = çç - q + 70 ÷÷ q
çè 10 ÷ø
dx
x = 80, = 12
dt 1 2
=- q + 70q
10
dR dx dx
(a) = 50 - 0.8x dR 1 dq dq
dt dt dt =- q + 70
dt 5 dt dt
= 50(12) - 0.8(80)(12)
1
= 600 - 768 = - (20)(25) + 70(25)
5
= -168 = -100 + 1750
Revenue is decreasing at a rate of $168 per day. = $1650
dC dx Revenue is increasing at a rate of $1650 per day.
(b) = (5) = (5)(12) = 60
dt dt
Cost is increasing at a rate of $60 per day. 15. V = k ( R 2 - r 2 ); k = 555.6, R = 0.02 mm,
dR = 0.003 mm per minute; r is constant.
(c) P = R-C dt
dP dR dC
= - V = k (R2 - r2 )
dt dt dt
= -168 - 60 V = 555.6( R 2 - r 2 )
= -228 dV æ dR ö
= 555.6 çç 2 R - 0 ÷÷÷
Profit is decreasing at a rate of $228 per day. dt ç
è dt ø
= 555.6(2)(0.02)(0.003)
dp = 0.067 mm/min
13. pq = 8000; p = 3.50, = 0.15
dt
pq = 8000 16. y = nx m
dq dp Note that n is a constant.
p +q =0
dt dt
dp ln y = ln(nx m )
dq -q dt
= ln y = ln n + ln x m
dt p
ln y = ln n + m ln x
=
(
- 8000
3.50 )
(0.15)
Now take the derivative of both sides with respect
3.50
to t.
» -98
1 dy 1 dx
Demand is decreasing at a rate of approximately =0+m
98 units per unit time. y dt x dt
1 dy 1 dx
= m
dq y dt x dt
14. R = pq; = 25
dt
Find the relationship between p and q by finding 17. b = 0.22m0.87
the equation of the line through (0, 70), and
(100, 60). db dm
= 0.22(0.87)m-0.13
70 - 60 10 1 dt dt
m = = =- -0.13 dm
6 - 100 -100 10 = 0.1914m
1 dt
p - 70 = - (q - 0)
10 dm m0.13 db
=
1 dt 0.1914 dt
p - 70 = - q
10 250.13
= (0.25)
1 0.1914
p = - q + 70
10 » 1.9849
The rate of change of the total weight is about
1.9849 g/day.

18. E = 429m-0.35 -0.02t 2 + t

22. W (t ) =
t +1
dE dm
= 429(-0.35)m-1.35 dW (-0.04t + 1)(t + 1) - (1)(-0.02t 2 + t )
dt dt =
dm dt (t + 1)2
= -150.15m-1.35
dt If t = 5,
= -150.15(10)-1.35 (0.001)
dW (-0.2 + 1)(6) - (-0.5 + 5)
» -0.0067 =
dt 62
The rate of change of the energy expenditure is 4.8 - 4.5
=
about -0.0067 cal/g/hr 2. 36
= 0.008.
19. r = 140.2m0.75
23. Let x = The distance of the base of the ladder
dr dm
(a) = 140.2(0.75)m-0.25 from the base of the building
dt dt y = The distance up the side of the building
-0.25 dm to the top of the ladder
= 105.15m
dt
dr
(b) = 105.15(250)-0.25 (2)
dt
» 52.89
The rate of change of the average daily
metabolic rate is about 52.89 kcal/day 2.
20. E = 26.5w-0.34 dy dx
Find dt
when x = 8 ft and dt
= 9 ft/min.
dE dw
= 26.5(-0.34)w-1.34
dt dt Since y = 17 2 - x 2 , when x = 8,
-1.34 dw y = 15.
= -9.01w
dt By the Pythagorean theorem,
-1.34
= -9.01(5) (0.05)
x 2 + y 2 = 17 2.
» -0.0521
d 2 d
The rate of change of the energy expenditure is (x + y2) = (17 2 )
about -0.0521 kcal/kg/km/day. dx dt
dx dy
2x + 2y =0
1 dt dt
21. C = (T - 60)2 + 100 dy dx
10 2y = -2 x
dC 1 dT dt dt
= (T - 60) dy -2 x dx x dx
dt 5 dt = ⋅ =- ⋅
dt 2 y dt y dt
dT
If T = 76 and = 8, 8
dt =- (9)
dC 1 1 15
= (76 - 60)(8) = (16)(8) 24
dt 5 5 =-
= 25.6. 5
The crime rate is rising at the rate of 25.6 The ladder is sliding down the building at the rate
crimes/month. of 24
5
ft/min.

Section 6.5 463
24. (a) Let x = the distance one car travels west; The distance between the cars after the second
y = the distance the other car travels north car has traveled 1 hour is about 72.11 mi.
s = the distance between the two cars
ds
72.11 = (40)(40) + (60)(30)
dt
ds 3400
= » 47.15
dt 72.11
The distance between the two cars is changing
at a rate of about 47.15 mph.
25. Let r = the raius of the circle formed

by the ripple.
Find dA when r = 4 ft and dr = 2 ft/min.

dt dt
s2 = x2 + y 2
ds dx dy A = π r2
2s = 2x + 2y
dt dt dt dA dr
ds dx dy = 2π r
s = x + y dt dt
dt dt dt = 2π (4)(2) = 16π
Use d = rt to find x and y.
The area is changing at the rate of 16π ft 2 /min.
x = (40)(2) = 80 mi
y = (30)(2) = 60 mi 4 π r 3,
26. V = 3
r = 4 in, and dr
dt
= - 14 in/hr
2 2
s = x + y
dV dr
= 4π r 2
= (80)2 + (60)2 dt dt
= 100 æ 1ö
= 4π (4)2 çç - ÷÷÷ = -16π in 3 /hr
çè 4 ø
The distance between the cars after 2 hours is
100 mi.
dx dy
dt
= 40 mph and dt = 30 mph 27. V = x3, x = 3 cm, and dV = 2 cm3 /min
dt
ds dV dx
(100) = (80)(40) + (60)(30) = 3x 2
dt dt dt
ds 5000 dx 1 dV
= = 50 =
dt 100 dt 3x 2 dt
1 2
= 2
(2) = cm/min
The distance between the two cars is changing 3⋅3 27
at the rate of 50 mph.
(b) From part (a), we have 28. Let r = the radius of the base of the
conical pile.
ds dx dy
s = x + y
dt dt dt
Use d = rt to find x and y. When the second
car has traveled 1 hour, the first car has
traveled 2 hours.
x = 40(1) = 40 mi
y = 30(2) = 60 mi
s = x2 + y2
Find dV when r = 6 in, and dr = 0.75 in/min.
= (40) 2 + (60) 2 dt dt
= 72.11 h = 2r for all t.

π 30. Let x = one-half the width of the

V = r 2h triangular cross section;
3
π h = the height of the water;
V = r 2 (2r ) V = the volume of the water.
3
2π 3 dV
= r = 4 cu ft per min
3 dt
dV 3 ⋅ 2π r 2 dr
= ⋅
dt 3 dt
dV 2
= 2π (6) (0.75)
dt
= 54π
The volume is changing at the rate of
Find dh when h = 4.
54π in 3 /min. dt
æ Area of ö÷
29. Let y = the length of the man’s shadow; ç
V = çç triangular ÷÷÷ ⋅ (length)
x = the distane of the man from the ççè cross section ÷ø
lamp post;
h = the height of the lamp post. Area of triangular cross section
1
= (base)(height)
2
1
= (2 x)(h) = xh
2
By similar triangles,
6 6
= ,
2x h
dx
= 50 ft/min h
dt so x = .
2
dy
Find dt
when x = 25 ft. V = ( xh) (16)
æh ö
Now h = 6y , by similar triangles. = çç h ÷÷÷ 16
x+ y çè 2 ø
When x = 8, y = 10, = 8h 2
h 6 dV dh
= = 16h
18 10 dt dt
h = 10.8. 1 dV dh
=
10.8 6 16h dt dt
= , 1 dh
x+ y y (4) =
10.8 y = 6 x + 6 y 16(4) dt
dh 1
4.8 y = 6 x =
dt 16
y = 1.25x
The height of the water is increasing at a rate of
dy dx
= 1.25 1 ft/min.
dt dt 16
= 1.25(50)
dy
= 62.5
dt
The length of the shadow is increasing at the rate
of 62.5 ft/min.

Section 6.6 465
dr dx
31. Let x = the distance from the docks 2r = 2x +0
dt dt
s = the length of the rope.
dr dx
r = x
dt dt
dr x dx
= dt
dt r
dr 100 3(50)
= = 25 3
dt 200
» 43.3
She must let out the string at a rate of
ds 25 3 » 43.3 ft/min.
= 1 ft/sec
dt
s 2 = x 2 + (8) 2
ds dx 6.6 Differentials: Linear Approximation
2s = 2x +0
dt dt
ds dx Your Turn 1
s = x
dt dt
y = 300 x-2/3, x = 8, dx = 0.05
If x = 8,
dy æ 2ö
s = (8)2 + (8)2 = 128 = 8 2. = çç - ÷÷÷ (300) x-5/3 = -200 x-5/3
dx çè 3 ø
Then, dy = -200 x-5/3dx
8 2(1) = 8
dx = (-200)(8-5/3 )(0.05)
dt æ 1 öæ 1 ö
dx = (-200) çç ÷÷çç ÷÷
= 2 » 1.41 ÷ç 20 ø÷
çè 32 øè
dt
5
=-
The boat is approaching the dock at 2 » 1.41 16
ft/sec.
Your Turn 2
32. Let x = the horizontal length;
Use the approximation formula for f ( x) = x
r = the rope length.
developed in Example 2:
1
f ( x + Δ x) » x + dx
2 x
For this problem, x = 100 and dx = -1.
f (99) = f (100 - 1)
1
» 100 + (-1)
2 100
dx 1
= 50 ft/min = 10 -
dt 20
= 9.95
By the Pythagorean theorem,
Your Turn 3
x 2 + 1002 = 2002
Use the approximation derived in Example 5:
x = 30, 000 = 100 3
dV = 4π r 2dr
2 2 2
r = x + 100
For this problem, r = 1.25 and dr = Δr = 0.025.

dV = 4π (1.25) 2 (0.025) 4. y = 2 x 3 + x 2 - 4 x; x = 2, Δx = -0.2

» 0.491 dy = (6 x 2 + 2 x - 4)dx
» 0.5
Δy » (6 x 2 + 2 x - 4)Δx
3
The maximum error in the volume is about 0.5 mm . = [6(2)2 + 2(2) - 4](-0.2)
= (24 + 4 - 4)(-0.2) = -4.8
6.6 Warmup Exercises
5. y = 3x + 2, x = 4, Δx = 0.15
W1. Use the chain rule, writing f ( x ) = x4 + 2 æ1 ö
dy = 3çç (3x + 2)-1/ 2 ÷÷÷ dx
as h( g ( x )) with h( x ) = x1/ 2 and çè 2 ø
g ( x ) = x 4 + 2. 3 3
Δy » Δx » (0.15) » 0.060
f ¢( x ) = f ¢( g ( x )) g ¢( x ) 2 3x + 2 2(3.74)
=
1
2
( )
g ( x )-1/ 2 4 x 3 6. y = 4 x - 1; x = 5, Δ x = 0.08
1
dy = (4 x - 1)-1/2 (4) dx
2 x3 2
=
x4 + 2 = 2(4 x - 1)-1/2 dx
Δy » 2(4 x - 1)-1/2 Δ x
W2. Use the chain rule, writing f ( x ) = ln(e2 x + 1)
as h( g ( x )) with = 2[4(5) - 1]-1/2 (0.08)
h( x ) = ln x and g ( x ) = e2 x + 1. = 2(19)-1/2 (0.08)

f ¢( x ) = f ¢( g ( x )) g ¢( x ) 2(0.08)
= = 0.037
(19)-1/2
=
1
g ( x)
(2e 2 x ) 2x - 5
7. y = ; x = 2, Δx = -0.03
2e 2x x +1
= 2x ( x + 1)(2) - (2 x - 5)(1)
e +1 dy = dx
( x + 1)2
6.6 Exercises 7
= dx
1. y = 2 x3 - 5x; x = -2, Δx = 0.1 ( x + 1)2
dy = (6 x 2 - 5)dx 7
Δy » Δx
2 2 ( x + 1)2
Δy » (6 x - 5)Δx » [6(-2) - 5](0.1) » 1.9
7
= (-0.03)
(2 + 1)2
2. y = 4 x3 - 3x; x = 3, Δx = 0.2
= -0.023
dy = (12 x3 - 3)dx
6x - 3
Δy » (12 x 2 - 3)Δx » [12(3)2 - 3](0.2) » 21 8. y = ; x = 3, Δx = -0.04
2x + 1
3. y = x 3 - 2 x 2 + 3, x = 1, Δx = -0.1 6(2 x + 1) - 2(6 x - 3)
dy = dx
(2 x + 1)2
dy = (3x 2 - 4 x)dx
12
Δy » (3x 2 - 4 x )Δx = dx
(2 x + 1)2
= [3(12 ) - 4(1)](-0.1)
12
= 0.1 Δy » Δx
(2 x + 1)2
12
= (-0.04)
[2(3) + 1]2
-0.48
= = -0.010
49

Section 6.6 467
9. 145 dy 1
= x-1/2
dx 2
We know 144 = 12, so f ( x) = x , x = 144,
1 1
dx = 1. dy = dx = (1.02)
2 x 2 16
dy 1
= x-1/2 1
= (1.02) = 0.1275
dx 2 8
1
dy = dx 17.02 » f ( x) + dy
2 x
= 4 + 0.1275 = 4.1275
1 1
dy = (1) =
2 144 24 By calculator, 17.02 » 4.1255.
1 The difference is | 4.1275 - 4.1255 | = 0.0020.
145 » f ( x) + dy = 12 +
24
» 12.0417 13. e0.01
By calculator, 145 » 12.0416. We know e0 = 1, so f ( x) = e x , x = 0,

dx = 0.01.
The difference is |12.0417 - 12.0416| = 0.0001.
dy
10. 23 = ex
dx
We know 25 = 5, f ( x) = x , x = 25, and dy = e x dx
dx = -2.
dy = e0 (0.01) = 0.01
dy 1
= x-1 2 e0.01 » f ( x) + dy = 1 + 0.01 = 1.01
dx 2
1 1 1 By calculator, e0.01 » 1.0101.
dy = dx = (-2) = - = -0.2.
2 x 2 25 5
23 » f ( x) + dy = 5 - 0.2 = 4.8
14. e-0.002
By calculator, 23 » 4.7958.
We know e0 = 1, f ( x) = e x , x = 0, and
dx = -0.002.
11. 0.99
dy
= ex
We know 1 = 1, so f ( x) = x , x = 1, dx
dx = -0.01. dy = e x dx = e0 (-0.002) = -0.002
dy 1 e-0.002 » f ( x) + dy = 1 - 0.002 = 0.998
= x-1/2
dx 2
1 By calculator, e-0.002 » 0.9980.
dy = dx
2 x The difference is |0.9980 - 0.998| = 0.
1
dy = (-0.01) = -0.005
2 1 15. ln 1.05
0.99 » f ( x) + dy = 1 - 0.005 We know ln 1 = 0, so f ( x) = ln x, x = 1,
= 0.995 dx = 0.05.
dy 1
By calculator, 0.99 » 0.9950. =
dx x
The difference is |0.995 - 0.9950| = 0. 1
dy = dx
x
12. 17.02
1
dy = (0.05) = 0.05
We know 16 = 4, f ( x) = x , x = 16, and 1
dx = 1.02. ln 1.05 » f ( x) + dy = 0 + 0.05 = 0.05

By calculator, ln 1.05 » 0.0488. 12,000

dR = (0.01)dx
The difference is |0.05 - 0.0488| = 0.0012. 0.01x + 1
120
ΔR » Δx
16. ln 0.98 0.01x + 1
120
We know ln1 = 0, f ( x) = ln x, x = 1, and » (1)
0.01(100) + 1
dx = -0.02.
» $60
dy 1
= 20. P = R - C
dx x
1 1 = 12,000 ln(0.01x + 1) - (150 + 75x)
dy = dx = (-0.02) = -0.02
x 1 x = 100, Δx = 1
ln 0.98 » f ( x) + dy = 0 - 0.02 = -0.02 12, 000
dP = (0.01)dx - 75dx
By calculator, ln 0.98 » -0.0202. 0.01x + 1
12, 000
The difference is | -0.02 - (-0.0202)| = 0.0002. ΔP » (0.01) Δx - 75Δ x
0.01x + 1
17. Let D = the demand in thousands of pounds; 12, 000
» (0.01)(1) - 75(1)
0.01(100) + 1
x = the price in dollars.
» 60 - 75
D(q) = -3q3 - 2q 2 + 1500
» -15
(a) q = 2, Δq = 0.10 The change in profit is a loss of about of $15.
2
dD = (-9q - 4q)dq
21. If a cube is given a coating 0.1 in. thick, each edge
ΔD » (-9q 2 - 4q) Δq increases in length by twice that amount, or 0.2 in.
» [-9(4) - 4(2)](0.10) because there is a face at both ends of the edge.
» -4.4 thousand pounds V = x3, x = 4, Δx = 0.2
(b) q = 6, Δq = 0.15
dV = 3x 2dx
ΔD » [-9(36) - 4(6)](0.15)
» -52.2 thousand pounds ΔV » 3x 2 Δx
= 3(42 )(0.2)
18. A( x) = 0.04 x3 + 0.1x 2 + 0.5 x + 6 = 9.6
(a) x = 3, Δx = 1 For 1000 cubes 9.6(1000) = 9600 in.3 of coating

dA = (0.12 x 2 + 0.2 x + 0.5)dx should be ordered.
= (0.12 x 2 + 0.2 x + 0.5) Δx 22. Let x = the number of beach balls;

= [(0.12)(3)2 + (0.2)(3) + (0.5)](1) V = the volume of x beach balls.
= 2.18 dV
Then » the volume of material in
The change in average cost is about $2.18. dr beach balls since they are
(b) x = 5, Δx = 1 hollow.
dA = [(0.12)(5)2 + (0.2)(5) + (0.5)](1) 4 3
V = πr x
= 4.5 3
The change in average cost is about $4.50. r = 6 in., x = 5000, Δ r = 0.03 in.
4
19. R( x) = 12,000 ln(0.01x + 1) dV = π (3r 2 x + r 3 ) Δ r
3
x = 100, Δx = 1
4
= π (3 ⋅ 36 ⋅ 5000 + 216)(0.03)
3
= 21,608.64π
21, 608π in.3 of material would be needed.

Section 6.6 469
23. (a) A( x) = y = 0.003631x3 - 0.03746 x 2 25t

25. P(t ) =
+ 0.1012 x + 0.009 8 + t2
(8 + t 2 )(25) - 25t (2t )
Let x = 1, dx = 0.2. dP = dt
(8 + t 2 ) 2
dy
= 0.010893x 2 - 0.07492 x + 0.1012 (8 + t 2 )(25) - 25t (2t )
dx » Δt
2
dy = (0.010893x - 0.07492 x + 0.1012)dx
(8 + t 2 )2
Δ y » (0.010893x 2 - 0.07492 x + 0.1012)Δx (a) t = 2, Δ t = 0.5

» (0.010893 ⋅ 12 - 0.07492 ⋅ 1 + 0.1012) ⋅ 0.2 [(8 + 4)(25) - (25)(2)(4)](0.5)
» 0.007435
dP =
(8 + 4)2
The alcohol concentration increases by about = 0.347 million
0.74 percent.
(b) t = 3, Δt = 0.25
(b)
[(8 + 9)(25) - 25(3)(6)]0.25
Δy » (0.010893 ⋅ 32 - 0.07492 ⋅ 3 + 0.1012) ⋅ 0.2 dP =
(8 + 9)2
» -0.005105
» -0.022 million
The alcohol concentration decreases by about
0.51 percent. 26. A = π r 2 , r = 1.7 mm, Δr = -0.1 mm
5t dA = 2π r dr
24. C =
9 + t2 Δ A » 2π r Δr
5(9 + t 2 ) - 2t (5t ) = 2π (1.7)(-0.1)
dC = dt
(9 + t 2 )2 = -0.34π mm 2
45 + 5t 2 - 10t 2 27. r changes from 14 mm to 16 mm, so Dr = 2.
= 2 2
dt
(9 + t )
4 3
V = πr
45 - 5t 2 3
= dt
(9 + t 2 )2 4
dV = (3)π r 2 dr
45 - 5t 2 3
» Dt ΔV » 4π r 2 Δ r
(9 + t 2 )2
= 4π (14)2 (2)
(a) t = 1, Δt = 0.5
= 1568π mm3
2
45 - 5(1)
dC » (0.5)
(9 + 1)2 28. A = π r 2 , r = 1.2 mi, Δ r = 0.2 mi
40 dA = 2π r dr
= (0.5) Δ A » 2π r Δ r
100
= 0.2 = 2π (1.2)(0.2)
(b) t = 2, Δt = 0.25 = 0.48π mi 2
45 - 5(2)2 29. r increases from 20 mm to 22 mm, so Dr = 2.

dC » (0.25)
(9 + 4) 2 A = π r2
= 0.037 dA = 2π rdr
Δ A » 2π r Δr
= 2π (20)(2)
= 80π mm 2

1.181 p
30. A( p) =
94.359 - p
(a) Since values for p must be non-negative and the denominator can’t be zero, a sensible domain would be from
0 to about 94.
(94.359 - p)(1.181) - 1.181 p(-1)
(b) dA = dp
(94.359 - p)2
111.437979 - 1.181 p + 1.181 p
= dp
(94.359 - p)2
111.437979
= dp
(94.359 - p)2
We are given p = 60 and dp = 65 - 60 = 5.
111.437979
dA » (5) » 0.472
(94.359 - 60)2
It will take about 0.47 years.

The actual value is
A(65) - A(60) » 2.615 - 2.062 = 0.553
or about 0.55 years.
-0.01394(t -108.4)
31. W (t ) = -3.5 + 197.5e-e
-0.01394(t -108.4)
(a) dW = 197.5e-e (-1)e-0.01394(t -108.4) (-0.01394)dt
-0.01394(t -108.4)
= 2.75315e-e e-0.01394(t -108.4) dt
We are given t = 80 and dt = 90 - 80 = 10.
dW » 9.258
The pig will gain about 9.3 kg.
(b) The actual weight gain is calculated as

W (90) - W (80) » 50.736 - 41.202
= 9.534
or about 9.5 kg.

Section 6.6 471
4 3 36. A = x 2 ; x = 3.45, Δx = 0.002

32. V = π r , r = 4 cm, Δr = 0.2 cm
3 dA = 2 x dx
dV = 4π r 2dr ΔA » 2 x Δx = 2(3.45)(0.002)
ΔV » 4π r 2Δ r = 0.0138 in.2
= 4π (4)2 (0.2)
= 12.8π cm3 37. A = x 2 ; x = 4, dA = 0.01
dA = 2 x dx
33. r = 3 cm, Δr = -0.2 cm
ΔA » 2 x Δx
4 ΔA 0.01
V = π r3 Δx » » » 0.00125 cm
3 2x 2(4)
dV = 4π r 2dr
ΔV » 4π r 2 Δr 38. r = 4.87 in., Δr = 0.040
= 4π (9)(-0.2)
A = π r2
3
= -7.2π cm dA = 2π r dr
Δ A » 2π r Δr = 2π (4.87)(0.040)
34. V = x3, V = 27, x = 3, ΔV = 0.1
= 1.224 in.2
dV = 3x 2dx 4 3
39. V = π r ; r = 5.81, Δr = 0.003
ΔV » 3x 2 Δx 3
4
ΔV dV = π (3r 2 )dr
Δx » 2 3
3x
4
0.1 ΔV » π (3r 2 )Δr
» 3
3.32
= 4π (5.81)2 (0.003)
» 0.0037 mm
= 0.405π » 1.273 in.3
1
35. V = π r 2h; h = 13, dh = 0.2
3 40. V = x3; x = 5, dV = 0.3
2
1 æç h ö÷ dV = 3x 2dx
V = π ç ÷÷ h
3 çè 15 ø ΔV » 3 x 2 Δ x
π
= h3 Δx »
ΔV
775
3x 2
π 2
dV = ⋅ 3h dh 0.3
775 »
3(52 )
π 2
= h dh » 0.004 ft
225
π
ΔV » h 2Δh 41. h = 7.284 in., r = 1.09  0.007 in.
225
π 1 2
» (132 )(0.2) V = πr h
225 3
» 0.472 cm3 2
dV = π rh dr
3
2
ΔV » π rh Δr
3
2
= π (1.09)(7.284)(0.007)
3
= 0.116 in.3

Chapter 6 Review Exercises 13. f ( x) = x3 + 2 x 2 - 15x + 3; [-4, 2]

f ¢( x) = 3x 2 + 4 x - 15 = 0 when
1. False: The absolute maximum might occur at the
endpoint of the interval of interest. (3x - 5)(x + 3) = 0
5
x = or x = -3.
2. True 3
f (-4) = 31
3. False: It could have either. For example
f (-3) = 39
f ( x) = 1/(1 - x 2 ) has an absolute minimum of
æ5ö 319
1 on (-1, 1). f çç ÷÷÷ = -
çè 3 ø 27
f (2) = -11
4. True
Absolute maximum of 39 at -3; absolute
minimum of - 319 at 5.
5. True 27 3
6. True 14. f ( x) = -2 x3 - 2 x 2 + 2 x - 1; [-3, 1]

f ¢( x ) = - 6 x 2 - 4 x + 2
7. True
f ¢( x) = 0 when
8. True 3x 2 + 2 x - 1 = 0
(3x - 1)( x + 1) = 0
9. True
1
x = or x = -1.
10. True 3
f (-3) = 29
11. 3 2
f ( x) = -x + 6 x + 1; [-1, 6] f (-1) = -3
æ1ö 17
f ¢( x) = -3x 2 + 12 x = 0 when x = 0, 4. f çç ÷÷÷ = -
çè 3 ø 27
f (-1) = 8 f (1) = -3
f (0) = 1
Absolute maximum of 29 at -3; absolute
f (4) = 33
minimum of -3 at -1 and 1.
f (6) = 1
2ln x
17. (a) f ( x) = ; [1, 4]
Absolute maximum of 33 at 4; absolute x2
minimum of 1 at 0 and 6.
f ¢( x ) =
( )
x 2 2x - (2 ln x)(2 x)
12. f ( x) = 4 x3 - 9 x 2 - 3; [-1, 2] x4
2 x - 4 x ln x
f ¢( x) = 12 x 2 - 18 x = 0 when x = 0, 32 . =
x4
f (-1) = -16 2 - 4 ln x
=
f (0) = -3 x3
æ3ö f ¢( x) = 0 when
f çç ÷÷÷ = -9.75
çè 2 ø
2 - 4ln x = 0
f (2) = -7
2 = 4ln x
Absolute maximum of -3 at 0; absolute minimum 0.5 = ln x
of -16 at -1.
e0.5 = x
x » 1.6487.

Chapter 6 Review 473
x f ( x) 21. x 2 - 4 y 2 = 3x3 y 4
1 0
d 2 d
e 0.5
0.36788 (x - 4 y2 ) = (3x3 y 4 )
dx dx
4 0.17329 dy dy
2x - 8 y = 9 x 2 y 4 + 3x3 ⋅ 4 y 3
Maximum is 0.37; minimum is 0. dx dx
dy
(b) [2, 5] (-8 y - 3x3 ⋅ 4 y 3 ) = 9x2 y 4 - 2x
dx
Note that the critical number of f is not in the dy 2x - 9x2 y 4
domain, so we only test the endpoints. =
dx 8 y + 12 x3 y 3
x f ( x)
2 0.34657 22. x 2 y 3 + 4 xy = 2
5 0.12876 d 2 3 d
( x y + 4 xy) = (2)
Maximum is 0.35, minimum is 0.13. dx dx
æ dy ö dy
2 xy 3 + 3 y 2 çç ÷÷÷ x 2 + 4 y + 4 x = 0
e2 x çè dx ø dx
18. f ( x) =
x2 (3x 2 y 2 + 4 x)
dy
= -2 xy 3 - 4 y
First find the critical numbers. dx
dy -2 xy 2 - 4 y
2e2 x x 2 - e 2 x (2 x) =
f ¢( x ) = dx 3x 2 y 2 + 4 x
( x 2 )2
2e2 x ( x 2 - x) 23. 2 y - 1 = 9 x 2/3 + y
=
x4 d d
[2( y - 1)1/2 ] = (9 x 2/3 + y)
2
f ¢( x) = 0 when x - x = ( x)( x - 1) = 0, that dx dx
1 dy dy
is, at x = 1. (Both the derivative and the original 2 ⋅ ⋅ ( y - 1)-1/2 = 6 x-1/3 +
function are undefined at x = 0.) 2 dx dx
dy
[( y - 1)-1/2 - 1] = 6 x-1/3
(a) The function f is continuous on the interval dx
[1/2, 2 ] and the critical number lies in this 1- y -1 dy 6
⋅ = 1/3
interval, so we evaluate the function at three y -1 dx x
points:
dy 6 y -1
x f ( x) = 1/3
dx x (1 - y - 1)
1/2 10.873
1 7.389 24. 9 x + 4 y 3 = 2 y
2 13.650
d d 1/2
The absolute minimum is 7.39 and the (9 x + 4 y 3 ) = 2 ⋅ (y )
dx dx
absolute maximum is 13.65. 9 -1/2 dy 1 dy
x + 12 y 2 = 2 ⋅ y-1/2 ⋅
2 dx 2 dx
(b) The function f is continuous on the interval 9 æ ö
= çç 1 - 12 y 2 ÷÷ dy
[1, 3]. The critical number coincides with an çç 1/2 ÷÷
2 x1/2 èy ø÷ dx
endpoint so we need to look at only two
function values: 9 1 - 12 y 5/2 dy
=
2 x1/2 y1/2 dx
x f ( x)
1 7.389 dy 9 y1/2
= 1/2
3 44.825 dx 2 x (1 - 12 y 5/2 )
9 y
The absolute minimum is 7.39 and the =
absolute maximum is 44.83. 2 x (1 - 12 y 5/2 )

6 + 5x 1 27. ln( xy + 1) = 2 xy 3 + 4
25. =
2 - 3y 5x
d d
[ln( xy + 1)] = (2 xy3 + 4)
5x(6 + 5x) = 2 - 3 y dx dx
30 x + 25x 2 = 2 - 3 y 1 d dy d
⋅ ( xy + 1) = 2 y 3 + 2 x ⋅ 3 y 2 + (4)
xy + 1 dx dx dx
d d
(30 x + 25 x 2 ) = (2 - 3 y) 1 æç dy d ö dy
dx dx çy + x + (1) ÷÷ = 2 y 3 + 6 xy 2
xy + 1 èç dx dx ÷ø dx
dy
30 + 50 x = -3 y x dy dy
dx + ⋅ = 2 y 3 + 6 xy 2
xy + 1 xy + 1 dx dx
30 + 50 x dy
- = æ x ö dy y
3 dx çç - 6 xy 2 ÷÷÷ = 2 y3 -
ççè xy + 1 ÷ø dx xy + 1
y
x + 2y dy 2 y3 -
26. = y1/2 =
xy + 1
x - 3y dx x - 6 xy 2
xy + 1
x + 2 y = y1/2 ( x - 3 y)
2 y3 ( xy + 1) - y
d d 1/2 =
( x + 2 y) = [ y ( x - 3 y)] x - 6 xy 2 ( xy + 1)
dx dx
dy æ dy ö 2 xy 4 + 2 y 3 - y
1+ 2 = y1/2 çç1 - 3 ÷÷÷ =
dx çè dx ø x - 6 x 2 y 3 - 6 xy 2
1 dy
+ ( x - 3 y) y-1/2
2 dx
28. ln( x + y) = 1 + x 2 + y 3
dy dy 1 dy
1+ 2 = y1/2 - 3 y1/2 + xy-1/2
dx dx 2 dx d d
3 1/2 dy
[ln( x + y)] = (1 + x 2 + y 3 )
- y dx dx
2 dx 1 d dy
⋅ ( x + y) = 2 x + 3 y 2 ⋅
1 -1/2 3 dy x + y dx dx
(2 + 3 y1/2 - xy + y1/2 ) = y1/2 - 1
2 2 dx 1 æç dy ö÷ 2 dy
æ 9 1 ö çç1 + ÷÷ = 2 x + 3 y ⋅
2 y1/2 çç 2 + y1/2 - xy-1/2 ÷÷÷ x + yè dx ø dx
çè 2 2 ø dy
= y1/2 - 1 æ 1 ö
2 ÷÷ dy 1
1/2 çç -
2y dx
çè x + y 3 y ÷÷ dx = 2 x - x + y
ø
æ 4 y1/2 + 9 y - x ö÷ dy
çç ÷÷
çç ÷ = y1/2 - 1 2 x - x +1 y
2 y1/2 dy
çè ø÷ dx =
dx 1 - 3y2
dy 2 y - 2 y1/2 x+y
=
dx 4 y1/2 + 9 y - x 2 x( x + y ) - 1
=
1 - 3 y 2 ( x + y)
2 x 2 + 2 xy - 1
=
1 - 3xy 2 - 3 y 3
1 - 2 x 2 - 2 xy
=
3xy 2 + 3 y 3 - 1

29. 2 y - 4 xy = -22, tangent line at (3, 2). To find the slope m of the tangent line, substitute
-3 for x and 1 for y.
d d
dx
( 2 y - 4 xy =) dx
(-22) y2
m=
1 dy æç dy ö 6 y 2 - 2 xy
(2)(2 y)-1/2 - ç 4 y + 4 x ÷÷÷ = 0
2 dx è ç dx ø 12
=
((2 y)-1/ 2 - 4 x)
dy
= 4y 6(12 ) - 2(-3)(1)
dx 1
dy 4y =
= 1 12
dx - 4x
2y The equation of the tangent line is
To find the slope m of the tangent line, substitute y - y1 = m( x - x1)
3 for x and 2 for y. 1
y -1 = ( x - (-3))
4y 12
m= 1 3 1
- 4x y -1- = x
2 2y 12 12
4(2) 1 5
= y = x+ .
1 - 4(3) 12 4
2(2)
8 We can also write this as 1x - 12 y = -15.
= 1
- 12
2 33. y = 8x3 - 7 x 2 , dx
dt
= 4, x = 2
16 16
= =- dy d
1 - 24 23 = (8x3 - 7 x 2 )
dt dt
The equation of the tangent line is dx dx
= 24 x 2 - 14 x
y - y1 = m( x - x1) dt dt
16 = 24(2) 2 (4) - 14(2)(4)
y - 2 = - ( x - 3)
23 = 272
48 16
y-2- =- x 9 - 4 x dx
23 23 34. y = ; = -1, x = -3
3 + 2 x dt
16 94
y =- x+ . dy (-4)(3 + 2 x) - (2)(9 - 4 x) dx
23 23 =
dt (3 + 2 x)2 dt
We can also write this equation as 16 x + 23 y
-30 dx
= 94. = 2
(3 + 2 x) dt
-30 30 10
30. 8 y 3 - 4 xy 2 = 20, tangent line at (-3, 1). = 2
(-1) = =
[3 + 2(-3)] 9 3
d
dx
( )
8 y 3 - 4 xy 2 =
d
dx
(20)
dy æç dy ö 1+ x dx
24 y 2 - ç 8 xy + 4 y 2 ÷÷÷ = 0 35. y = , = -4, x = 4
dx ç
è dx ø 1- x dt
dy dy d éê 1 + x ùú
(24 y 2 - 8xy) = 4 y2 =
dx dt dt êêë 1 - x úúû
4 y2
dy
dx
=
24 y 2 - 8xy
é
(
ê 1- x 2 x
ê
)(1 -1/2 dx
dt
ù
ú
ú
)
ê -1/2 dx ú
=
y2 ê
= ë
(
ê - 1 1 + x (- 2 ) x 1
) ú
dt úû ( )
2 2
6 y - 2 xy (
1- x )

ê ( 2⋅2 )
é (1 - 2) 1 (-4) ù
ú 38. y =
x2
1 dx
= 3, x = 1
;
ê ú e + 1 dt
( 2⋅2 ) úû
ê - (1 + 2) -1 (-4) ú
êë
=
(1 - 2)2 dy d æç 1 ö÷
÷÷
= çç 2
1- 3 dt dt çè e x + 1 ÷ø÷
= = -2
1 -1 d x2
= 2
⋅ (e + 1)
(e x + 1)2 dt
2
x + 5y é x2 d 2
-1 d ù
36. = 2; = ê e ⋅ ( x ) + (1) ú
x - 2y 2
ê dt dt úû
(e x + 1)2 ë
dx
= 1, x = 2, y = 0 -1 é x2 dx ù
dt = ê e ⋅ 2x ú
(e x + 1)2 êë dt úû
2
x 2 + 5 y = 2( x - 2 y )
-1
x2 + 5 y = 2 x - 4 y = [e ⋅ 2 ⋅ 1 ⋅ 3]
(e + 1) 2
9 y = -x 2 + 2 x -6e
=
1 (e + 1) 2
y = (-x 2 + 2 x )
9
1 2
y = - x2 + x 3x - 7
9 9 41. y = ; x = 2, Δx = 0.003
æ 2 2x + 1
dy 2 ö dx
= çç - x + ÷÷÷ (3)(2 x + 1) - (2)(3x - 7)
dt çè 9 9 ø dt dy = dx
(2 x + 1)2
éæ 2 ö 2ù
= ê çç - ÷÷÷ (2) + ú (1)
ê çè 9 ø 9 úû 17
ë dy = dx
4 2 2 (2 x + 1)2
=- + =-
9 9 9 17
Δy » Δx
(2 x + 1)2
dx
37. y = xe3x ; = -2, x = 1 17
dt = (0.003)
(2[2] + 1)2
dy d = 0.00204
= ( xe3x )
dt dt
dx 3x d
= ⋅ e + x ⋅ (e3x ) 42. y = 8 - x 2 + x3, x = -1, Δ x = 0.02
dt dt
dx 3x dx
= 3x
⋅ e + xe ⋅ 3 dy = (-2 x + 3x 2 )dx
dt dt
dx Δy » (-2 x + 3x 2 )Δ x
= (1 + 3x)e3x
dt = [-2(-1) + 3(-1)2 ](0.02)
= (1 + 3 ⋅ 1)e3(1) (-2) = -8e3 = 0.1

43. -12 x + x3 + y + y 2 = 4 45. (a) P( x) = -x3 + 10 x 2 - 12 x
dy d P¢( x) = -3x 2 + 20 x - 12 = 0
(-12 x + x3 + y + y 2 ) = (4)
dx dx 3x 2 - 20 x + 12 = 0
dy dy (3x - 2)( x - 6) = 0
-12 + 3x 2 + + 2y = 0
dx dx
dy 3x - 2 = 0 or x-6= 0
(1 + 2 y) = 12 - 3x 2 2
dx x = or x = 6
dy 12 - 3x 2 3
=
dx 1 + 2y P¢¢( x) = -6 x + 20
æ2ö
(a) If
dy
= 0, P¢¢ çç ÷÷÷ = 16,
çè 3 ø
dx
which implies that x = 2 is the location of
12 - 3x 2 = 0 3
12 = 3x 2 the minimum.
2 = x. P¢¢(6) = -16,
x = 2: which implies that x = 6 is the location of
the maximum. Thus, 600 boxes will produce a
-24 + 8 + y + y 2 = 4 maximum profit.
y + y 2 = 20 (b) Maximum profit = P(6)
2
y + y - 20 = 0 = -(6)3 + 10(6) 2 - 12(6) = 72
( y + 5)( y - 4) = 0
The maximum profit is $720.
y = -5 or y = 4
46. Let x = the length and width of a side
(2, - 5) and (2, 4) are critical points. of the base;
x = -2: h = the height.
The volume is 32 m3; the base is square and there
24 - 8 + y + y 2 = 4
is no top. Find the height, length, and width for
y + y 2 = -12 minimum surface area.
y 2 + y + 12 = 0
Volume = x 2h
2
-1  1 - 48 x 2h = 32
y =
2 32
h=
This leads to imaginary roots. x2
x = -2 does not produce critical points.
Surface area = x 2 + 4 xh
æ 32 ö
(b) x y1 y2 A = x 2 + 4 x çç 2 ÷÷
çè x ÷ø
1.9 -4.99 3.99
= x 2 + 128 x-1
2 -5 4
2.1 -4.99 3.99 A¢ = 2 x - 128x-2
The point (2, - 5) is a relative minimum. If A¢ = 0,
The point (2, 4) is a relative maximum. 2 x3 - 128

= 0
x2
(c) There is no absolute maximum or minimum
for x or y. x3 = 64
x = 4.

A¢¢( x) = 2 + 2(128) x-3 C ¢(r ) = 16π r -

240
A¢¢(4) = 6 > 0 r2
240
The minimum is at x = 4, where 16π r - =0
r2
h=
32
= 2. 16π r 3 = 240
42 15
r3 =
The dimensions are 2 m by 4 m by 4 m. π
r » 1.684
47. Volume of cylinder = π r 2h C ¢¢(r ) = 16π + 480

3
> 0, so r = 1.684
r
Surface area of cylinder open at one end minimizes cost.
= 2π rh + π r 2.
40 40
h= 2
= = 4.490
2
V = π r h = 27π πr π (1.684) 2
27π 27 The radius should be 1.684 in. and the height
h= 2
=
πr r2 should be 4.490 in.
æ 27 ö
A = 2π r çç 2 ÷÷÷ + π r 2
çè r ø
49. Here k = 0.15, M = 20,000, and f = 12.
= 54π r -1 + π r 2 We have
A¢ = -54π r -2 + 2π r 2f M 2(12)20,000
q = =
If A¢ = 0, k 0.15
= 3, 200,000 » 1789
54π
2π r =
r2 Ordering 1789 rolls each time minimizes annual
3 cost.
r = 27
r = 3.
50. M = 180,000 cases sold per year
If r = 3, k = $12, cost to store 1 case for 1 yr
A¢¢ = 108π r -3 + 2π > 0, f = $20, fixed cost for order
x = the number of cases per order
so the value at r = 3 is a minimum.
For the minimum cost, the radius of the bottom 2f M
x =
should be 3 inches. k
2(20)(180,000)
40 =
2 12
48. V = π r h = 40, so h = .
π r2 = 600,000
A = 2π r 2 + 2π rh
= 100 60
æ 40 ö
= 2π r 2 + 2π r çç 2 ÷÷ » 775
çè π r ÷ø
The store should order 775 cases each time.
80
= 2π r 2 +
r
51. Use equation (3) from Section 6.3 with k = 1,
æ 80 ö M = 128, 000, and f = 10.
Cost = C (r ) = 4(2π r ) + 3çç ÷÷÷
2
çè r ø
240 2f M 2(10)(128,000)
= 8π r 2 + q = =
r k 1
= 2,560,000 = 1600

55. A = π r 2 ; dr
dt
= 4 ft/min, r = 7 ft
The number of lots that should be produced
annually is dA dr
= 2π r
dt dt
M 128,000
= = 80. dA
q 1600 = 2π (7)(4)
dt
dA
52. Use equation (3) from Section 6.3 with k = 2, = 56π
dt
M = 240,000, and f = 15.
The rate of change of the area is 56π ft 2 /min.
2f M 2(15)(240,000)
q = =
k 2 56. dx
= rx( N - x)
= 3,600,000 » 1897.4 dt
= rxN - rx 2
T (1897) » 3794.7333 and T (1898) »
d 2x dx dx
3794.7334. Since T (1897) < T (1898), then the 2
= rN - 2rx
dt dt dt
number of batches per year should be dx
= r ( N - 2 x)
M 240,000 dt
= » 127.
q 1897 = r[rx( N - x)]( N - 2 x)
53. ln q = D - 0.447 ln p = r 2 x( N - x)( N - 2 x)

1 dq 0.47 d 2x N
=- = 0 when x = 0, x = N , or x = 2
.
q dp p dt 2
dp q
( ), ddt x > 0; therefore, the curve is
2
= -0.47 On 0, N
dq p 2 2
p dq concave upward.
E =-
( N2 , N ), ddt x < 0; therefore, the curve is
2
q dp On 2
pæ qö
= - çç -0.47 ÷÷÷ concave downward.
q èç p ø÷ N
Hence x = 2
is a point of inflection.
= 0.47
E is less than l, so the demand is inelastic. 57. (a)
7.5
A
54. q =
pk
dq A
= -k k +1 5 51
dp p 0
p dq (b) We use a graphing calculator to graph

E =- ⋅
q dp M ¢(t ) = -0.4321173 + 0.1129024t
æ
çç p ÷÷
ö
æ A ö÷ - 0.0061518t 2 + 0.0001260t 3
= ç - A ÷÷÷ (-k ) ççç k +1 ÷÷
ç - 0.0000008925t 4
çç ÷ çè p ÷÷ø
çè p k ÷ø÷
on [5, 51] by [0, 7.5]. We find the maximum
æ p k +1 ö÷æ A ÷ö value of M ¢(t ) on this graph at about 15.41,
ç ç
= çç - ÷÷÷çç -k k +1 ÷÷÷ or on about the 15th day.
èç A ÷øèç p ø÷
= k
The demand is elastic when k > 1 and inelastic
when k < 1.

58. (a) dV
60. = 0.9 ft 3 /min
dt
find dr
dt
when r = 1.7 ft
4 3
V = πr
3
dV 4 dr
(b) To find where the maximum and minimum = π (3)r 2
numbers occur, use a graphing calculator to dt 3 dt
locate any extreme points on the graph. One 2 dr
= 4π r
critical number is formed at about 87.78. dt
t P(t ) dr
0.9 = 4π (1.7 2 )
0 237.09 dt
0.9 dr
87.78 43.56 =
4π (1.7 2 ) dt
95 48.66
dr 0.9
The maximum number of polygons is about = » 0.0248
dt 11.56π
237 at birth. The minimum number is about 44.
The radius is changing at the rate of
59. Let x = the distance from the base of 0.9 » 0.0248 ft/min.
11.56π
the ladder to the building;
y = the height on the building at
the top of the ladder. 61. Let x = one-half of the width of the triangular
cross section;
h = the height of the water;
V = the volume of the water.
dV
dt
= 3.5 ft 3 /min.
dV 1
Find dt
when h = .
3
æ ö
dy ç Area of ÷
= -2 V = çç triangular ÷÷÷ (length)
dt ççè side ø÷
502 = x 2 + y 2
dx dy
0 = 2x + 2y
dt dt
dx y dy
=-
dt x dt
Area of triangular cross section
When x = 30, y = 2500 - (30)2 = 40. 1
= (base)(altitude)
So 2
1
dx -40 80 8 = (2 x)(h) = xh
= (-2) = = 2
dt 30 30 3
The base of the ladder is slipping away from the
building at a rate of 83 ft/min.
By similar triangles, 2x = 12 , so x = h.
h

V = ( xh)(4) dV
Set = 0.
2
= h ⋅4 dh
= 4h 2 488 + 212h - 12h 2 = 0

dV dh 12h 2 - 212h - 488 = 0
= 8h
dt dt 3h 2 - 53h - 122 = 0
1 dV dh
⋅ = 53  2809 + 1464
8h dt dt h=
6
1 dh
(3.5) = » -2.06 or h = 19.73
(3)
8 1 dt
h can’t be negative, so h » 19.73.
dh 21 Thus,
= = 1.3125
dt 16
l » 122 - 4h
The depth of water is changing at the rate of » 43.1.
1.3125 ft/min.
The length that produces the maximum volume is
about 43.1 inches.
4 3
62. V = π r , r = 4in., Δr = 0.02in.
3
65. We need to minimize y. Note that x > 0.
dV = 4π r 2dr
dy x 2
ΔV » 4π r 2 Δr = -
dx 8 x
= 4π (4) 2 (0.02)
= 1.28π or about 4.021
x 2
The volume of the coating is 1.28π in.3 or about - =0
8 x
4.021 in.3. x
=
2
8 x
x 2 = 16
63. A = s 2 ; s = 9.2, Δs = 0.04
x = 4
ds = 2s ds
Δ A » 2 s Δs Since lim y = ¥, lim y = ¥, and x = 4 is
x0 x ¥
= 2(9.2)(0.04) the only critical value in (0, ¥), x = 4 produces a
= 0.736in.2 minimum value.
42 1
64. V = l ⋅ w⋅h y = - 2 ln 4 + + 2 ln 6
16 4
w= 4+h = 1.25 + 2(ln 6 - ln 4)
l + g = 130; g = 2(w + h) = 1.25 + 2 ln1.5
l + 2(w + h) = 130
The y coordinate of the Southern most point of the
l + 2w + 2h = 130 second boat’s path is1.25 + 2 ln 1.5.
l = 130 - 2w - 2h
= 130 - 2(4 + h) - 2h 66. Let x = width of play area;
= 122 - 4h y = length of play area.
V = l ⋅ w⋅h
= (122 - 4h)(4 + h)h
= 488h + 106h 2 - 4h3
dV
= 488 + 212h - 12h 2
dh

An equation describing the amount of fencing is

40 - 30 302 + 402
900 = 2 x + y or y = 900 - 2 x. + » 18.67 seconds.
5 3
Then A = xy so 68. Distance on shore: 25 - x feet
A( x ) = x(900 - 2 x ) Speed on shore: 5 feet per second
= 900 x - 2 x 2. Distance in water: x 2 + 402 feet

If A¢( x) = 900 - 4 x = 0, x = 225. Speed in water: 3 feet per second
d1 d
Then y = 900 - 2(225) = 450. The total travel time t is t = t1 + t2 = + v2 .
v1 2
A¢¢( x) = -4 < 0, so the area is maximized if the
dimensions are 225 m by 450 m. 25 - x x 2 + 402
t ( x) = +
5 3
67. Distance on shore: 40 - x feet x x 2 + 1600
= 5- +
Speed on shore: 5 feet per second 5 3
1 1 1 2
t ¢( x) = - + ⋅ ( x + 1600)-1/2 (2 x)
Distance in water: x 2 + 402 feet 5 3 2
Speed in water: 3 feet for second 1 x
=- +
The total travel time t is 5 2
3 x + 1600
d d
t = t1 + t2 = 1 + 2 . Minimize the travel time t ( x). If t ¢( x) = 0:
v1 v2
x 1
40 - x x 2 + 402 =
t ( x) = + 2
3 x + 1600 5
5 3
x x 2 + 1600 5x = 3 x 2 + 1600
= 8- + 5x
5 3 = x 2 + 1600
1 1 1 2 3
t ¢( x) = - + ⋅ ( x + 1600)-1/2 (2 x) 25 2
5 3 2 x = x 2 + 1600
1 x 9
=- + 16 2
5 2
3 x + 1600 x = 1600
9
Minimize the travel time t ( x). If t ¢( x) = 0: 1600 ⋅ 9
x2 =
16
x 1 40 ⋅ 3
= x = = 30
3 x 2 + 1600 5 4
5x = 3 x 2 + 1600 (Discard the negative solution.)
5x x = 30 is impossible since the closest point on
= x 2 + 1600
3 the shore to the desired destination is only 25 ft
25 2 from where he is standing.
x = x 2 + 1600 Check the end points.
9
1600 ⋅ 9 x t ( x)
x2 =
16 0 18.33
40 ⋅ 3
x = = 30 25 15.72
4
The time is minimized when x = 25.
(Discard the negative solution.)
25 - x = 25 - 25 = 0 ft, so the mathematician
To minimize the time, he should walk should start paddling where he is standing. The
40 - x = 40 - 30 = 10 ft along the shore travel time is t (25) = 15.72 sec.
before paddling toward the desired destination.
The minimum travel time is

Extended Application 483
7. The graphs below show total cost per batch of

Extended Application: A Total Cost Model trainees in dollars for four scenarios in which one
of the values used Exercise 3 is allowed to vary.
for a Training Program
Demand D for trainees per month varies from
C1 æ m - 1 ö÷ 1 to 10, with other values as in Exercise 3:
Z (m) = + DtC2 + DC3 çç
çè 2 ø÷÷
1.
m
4
C DC3 1.5 .10
Z ¢(m) = - 12 + 0 +
m 2
4
1 .10
Total cost
C DC3
= - 12 +
m 2
5000
2. Z ¢(m) = 0 when
DC3 C 0
= 12 0 5 10
2 m Trainee demand
2 2C1
m = Fixed cost C1 of training a batch varies from
DC3
$5000 to $20,000, with other values as in Exercise 3:
2C1
m= .
DC3 4
2 .10
3. D = 3, t = 12, C1 = 15,000, C3 = 900
Total cost
4
2(15,000) 100 1 .10
m = = » 3.33
3(900) 9
0
4. 3 < 3.33 < 4 0 1 .10
4
2 .10
4
3 .10
4
+ - Fixed cost
m = 4 and m =3
é m(m-1) ù Marginal cost per trainee per month C2 varies

DC3 ê 2 ú
5. C1 + mDtC2 ë û from $50 to $250, with other values as in Exercise 3:
Z ( m) = +
m m
æ m - 1 ö÷ 4
C 2 .10
= 1 + DtC2 + DC3 çç
m çè 2 ÷÷ø
C1 = 15,000; D = 3, t = 12,
Total cost
4
C2 = 100; C3 = 900 1 .10
Z (m+ ) = Z (4)
15,000 æ 4 - 1 ö÷ 0
= + 3(12)(100) + 3(900) ççç ÷ 50 100 150 200 250
4 è 2 ÷ø
Marginal cost
= 3750 + 3600 + 4050
= $11,400 Salary for jobless trainee C3 varies from $100 to
$1800, with other values as in Exercise 3:
Z (m- ) = Z (3)
(900)(3 - 1) 4
15,000 2 .10
= + 3600 + 3
3 2
= 5000 + 3600 + 2700
Total cost
4
= $11,300 1 .10
6. Since Z (3) < Z (4), the optimal time interval is

3 months. 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000
N = mD = 3 ⋅ 3 = 9 Jobless salary
There should be 9 trainees per batch.

Another random document with
no related content on Scribd:
olivat tottuneet, jolle kaiken elämänsä uhranneet ja voimansa ja
aikansa kuluttaneet, oli rahdinveto ja tervankeitto niinkauvan kun
metsä viimeiseen asti oli tarkattu. Mutta sitten oli jälellä enää vain
rappeutunut talo, lama hevonen ja kädessä rikkinäiset kintaat.
Näin oli Risulan Villen suuremmoinen homma hyvästi onnistunut,

samalla kun kylän toiset talolliset olivat epäuskossaan ja suuressa
saamattomuudessaan luistaneet kurjuutta kohti.
Tervajoella.
Tervajoki, jota lähdemme nyt ylöspäin matkustamaan, laskee

vetensä
Pyhännänjoen kautta emäjokeen Ristijärvellä.
Kun lähdemme Tervajokea nousemaan ylöspäin, ei olo

alkumatkasta muuta niin huomattavaa kuin että joki nakkaa mutkan
puoleen ja toiseen, ikään kuin se oikullisena salomaalaisten
kulkureittinä varsin halusta tahtoisi muukalaisena sinua eksyttää.
Sanottua vyyhteilyä saat matkustaa pitkälti. Se kuitenkaan ei sinua
ikävystytä, mutta paremmin huvittaa nähdä molemminpuolin jokea
miellyttävän näköiset niittyniemekkeet Ei kaukana joen vasemmalla
sivustalla näkyy sakean metsän peittämänä Luolavaura-niminen
maisema luolineen ja kallioineen. Vaaran pohjoispuolisella liepeellä
on todellakin varsin kamalan näköisiä luolia ja komeroita, joissa
ilvesten on huomattu asustavan ja pitävän pesiään. Joki ikäänkuin
uteliaisuudesta on pistäytynyt tuon vaaran alla, sillä nyt se ottaa
aivan eri suunnan. Vieläkin niitä kauniita niittyniemiä, kunnes
vastaasi tulee koski, nimeltä Pitkäkoski, johon toistakymmentä vuotta
sitten raivattiin valtion kustannuksella kulkuväylä, jolla on suuri
merkitys tämän perukkakunnan elintarpeiden hankkimiselle
kesäpuolella vuotta.
Kosken alla sen vasemmanpuolisella rannalla näkyy pari pientä

soutuvenettä. Ylempänä, niin kaukana kuin silmäsi erottaa, on
maisema nimeltä Kääriönvaara, jossa lähi toisiaan asuu kolme eri
mökkiläistä. Jo useamman vuosikymmenen nämä mökit täällä ovat
olleet, nähden aika-ajoin kurjimpaakin kurjuutta, ollen kaukana
ihmisten ilmoilta puutteen ja köyhyyden painostamina. Näistä
kustakin sanotaan olevan erityisempi historia, joka elämäntarinana
olisi mitä hauskin kuulla, mutta nämä pienet rivit eivät siihen tilaa
myönnä. Lyhyesti sanottu vain: Jokunen häjyntapainen on paennut
tänne erämaan yksinäisyyteen, olemasta rauhallisten ihmisten tiellä
ja vastuksena.
Koskenniskasta ylöspäin muuttuu joki virtavammaksi ja kohta

ollaan toisen kosken alla. Mutta sitä ennen on mentävä joen
pahimmat ja konstillisimmat mutkat. Siinä näyttää joki ikäänkuin
hätäyksissään tormelehtaneen puoleen ja toiseen, mieltäpitäen
vähän että jos olisikin ryöhältää suoraan Laajanlahden solakkaan
Pyhäntäjärvellä, mutta sepä olikin luonnon voimille mahdotonta, sillä
vastassa oli lujaperäinen, korkea Hietavaaran maisema.
Nyt on paras vetää vene törmälle ja mennä jalkaisin ylöspäin,

vaan sitä ennen sopii käydä vähän ylempänä vaaralla Tuohilehdon
talossa, jossa asukkaat ovat toimellista ja uutteraa väkeä ja ystävänä
ottavat vieraan vastaan.
Palattuamme joelle takaisin emme löydä mitään merkillistä

ylöspäin noustessa ennenkuin Louhenkoskella. Sen yläosassa on
kaksi jyrkkää putousta, joista alimmainen on ylimmäistä suurempi,
joten ylimmäinen ikäänkuin antaa vauhtia alimmaiselle. Siinä,
etenkin tulvan aikana on sellainen vesiputous, jolle Imatralta saapi
vertoja hakea. Seisoessasi putouksen luona korkealla törmällä
tunnet julkaisi alla maan tärisevän ja tullaksesi toverisi puheen täysin
ymmärtämään, täytyy silmilläsi seurata puhujan suunliikettä.
Näin luonnon kauniilla paikalla sopii ottaa vähän lepoa ja istahtaa

kivelle joen rannalla. Mutta jos luot silmäsi takapuolelle jokea,
nimittäin päivän puolelle, huomaat siellä luonnon valmistamia tyyny-
istuimia; ne ovat lempisammalten peittämät kallion kielekkeet ja
mättäät, takana varjostava, humiseva kuusikko ja istuintasi ympäröi
kukkiva pihlajapensas, jonka tuoksusta nauttien olet kohta
tuudittanut mitä sikeimpään uneen, josta herättyäsi utelias mielesi
tahtoisi nähdä vieläkin enemmän ja erilaista kuin mitä silmiesi
edessä on. Koski loppuu nyt kokonaan ja tulee jotenkin tyyni
suvantovesi, molemmin puolin kauniita niittyniemiä, mutta yhä
etempää Piettivaara, josta on taruja menneiltä ajoilta, sekä toisaalla
laaja Louhenkangas surullisine näytöksineen.
Näillä tienoin jokea kerrotaan erään kerran muutaman miehen

nähneen suuren hau'in, jota hän sitten rupesi pyydystämään.
Mukanaan olevan jänislangan silmusti mies hau'in kaulaan, jolla
aikoi vetää sen maalle. Muita nyt tuli voimain koetus miehen ja kalan
välillä. Kalan hyökyillessä topri mies toisella kädellään koivusta kiini,
samalla kun toisella kädellään piti langasta. Kala kuitenkin vei voiton
ja pelasti kauniin lihansa miehen käsistä, suureksi harmiksi
pyydystäjälle.
Kappaleen matkaa alempana olisi eräs tarina ollut kerrottava, joka

oli vähällä unhottua. Tarina ei nyt ole niin erähäisen kummallinen,
vaan ehkä paremmin harvinainen. Siellä on laaja
parrakkoniittyniemeke, jossa niittytyöjye ilman isäntää oli heinän
niitossa auringon kuumasti paistaessa heinäkuun alkupäivinä. Tuota
kovaa parrakkoheinikkoa ei renki sitten taipunut niittämään muutoin
kuin että piian piti juomatuopilla kantaa joesta vettä heinikkoon.
Tarina ei kerro missä mielessä tämä tapahtui, mutta meidän
ehdottomasti tuo renki täytyy tuomita laiskaksi ja piika taas varsin
nöyräksi palvelijaksi.
Palattuamme siihen missä äsken olimme, on edessämme hävitetty

Louhenkangas ikävine näytöksineen. Petäjikkö kuin linna kasvoi
muinoin kankaalla. Mutta vähää ennen isonjaon käyntiä, ehkäpä
kateudesta, osa petäjikköä on maahan kaadettu, jälellä olevista osa
sen jälkeen myöty sahayhtiölle aivan polkuhinnasta, viimeiset taas
tuuli maahan kantanut ja lopullisen hävityksen tehnyt tuli. Laaja,
miljoonia kantava maa-ala, joka jaon kautta joutui kolmen talon
osaksi, on näin ikävällä tavalla tullut hävitetyksi. Ulompana joesta
kankaan selänteeltä löytyy leveä polkutie, ei kuitenkaan rattailla
ajettavaa leveyttä. Kun lähdet tietä ylöspäin nousemaan, voipi sattua
että näet kaukaa, silmän kantaman päästä pölisevän mullan
tuulispään tavoin pilvenä nousevan ilmaan ja pilven sisästä näet
liikkuvan olennon. Meikäläinen ei tuota pidä juuri minäkään ihmeenä,
sillä se tietää mikä liike tavallisesti tiellä on. Lähemmäksi tultua
näkyykin että se on tervan vedättäjä. Hevonen on valjastettu
vasituisten aisain väliin ja aisain alaneniin on kiinnitetty kaksi
tervatynnyriä, joitten hevosen vetäessä täytyy pyöriä. Vedettävä
matka on niin pitkä että pitkänä juhannuskesän päivänä ehtii yhdellä
hevosella tuoda yhden kerran vaan. Suuret vaivat näkee hevonen,
vaikka ei helppoa liene miehellenkään. Tällä tavalla tätä tietä ajan
pitkään on kuletettu jo äärettömät summat, jotka sitten on käytetty
yhtä suuren köyhyyden lieventämiseksi.
Tietä ylöspäin noustessa täytyy kerran vielä mennä joesta poikki,
muutoin on sitä pitkälti, kokonaisen nälkärupeaman pituudelta.
Vihdoin viimeinkin aukeaa eteen järvi. Sen nimi on Tervajärvi,
pituudeltaan noin 4 ja leveydeltään 1,5 km. Istahdat rannalle ja
leväytät väsyneitä jalkojasi, samalla kun läikkyvän järven takaa näet
kallioita ja vaaroja petäjikkömetsineen, joitten omistaja on kruunu.
Maisemia näkyy Kuhmon puolelta asti, jossa latvavesienkin
lähtöpaikat ovat.
Pieni silmäys vain nyt tämän kylän-perukan elämänvaiheisiin sen

nykyiseltä ajalta. Tosiasia on että kulkuneuvojen huonous on
osaltaan lamauttanut näiden talojen ehkä jo entuudestaan häilyvää
elämäntoimintaa. Luulen että ne talot ja talojen osat, jotka täällä
autioiksi syrjämaiksi ovat joutuneet, ovat sen tehneet edellämainitun
seikan vuoksi. Kun viimekesäinen kato antoi aihetta työpalkkain
hankkimiseen paikkakunnalla, rohkenivat kylän toimellisimmat
miehet esittää läänin hätäapukomitealle hätäaputyönä kyläntien
tekopuuhan kylänsä nurkalle. Mutta pyyntöä piti myöskin seurata
asianymmärtäväin puoltolause. Vaan kukapa kurjia puolustaisi,
onnettomia auttaisi? Tien alkupäälle tosin perukan asukasten
mielihyviksi varoja myönnettiin. Pyydettiin keskuskomitealta varoja
jatkon rakentamiseen. Myönnettiin, ehkä vieläkään ei perille asti.
Ehkäpä tulevaisuus jatkaa tien perille asti, jolloin vaivoissa ja
vastuksissa sitkistynyt kylän asujamisto uupumattoman tarmonsa
vakauttamana ja tulevaisuuteen luottaen muurahaisen tavalla ja
ahkeruudella näyttää vielä jo kauvan valtateiden varrella asuneille,
miten kaukaisen Tervajärven ympärillä asutaan ja eletään.
Nyt olemme siis vieläkin Tervajärven rannalla ja kentiesi

haluamme pistäytyä taloon. Ehkäpä kävelemmekin nyt kylän
takimaiseen taloon, Viitavaaran kruununtorppaan. Sinne pääsemme
noin 3:men km matkalla. Sinä aavistat menevämme nyt taloon, jossa
silmiinpistävä epäjärjestys ja lika kuuluvat tavallisuuteen, mutta se
käypi nyt aivan päinvastoin. Jos kiertelet koko torpan ympäriinsä, et
löydäkään muuta kuin järjestystä. Samoin huoneiden sisältä. Kahvi,
jota kuparin kirkkaasta ja puhtaasta pannusta saat, maistuu
luonnollisen hyvältä. Samoin muukin ruoka. Sinua nyt jo kovasti
väsyttää, vaan mieluummin haluat kohteliaan ja leikkiäkin
suvaitsevan isännän ja emännän kanssa tarinoida elämän ja
tapausten eri aloilta, kunnes viimein uupuneena rupeat vetelemään
synkimmän sydänmaan rauhallista unta.
Ruotipoika.
Martinmäen isäntä oli emäntäänsä jo monta monituista kertaa

varottanut siitä että talossa piti olla aina huonoa sekaleipää
kerjäläisten varalta ja varsinkin ruotipojalle, joka aina talossa oli.
Mutta nyt oli emäntä vastoin tavallisuutta ollut huoleton, kun oli
sekajauhojen ja ruotipojan leivän antanut loppua viimeiseen
kannikkaan asti, isännälle siitä ilmoittamatta.
Oli maanantai-aamu heinäntekoajan alussa, kun työväki puuhaili

niitylle lähtöä. Ruotipojan myöskin olisi pitänyt lähteä mukaan, vaan
nyt se ei käynyt laatuun sentähden että ruotipojan oma sekaleipä oli
loppunut ja tavallista työväen leipää ei sopinut ruotipojalle antaa juuri
sen vuoksi, että hän ei kuitenkaan piisannut työnteossa renki
Aapelille.
Kelpo nuhdesaarnan sanottuaan emännälle ja työväen niitylle

laitettuaan, meni isäntä ruotipojan kanssa aittaan. Aitan
nurkkahinkalon pohjalla oli vielä vähän hallavuoden aikuisia
ohrankahuja. Niitä pyyhiskeli isäntä sieltä säkkiin ja käski sitten
ruotipojan mennä myllyyn jauhattamaan. Niistä emännän pitäisi
sitten tehdä ruotipojalle leipää.
Viimeisen sekaleipäkannikan saatuaan evääksi lähti poika

kahusäkki selässä myllyyn, johon oli kolmen kilometrin matka.
Isäntä itse aikoi niitylle lähteä vasta tiistaiaamuna, jolloin ruotipoika

myöskin jo joutuisi. Tämän maanantaipäivän ajatteli hän uhrata talon
järjestämiseen, varsinkin naistehtäväin puolella. Keskellä parasta
touhua, päivän helteessä, johtui isännän mieleen myöskin myllymies.
»Sitten sen välttää», sanoi isäntä, »jos siellä myllyssä käypi samoin
kuin viime syksynäkin, jolloin pussi joutui myllyn navan ympärille ja
puolet jyvistä oli vuotanut koskeen.»
Keskellä kaikkea kiirettä lähti isäntä juosten myllyyn ruotipojan

jauhattamista katsomaan.
Sulku on vielä auki, myllystä kuuluu jyrinä ja poika jyvätuutin

lauteilla selällään kellien laulaa:
»Mylläri itse päältä junttaa.»
— Ääh, mylläri itse, sanoi isäntä. Oletkos sinä ajatellut, jos pussi
vuotaa nyt niinkuin teki viime syksynäkin.
— En ole ajatellut, eikähän noista suurta vahinkoa tule, jos

jokunen jyvä pirahtaakin, sanoi poika.
Isäntä katsoi tuuttiin ja kun näki siellä vielä parisen kappaa jyviä
olevan, sulki myllyn ja meni portaita alas myllyn alle katsomaan,
onko myllyn pussi hatara. Poika tuli siihen huomioon, että kun isäntä
on mennyt myllyn alle, on mylly pantava pyörimään, jotta isäntä siten
paremmin saisi huomion myllyn tilasta. Ei muuta kuin poika painoi
sulun auki ja mylly rupesi pyörimään. Mutta ai ja voi, mikä tuli! Poika
itsekin jo huomasi tekonsa pahaksi, kun isäntä keikkelehtää kosken
aalloissa, milloin käsi tahi jalka, milloin pää vedestä näkyy.
Alempana loppuu koski, jossa molemmilla rannoilla kiertää vesi
ylöspäin, kulettaen suvannossa leijailevaa vesivaahtoa.
Takapuolisella rannalla on pajupehko, siitä saapi isäntä molemmilla
käsillään kiini ja vetäytyy törmälle.
Nyt ei ruotipoika tohtinut enää isännän näkyviin tulla ollenkaan,

sillä hän arvosi jo edeltäpäinkin mikä rangaistus isännän kädestä
olisi seurauksena.
Kun poika ei tullut kotiin eikä lähitienoilta muuallakaan nähty, tultiin

kaikkialta siihen vakaumukseen että poika oli menettänyt itsensä.
Uutinen pojan katoamisesta unehtui viimein kaikilta; ei ollut

sellaista, joka etsimiseen olisi ryhtynyt. Pojalta oli äiti kuollut ja isää
ei ollut olemassakaan.
*****
Jatkaessamme kertomusta siirrymme vuotta kolmisenkymmentä

eteenpäin. Martinmäen vanha isäntä vielä elää, mutta emäntä jo
aikoja sitten on kätketty maan poveen. Entisessä talossaan
Martinmäessä asuu vielä vanhus, ei isäntänä, mutta pientä eläkettä
nauttivana. Eräiden sekavain asiain pelottamana rupesi vanhus
pojalleen Vilkolle eläkkeelle, mutta pojan taloudenhoito meni kaikki
nurinpuolisesti, joten monta vuotta ei poika saanut taloa hallita,
ennen kuin se joutui vieraisiin käsiin.
Vieras kun tuli taloa hoitamaan, ei antanutkaan elatusvanhuksen
syödä pöydältä työväen kanssa kuten oma poika teki, vaan pakotti
tyytymään siihen osaan, joka pojan kanssa oli kirjallisesti määrätty.
Nyt alkoivat vanhukselle nuo elätin surulliset päivät; ei ystävällistä
sanaa, ei ruokaa riittämään asti ja sekin vähä huonoa. Ikävän,
puutteen, vilun ja nälän kuihduttamana koivuiseen keppiinsä
varautuneena, syviin mietteihin vaipuneena istuu vanhus pirtin
loukossa eräänä huhtikuun päivänä, vieläpä puhkeaa huokauksiin:
»Tyhmästi minä sittenkin tein, kun pojalleni möin talon eläkettä
vastaan ja pettämättömän toivoni, tyttäreni, annoin lähteä
Amerikkaan. Tänä päivänä on talo taas myöty kruununvoudin luona,
eikä tiedä minkälainen kiduttaja tähän tulee. Voi jos päiväni olisivat
päättyneet!»
Samassa ilmestyi vanhuksen eteen puhtaisiin vaatteihin puettu

mies ja nainen, jotka tervehdykseksi vanhukselle ojentivat kätensä.
Vanhus epäilevänä nostaa lattiaan luodut silmänsä ylös ja kysyy:
»Ketä te olette?» Nainen puristaen lujasti vanhuksen kättä, sanoo:
»Eikö isä enää tunne minua. Minä olen tyttärenne Hanna ja tämä on
minun mieheni; olemme nyt tulleet Amerikasta teitä hoitamaan
vanhalla ijällänne.» Vanhuksen silmät nyt kirkastuvat ja hymyilevänä
katsoo hän heihin molempiin, mutta miehen silmiin katsoessaan
hymähtää: »Amerikkalainen». Mies toistamiseen tarttuu vanhuksen
käteen ja sanoo: »Varmaan ette enää minun tunne, sillä minä olin
vielä nuori silloin kun myllyn sulusta laskin vettä päällenne ja olitte
vähällä hukkua. Minun täytyi silloin paeta ja nöyrimmästi pyydän nyt
sitä teiltä anteeksi. Minä pelkäsin teidän kiuhtuvan vihaanne, että te
kostaessanne minulle löisitte luuni murskaksi, sentähden juuri
pakenin. Mutta Jumala, joka kaikki asiat kääntää parhain päin, on
nytkin toimittanut niin, että pahin hylkyläisenne vanhalla ijällänne on
tullut teitä lohduttamaan, elättämään ja hoitamaan. Minä olen nyt
rakkaimman tyttärenne mies ja vävypoikannne ja olemme tänä
päivänä ostaneet tämän talon; voitte siis nyt olla vakuutettu
toimeentulostanne ikänne viimeisinä päivinä.»
Kuinka tämä kaikki on mahdollista! olisi vanhus mielellään tahtonut

sanoa, mutta ikävän ja huolen runtelemana oli hänen tajunsa jo niin
lahonnut, ettei huomattavaa sanaa tullut sinne eikä tänne päin.
Markkinaturkki.
— Oliko montakin muokattavaa lammasnahkaa siellä Hetteen

perällä, josta
Jussi nyt tuletkin?
— Ei sen useampaa kuin sille pojan viikarille turkiksi; niistä

kuuluttiin aikovan markkinaturkki jouduttaa. No jo siitä talosta hentoo
vesittelemättä toiseen paikkaan lähteä. Minullaisella miehellä siinä
näkyi oikein tosi ikävä tulevan ja tuntuu ikäänkuin älyn päälle kävisi,
kun ne siinä pitävät niin sanomattoman suurta rätinätä.
— Mitä kaikkea ne siinä sitten hommasivat?
— Mitä ne hommasivat. Se alituinen hammaslelu keskenään.

Hävyttömät! Yhtenä iltana se sitten kumma oli tulla. Koiranpentu oli
ne lammasnahat saanut kynsiinsä hämärätuntia nukuttaessa ja oli
repinyt ne pahanpilalle. Itse ukko julmistui silloin kovasti
koiranpennulle ja olisi tainnut antaa heti kukakäski, vaan poika
äitinsä kanssa joutui väliin, eikä paljoa puuttunut silloin ettei ukolta
niskoja muserrettu luontokappaleen puolesta, niinkuin itse sanoivat.
No se poika se vasta koko luikku on. Sen kanssahan minun piti
nahkojakin vetää ja siinä se kun laulaa läikätti aivan lakkaamatta; se
minun vanhaa mieltäni varsin tympäsi. Lauloi vielä mitä rumimpia
roistojen rällätyksiä, joita älyn ihminen ei toki hentoisi huuliltaan
päästää. Mutta oli sitä minullakin mieltä. Minä aivan varsin tahallani
jätin nahkoista reunat koviksi ja keskustan vetelin kuta
pehmeämmäksi, joista tuli sitten kuin suureen päähän taivutettu
hattu.
— Mistäs päin se nyt raatari kulkee?
— Minähän kävin Hetteenperän pojalle markkinaturkkia

ompelemassa. Ei kyllä missään nimessä olisi sinne nyt joutanut, kun
siellä vaarallakin olisi pitänyt käydä sulhasvaatteet tekasemassa,
vaan se poika pani semmoisen kivaltin että siinä ei auttanut ilo, ei
armo.
— Taisivat turkkinahat, niinkuin muutkin kapistukset olla oikein

ehta hyviä.
— Ei olleet hyviä, vaan semmoisen miehen turkiksi ne kyllä

välttivät. No siinä se on moinen miehen alku. Se alituisesti laulaa
läilättää, vaikka ei osaa nuottiakaan ja muutoinkin puhuu hyvin
typerästi. Oi-niin sanomattoman ikävä ollakseni että kiitin kun pääsin
siitä talosta erilleni. Yhtenä iltana sain vielä oven takaa salaa
kuunella kun keskenään puhuivat, että muka minä söisin liian paljon
voita ja maitoa, enkä osaisi ommella niin hyvästi kun se ja se.
Häjyyksissäni heitin sitten pojan turkin hartioihin oikein lomahtamalla
liikaa nahkaa, että huomaisivat markkinoillakin kaikkein
suurimmastakin joukosta, missä Hetteenperän poika hömmöttää.
*****
— Mitäs kaikkea sinne markkinoille kuuluu? Olivatko lammas- ja
oravannahat kalliita ja oliko muutoin paljon rahvasta, myöskin
Hetteenperän poika uuden turkkinsa kanssa?
— Näkyi Hetteenperän poikakin uuden turkkinsa kanssa, mutta

muutoin huonolla onnella. Hän lähti torilta keskuskatua astua
hötkyttelemään, samalla sommitellen sanoiksi kauppiasten
ovenpäälliskylteistä nimiä, kun samassa eräs mustalainen ajoi
vastaan. Sitä poika ei huomannet ennenkuin aisa oli pukannut
turkista toisen povipuolen kokonaan irti. Nähkääs, uudesta
markkinaturkista!
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK
TERVANPOLTTAJAT ***
Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.
Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S.

copyright law means that no one owns a United States copyright in
these works, so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it
in the United States without permission and without paying copyright
royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part of
this license, apply to copying and distributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG™ concept
and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, and
may not be used if you charge for an eBook, except by following the
terms of the trademark license, including paying royalties for use of
the Project Gutenberg trademark. If you do not charge anything for
copies of this eBook, complying with the trademark license is very
easy. You may use this eBook for nearly any purpose such as
creation of derivative works, reports, performances and research.
Project Gutenberg eBooks may be modified and printed and given
away—you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with
eBooks not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject
to the trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.
START: FULL LICENSE

THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
To protect the Project Gutenberg™ mission of promoting the free

distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work (or
any other work associated in any way with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg”), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
Project Gutenberg™ License available with this file or online at
www.gutenberg.org/license.
Section 1. General Terms of Use and

Redistributing Project Gutenberg™
electronic works
1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg™
electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree
to and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in your
possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work and you do not agree to be
bound by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from
the person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in
paragraph 1.E.8.
1.B. “Project Gutenberg” is a registered trademark. It may only be

used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people
who agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a
few things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg™ electronic
works even without complying with the full terms of this agreement.
See paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with
Project Gutenberg™ electronic works if you follow the terms of this
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the
Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in
the United States and you are located in the United States, we do
not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing,
performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the
work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of
course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™
mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely
sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name
associated with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of
this agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its
attached full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without
charge with others.
1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the
United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the terms
of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying,
performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this
work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes
no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in
any country other than the United States.
1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™
work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears, or
with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is
accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.
1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived

from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a
notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright
holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the
United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must
comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted

with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted
with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning of
this work.
1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a
part of this work or any other work associated with Project
Gutenberg™.
1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this

electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.
1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you
provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work
in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in
the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original “Plain
Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must include the
full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing

access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:
• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”
• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that
s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg™
License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and
discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of Project
Gutenberg™ works.
• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.
• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.
1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™

electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.
1.F.
1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe
and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating
the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may
be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to,
incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a
copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer
codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.
1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except

for the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph
1.F.3, the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner
of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party
distributing a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this
agreement, disclaim all liability to you for damages, costs and
expenses, including legal fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO
REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF
WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE
FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY
DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE LIABLE
TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL,
PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE
NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it,
you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by
sending a written explanation to the person you received the work
from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must
return the medium with your written explanation. The person or entity
that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide a
replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work
electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to
give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in
lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may
demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the
problem.
1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth in
paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted

(download pdf) Calculus with Applications 11th Edition Lial Solutions Manual full chapter

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

(download pdf) Calculus with Applications 11th Edition Lial Solutions Manual full chapter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Calculus with Applications 11th Edition

Lial Solutions Manual

Calculus with Applications 11th Edition Lial Test Bank

Calculus with Applications 10th Edition Lial Solutions

Calculus with Applications 10th Edition Lial Test Bank

Finite Mathematics with Applications 11th Edition Lial

Finite Mathematics with Applications 11th Edition Lial

Finite Mathematics and Calculus with Applications 10th

Mathematics with Applications In the Management Natural

Calculus and Its Applications 11th Edition Bittinger

APPLICATIONS OF THE DERIVATIVE

f ¢( x) = 2 x-1/3 - 5x 2/3 The absolute maximum is 148, at x = -4. As noted

f ¢( x) is 0 when 2 - 5 x = 0, that is, when f ¢( x) = 12 x 2 - 14 x - 40

x = 52 = 0.4. Now evaluate the function f at the = 2(6 x 2 - 7 x - 20)

x f ( x) numbers will occur where f ¢( x) = 0.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. 403

2. As shown on the graph, the absolute minimum x f ( x)

5. As shown on the graph, the absolute minimum f ¢( x ) = x 2 + 3 x - 4 = 0

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

f ¢( x) = 4 x3 - 64 x = 0 but 1 - 2 is not in [1, 5].

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

x f ( x) 24. f ( x) = x + 3x 2/3; [-10, 1]

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

ln x 28. f ( x) = x 2e-0.5 x ;[2, 5]

Although f ¢( x) fails to exist at x = 0, 0 is not in -5 x 4 + 2 x 3 + 3 x 2 + 9

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

There is an absolute maximum of 137 at x = 3; 1 - x2

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

There is an absolute minimum of -0.3679 at

The length of the rectangle is x and the width is

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

-4 is not relevant since x ³ 5, so the only

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

C ¢(4) = -7.625 < 0 f ( x)

C ( x) is minimum when x = 2. This represents a maximum of P since the factor of

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

54. S ( x) = -x3 + 3x 2 + 360x + 5000; 6 £ x £ 20 -

The maximum length is about 7.2 millimeters. æ x ö÷2 æ 12 - x ö÷

R¢(T ) = -0.00021T 2 + 0.0802T - 1.6572

Using our graphing calculator, we find one critical

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

x 12 - x Therefore, the circle formed by piece of length

The total area is minimized when the piece used to (b) - ln p + ln (1 - p) = 0

x2 (12 - x)2 I ¢(0.25) = 1.0986

12 - x æ x ö÷ Since x and y must be nonnegative, we have x ³ 0

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Evaluate M at the critical numbers and endpoints: Your Turn 3

4x = 8002 + x 2 Your Turn 4

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

the values found in Example 4 by (1/2)1/3 : (a) y = 180 - x

5.419 (b) P = xy = x(180 - x)

(d) P¢( x) = 180 - 2 x

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

(b) Let 4. x + y = 105

(b) Let P = x 2 y = x 2 (90 - x) 1 3

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A¢( x) = -10 x-2 - 10 x-3/2 + 8x-1/2. (c) R(48) = 12,000(48) - 125(48)2

The maximum revenue occurs when y = 1400 - 2(350) = 700.

Copyright © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. Let x = length of field 1800 - 4 x = 0

P = 2 x + 2 y = 300 A¢¢ = -4, which implies that x = 450 is the

Area: The maximum area is

A = xy (450)(900) = 405, 000 m 2.

A¢( x) = 0 when 1200 − (3/2)x