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Statement of authorship

Students’ name: Bùi Thị Hồng Nhung

Lại Phúc Mỹ An
Đỗ Nguyễn Minh Tuấn
Phạm Thị Hải Linh

Class: 1Q22 Student Number: 2206080092

2206080001
2206080103
2206080075

Subject: European Studies

Lecturer: Nguyen Do Thi
Name of research paper: Political Strategies for Reducing and Controlling E-Waste in
the European Union
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HANOI UNIVERSITY
 FACULTY OF INTERNATIONAL STUDIES

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Political Strategies for Reducing and Controlling

E-Waste in the European Union
(Word count: 3540 words)

Lecturer: Nguyen Do Thi

Students: Bùi Thị Hồng Nhung

Lại Phúc Mỹ An

Đỗ Nguyễn Minh Tuấn

Phạm Thị Hải Linh

Class: 1Q22

Course: ES 2024

Date: 28/04/2024

Abstract
This paper examines the political strategies employed by the European Union (EU) to tackle the
growing challenge of electronic waste (e-waste). It begins by defining e-waste and providing a
concerning overview of its current state within the EU. The core of the paper focuses on the key
EU policies implemented to reduce and control e-waste. This includes a detailed analysis of the
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive, the Restriction of Hazardous
Substances (RoHS) Directive, and Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) schemes. The
discussion further explores the potential of expanding EPR and utilizing financial incentives to
encourage producers to design more durable and recyclable electronics. Additionally, the paper
examines the role of the European Green Deal in promoting a more circular economy for
electronic products. To analyze the implementation effectiveness of these policies, the paper
presents a case study of a specific EU member state that has demonstrably enacted all four key
policies. This case study will evaluate the successes and shortcomings of the implemented
strategies. Furthermore, a comparative analysis will be conducted between different EU member
states to identify variations in their approaches and outcomes. Finally, the paper will discuss
potential future visions for e-waste management within the EU and conclude with a critical
assessment of the current strategies and their potential for a more sustainable future.

Contents

ABSTRACT....................................................................................................................................2
I. INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................................4

II. POLICIES REGARDING ELECTRICAL WASTE......................................................4

1. WEEE Directive (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment).....................................................................4

2. RoHS Directive (Restriction of Hazardous Substances)..................................................................................4

3. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) schemes...........................................................................................5

4. The European Green Deal...................................................................................................................................5

III. IMPLEMENTATION OF POLICIES.............................................................................6

1. Italian WEEE management system....................................................................................................................6

2. Finland RoSH system...........................................................................................................................................7

3. French collective EPR scheme............................................................................................................................8

IV. FUTURE VISION.............................................................................................................10

V. CONCLUSION.................................................................................................................10

REFERENCES............................................................................................................................12

I. Introduction

E-waste, also known as electronic waste or waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE),
refers to discarded electrical or electronic devices. It is created when an electronic product is
discarded after the end of its useful life (European Commission, 2012). It can become a threat to
the environment and human health if not treated, disposed of, and recycled appropriately. The
amount of e-waste generated every year in the EU is increasing rapidly, making it one of the
fastest-growing waste streams. In 2021, the EU saw a peak of 13.5 million tons of electrical and
electronic equipment put on the market. The total collected electrical and electronic equipment
increased from 3.0 million tons in 2012 to 4.9 million tons in 2021 (European Commission,
2023). However, recycling practices vary among EU countries. The EU rules aim to address
environmental and other issues caused by the growing number of discarded electronics in the
EU. The goal is to contribute to sustainable production and consumption by preventing the
creation of WEEE, contributing to the efficient use of resources, and retrieving secondary raw
materials through re-use, recycling, and other forms of recovery (European Commission, 2023).
It’s important to note that e-waste contains a complex mixture of materials, some of which are
hazardous. These can cause major environmental and health problems if the discarded devices
are not managed properly. Modern electronics also contain rare and expensive resources,
including critical raw materials. These can be recycled and reused if the waste is effectively
managed. This study will delve into the political strategies for reducing and controlling E-waste
in the EU.

II. Policies Regarding Electrical waste

1. WEEE Directive (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment)

According to the European Commission (2023), the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
(WEEE) Directive is a European Union policy that addresses the rapidly increasing amount of
electronic waste. It covers a wide range of devices, from mobile phones and computers to
household appliances and medical devices. The directive sets targets for the collection, recovery,
and recycling of e-waste and helps fight illegal waste exports. It also aims to increase resource
efficiency and support the shift to a circular economy by promoting the recycling and re-use of
valuable resources found in e-waste. In essence, the WEEE Directive is a crucial step towards
sustainable production and consumption, contributing to the efficient use of resources and
improving the environmental performance of everyone involved in the life cycle of electrical and
electronic equipment.

2. RoHS Directive (Restriction of Hazardous Substances)

The Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) Directive, also known as Directive
2002/95/EC, is a regulation that originated in the European Union in 2002 (European
Commission, 2011). It restricts the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and
electronic equipment (EEE). The directive currently restricts the use of ten substances: lead,
cadmium, mercury, hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls (PBB), polybrominated
diphenyl ethers (PBDE), and four types of phthalates (DEHP, BBP, DBP, and DIBP) (European
Commission, 2011). As for its effectiveness, the RoHS Directive has been generally successful
in raising the overall level of environmental protection and reducing the use of hazardous
substances in EEE. It has been reported that the use of these substances in EEE has been reduced
by roughly 67% since the directive was introduced in 2002 (Andrews, 2022). The directive
promotes the recyclability of EEE, ensuring that EEE and its components that have become
waste contain fewer hazardous substances. It also ensures a level playing field for manufacturers
and importers of EEE in the European market (European Commission, 2023).

3. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) schemes

One regulatory reaction to environmental challenges related to product waste and disposal was
Extended Producer Responsibility, or EPR. Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is an
environmental policy strategy wherein a producer's liability for a product is extended to the stage
of the product's life cycle that follows consumer purchase, according to the OECD. EPR has
been a cornerstone of environmental policy since the late 1980s, mainly in European nations like
Sweden and Germany, and has been continuously spreading around the EU and globally. The
main objective of the EPR scheme is to allow manufacturers to carry out their responsibility for
the total lifecycle of their products, including the post-consumer stage. Moreover, EPR requires
manufacturers to finance and organize the collection, recycling, and safe disposal of their
products by paying a fee to the Producer Responsibility Organization (PRO), which will assist
them in collecting and recycling their packaging.

The EPR schemes are policy principles under the WEEE directives for EU policy
implementation on environmental issues regarding electronic waste (Favot, 2014). With the
establishment of EPR programs, the European Nations are expected to perform well in reducing
the flow of electric waste through acts of prevention, reuse, and recycling. Extended Producer
Responsibility (EPR) has become a crucial factor in e-waste management in the European Union,
playing a pivotal role in addressing the environmental and social challenges posed by electronic
waste and being considered a significant tool to facilitate the enactment of the European Waste
Hierarchy (Monier & Hestin, 2014).

Take Italy as an EU country that applies the EPR programs to their policy principle of
controlling the flow of WEEE. There has been an escalation in the number of WEEE collected
through the EPR schemes in Italy (Ahlers & Hemkhaus, 2021). In Ahlers and Hemkhaus
research paper, they have pointed out that the collection rate of electric waste rose fivefold from
initially 1.1 kg per capita in 2008 to 5.7 kg per capita in 2019, according to the data provided by
Italian PROs and the coordination center of Italy. One of the primary factors contributing to this
enhancement is the significant contribution of the EPR system to funding disposal infrastructure
in Italy. This investment has resulted in a notable expansion of available collection points for
WEEE, among other benefits.

4. The European Green Deal

The European Green Deal is a set of policy initiatives regarding environmental issues established
in 2019 by the European Union. The EU Green Deal is considered to be a comprehensive and
long-term program with the aim of setting the EU countries pacing towards a green society by
the year 2050. It is set to achieve zero greenhouse gas emissions and a resource-efficient
economy (wtocenter, 2023) by considering the problems of climate change and environmental
degradation. There are four main goals on which the EU Green Deal mainly focuses: (1)
achieving net-zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050; (2) emphasizing decoupling economic
growth from resource consumption; (3) ensuring no one is left behind in this transition period;
and (4) reducing waste pollution in order to protect human, animal, and plant lives.

In the context of WEEE management, the EU Green Deal combines the principle of Extended
Producer Responsibility (EPR) and the WEEE directive. Both policies mainly concentrate on
reusing and recycling electronic products. With this policy framework, the European
Commission set out a policy initiative called the "Circular Electronics Initiative" to help focus
more on electronic and information and communications technology (ICT) equipment (EU
Commission, 2020). With the aim of promoting a longer product lifecycle, this initiative puts out
restrictions on hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment, targeted at devices
made with longevity, energy economy, maintenance, upgradability, reuse, and recycling through
the Eco-design Directive.

The European Green Deal also has programs to support sustainable industrial techniques and
eco-design. During the course of a product's lifespan, these activities seek to minimize the
environmental impact of goods, especially electronic gadgets. The European Green Deal
enhances the goals of the WEEE Directive by promoting the design of products with
recyclability and resource efficiency in mind.

III. Implementation of Policies

1. Italian WEEE management system

The goal of the WEEE directive is to create an efficient e-waste management system that is
broadly applicable to all EU member states. The updated Directive 2012/19/EU gives nations
progressively more challenging goals to meet. Italy has made significant progress in the
collection and recycling of EEE. Italy amended Directive Legislation 49/2014 to incorporate e-
waste prevention and reduction, re-use and recycling promotion, decreasing of harmful
substances in EEE, and greater collection targets in order to comply with the new EU regulations
(Capurso, 2014).

Figure 1: The total e-waste generation in Italy (Statistics from La Dichiarazione Impianti)
Figure 1 shows that between 2021 and 2022, there was a 16 thousand tons decrease in electronic
trash. Italy has made remarkable progress in reducing e-waste, as seen by their decrease of 60
thousand tons in just five years. Additionally, Italy collected 44% of its e-waste in 2013, which
was slightly less than the 45% EU target, which was supposed to increase to 65% starting in
2019. It demonstrates that Italy still needs to focus on increasing collection rates in order to meet
tighter goals, even though earlier goals were met. It is important to note that WEEE collection
and recovery predominantly occur within urban systems, emphasizing the significance of
effective waste management practices in densely populated areas (Ghisellini et al., 2023).

In contrast, there are areas where people are ignorant of the WEEE directive and its
implementation due to a lack of knowledge among the populace on the importance of WEEE
recovery (Ghisellini et al., 2023). Additionally, Italy faces difficulties as a result of a lack of
licensed first treatment plants, which causes 35% of created WEEE to be diverted into
uncontrolled side streams rather than permitted treatment facilities (C.P. Baldé, M. Wagner, G.
Iattoni, R. Kuehr, 2020).

In assessing the state of the WEEE directive in Italy and drawing comparisons with Greece,
considering that France produced 181.2 thousand tons of e-waste in 2018, less than half of Italy's
total, is noteworthy. There are a number of reasons for this notable discrepancy, such as the two
nations' differing populations and garbage management systems. Furthermore, Greece's 2009
economic downturn had an effect on the e-waste situation in the nation. There were fewer new
products hitting the Greek market as a result of the economic slump. This means that, in
comparison to Italy and other EU members, the age distribution of electrical and electronic
equipment (EEE) in Greek households is anticipated to be different. Because Greek consumers
are more likely to choose repair over new product purchases, the lifespan of EEE stock in Greek
households is therefore expected to be prolonged (CHRONI, C., ABELIOTIS, K et al.,2017).

2. Finland RoSH system

When discussing WEEE, it's critical to remember that these wastes include a variety of
dangerous materials that can be harmful to the environment and human health. To address this
issue, Finland is among the nations that have aggressively implemented the RoHS policy. The
2013 Law on measures for the control of dangerous substances in electrical and electronic
equipment was recently amended by a proposal from the Finnish government (Compliance &
Risks., 2023). The manufacturing of mobile phones in Finland is a noteworthy illustration of
how this approach is being applied. Due to their extensive use, mobile phones have become more
and more common; some people even own several of these gadgets. The chemical components
of mobile phones are on an "endangered list," according to researchers from the University of St
Andrews (2019). This emphasizes the importance of managing and recovering these resources in
an efficient manner. Recovering metals from mobile phones that are nearing the end of their
useful lives has been made easier by the RoHS Directive. Through the mitigation of health risks
linked to recycling procedures, this regulation has improved the financial viability of recycling
operations while also protecting the environment. It is important to remember that prohibitions
on specific compounds in outdated mobile phones have made room for possible uses in this field
(Ylä-Mella, J., & Keiski, R. 2012). Furthermore, reducing the amount of hazardous waste
produced during manufacturing processes and increasing the effective intake of hazardous
materials throughout material cycles are the two goals Finland has set for itself in its National
Waste Plan for 2018–2023. According to the Ministry of the Environment (2018), this program
is in line with the nation's commitment to environmentally friendly waste management
techniques.

3. French collective EPR scheme

The average EU level of e-waste collected has a very slow yet constant growing trend with
Sweden, United Kingdom, France, and Germany being the group of countries with high levels of
collection of e-waste reported to the EU average (Thakur & Kumar, 2021). With constant waste
generation becoming an ever more pressing issue, the European Commission is seeking to
incorporate better incentives into Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) policies (Micheaux &
Aggeri, 2021). France's approach to e-waste management serves as a compelling case study for
the successful implementation of EPR principles within the framework of the European Green
Deal. This section aims to introduce the current state and legal framework on the French
collective EPR scheme and discuss the implementation of this policy by analyzing key strategies,
impacts and achievements, key result factors and addressing considerations.

The French case is interesting not only because France was a pioneering country in
experimenting with eco-modulation, but also because this incentive scheme is part of a broader
collective organization, for example EPR schemes, in which PROs play a key role. Specifically,
France EPR schemes are regulated through collective governance involving producer
responsibility organizations (PROs), public authorities, individual producers, consumer
representatives and other waste sector stakeholders (Micheaux & Aggeri, 2021). The EPR
principle was therefore introduced in French legislation in 1975, implemented in the 1980s and
regulated through Article L. 541-10 of the environmental code. The aim of this policy instrument
is to drive producers towards internalizing end-of-life costs in their business models, as well as
moving towards a full life-cycle perspective on their products (Switchmed, 2020). This
incentivizes eco-design considerations and reduces reliance on landfills. Moreover, the weight
and category of EEE that manufacturers exist on the market determines the eco-participation
costs they must pay. The infrastructure for recycling and collection is accounted for by these
fees. French PROs are obligated to donate 1% of their revenue toward research funding. This
financial assistance, which must be granted, is an intriguing means of promoting eco-design
product creation. This mandatory financial support is an interesting way to stimulate innovation
in eco-design products. It is worth noting in this French policy framework that PROs are at the
heart of national EPR legislation, which gives them a particular role compared to other waste
sector stakeholders (NGOs, recycling organizations, producer and consumer associations, public
authorities) and an intermediate status between the public and private sectors. PROs may only be
established and managed by producers in accordance with French legislation. To ensure
efficiency and coverage across the country, approved PROs oversee the networks used for
collecting data from different EEE categories. The implementation of this policy follows three
key approaches. The first strategy is Widespread Collection Network. France boasts a vast
network of collection points, including retailers, municipalities, and dedicated recycling
facilities. This makes it convenient for citizens to dispose of e-waste responsibly. The second one
is Public Awareness Campaigns. Extensive public information campaigns raise awareness about
the environmental impact of e-waste and the importance of proper disposal channels. Finally,
France encourages the reuse and repair of electronics through initiatives that promote
refurbishment and second-hand markets. This extends the lifespan of products and reduces the
need for new ones (Micheaux & Aggeri, 2021).

A publication of Switchmed in 2020 demonstrated the impacts and results of this policy
instrument. One of the achievements of France EPR implementation is the significant progress in
e-waste collection. In total, the EPR sectors contributed 1.2 billion euros to the financing of
collection and waste treatment, and more than 8.1 million tons were collected (from a total of
14.9 Mt) in 2016. Furthermore, in 2017, France's Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR)
programs achieved the European WEEE sector objectives of 55% to 80% recycled or stored for
reuse across all equipment categories—household and professional combined. E-waste
landfilling has also drastically declined, reducing resource loss and contamination to the
environment. Additionally, the e-waste management industry has created new jobs in the areas of
collecting, recycling, and rehabilitation. In France, over five years, the WEEE recycling
activities have created at least 30 new plants and more than 3,000 jobs (of which over 1,500 are
qualified as “social economy” jobs) directly related to the sorting, depollution and recovery of
metals and plastics from WEEE. The publication also mentioned two key result factors
contributing to the policy success. The inclusive governance model of France's EPR system,
which effectively balances the roles and duties of many stakeholders, is one of its main
advantages. In addition to producers, public authorities also have a significant role in the design,
development, and implementation of EPR systems. Through multi-stakeholder forums, other
society organizations may also offer feedback and input. The French scheme's use of eco-
modulation is another good element. Producers pay a varied price based on how satisfactorily
their products meet sustainability standards, such as the amount of material used, the quantity of
recycled content, the use of renewable resources, etc. Producers are being encouraged to make
investments in eco-design as a result.

However, challenges and Considerations still persist. First, France, like other EU countries, faces
the challenge of illegal e-waste exports to developing countries where improper treatment
practices pose health and environmental risks. This trade is a means for brokers, smugglers and
organized crime groups to meet the demands of the waste producer for cheap disposal of used
electronic products. The process is therefore frequently implemented through illegal means, with
workers undertaking gross extraction processes in importing countries. The consequences of this
include environmental harm, poor working conditions, yields for organized crime groups and
loss of economic opportunities for exporting countries. Vehicle panels that solder digital garbage
are examples of this. This tactic even suggests that criminals would try to carry illicit debris
along with other illegal products. For example, INTERPOL (2015) has been successful in
finding weapons hidden in waste that was being illegally shipped from France (Palmeira et al.,
2018). Besides, Complex Recycling Processes remain a notable issue. Recycling certain EEE
components, particularly those containing rare earth elements, remains technically challenging
and expensive. Ongoing research and development are crucial for cost-effective solutions.
Finally, ensuring consumers are well-informed about proper e-waste disposal options and the
benefits of responsible electronics consumption remains an ongoing task.
In short, the experience of France serves as an example of the beneficial results that can
potentially be accomplished through carefully constructed out EPR plans and public involvement
campaigns. France has succeeded in making great strides toward decreasing e-waste and
advancing a more circular economy for electronics by coordinating producers, consumers, and
waste management firms in a cooperative manner. The long-term sustainability of France's e-
waste management system will be ensured by constant growth through research, public
education, and tackling illegitimate exports.
IV. Future Vision

In the context of a circular economy, the European Union sees a future in which electronic trash
is efficiently managed, reduced, and turned into a useful resource. The EU is committed to
sustainability and environmental preservation. To address the increasing issues brought about by
e-waste, the EU plans to use a combination of regulatory measures, technical innovation, and
stakeholder engagement. The establishment of policy initiatives such as the Extended Producer
Responsibility or the European Green Deal can help in enforcing a future when e-waste is
reduced to a minimum portion.

With the development of technology in recent years and the escalation in the use of e-products, it
can be difficult to predict precisely the future. Even though there are many challenges, there are
untapped potential opportunities in the future. Manufacturers that have a vision for the future
have a great chance to create an electronics sector that is environmentally responsible and
commercially viable. Forward-thinking companies might investigate the enormous potential for
product and component reuse in addition to production and recycling. In addition, policymakers
also benefit from opportunities to transform toward a more circular system (Parajuly & Kuehr,
2019).
Through these initiatives, the EU hopes to establish a more sustainable and circular global
economy where resources are used effectively, and e-waste is appropriately managed for the
benefit of both current and future generations.

V. Conclusion

In conclusion, WEEE is a global phenomenon that has received substantial attention from
countries throughout the world. The EU has taken proactive steps by enacting several legislations
aimed at efficiently reducing WEEE. These include directives such as the WEEE Directive and
the RoHS Directive, as well as programs like Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) and the
Green Deal in general. The EU's measures have shown significant success in reducing WEEE
creation, not just inside European countries but also inspiring adoption by countries outside of
Europe. However, issues remain in the uniform implementation and enforcement of these
regulations, since certain countries struggle with effective control and compliance mechanisms.
However, the EU is dedicated to pursuing its environmental goal, particularly by promoting a
green economy or circular economy. The concept of a circular economy, which originated at the
EU level in 2015, is a departure from the prior "zero waste" concept and has gained popularity as
a complete solution to waste management and resource conservation. In general, the EU's
attempts to tackle the WEEE problem and seek sustainable solutions highlight its dedication to
protecting the environment and facilitating the shift to a more sustainable and circular future.
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