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57724_FM_zill.indd Page i 8/17/13 10:06 PM ff-446 ~/Desktop/17:8:2013/Zill
COMPLEX A First
Course with
Applications
ANALYSIS THIRD EDITION
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94616_TOCX_zilln JB00075/Zill August 16, 2013 19:47
Contents
Preface xiii
Chapter 1. Complex Numbers and the Complex Plane 2

1.1 Complex Numbers and Their Properties 3
1.2 Complex Plane 10
1.3 Polar Form of Complex Numbers 16
1.4 Powers and Roots 22
1.5 Sets of Points in the Complex Plane 27
1.6 Applications 34
Chapter 1 Review Quiz 43
Chapter 2. Complex Functions and Mappings 46

2.1 Complex Functions 47
2.2 Complex Functions as Mappings 54
2.3 Linear Mappings 62
2.4 Special Power Functions 72
2.4.1 The Power Function zn 73
2.4.2 The Power Function z1/n 76
2.5 Reciprocal Function 87
2.6 Applications 96
Chapter 3. Analytic Functions 102

3.1 Limits and Continuity 103
3.1.1 Limits 103
3.1.2 Continuity 110
3.2 Differentiability and Analyticity 121
3.3 Cauchy-Riemann Equations 130
3.4 Harmonic Functions 137
3.5 Applications 141
Chapter 4. Elementary Functions 150

4.1 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions 151
4.1.1 Complex Exponential Function 151
4.1.2 Complex Logarithmic Function 156
4.2 Complex Powers 166
ix
x Contents
4.3 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions 171

4.3.1 Complex Trigonometric Functions 171
4.3.2 Complex Hyperbolic Functions 179
4.4 Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions 183
Chapter 5. Integration in the Complex Plane 200

5.1 Real Integrals 201
5.2 Complex Integrals 209
5.3 Cauchy-Goursat Theorem 218
5.4 Independence of Path 226
5.5 Cauchy’s Integral Formulas and Their
Consequences 233
5.5.1 Cauchy’s Two Integral Formulas 233
5.5.2 Some Consequences of the Integral
Formulas 237
Chapter 6. Series and Residues 258

6.1 Sequences and Series 259
6.2 Taylor Series 269
6.3 Laurent Series 278
6.4 Zeros and Poles 288
6.5 Residues and Residue Theorem 294
6.6 Some Consequences of the Residue Theorem 302
6.6.1 Evaluation of Real Trigonometric
Integrals 303
6.6.2 Evaluation of Real Improper Integrals 304
6.6.3 Integration along a Branch Cut 310
6.6.4 The Argument Principle and Rouché’s
Theorem 311
6.6.5 Summing Infinite Series 315
Chapter 7. Conformal Mappings 334

7.1 Conformal Mapping 335
7.2 Linear Fractional Transformations 343
7.3 Schwarz-Christoffel Transformations 351
7.4 Poisson Integral Formulas 359
7.5.1 Boundary-Value Problems 367
7.5.2 Fluid Flow 374
Contents xi
Appendixes: I Proof of Theorem 3.1.1 APP-1

II Proof of the Cauchy-Goursat Theorem APP-3
III Table of Conformal Mappings APP-7
Answers to Selected Odd-Numbered Problems ANS-1

Symbol Index IND-1
Word Index IND-5
94616_PREF_Zill JB00075/Zill August 19, 2013 19:8
Preface
Philosophy The first edition of this text grew out the material in Chapters
17–20 of Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Third Edition (Jones and Bartlett
Publishers, 2006), by Dennis G. Zill and the late Michael R. Cullen. This third
edition represents an expansion and revision of that original material and is intended
for use either in a one-semester or a one-quarter course. Its aim is to introduce the
basic principles and applications of complex analysis to undergraduates who have
no prior knowledge of this subject. The writing is straightforward and reflects the
no-nonsense style of Advanced Engineering Mathematics.
The motivation to adapt the material from Advanced Engineering Mathematics
into a stand-alone text came from our dissatisfaction with the succession of textbooks
that we have used over the years in our departmental undergraduate course offering in
complex analysis. It has been our experience that books claiming to be accessible to
undergraduates were often written at a level that was too high for our audience. The
“audience” for our junior-level course consists of some majors in mathematics, some
majors in physics, but mostly majors from electrical engineering and computer science.
At our institution, a typical student majoring in science or engineering is not required
to take theory-oriented mathematics courses such as methods of proof, linear algebra,
abstract algebra, advanced calculus, or introductory real analysis. The only prerequisite
for our undergraduate course in complex analysis is the completion of the third semester
of the calculus sequence. For the most part, then, calculus is all that we assume by way
of preparation for a student to use this text, although some working knowledge of
differential equations would be helpful in the sections devoted to applications. We
have kept the theory in this text to what we hope is a manageable level, concentrating
only on what we feel is necessary in a first course. Many concepts are presented in an
informal and conceptual style rather than in the conventional definition/theorem/proof
format. We think it would be fair to characterize this text as a continuation of the
study of calculus, but this time as the study of the calculus of functions of a complex
variable. But do not misinterpret the preceding words; we have not abandoned theory
in favor of “cookbook recipes.” Proofs of major results are presented and much of
the standard terminology is used throughout. Indeed, there are many problems in the
exercise sets where a student is asked to prove something. We readily admit that any
student—not just majors in mathematics—can gain some mathematical maturity and
insight by attempting a proof. However, we also know that most students have no idea
how to start a proof. Thus, in some of our “proof” problems the reader is either guided
through the starting steps or is provided a strong hint on how to proceed.
Changes in This Edition The original underlying philosophy and the
overall number of sections and chapters are the same as in the second edition. We
have purposely kept the number of chapters in this text to seven. This was done in
order to provide an appropriate quantity of material so that most of it can reasonably
be covered in a one-term course.
Our primary goal for this third edition was to enhance the strengths of the original
text. As such, in this revision:
r Some text in Chapter 2 has been rewritten in order to support a more direct
transition from elementary principles to series and residues. As with previous
editions, we have tried to keep the exposition crisp and straightforward.
xiii
xiv Preface
r Section 2.6 (Limits and Continuity) in the second edition has now become
Section 3.1 in this edition. This move collects all of the introductory concepts
of the calculus of complex functions into Chapter 3 as well as balances out the
number of sections in each chapter.
r Some new problems have been added to the exercises and many problems from
the previous edition have been improved. A significant number of computer
lab assignments have also been added.
r The Mathematica R
syntax from the second edition has been updated to coin-
cide with version 8 of the software.
r Errors and typos in the second edition have been corrected.
Features of This Text We have retained many of the features of the

previous edition. Each chapter begins with its own opening page that includes a table
of contents and a brief introduction describing the material to be covered in the chapter.
Moreover, each section in a chapter starts with introductory comments on the specifics
covered in that section. Almost every section ends with a feature called Remarks,
in which we talk to the students about areas where real and complex calculus differ
or discuss additional interesting topics (such as the Riemann sphere and Riemann
surfaces), which are related to, but not formally covered in, the section. Several of
the longer sections, although unified by subject matter, have been partitioned into
subsections; this was done to facilitate covering the material over several class periods.
The corresponding exercise sets were divided in the same manner in order to make
easier the assignment of homework. Comments, clarifications, and some words of
caution are liberally scattered throughout the text by means of marginal annotations.
We have used a double-decimal numeration system for the numbering of the
figures, theorems, and definitions. For example, the interpretation of “Figure 1.2.3” is
Chapter Section
1.2.3 Third figure in the section
We feel that this type of numeration will make it easier to find figures, theorems, and
definitions when they are referred to in later sections or chapters.
We have provided a lot of examples and have tried very hard to supply all
pertinent details in their solution. Because applications of complex analysis are often
compiled into a single chapter placed at the end of the text, instructors are sometimes
hard-pressed to cover any applications in the course. Complex analysis is a powerful
tool in applied mathematics. So to facilitate covering this beautiful aspect of the
subject, we have chosen to end each chapter with a separate section on applications.
The exercise sets are constructed in a pyramidal fashion, and each set has at least
two parts. The first part of an exercise set is a generous supply of routine drill-type
problems; the second part consists of conceptual word and geometrical problems. In
many exercise sets there is a third part devoted to the use of technology. Since the
default operational mode of all computer algebra systems is complex analysis, we
have placed an emphasis on that type of software. Although we have discussed the
use of Mathematica in the text proper, the problems are generic in nature.
Each chapter ends with a Chapter Review Quiz. We thought that something
more conceptual would be a bit more interesting than the rehashing of the same old
problems given in the traditional Chapter Review Exercises.
Answers to selected odd-numbered problems are given in the back of the text.
Since the conceptual problems could also be used as topics for classroom discussion,
we decided not to include their answers.
Additional Resources A student study guide has been prepared by

Patrick D. Shanahan to accompany Complex Analysis: A First Course with Applications.
Preface xv
The study guide contains a complete solution of every fourth problem in the exercises
(with the exception of Focus on Concepts and Computer Lab Assignment problems),
hints for every fourth Focus on Concepts problem, summaries of the key ideas for
each section, and important review material from calculus and differential equations.
Complete solutions are also available for qualified instructors. For student and
instructor resources please contact your Jones & Bartlett Learning account represen-
tative at 1-800-832-0034 or visit go.jblearning.com/complex3e.
Acknowledgments We would like to express our appreciation to our

colleagues at Loyola Marymount University who have taught from the text, as well
as those instructors who have taken the time to contact us, for their words of en-
couragement, criticisms, corrections, and thoughtful suggestions. We also wish to
acknowledge the valuable input from past LMU students who used this book in pre-
liminary and published versions. Finally, we extend a deeply felt thank you to the
reviewers of the first and second editions:
Nicolae H. Pavel, Ohio University
Marcos Jardim, University of Pennsylvania
Ilia A. Binder, Harvard University
Joyati Debnath, Winona State University
Rich Mikula, William Paterson University of New Jersey
Jim Vance, Wright State University
Chris Masters, Doane College
George J. Miel, University of Nevada, Las Vegas
Jeffrey Lawson, Western Carolina University
Javad Namazi, Fairleigh Dickinson University
Irl Bivens, Davidson College
and to the reviewers of the current edition:
Victor Akatsa, Chicago State University
Joyati Debnath, Winona State University
A.R. Lubin, Illinois Institute of Technology
Lloyd Moyo, Henderson State University, AR
Lastly, many kudos goes to our Production Editor, Tiffany Sliter, for yet another job
well done.
Final Request Compiling a mathematics text, even one of this modest

size, entails juggling thousands of words and symbols. Experience has taught us that
errors—typos or just plain mistakes—seem to be an inescapable by-product of the
textbook-writing endeavor. We apologize in advance for any errors that you may find
and urge you to bring them to our attention. You can email them to our editor at
info@jblearning.com.
Dennis G. Zill Patrick D. Shanahan
57724_CH01_zill JB00075/Zill August 5, 2013 13:9
1 Complex Numbers
and the
Complex Plane
Contents
1.1 Complex Numbers and Their Properties
3π
1.2 Complex Plane
2π
1.3 Polar Form of Complex Numbers
π
1.4 Powers and Roots 0
1.5 Sets of Points in the Complex Plane –π
1.6 Applications –2π

–3π 1
Chapter 1 Review Quiz –1
0 0
1 –1
Riemann surface for arg(z).

See page 85.
In This Chapter In elementary courses you learned about the existence, and some of
the properties, of complex numbers. But in courses in calculus, it is most likely that you did
not even see a complex number. In this text we study nothing but complex numbers and the
calculus of functions of a complex variable.
We begin with an in-depth examination of the arithmetic and algebra of complex numbers.
2
1.1 Complex Numbers and Their Properties

INTRODUCTION No one person “invented” complex numbers, but controversies
surrounding the use of these numbers existed in the sixteenth century. In their quest
to solve polynomial equations by formulas involving radicals, early dabblers in math-
ematics were forced to admit that there were other kinds of numbers besides positive
integers. Equations such as x 2 + 2x + 2 = 0 and x 3 = 6x + 4 that yielded “so-
√ √ √
lutions” 1 + −1 and 2 + −2 + 2 − −2 caused particular consternation
3 3
within the community of fledgling √ mathematical

√ scholars because everyone knew
that there are no numbers such as −1 and −2, numbers whose square is negative.
Such “numbers” exist only in one’s imagination, or as one philosopher opined, “the
imaginary, (the) bosom child of complex mysticism.” Over time these “imaginary
numbers” did not go away, mainly because mathematicians as a group are tenacious
and some are even practical. A famous mathematician held that even though “they
exist in our imagination . . . nothing prevents us from . . . employing them in cal-
culations.” Mathematicians also hate to throw anything away. After all, a memory
still lingered that negative numbers at first were branded “fictitious.” The concept of
number evolved over centuries; gradually the set of numbers grew from just positive
integers to include rational numbers, negative numbers, and irrational numbers. But in
the eighteenth century the number concept took a gigantic evolutionary step forward
when the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss put the so-called imaginary
numbers—or complex numbers, as they were now beginning to be called—on a
logical and consistent footing by treating them as an extension of the real number
system.
Our goal in this first section is to examine some basic definitions and the arith-
metic of complex numbers.
The Imaginary Unit Even after gaining wide respectability, through the
seminal works of Carl Friedrich Gauss and the French mathematician Augustin
Louis Cauchy, the unfortunate name “imaginary” has survived down the centuries.
√
The symbol i was originally used as a disguise for the embarrassing symbol −1.
We now say that i is the imaginary unit and define it by the property i 2 = −1.
Using the imaginary unit, we build a general complex number out of two real
numbers.
DEFINITION 1.1.1 Complex Number
A complex number is any number of the form z = a + ib where a and b are real
numbers and i is the imaginary unit.
Terminology The notations a + ib and a + bi are used interchangeably. The

real number a in z = a + ib is called the real part of z; the real number b is called
the imaginary part of z. The real and imaginary parts of a complex number z are
Note: The imaginary part of z = 4 − 9i abbreviated Re(z) and Im(z), respectively. For example, if z = 4 − 9i, then Re(z) = 4
▲
is −9 not −9i. and Im(z) = −9. A real constant multiple of the imaginary unit is called a pure
imaginary number. For example, z = 6i is a pure imaginary number. Two complex
numbers are equal if their corresponding real and imaginary parts are equal. Since
this simple concept is sometimes useful, we formalize the last statement in the next
definition.
4 CHAPTER 1 Complex Numbers and the Complex Plane
DEFINITION 1.1.2 Equality
Complex numbers z1 = a1 + ib1 and z2 = a2 + ib2 are equal, z1 = z2 , if a1 = a2

and b1 = b2 .
In terms of the symbols Re(z) and Im(z), Definition 1.1.2 states that z1 = z2 if
Re(z1 ) = Re(z2 ) and Im(z1 ) = Im(z2 ).
The totality of complex numbers or the set of complex numbers is usually
denoted by the symbol C. Because any real number a can be written as
z = a + 0i, we see that the set R of real numbers is a subset of C.
Arithmetic Operations Complex numbers can be added, subtracted,

multiplied, and divided. If z1 = a1 + ib1 and z2 = a2 + ib2 , these operations
are defined as follows.
Addition: z1 + z2 = (a1 + ib1 ) + (a2 + ib2 ) = (a1 + a2 ) + i(b1 + b2 )
Subtraction: z1 − z2 = (a1 + ib1 ) − (a2 + ib2 ) = (a1 − a2 ) + i(b1 − b2 )
Multiplication: z1 · z2 = (a1 + ib1 )(a2 + ib2 )
= a1 a2 − b1 b2 + i(b1 a2 + a1 b2 )
z1 a1 + ib1
Division: = , a2 = 0, or b2 = 0
z2 a2 + ib2
a1 a2 + b1 b2 b1 a2 − a1 b2
= +i
a2 + b2
2 2
a22 + b22
The familiar commutative, associative, and distributive laws hold for complex
numbers:
⎧
⎨z +z = z +z
1 2 2 1
Commutative laws:
⎩ z z =z z
1 2 2 1
⎧
⎨ z + (z + z ) = (z + z ) + z
1 2 3 1 2 3
Associative laws:
⎩ z (z z ) = (z z )z
1 2 3 1 2 3
Distributive law: z1 (z2 + z3 ) = z1 z2 + z1 z3
In view of these laws, there is no need to memorize the definitions of addition,

subtraction, and multiplication.
Addition, Subtraction, and Multiplication
(i) To add (subtract ) two complex numbers, simply add (subtract ) the corre-
sponding real and imaginary parts.
(ii) To multiply two complex numbers, use the distributive law and the fact that
i 2 = −1.
The definition of division deserves further elaboration, and so we will discuss that
operation in more detail shortly.
EXAMPLE 1 Addition and Multiplication
If z1 = 2 + 4i and z2 = −3 + 8i, find (a) z1 + z2 and (b) z1 z2 .
Solution (a) By adding real and imaginary parts, the sum of the two complex numbers
z1 and z2 is
z1 + z2 = (2 + 4i) + (−3 + 8i) = (2 − 3) + (4 + 8)i = −1 + 12i.
(b) By the distributive law and i 2 = −1, the product of z1 and z2 is
z1 z2 = (2 + 4i) (−3 + 8i) = (2 + 4i) (−3) + (2 + 4i) (8i)

= −6 − 12i + 16i + 32i 2
= (−6 − 32) + (16 − 12)i = −38 + 4i.
Zero and Unity The zero in the complex number system is the number
0 + 0i and the unity is 1 + 0i. The zero and unity are denoted by 0 and 1, respectively.
The zero is the additive identity in the complex number system since, for any
complex number z = a + ib, we have z + 0 = z. To see this, we use the definition
of addition:
z + 0 = (a + ib) + (0 + 0i) = a + 0 + i(b + 0) = a + ib = z.
Similarly, the unity is the multiplicative identity of the system since, for any complex
number z, we have
z · 1 = (a + ib) · (1 + 0i) = a − 0 + i(b − 0) = a + ib = z.
Conjugate If z is a complex number, the number obtained by changing the

sign of its imaginary part is called the complex conjugate, or simply conjugate, of
z and is denoted by the symbol z̄. In other words, if z = a + ib, then its conjugate
is z̄ = a − ib. For example, if z = 6 + 3i, then z̄ = 6 − 3i; if z = −5 − i, then
z̄ = −5 + i. If z is a real number, say, z = 7, then z̄ = 7. From the definitions of
addition and subtraction of complex numbers, it is readily shown that the conjugate
of a sum and difference of two complex numbers is the sum and difference of the
conjugates:
z1 + z2 = z̄1 + z̄2 , z1 − z2 = z̄1 − z̄2 . (1)
Moreover, we have the following three additional properties:

z1 z̄1
z1 z2 = z̄1 z̄2 , = , z̄¯ = z. (2)
z2 z̄2
Of course, the conjugate of any finite sum (product) of complex numbers is the sum
(product) of the conjugates.
The definitions of addition and multiplication show that the sum and product of
a complex number z with its conjugate z̄ is a real number:
z + z̄ = (a + ib) + (a − ib) = 2a (3)

zz̄ = (a + ib)(a − ib) = a − i b = a + b .
2 2 2 2 2
(4)
The difference of a complex number z with its conjugate z̄ is a pure imaginary

number:
z − z̄ = (a + ib) − (a − ib) = 2ib. (5)
Since a = Re(z) and b = Im(z), (3) and (5) yield two useful formulas:
z + z̄ z − z̄
Re(z) = and Im(z) = . (6)
2 2i
However, (4) is the important relationship in this discussion because it enables us to
approach division in a practical manner.
Division
To divide z1 by z2 , multiply the numerator and denominator of z1 /z2 by the
conjugate of z2 . That is,
z1 z1 z̄2 z1 z̄2
= · = (7)
z2 z2 z̄2 z2 z̄2
and then use the fact that z2 z̄2 is the sum of the squares of the real and imaginary
parts of z2 .
The procedure described in (7) is illustrated in the next example.
EXAMPLE 2 Division
If z1 = 2 − 3i and z2 = 4 + 6i, find z1 /z2 .
Solution We multiply numerator and denominator by the conjugate z̄2 = 4 − 6i of

the denominator z2 = 4 + 6i and then use (4):
z1 2 − 3i 2 − 3i 4 − 6i 8 − 12i − 12i + 18i 2 −10 − 24i
= = = = .
z2 4 + 6i 4 + 6i 4 − 6i 42 + 62 52
Because we want an answer in the form a + bi, we rewrite the last result by dividing
the real and imaginary parts of the numerator −10 − 24i by 52 and reducing to
lowest terms:
z1 10 24 5 6
= − − i = − − i.
z2 52 52 26 13
Inverses In the complex number system, every number z has a unique

additive inverse. As in the real number system, the additive inverse of z = a + ib
is its negative, −z, where −z = −a − ib. For any complex number z, we have
z + (−z) = 0. Similarly, every nonzero complex number z has a multiplicative
inverse. In symbols, for z = 0 there exists one and only one nonzero complex
number z−1 such that zz−1 = 1. The multiplicative inverse z−1 is the same as the
reciprocal 1/z.
EXAMPLE 3 Reciprocal
Find the reciprocal of z = 2 − 3i.

Solution By the definition of division we obtain
1 1 1 2 + 3i 2 + 3i 2 + 3i
= = = = .
z 2 − 3i 2 − 3i 2 + 3i 4+9 13
1 2 3
Answer should be in the form a + ib. = z−1 = + i.
▲
That is, z 13 13
You should take a few seconds to verify the multiplication

2
zz−1 = (2 − 3i) 13
+ 3
13
i = 1.
Remarks COMPARISON WITH REAL ANALYSIS
(i) Many of the properties of the real number system R hold in the complex
number system C, but there are some truly remarkable differences as well.
For example, the concept of order in the real number system does not carry
over to the complex number system. In other words, we cannot compare
two complex numbers z1 = a1 + ib1 , b1 = 0, and z2 = a2 + ib2 , b2 = 0,
by means of inequalities. Statements such as z1 < z2 or z2 ≥ z1 have no
meaning in C except in the special case when the two numbers z1 and z2
are real. See Problem 55 in Exercises 1.1. Therefore, if you see a statement
such as z1 = αz2 , α > 0, it is implicit from the use of the inequality
α > 0 that the symbol α represents a real number.
(ii) Some things that we take for granted as impossible in real analysis, such
as ex = −2 and sin x = 5 when x is a real variable, are perfectly correct
and ordinary in complex analysis when the symbol x is interpreted as
a complex variable. See Example 3 in Section 4.1 and Example 2 in
Section 4.3.
We will continue to point out other differences between real analysis and complex
analysis throughout the remainder of the text.
EXERCISES 1.1 Answers to selected odd-numbered problems begin on page ANS-1.
1. Evaluate the following powers of i.

(a) i 8 (b) i 11
(c) i 42 (d) i 105
2. Write the given number in the form a + ib.

(a) 2i 3 − 3i 2 + 5i (b) 3i 5 − i 4 + 7i 3 − 10i 2 − 9
3
5 2 20 2
(c) + 3 − 18 (d) 2i +
6
+ 5i −5 − 12i
i i i −i
In Problems 3–20, write the given number in the form a + ib.

3. (5 − 9i) + (2 − 4i) 4. 3(4 − i) − 3(5 + 2i)
5. i(5 + 7i) 6. i(4 − i) + 4i(1 + 2i)

7. (2 − 3i)(4 + i) 8. 12 − 14 i 23 + 53 i
1 i
9. 3i + 10.
2−i 1+i
2 − 4i 10 − 5i
11. 12.
3 + 5i 6 + 2i
(3 − i)(2 + 3i) (1 + i)(1 − 2i)
13. 14.
1+i (2 + i)(4 − 3i)
(5 − 4i) − (3 + 7i) (4 + 5i) + 2i 3
15. 16.
(4 + 2i) + (2 − 3i) (2 + i)2
17. i(1 − i)(2 − i)(2 + 6i) 18. (1 + i)2 (1 − i)3

2
1 2−i
19. (3 + 6i) + (4 − i)(3 + 5i) + 20. (2 + 3i)
2−i 1 + 2i
In Problems 21–24, use the binomial theorem∗

n n−1 n(n − 1) n−2 2
(A + B)n = An + A B+ A B + ···
1! 2!
n(n − 1)(n − 2) · · · (n − k + 1) n−k k
+ A B + · · · + Bn,
k!
where n = 1, 2, 3, . . . , to write the given number in the form a + ib.
3
21. (2 + 3i)2 22. 1 − 12 i
23. (−2 + 2i)5 24. (1 + i)8
In Problems 25 and 26, find Re(z) and Im(z).

i 1 1
25. z = 26. z =
3−i 2 + 3i (1 + i)(1 − 2i)(1 + 3i)
In Problems 27–30, let z = x + iy. Express the given quantity in terms of x and y.
27. Re(1/z) 28. Re(z2 )
29. Im(2z + 4z̄ − 4i) 30. Im(z̄2 + z2 )
In Problems 31–34, let z = x + iy. Express the given quantity in terms of the symbols Re(z)
and Im(z).
31. Re(iz) 32. Im(iz)
33. Im((1 + i)z) 34. Re(z2 )
In Problems 35 and 36, show that the indicated numbers satisfy the given equation. In each
case explain why additional solutions can be found.
√ √
2 2
35. z2 + i = 0, z1 = − + i. Find an additional solution, z2 .
2 2
36. z4 = −4; z1 = 1 + i, z2 = −1 + i. Find two additional solutions, z3 and z4 .
∗
Recall that the coefficients in the expansions of (A + B)2 , (A + B)3 , and so on, can also be obtained using Pascal’s
triangle.
In Problems 37–42, use Definition 1.1.2 to solve each equation for z = a + ib.
37. 2z = i(2 + 9i) 38. z − 2z̄ + 7 − 6i = 0
39. z = i
2
40. z̄2 = 4z
2−i z
41. z + 2z̄ = 42. = 3 + 4i
1 + 3i 1 + z̄
In Problems 43 and 44, solve the given system of equations for z1 and z2 .
43. iz1 − iz2 = 2 + 10i 44. iz1 + (1 + i)z2 = 1 + 2i
−z1 + (1 − i)z2 = 3 − 5i (2 − i)z1 + 2iz2 = 4i
Focus on Concepts
45. What can be said about the complex number z if z = z̄? If (z)2 = (z̄)2 ?
46. Think of an alternative solution to Problem 24. Then without doing any significant work,
evaluate (1 + i)5404 .
47. For n a nonnegative integer, i n can be one of four values: 1, i, −1, and −i. In each of
the following four cases, express the integer exponent n in terms of the symbol k, where
k = 0, 1, 2, . . . .
(a) i n = 1 (b) i n = i
(c) i n = −1 (d) i n = −i
48. There is an alternative to the procedure given in (7). For example, the quotient (5 + 6i)/
(1 + i) must be expressible in the form a + ib:
5 + 6i
= a + ib.
1+i
Therefore, 5 + 6i = (1 + i)(a + ib). Use this last result and Definition 1.1.2 to find the
given quotient. Use this method to find the reciprocal of 3 − 4i.
√
49. Assume for the moment that 1 + i makes sense in the complex number system. How
would you then demonstrate the validity of the equality
√ √ √
1+i = 1
2
+ 1
2
2 + i − 12 + 1
2
2?
50. Suppose that z1 and z2 are complex numbers. Use Definition 1.1.2 to prove that if
z1 z2 = 0, then z1 = 0 or z2 = 0.
51. Suppose the product z1 z2 of two complex numbers is a nonzero real constant. Show that
z2 = k z̄1 , where k is a real number.
52. Without doing any significant work, explain why it follows immediately from (2) and (3)
that z1 z̄2 + z̄1 z2 = 2Re(z1 z̄2 ).
53. Mathematicians like to prove that certain “things” within a mathematical system are
unique. For example, a proof of a proposition such as “The unity in the complex number
system is unique” usually starts out with the assumption that there exist two different
unities, say, 11 and 12 , and then proceeds to show that this assumption leads to some
contradiction. Give one contradiction if it is assumed that two different unities exist.
54. Follow the procedure outlined in Problem 53 to prove the proposition “The zero in the
complex number system is unique.”
55. A number system is said to be an ordered system provided it contains a subset P with
the following two properties:
First, for any nonzero number x in the system, either x or −x is (but not both) in P.
Second, if x and y are numbers in P, then both xy and x + y are in P.

In the real number system the set P is the set of positive numbers. In the real number
system we say x is greater than y, written x > y, if and only if x − y is in P . Discuss
why the complex number system has no such subset P . [Hint: Consider i and −i.]
Computer Lab Assignments

In Problems 56–59, use a CAS∗ to write the given complex number in the form a + bi. In
Mathematica use the command ComplexExpand.
1 5i
56. 2 + i − 57.
3−i 2 + 3i
1+i (1 + 3i)(2 + i)
58. 59.
2 − 5i 3−i
1.2 Complex Plane

INTRODUCTION A complex number z = x + iy is uniquely determined by an
ordered pair of real numbers (x, y). The first and second entries of the ordered pairs
correspond, in turn, with the real and imaginary parts of the complex number. For
example, the ordered pair (2, −3) corresponds to the complex number z = 2 − 3i.
Conversely, z = 2 − 3i determines the ordered pair (2, −3). The numbers 7, i, and
−5i are equivalent to (7, 0), (0, 1), (0, −5), respectively. In this manner we are able
y-axis to associate a complex number z = x + iy with a point (x, y) in a coordinate plane.
or
imaginary axis
Complex Plane Because of the correspondence between a complex num-
z = x + iy or ber z = x + iy and one and only one point (x, y) in a coordinate plane, we shall
y (x, y)
use the terms complex number and point interchangeably. The coordinate plane
illustrated in FIGURE 1.2.1 is called the complex plane or simply the z-plane. The
horizontal or x-axis is called the real axis because each point on that axis represents
x-axis
x or a real number. The vertical or y-axis is called the imaginary axis because a point on
real axis that axis represents a pure imaginary number.
FIGURE 1.2.1 z-plane
Vectors In other courses you have undoubtedly seen that the numbers in an
A brief review of vectors can be found in ordered pair of real numbers can be interpreted as the components of a vector. Thus,
▲
Section 1.2 of the student study guide.

a complex number z = x + iy can also be viewed as a two-dimensional position
y vector, that is, a vector whose initial point is the origin and whose terminal point is
the point (x, y). See FIGURE 1.2.2. This vector interpretation prompts us to define
z = x + iy
the length of the vector z as the distance x 2 + y 2 from the origin to the point (x, y).
This length is given a special name.
DEFINITION 1.2.1 Modulus
The modulus of a complex number z = x + iy is the real number

x

|z| = x 2 + y 2 . (1)
FIGURE 1.2.2 z as a position vector
The modulus |z| of a complex number z is also called the absolute value of z.
We shall use both words modulus and absolute value throughout this text.
EXAMPLE 1 Modulus of a Complex Number
If z = 2 − 3i, then√from (1) we find the modulus of the number to

be |z| = 22 + (−3)2 = 13. If z = −9i, then (1) gives |−9i| = (−9)2 = 9.
∗
Throughout this text we shall use the abbreviation CAS for “computer algebra system.”
1.2 Complex Plane 11
Properties Recall from (4) of Section 1.1 that for any complex number
z = x+ iy the product zz̄ is a real number; specifically, zz̄ is the sum of the squares
of the real and imaginary parts of z: zz̄ = x 2 + y 2 . Inspection of (1) then shows that
|z|2 = x 2 + y 2 . The relations
√
|z|2 = zz̄ and |z| = zz̄ (2)
deserve to be stored in memory. The modulus of a complex number z has the additional
properties.
z1 |z1 |
|z1 z2 | = |z1 | |z2 | and = . (3)
z2 |z2 |
Note that when z1 = z2 = z, the first property in (3) shows that
z2 = |z|2 . (4)
The property |z1 z2 | = |z1 | |z2 | can be proved using (2) and is left as an exercise. See
Problem 49 in Exercises 1.2.
z1 + z 2
y
or Distance Again The addition of complex numbers z1 = x1 + iy1 and
z2
(x1 + x2, y1 + y2) z2 = x2 + iy2 given in Section 1.1, when stated in terms of ordered pairs:
(x1 , y1 ) + (x2 , y2 ) = (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 )
z1 is simply the component definition of vector addition. The vector interpretation of

x
the sum z1 + z2 is the vector shown in FIGURE 1.2.3(a) as the main diagonal of a
parallelogram whose initial point is the origin and terminal point is (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 ).
(a) Vector sum The difference z2 − z1 can be drawn either starting from the terminal point of
z1 and ending at the terminal point of z2 , or as a position vector whose initial
y point is the origin and terminal point is (x2 − x1 , y2 − y1 ). See Figure 1.2.3(b).
In the case z = z2 − z1 , it follows from (1) and Figure 1.2.3(b) that the distance
z 2 – z1 z2 between two points z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2 in the complex plane is the
or z2
–z same as the distance between the origin and the point (x2 − x1 , y2 − y1 ); that is,
(x2 – x1, y2 – y1) 1
|z| = |z2 − z1 | = |(x2 − x1 ) + i(y2 − y1 )| or
z1
x |z2 − z1 | = (x2 − x1 )2 + (y2 − y1 )2 . (5)
(b) Vector difference When z1 = 0, we see again that the modulus |z2 | represents the distance between the
origin and the point z2 .
FIGURE 1.2.3 Sum and difference
of vectors
EXAMPLE 2 Set of Points in the Complex Plane
y Describe the set of points z in the complex plane that satisfy |z| = |z − i|.
i
Solution We can interpret the given equation as equality of distances: The distance
|z – i| from a point z to the origin equals the distance from z to the point i. Geometrically, it
z seems plausible from FIGURE 1.2.4 that the set of points z lie on a horizontal line.
|z|
To establish this analytically, we use (1) and (5) to write |z| = |z − i| as:
x
x 2 + y 2 = x 2 + (y − 1)2
FIGURE 1.2.4 Horizontal line is the

x 2 + y 2 = x 2 + (y − 1)2
set of points satisfying |z| = |z − i| x 2 + y 2 = x 2 + y 2 − 2y + 1.
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permitted to visit the different estates freely at night, but were kept as
far as possible from communicating with each other. Lyddon saw this
and trembled for the fate of the women and children to be left
defenseless in the power of the black race, and thought the white
people madly optimistic when they expressed no fear whatever of
the negroes in case of war—a confidence which was nobly sustained
when the hour came.
The outward peace was not broken; Lyddon had ever thought
lowland Virginia the most entirely peaceful spot he had ever known
in his life, but the earthquake was at hand. He said this to Angela,
who in Richard’s absence in Richmond attending the convention had
come to be the only person to whom Lyddon could speak his mind
freely.
“You have always been restless and yearning for something to
happen,” he said to her one day in the garden as she was snipping
dead twigs off a rose bush. “But you won’t be able to complain of
that any more; stupendous things will happen and that very shortly.”
Angela’s eyes flashed with pleasure. “I don’t mind things happening,”
she said. “I have red blood in me; I don’t like stagnation.” Lyddon,
looking at her, felt pity welling up in his heart; the pity which maturity,
having already suffered, feels for youth—pathetic youth, which has
still to suffer. Whether Angela went with Neville or against him it
would be hard for her. The idea of turning against Neville would be to
her as if the sun rose in the west or water ran uphill. She had for him
a sublimated friendship which was like love and yet was not love.
The mail came only three times a week and every mail brought long
letters from Richard in Richmond. He told precisely the progress of
events in the convention, the efforts of the Peace Commission, the
calm hearing given to the men who wished Virginia to stay in the
Union; but he never changed his opinion that the State would secede
and that the day of blood was at hand.
Neville’s letters began to be irregular; only two were received from
him in March and one in April. He spoke of others which he had
written, but which had never been received. When Mrs. Tremaine
opened these letters her face always grew pale, and it was paler still
when she had finished reading them and passed them over to
Colonel Tremaine. Angela read hers, too, in silence; she could not
be expected to show them to anyone, but she spoke no word
indicating any knowledge of what Neville meant to do.
Neville’s last letter came the middle of April. Lyddon, who had ridden
to the post office, handed it to Angela in the study. She was sitting at
the window reading, and Lyddon as he came in thought her a
charming picture of youth and happiness. She wore a gown the color
of the iris which was blooming in the box upon the window sill, for
Angela claimed the right to put her flowerpots in the study windows.
The April day was warm and bright, and the sunny air which was
wafted in at the window had in it the intoxication of the spring.
Angela’s book evidently amused her, for she was laughing as she
raised her eyes to Lyddon’s when he held out the letter. Instantly her
face clouded. She broke the seal and read her letter rapidly. But
more rapid was the change which came over her. She sat quite still
for a long time looking at the letter lying in her lap, and then, pale
and quiet, rose and passed out of the room.
Meanwhile the April sky had suddenly clouded, and a few heavy
drops of rain like tears had begun to fall. Lyddon’s heart ached for
the girl. She was different to him from any human being he had ever
known. The simile which so often occurred to him came back with
strange force—that he was a gardener cultivating an exquisite flower
for some one else. He had cultivated already two sturdy trees in
Richard and Neville and a beautiful hardy sapling in Archie, but
never before had he trained a flower in the person of a young girl.
Her acquirements, which would have been nothing in a man, were
extraordinary for a woman, and Lyddon in view of this would have
been alarmed for her except that she understood and practiced
housewifery well, was devotedly fond of music, loved to dance, and
like the normal woman made dress a species of religion. Thus were
the sweet femininities maintained.
Lyddon realized one price which Angela had to pay for the training
he had given her—she had no intimate girl friends. She had plenty of
girl companions—Dr. Yelverton’s granddaughters, Colonel Carey’s
daughters; but there was no real community of soul between these
young creatures and Angela. These other girls were satisfied with
the quiet country life in which they dwelt as their mothers and
grandmothers had dwelt, but their ideas of splendor were confined to
a larger house and more servants than they possessed at present
and to an annual trip to the White Sulphur Springs. Not so Angela
Vaughn. She longed for palaces and parks and for the mysterious
joys and splendors which she imagined therein could be found. The
Greeks were her soul ancestors, and she had an adoration for
beauty in form, color, and sound. She made Lyddon, who was quite
insensible to music, repeat to her all the details of the few operas to
which he had been dragged and which had bored him to excess
during his European life. Richard’s years in Paris and Neville’s visits
to New York and Saratoga had filled Angela’s girlish heart with
longing, a longing which Mrs. Tremaine thought positively wicked
and the girls of Angela’s acquaintance considered eminently foolish.
Lyddon, in his profession as a trainer of youth, had always reckoned
as a positive detriment any education which segregated a human
being from his fellows. He had reckoned all education which is totally
derived from books as light without warmth. He had good reason for
this belief, his own passion for books having separated him from
men in general and having quenched in him most of the living and
vivifying emotions. He had not been able to quench love, although
he had hid it in a sepulcher and closed the door with a great stone. It
was his fate, not having children of his own, to love the children of
others and when he had grown to love them, they slipped easily from
his grasp, except Richard and Neville Tremaine. But Lyddon
believed that he should still hold to Archie and to that charming child
Angela, for he could never reckon Angela as wholly grown up. There
was an eternal simplicity about her, the frankness of a child in which
Lyddon had never perceived any change from the time she wore
pinafores.
Lyddon, thinking these thoughts, stood before the study window
watching the changing April day, alternately fair and stormy. He felt
convinced from Angela’s face on reading her letter that she was
struggling with the great problem of whether she should stand by
Neville or abandon him. Lyddon, whose knowledge of her was acute,
and who knew the generous impulses of her nature, believed she
would stand by Neville. But would she be happy in so doing? Ah, of
that he was very far from certain! No one but Angela and himself
knew that she had received a letter from Neville and the silence
maintained about it proved that the letter contained something
painful. At dinner that day Angela sat silent and constrained until
rallied by Archie; she then assumed her usual air of gayety. In the
afternoon she went for a long walk alone and coming back at twilight
paced up and down the garden until Mrs. Tremaine sent a message
out to her that she must come in because the night was damp and
chilly. The long walk at the end of the garden, where the old wooden
bench sat against the wall and the gnarled and twisted lilacs
flourished in green old age, was as much Angela’s beat as the
Ladies’ Walk was Mrs. Tremaine’s. She passed Lyddon on the stairs
as she went up to her room to make ready for supper, and her face
was so wan and woe-begone that Lyddon felt sorry for her. At
supper, however, she appeared in her usual spirits. She had brought
back from her walk in the woods some sprays of the trailing arbutus
and wore them in her shining hair.
The talk as usual was about the coming war. The Richmond
newspapers had been received that day, and Lyddon had got his
English newspapers. Colonel Tremaine inquired about the state of
opinion in England concerning the outbreak of civil war in America,
and although Lyddon was guarded in his replies Colonel Tremaine
became irritated by them. While the brief discussion lasted Lyddon
was confirmed in a suspicion concerning the negroes. They were
intently listening and watching all that went on, and the white family
was never left alone. Formerly at meal times with Hector, Tasso, and
Jim Henry to wait it was sometimes difficult to get any one of them in
the room. Tasso and Jim Henry would be engaged in transporting
from the kitchen hot batter cakes, hot muffins, and all the other
varieties of hot bread of which the formula invariably was, “Take two
and butter them while they are hot.” Meanwhile, Hector would be in
the pantry resting himself from the arduous labors of directing Tasso
and Jim Henry. But now one or the other of the subordinates was
always at hand. Lyddon was convinced that they were the purveyors
of news to all the negroes on the plantation. There was a bell on the
back porch, and every one of the twenty-five servants engaged in
the house, the garden, and the stables had a number. Sometimes
Lyddon had known the whole gamut of this bell to be rung before a
single servant appeared on the spot, but now they were always at
hand.
Usually in these discussions of the coming war Angela took a
prominent part. She wished to be like the maidens of Sparta and
thought she could have done the act of Charlotte Corday, and talked
enthusiastically of nursing, like a Sister of Mercy, soldiers in the
hospitals. To-night, however, she seemed not interested in that
subject, but willing to talk on any other. After supper Archie got out
his violin and the two played together as usual. They generally
wound up their performances with “Dixie,” but to-night Angela
omitted it. No one noticed this except Lyddon.
As she took her candle from the hall table she went to the fireplace
and, holding the candle above her head, studied the picture of
Penelope and the Suitors. Seeing Lyddon coming out of the study
she turned quickly and went upstairs. Lyddon, who was a bad
sleeper, waked in the middle of the night and, going to the window to
look at the night sky, saw that candles were still burning in Angela’s
room. He lighted the lamp at his bedside and read an hour and then
went again to the window. Angela’s light was still burning. Lyddon’s
heart ached for her.
It was then the middle of April. Two days afterwards when the
Richmond newspapers arrived it was proclaimed that the Federal
Government had called on Virginia for her quota of troops to subdue
the seceding States. This at once forced the issue. The convention
then went into secret session, and the beginning of the crisis was at
hand. The tension of men’s minds grew fiercely acute. Colonel
Tremaine no longer sent to the post office for the letters, but went
himself, riding hard both ways. At any moment now Virginia might be
riven from the Union. Every mail brought a long letter from Richard
Tremaine. Any day, any hour, might bring the great news; but as fate
generally wills it the unexpected happened.
One evening, just as the soft spring night had closed in and the
Harrowby family were assembled in the hall waiting for the
announcement of supper, a sudden wild commotion was heard at the
hall door. Archie ran and opened it. Outside a crowd of negroes were
delightedly welcoming and “howdying” Richard Tremaine. He flung
himself off his horse, ran up the steps, burst into the hall, and waving
his hat in the air cried out in a ringing voice, “Hurrah for States’
Rights! Yesterday afternoon the deed was done. Virginia is out of the
Union forever.” He clasped his mother with his left arm while he
seized his father’s hand, who said solemnly:
“God save the Commonwealth.”
As soon as the first greetings were over an account was demanded
of the portentous event of the day before, all hanging on Richard’s
words. As he spoke in his clear resonant voice, his countenance full
of animation, Lyddon who stood on the edge of the group fell in love
with his pupil over again. Richard Tremaine had the best sort of
masculine beauty—the beauty of grace, strength and skill. His eyes,
a light penetrating blue, had a lambent fire in them and seemed to
illuminate his speech.
“It was the most solemn scene that could be imagined,” he said.
“After four days of secret session, in which we wrestled together like
gladiators, the striking of the clock told us that the hour had come.
When the presiding officer’s gavel fell and he asked, ‘Shall this
ordinance pass?’ there was not a dry eye in the assemblage. I felt
the tears warm upon my face and was ashamed of my weakness,
thinking that I was acting the boy after all among those graybeards.
Then suddenly I looked up; the presiding officer was in tears and
made no secret of it. The clerk who called the roll, an old man with
long white hair, could not control the trembling of his voice. As each
name was spoken I saw a strange sight, a man unable to give his
vote without tears upon his face. It was the most moving, the most
extraordinary sight ever witnessed in the legislative body. Not a
sound was heard except the calling of the roll and the ‘aye’ or the
‘no’ which answered. There were fifty-five ‘noes.’ When my name
was reached I meant to shout out the ‘aye’ but I couldn’t; all was too
deathlike, too solemn. At last the final vote was recorded and then it
was as if a cable had snapped; it was like the change from the
funeral dirge to the quick step of a march past. A great shout went
up—I found my voice then. I couldn’t think as wisely as some of
those old men, but I could cheer louder than any of them. I wish I
could make you see and feel the solemnity, the strangeness, the
intoxication of that hour. Our vote didn’t take us into the
Confederacy, although it severed us from the Union. We stood
midway between them ready, like Quintus Curtius, to leap into the
abyss. Oh, how great a thing it is to live in this time!”
Lyddon’s eye left for a moment Richard’s eloquent face and traveled
round the hall. At the doors dark faces were peering in. The negroes
were listening breathlessly to that which meant as much to them as
to the race which mastered them.
“As soon as an adjournment was reached,” Richard continued, “I
asked for a week’s leave and got it. I wanted to be the first man in
Virginia to enlist in the army and I believe I can make it. By the way, I
hear from Philip Isabey that he was the first man to enlist in
Louisiana and has been elected captain of the first battery of artillery
raised in the State.”
So far not one word had been spoken of Neville. Richard, looking
about him, suddenly realized this and then in a cool voice asked,
“What news is there from my brother?”
There was a silence for a moment or two and then Colonel Tremaine
said tremulously, “There is no news from your brother.”
At the same moment all became conscious of the peering and
listening negroes. Richard at once said carelessly, “We shall
probably see Neville in a few days. He can easily sail up from Fort
Monroe where he was last week when I had a short note from him
brought by private hand.” Richard took the note out and handed it to
his mother. Her hands trembled a little as she read it. It was brief,
merely saying he was well and had heard good news from home and
expecting to be at Harrowby within the week. Then they trooped into
supper. Richard’s story was not yet half told and he had to answer
innumerable questions from Colonel Tremaine. Mrs. Tremaine sat
strangely silent, her brooding eyes turning toward her right, where at
table was Neville’s place. Through it all Angela, too, remained
singularly silent. The reins of discipline which Mrs. Tremaine had
held strictly enough over Neville and Richard had been relaxed in the
case of the Benjamin of her flock and Angela, the child of her
adoption, and they were generally audible as well as visible. Not so
Angela to-night. She sat quiet and Lyddon thought stunned by what
was happening around her.
Archie then brought forth his tale of injuries in not being allowed to
enlist. Richard good-naturedly cuffed him and reminded him that he
was but a baby in years.
After supper was served, Colonel Tremaine called for champagne. A
bottle was fetched by Hector, who took occasion to remark, “Dis
heah is outen de las’ basket. I speck you hav’ to order sum mo’, old
Marse.”
“I do not expect to order any more champagne at present,” remarked
Colonel Tremaine grimly.
“And the few bottles which are left,” added Mrs. Tremaine, “must be
saved for the hospitals.”
Colonel Tremaine then rose and all at the table followed his
example. “Let us drink,” he said, “to the cause of the South.” A
ringing cheer which the listening negroes heard burst from Archie as
they all drank.
Richard had so much to tell that the family sat up unusually late
listening to him, and it was near midnight before he and Lyddon went
to the old study for their usual smoke and talk. Richard’s enthusiasm
had by no means expended itself. “I know what you are thinking, Mr.
Lyddon,” he said, standing in his familiar argumentative attitude, his
back to the fireplace and his arms folded.
“Yes,” replied Lyddon, lighting his pipe. “Yesterday you performed a
great act. You sounded the death knell of slavery, you have
emancipated yourselves and your children forever from that curse.”
“So we may have done. The fathers of the Republic sought to
emancipate us and when we can act freely and without fear of
Northern coercion we shall perhaps follow the council of the
patriarchs, but never under threats, by God!” The two talked
animatedly for a couple of hours. Lyddon had feared that Richard,
beguiled by the glamour of a soldier’s life, would choose the army as
a permanent career while in truth his greater gifts lay in the domain
of statecraft. But Lyddon’s mind was relieved by Richard’s saying
that he felt no inclination to adopt a military life permanently.
Then as the case always was with Lyddon, their talk fell upon books.
Richard took down a battered volume and was reading aloud to
Lyddon what both knew by heart, the story of that Athenian night
when Agatho returned with the prize of Tragedy from the Olympian
games and the symposium was held at the house of Phædrus, and
when the night was far spent Alcibiades coming in with the tipsy
crowd of Greek boys swore that Socrates should drink two measures
of wine to every other man’s one; and Socrates, accepting this
challenge, drank them all under the table except Aristodemus, the
old physician, and when day broke Socrates after taking a bath went
and taught philosophy in the groves while the dew was still wet upon
the grass.
As Lyddon and Richard Tremaine laughed over this old tale time
went backward. They forgot the storm and stress of to-day, the rise
and fall of empires, the fierce combat of body and soul in which the
human race had struggled for almost three thousand years since that
Hellenic night. Again they lived the life of those undying Greeks, and
Richard, who drew cleverly, was making a pen-and-ink sketch of the
beautiful tipsy Alcibiades when he suddenly laid down his pen and
said after listening for a moment, “There’s Neville. I hear a boat
grating against the wharf.”
CHAPTER VII
THE PARTING
THROUGH the still night Lyddon could hear plainly the sound of a
sailboat making the little wharf which ran into the broad river at the
foot of the lawn. Richard, hatless, bolted out of the room, and
Lyddon putting up the window saw his dark figure running swiftly like
a shadow to the wharf. It was then after two o’clock in the morning.
The night was murky and the fitful wind swept the storm clouds wildly
back and forth. Upon the black river lay an outline like the ghost of a
small sailboat moored to the wharf. In a moment more Richard and
Neville were standing together. By that time the whole house was
aroused, and Lyddon could hear footsteps moving overhead. He
picked up a candle and going into the hall lighted the lamps which
stood on the corners of the mantel. In a little while Colonel Tremaine
with Mrs. Tremaine was seen coming downstairs. Colonel Tremaine
had hurriedly flung some clothes on, and Mrs. Tremaine was helping
him into his coat. Behind them came Angela with her long crimson
mantle thrown over her hastily assumed gown, her beautiful hair in
disorder and hanging down her back. Archie, the last to awaken, was
heard calling out of the window to his brothers. The side door to the
hall opened, and Neville with Richard walked in. Mrs. Tremaine with
a cry of rapture ran toward him.
“My son, my dearest son,” she cried, unconsciously admitting the
truth that this son was dearer to her than the others. Neville kissed
his mother tenderly, and then, as if he were a little boy once more,
threw his arms around Colonel Tremaine’s neck and kissed him on
the cheek. Colonel Tremaine embraced him in return. He loved these
demonstrations of affection from his children, and was proud that in
manhood they were still observed. Neville kissed Angela on the
forehead and then Archie came tumbling downstairs and the two
brothers embraced.
“How did you come at this time of night?” asked Colonel Tremaine.
“In a sailboat from Fort Monroe,” replied Neville smiling. “You see, I
haven’t forgotten how to manage a boat. We heard yesterday
morning that the State had seceded, and I got twenty-four hours
leave to come home. The best way to get here was to sail up York
River, and I was certain of finding a wind until I got near enough to
Harrowby to land in case the wind should fail, but luckily it brought
me up to the wharf in less than five hours. I must not take any
chances, however, and can only remain two hours.”
A chill seemed to fall upon the air as Neville spoke. His words were
capable of but one meaning.
“Two hours, did you say?” asked Colonel Tremaine with a sudden
rigidity of face and figure.
“Yes, sir,” replied Neville quietly. “I must then return to my command.
I came to tell you and my mother that I have thought over it, sir, as
you taught me to think over all great matters with a view to finding
out the honorable course to pursue. I think it my duty under my oath
to remain in the United States Army.”
The thunderbolt had fallen; a dreadful silence prevailed. Mrs.
Tremaine, who was standing with her hand upon Neville’s arm,
tightened her clasp, and Neville turned away from his mother’s tragic
eyes. Colonel Tremaine opened his lips once or twice as if to speak,
but no words came, and Neville continued in a voice a little shaken
from its first firmness:
“I know what this means to you and my mother and to everybody I
love. I hardly think you know what it means to me.”
“Have you reflected,” asked Colonel Tremaine after a moment, “that
it is by tacit consent on both sides the Southern officers resign from
the United States Army? They can be of no use there, but are
reckoned an element of danger.”
“I know it well. I shall be a suspect among the very people for whom I
have sacrificed everything on earth. In this coming war I shall never
be trusted with anything or by anybody, I, a soldier bred. I would
have escaped this fate if I could; I fought against it, but always there
came back to me the conviction that my honor required I should stay
in the United States Army.”
“Did you say,” asked Colonel Tremaine quietly, “that you had but two
hours to remain in this house?”
“Just two hours,” answered Neville as quietly.
“Then,” replied Colonel Tremaine with a pale face set like steel, “after
what you have just told us, two hours is much too long.” He turned
and walked up the stairs slowly. He tottered a little, and Archie ran
forward and taking his father’s arm helped him. When they reached
the landing where stood an old settee, Colonel Tremaine’s strength
failed him. He sank upon the settee, leaning heavily upon Archie, to
whom he said: “Stay with me, boy.”
Mrs. Tremaine burst into a passion of weeping, and Richard took his
mother in his arms to comfort her. He made no plea for Neville,
knowing that neither father nor mother would listen to it, but his eyes
with keen sympathy sought Neville’s and the two brothers
understood each other. Neville would always have a friend in
Richard.
Angela had looked on with a fast-beating heart at this family tragedy.
Neville standing a little way off did not approach her, but involuntarily
held out his arms. Love, pity, grief, and a burning sense of injustice
smote Angela’s heart. She ran forward and taking Neville’s hand
boldly, said to him: “I will stand by you, Neville; I don’t know why you
should do this, but I know you feel it is right.”
“That is all I ask of anyone to believe,” answered Neville curtly. And
then leading her through the open door of the corridor into the old
study, he said to her: “If you truly love me, there is but one thing to
do. We must be married immediately.”
If Neville had been the Neville of an hour ago, the darling son of his
mother, the pride of his father, Angela would have shrunk from the
idea of marriage, but now from every generous impulse of her
nature, she was up in arms and doing battle for Neville. She would
refuse him nothing. Then she said quietly:
“I suppose it would be best.”
“I gave myself two hours so that if possible the ceremony might be
performed between us. I couldn’t attempt to take you back with me,
but I want you to be in the position that I can send for you as soon as
I know what will be done with me. I don’t suppose,” he added with
bitterness in his tone, “that my father and mother will turn you out of
doors because you are true to me.”
“I shall be true to you, Neville,” was Angela’s reply. He took his arm
from around her, held her off a little way, and scrutinized her face
now pale, now red, her eyes dark and wide and sparkling with
emotion. “Are you not afraid?” he asked.
“Afraid? Certainly not. I am no more afraid than you are, Neville.”
Hand in hand Neville and Angela returned to the hall. Richard sat on
the sofa by his mother, still holding her hand. Mrs. Tremaine no
longer wept. Anguish and reproach, fierce and deep, had dried her
tears. Lyddon, his heart wrung, could not control his agitation as he
paced stealthily up and down a corner of the hall. Half a dozen black
faces by this time were watching and peering in at the doors and
windows.
As Neville and Angela came in the door, Richard rose. He knew
instinctively what Neville was about to say.
“Angela and I think best,” said Neville, “to be married at once, so that
she may be able to join me as soon as I can send for her. You must
assist us. I have still nearly two hours, and we ought to be able to get
a license and Mr. Brand in that time. If my father and mother grudge
me the roof of Harrowby under which to marry Angela, perhaps they
will allow us at least a foot of ground somewhere outside.”
Mrs. Tremaine rose and stood trembling. A great gulf had opened
between her and this eldest son for whom she had given every
manifestation of outward affection, and for whom she secretly
cherished an idolatry of which she was at heart ashamed as being
unjust both to Colonel Tremaine and her other sons. The whole
humiliation of it, the horror of Neville being driven from his father’s
roof overwhelmed her. The shame, the chagrin of not having Neville
accept the code of honor which she had taught him and which his
father and brothers had accepted unqualifiedly, was inexpressibly
terrible to her. It was as if Neville had coolly committed a forgery and
refused to believe it wrong. She saw that it was useless to plead with
him and said no word, but her silence, her tremor, her pallor were
painfully eloquent enough. Neville came close to her, and the mother
and son who loved each other so much looked into each other’s
eyes and each saw defiance therein.
Then Richard spoke with authority. “Mother,” he said, “when Neville
goes away, he must leave Angela here. No matter what Neville may
do this house is the place for his wife, especially if that wife be
Angela, who has been a daughter to you and my father.”
Mrs. Tremaine’s eyes turned toward Angela. It came upon her that to
keep Angela would be a hold, a thread of communication with
Neville, and besides she loved the girl and would not have been
capable of casting her out. Richard spoke decisively, however, and
no one disputed what he said. He looked at the clock and it was half
past two. “Mr. Lyddon,” he said, “will you ride to the rectory and wake
Mr. Brand up and bring him here at once? I myself will get the
license from Mr. Wynne, the clerk of the court. It is six miles away,
but I can do it in an hour and a half.” He turned, and called out to
Peter, whose solemn, chocolate-colored face was peering in from
the back porch, “Go and saddle the horses at once and bring them
up.”
“Thank you,” said Neville briefly. Everything was done properly when
Richard took charge. Angela and Neville stood looking at each other
uncertain where to go. Neville had been invited to leave his father’s
house, and he was not the man to tarry after having received such
an invitation. He glanced at Angela’s lovely disheveled hair and then
said to her: “You must go and dress to be married, and put a hood
on your head, for we shall be married out of doors. I will wait for you
outside.”
Angela passed swiftly up the stairs, and Neville walked the length of
the hall without once turning. Mrs. Tremaine, usually the calmest and
most self-controlled of women, could have shrieked aloud with pain
at the sight. Neville almost walked into Mammy Tulip’s arms, those
faithful black arms in which he had been cradled. In her place of
privilege, she poured forth her love and indignation.
“Never you min’, chile,” she cried. “Ef yo’ mar ain’t gwine to speak to
you no mo’, yo’ mammy lub you jes’ de same, honey. ’Tain’t gwine to
make a bit o’ diffunce cuz you is in de Yankee army, yo’ mammy will
tek car’ o’ Miss Angela fur you, an’ I gwine to knit you some socks
an’ sen’ you. Yo’ ole mammy ain’t gwine furgit you.”
“Thank you, mammy,” Neville answered, putting his arm around her
neck. “Now you can do one thing for me at this moment. Go upstairs
and help Angela to make ready for our wedding.”
Angela had sped up the stairs and was in her own large room with its
great curtained bed. She was to dress for her wedding, but how
strange was everything. She threw off her crimson mantle and sitting
down before her dressing table began to comb out her long, thick
hair. There was occasion for haste; she should spend every moment
possible with Neville, but her mind as well as her body seemed dull
and nerveless. As she sat helpless before her mirror, Mammy Tulip
waddled in.
“I come to he’p dress you, honey,” she said. “Marse Neville, he sont
me. What you gwine git married in, chile?”
Angela looked at her with eyes which saw nothing. She had thought
only of Neville. But youth is never for long self-forgetful, and a great
shock of pity for herself came upon her. Her quick imagination
pictured to herself what should have been the scene of that greatest
hour in a woman’s life. She saw herself in her bridal array, with a
filmy veil falling around her and a group of rosebud bridesmaids
attending her, and all things irradiated with joy and peace; the sound
of wedding merriment in the old house, felicitations on every lip,
sympathy in every heart, and now how bleak, how drear, how tragic
was this wedding! She arranged her hair, scarcely knowing what she
was doing, and submitted to have Mammy Tulip put on her a white
gown and to throw a white scarf over her head; then carrying her red
mantle over her arm, followed by Mammy Tulip, in lieu of a train of
maids, she went down the broad stair.
Colonel Tremaine still sat on the settee upon the landing. Whether
his heart would not let him lose the last view of his eldest-born or the
strange weakness, which had overcome him, would not permit him
to move, Angela could not tell. Archie, with a frightened face, still sat
by him. Angela stopped in front of him for a moment. She had never
looked into his face before without seeing kindness there, but now all
was sternness. She began to weep a little. Colonel Tremaine turned
his head away. To see a woman’s tears always gave him exquisite
pain, but it could not alter his resolution.
Presently Angela spoke: “Won’t you come and see us married,
Neville and me?”
“No,” answered Colonel Tremaine, in a voice that admitted of no
appeal.
Angela went downstairs. Whether Mrs. Tremaine would have yielded
Angela did not know, but Colonel Tremaine’s refusal had frightened
her. She stopped before Mrs. Tremaine, and the two women eyed
each other with somber but uncertain eyes. Then Angela passed on
and went out of the small door in the corridor by the study.
Outside Neville was standing. He took the mantle from her arm and
placed it around her, “Come,” he said, “we shall have an hour to wait
until Richard returns. We need not ask the hospitality even of the
Harrowby lawn or garden. We can sit in the boat; the river, at least, is
a highway free to all.”
They walked to the little wharf at the end of the lawn, and Neville
lifted Angela into the boat, which lay gently rocking upon the dark
water. The sail had been dropped and the slender white mast was
outlined against the dark water and the darker sky. It was the
unearthly hour which is neither night nor day. A wind sharp and cool
was blowing—the wind that brought Neville to Harrowby and would
take him away. He wrapped Angela tenderly in the great cloak, and
sheltered her with his arm. It seemed to them both as if they were
adrift upon the ocean. Neville said little, not being a man of many
words, and Angela scarcely spoke at all. The wild beating of her
heart choked her speech. She had denied she was afraid, but in
truth her mind was full of fearful imaginings, of self-pity, and of a
dread of the future. Nevertheless, she had that species of courage
which can disguise fear, and Neville saw nothing in her agitation and
silence to give him alarm. She had not shown the least unwillingness
to marry him. In truth the habit of old affection was so strong upon
her that Neville’s breast seemed her natural place of refuge. She felt
exactly as she had done when as a little girl she was reproved for
some childish naughtiness and Neville, taking her upon his knee,
would still her weeping and make her laugh while tears were yet
upon her childish cheeks. To Neville it was the sweetest and the
bitterest hour of his life. It was Angela who said after an hour had
passed: “Listen, I hear Richard returning!”
Neville rose at once and helped her from the boat. It was then after
four o’clock in the morning, and the wan light of the approaching
dawn was over the still and silent house, the old garden, the great
masses of trees with their delicate foliage outlined against a
mournful and stormy sky, and the weeping willow in the brick-walled
spot lying out in the wide, open fields.
Halfway across the lawn Angela and Neville met Richard.
“Everything is ready,” he said to Neville. “Mr. Brand has been in the
house half an hour. You must abate your pride, Neville, and be
married in the house.”
“No,” said Neville, in the same tone in which his father had refused
Angela’s plea to see them married. “I have been forbidden my
father’s roof, and it is the last place on earth that I should now
choose to be married in.”
Neville had rarely withstood Richard, but on this occasion Richard
made no protest, and Neville continued, with a grim, half-smile: “You
can bring Mr. Brand and Mr. Lyddon down to the wharf; that is as
near being no man’s land as one can find.”
Richard, without a word, turned back to the house, and Neville and
Angela returned to the little wharf which ran out twenty feet into the
river that whispered among its wooden piles.
In a few minutes the wedding group was formed. There were only
five persons: the bride and bridegroom, Richard Tremaine, Mr.
Lyddon, and Mr. Brand. Mr. Brand, looking thoroughly frightened,
began some high-sounding platitudes, rashly inquiring of Neville if he
knew his own mind.
“Certainly I do,” answered Neville, interrupting him, “and so does
Angela. Please proceed as quickly as possible, as my honor requires
that I should not remain away from my post one moment longer than
is necessary.”
Richard produced the license, and Mr. Brand began the wedding
ceremony. Until that moment no one had thought of a ring, but when
that part of the ceremony was reached in which the ring is
necessary, Neville looked confounded. He took Angela’s hand,
however, and drew from it a little ruby ring which he had given her
when she was a child, and that was made to do duty as a wedding
ring. And so Angela Vaughn became Neville Tremaine’s wife.
When the ceremony was over Richard shook hands with his brother,
and kissed Angela tenderly. Lyddon, also, shook hands with Neville,
and then, with a breaking heart, kissed Angela on the forehead for
the first time in his life. This, then, was the plucking of this blossom in
the flowering time. Richard made no suggestion that Neville should
return to the house, but Neville himself, after all, was quite unequal
to leaving Harrowby forever without one parting word to his father
and mother. They walked to the house, Angela between Richard and
Neville, while Mr. Brand, forgotten, lagged behind with Lyddon, who
neither saw nor heard him, although they were but a yard apart.
As the two brothers, with the new-made bride, entered the hall, they
found Mrs. Tremaine sitting on the sofa in the same spot where
Richard had left her. The candles were sputtering, and the pallid light
of the early dawn had crept into the silent hall. Colonel Tremaine still
sat motionless upon the settee at the landing on the stairs. Neville
went up to his mother and without touching her, he, with his whole
heart, his eyes, and voice, said: “I could not leave this house without
one last farewell to you and my father, and I must once more see the
rooms which I shall never see again.”
He turned to go into the drawing-room and Angela went with him.
Over the big grand piano hung a portrait of Mrs. Tremaine when she
was a little girl of six. “That was the first thing I remember,” Neville
said to Angela. “When I was a little boy Mammy Tulip told me that
was my mother, and I couldn’t understand that she should ever have
been a little child. There is my father’s portrait in his uniform when he
came from the Mexican War. I believe it was that picture and my
father’s stories of that war that made me a soldier.”
They passed into the library, the room not much used by any except
Colonel and Mrs. Tremaine, but where family prayers were always
held. Neville smiled a little as he spoke to Angela. “I think all of us
have some time or other been rebuked in this room for our
inattention to prayers, but I don’t think we were corrected often
enough. Mother and father thought themselves strict with us, but
they were not half strict enough. I wonder if they will ever again
mention me at prayers as they have always done.”

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Chapter 1. Complex Numbers and the Complex Plane 2

Chapter 2. Complex Functions and Mappings 46

Chapter 3. Analytic Functions 102

Chapter 4. Elementary Functions 150

4.3 Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions 171

Chapter 5. Integration in the Complex Plane 200

Chapter 6. Series and Residues 258

Chapter 7. Conformal Mappings 334

Appendixes: I Proof of Theorem 3.1.1 APP-1

Answers to Selected Odd-Numbered Problems ANS-1

Features of This Text We have retained many of the features of the

Additional Resources A student study guide has been prepared by

Acknowledgments We would like to express our appreciation to our

Final Request Compiling a mathematics text, even one of this modest

1.6 Applications –2π

Riemann surface for arg(z).

1.1 Complex Numbers and Their Properties 3

1.1 Complex Numbers and Their Properties

within the community of fledgling √ mathematical

DEFINITION 1.1.1 Complex Number

Terminology The notations a + ib and a + bi are used interchangeably. The

4 CHAPTER 1 Complex Numbers and the Complex Plane

DEFINITION 1.1.2 Equality

Complex numbers z1 = a1 + ib1 and z2 = a2 + ib2 are equal, z1 = z2 , if a1 = a2

Arithmetic Operations Complex numbers can be added, subtracted,

Subtraction: z1 − z2 = (a1 + ib1 ) − (a2 + ib2 ) = (a1 − a2 ) + i(b1 − b2 )

Multiplication: z1 · z2 = (a1 + ib1 )(a2 + ib2 )

Distributive law: z1 (z2 + z3 ) = z1 z2 + z1 z3

In view of these laws, there is no need to memorize the definitions of addition,

Addition, Subtraction, and Multiplication

1.1 Complex Numbers and Their Properties 5

EXAMPLE 1 Addition and Multiplication

If z1 = 2 + 4i and z2 = −3 + 8i, find (a) z1 + z2 and (b) z1 z2 .

z1 + z2 = (2 + 4i) + (−3 + 8i) = (2 − 3) + (4 + 8)i = −1 + 12i.

(b) By the distributive law and i 2 = −1, the product of z1 and z2 is

z1 z2 = (2 + 4i) (−3 + 8i) = (2 + 4i) (−3) + (2 + 4i) (8i)

z + 0 = (a + ib) + (0 + 0i) = a + 0 + i(b + 0) = a + ib = z.

z · 1 = (a + ib) · (1 + 0i) = a − 0 + i(b − 0) = a + ib = z.

Conjugate If z is a complex number, the number obtained by changing the

z1 + z2 = z̄1 + z̄2 , z1 − z2 = z̄1 − z̄2 . (1)

Moreover, we have the following three additional properties:

z + z̄ = (a + ib) + (a − ib) = 2a (3)

6 CHAPTER 1 Complex Numbers and the Complex Plane

The difference of a complex number z with its conjugate z̄ is a pure imaginary

z − z̄ = (a + ib) − (a − ib) = 2ib. (5)

The procedure described in (7) is illustrated in the next example.

If z1 = 2 − 3i and z2 = 4 + 6i, find z1 /z2 .

Solution We multiply numerator and denominator by the conjugate z̄2 = 4 − 6i of

Inverses In the complex number system, every number z has a unique