ADANI PUBLIC SCHOOL, MUNDRA

PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY
PROJECT
SESSION: - 2023~2024
A PROJECT REPORT ON
“TRANSFORMER”

Submitted by Ray Aniket

Class – XIIth (Science)
CBSE Roll no. –

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Muktinath sir
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my special thanks or gratitude to my

physics teacher, Muktinath Singh for their able guidance
and support in completing my project. I would also like to
extend my gratitude to the Principal Sir Dr. Mayur Patadia
for providing me with all the facility that was required. I
thanks to my venerable mates for their guidance and
encouragement in carrying out this project. This project on
Transformer has provided me to cope with the firsthand
experience of having such a joyful and educative task.

Signature of the student

 CONTENT

SR. NO. TOPIC PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION TO TRANSFORMER 01 ~ 01
2 PRICIPLE, CONSTRUCTION AND 02 ~ 04
WORKING
3 TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS 05 ~ 07
4 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES 08 ~ 08
5 USES OF TRANSFORMER 09 ~ 09
6 BIBLIOGRAPHY 10 ~ 10
 INTRODUCTION TO TRANSFORMER

A Transformer is an electrical device that transfers

electrical energy between two or more circuits through
electromagnetic induction. A varying current in one coil of
the transformer produces a varying magnetic field, which in
turn induces a voltage in a second coil. Power can be
transferred b/w 2 cells through the magnetic field, without a
metallic connection b/w the two cells through the magnetic
field. Faraday’s law of induction discovered in 1831
described this effect. Transformers are need to increase or
decrease the alternating voltage in electrical power
applications since, the inventions of the 1st constant
potential transformer in 1885, transformers have become
essential for the transmission, distribution & utilisation of
alternating current electrical energy.
A wide range of transformers designs is encountered in
electronic & electric power applications. Transformers range
in size.
 PRICIPLE OF TRANSFORMER

The main principal of operation of a transformer is mutual

inductance between two circuits which is linked by a
common magnetic flux. A basic transformer consists of two
coils that are electrically separate and inductive, but are
magnetically linked through a path of reluctance. The
working principal of the transformer can be understood from
the figure below.
 PRINCIPLES OF TRANSFORMER
A Transformer works on the principle of mutual induction.
Mutual induction is the phenomenon by which when the
amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changes, an emf
is induced in the neighbouring coil.

CONSTRUCTION OF TRANSFORMER
A Transformer is made up of a rectangular iron core. Two
coils, a primary coil (P) with two sides P1 and P2 & a
secondary coil (S) with 2 sides S1 and S2. Both these coils
are insulated from the ferro magnetic iron core. The source
of alternating current is connected to the primary winding &
the output is obtained through the secondary winding which
is connected in parallel to a resistance R.

WORKING OF TRANSFORMER
For an ideal transformer, we consider that resistance of the
primary and secondary coils are negligible.
Let the E.M.F of the A.C supplied by the A.C source be,
Ep = Eo Sin Cot
Let’s assume that the primary winding to be a pure
inductance, so here Ip will log behind the voltage Ep by 90°.
Thus, the power factor for primary coils becomes, cos θ = cos
90° = 0
Let that no. of turns in primary coil be Np & secondary wire
be Ns.
According to Faraday’s law, the induced E.M.F through one
turn of both the coils will be the same.

Let the flux through one turn be θ, the flux through the
primary coil be θp & flux through the secondary coil be θs.
So, θp = Nθp ; θs = Nθs
We also know by Faraday’s Law,
dθ
E= dt
so, for the primary coil this equation becomes
dθ s
Es = dt …………. (1)
And for the secondary coil this equation becomes
dθ p
Ep = dt ……… (2)
Es Nθ s dθ s
Dividing (1) by (2) Ep = Nθ p = dθ p
Ns
Es + Ep Np ……… (3)
We know that, P=VI
Here, P = Power I = Current V = Voltage

For Primary coil, this equation becomes

Pp = Ep Ip ……… (4)
For an ideal transformer, no energy is lost
So, Pp = Ps
Ep Ip = Es Is ……… (5)
For an ideal transformer, no energy is lost
So, Pp = Ps
Ep Ip = Es Is
Ep
Is = Ip Es
Np Np
Is = I p Ns
∵¿ =
Ns )

 Note – A transformer that increases the A.C. voltage is

known as a step-up transformer (NS > NP) & the
transformer that 1transformer (NS > NP)
Additionally, an iron core is used because it is a
ferromagnetic material which helps in increasing the
strength of the magnetic field.
 TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS

1 – STEP UP TRANSFORMER
A transformer in which the output (secondary) voltage is
greater than its input (primary) voltage is called a step up
transformer. The step – up transformer. The step up
transformer decreases the output current for keeping the
input and output power of the system equal.
Consider a step – up transformer shown in figure below.
The E1 and E2 are the voltages, and T1 and T2 are the no.
of turns on the primary and secondary winding of the
transformer.

The no. of turns on the secondary of the transformer is

greater than that of the primary, i.e., T2 > T1.
Thus, the voltage turn ratio of the step – up transformer is
1:2. The primary winding of the step – up transformer is
made up of thick insulated copper wire because the law
magnitude current flows through it.
Applications – Used in transmission lines for transforming
the high voltage produced by the alternate. The power loss
of the transmission line is directly proportional to the
square of the current flows through it.
Power – 12R
The output current of the step – up transformer is less, and
hence, it is used for reducing the power loss. The step – up
transformer is also used for starting the electrical motor, in
the microwave oven, X – ray machine etc.
2 – STEP DOWN TRASFORMER
A transformer in which the output (secondary) voltage is
less than its input (primary) voltage is called a step down
transformer. The no. of turns of primary of the transformer
is greater than the turn on the secondary of the transformer
i.e. T2 < T1. The step – down transformer is shown in the
figure below.

The voltage run ratio of the step – down transformer is 2:1.

The voltage turn ratio determines the magnitude of voltage
transformer from primary to secondary windings of the
transformer.
 DISADVANTAGES OF TRANSFORMER
 Due to its material in making of the iron core, there is
wastage in the current flow.
 It gives out lot of heat which requires cooling. This
creates a break in the flow of the current.

USES OF TRANSFORMER
 A transformer is used in almost all a.c. operations.
 In voltage regulators for T.V, refrigerator, computer, air
conditioner, etc.
 In the induction, furnaces.
 A step – Down transformer is used for welding purposes
& obtaining large current.
 A step – up transformer is used for the productions of
X – rays & NEDN advertisement.
 Transformers are used in voltage regulators & stabilized
power supplies.


 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 www.circuitglobe.com
 www.researchgate.net
 www.google.com
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.byjus.com
 www.vedantu.com
 www.slidesgare.com
 Pinterest.com