ADANI PUBLIC SCHOOL

SESSION
2023-24

PHYSIC
S
INVESTOGATORY
PROJECT ~ RUPAK MANDAL
TRANSFORMER XII CAMELIAS
(Science)
 ACKNOWLEGEMENT
Firstly, I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my family, whose unwavering support and
encouragement have been my pillars of strength.

To my friends and classmates, your companionship have enriched this journey. Our shared experiences,
laughter, and learning have made this journey memorable.

I am immensely thankful to my Physics teachers, Mukti Nath Sir and Rahul Sir. Their profound
knowledge, dedication, and passion for teaching have been instrumental in shaping my understanding of
physics. Their guidance has not only helped me excel academically but also instilled in me a deep love for
the subject.

My gratitude extends to Lalji Maheswari Sir, our lab assistant, whose assistance and patience in the
laboratory have been invaluable. His practical insights and hands-on approach have greatly enhanced my
learning experience.

Lastly, I would like to express my deepest appreciation to our principal, Dr. Mayur Patadia. His visionary
leadership and commitment to excellence have created an environment conducive to learning and personal
growth.

Thank you all for your significant contributions to my journey. Your support and guidance have been
invaluable, and I am eternally grateful.
 PROFILE
 Name: Rupak Mandal.
 Standard: XII Camelias (science)
 School Roll No: 22
 CBSE Roll No:
 Subject: Physics

 Achievements:
 1)Secured School Rank 1 at N.S.O level 1-2015
 2)Secured 2 times Rank 3 at N.S.O level 1-2018 & 2019
 3)Secured Position of 1st Runner up at A.I.N.A.C.S G.K.
Olympiad-2014
 4)Participated in Inter School Drawing and Painting
Competition organised by Indian Coast Guard Station Mundra.
 5)First Position in Relay 4x100m in Inter house competition.
 6)Third Position in Relay 4x200m in Inter house competition.
 INDEX
 Introduction

 Principle

 Objective

 Apparatus Required

 Step Down Transformer (Theory)

 Construction

 Energy loss in Transformer

 Procedure

 Applications of Transformer

 Conclusion

 Precautions

 Sources of Error

 Bibliography
 INTRODUCTION

 The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage
or a high alternating voltage to low alternating voltage (transfers energy between two or more
circuits through electromagnetic induction)
.
 Transformer range in size from small RF transformers a cubic centimetre in volume to large units
interconnecting the power grid weighing hundreds of tons. A wide range of transformer designs is
encountered in electronic and electric power applications. Since the invention in 1885 of the first
potential transformer, transformer has become essential for the AC transmission, distribution, and
utilization of electrical energy.

PRINCIPLE

 It based on the principle of Mutual Induction. A varying current in the transformer’s primary
winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the core and a varying magnetic field inducing on the
secondary winding.

 This varying magnetic field at the secondary induces a varying electromotive force (EMF) or voltage
in the secondary windings. The primary and secondary windings are wrapped around a core of
infinitely high permeability (e) so that all the magnetic flux passes through both the primary and
secondary windings. With voltage source connected to the secondary windings, the transformer
currents flow in the indicated directions.
 OBJECTIVE
 To investigate the relation between the ratio of –
 Input and output voltage.
 Number of turnings in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self-designed transformer.

APPARATUS

Sr.No Particulars Dimensions

1. Copper Wire of 36 SWG 100m
2. Copper Wire of 29 SWG 50m
3. Iron Strips with 3 holes 8*2.5 cm
4. Iron Strips with 3 holes 8.5*2.5 cm
5. Electrical Wires
6. switches
7. Diodes 4 Qty
8. L.E.D 1 Qty
9. Resistors 1 Qty
 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER

 In our project step-down transformer is used: this transformer converts high voltage at alternating current
into low voltage alternating current. Instep-down transformer the number of turns in primary coil
remains large as compare to secondary coil.

 Step down transformers are designed to reduce electrical voltage. Their primary voltage is greater than
their secondary voltage. This kind of transformer “steps down" the voltage applied to it. For instance, a
step-down transformer is needed to use a 110V product in a country with 220V.

 Step-down transformers convert electrical voltage from one level or phase configuration usually down to
a lower level. They can include features for electrical isolation, power distribution, and control and
instrumentation applications. Step-down transformers typically rely on the principle of magnetic
induction between coils to convert voltage and/or current levels.

THEORY

 Suppose, the number of turns in the primary coil is N p and that in the secondary coil N s . The
resistance of coil is assumed to be zero. Let dq/dt be the rate of change of flux in each turn of the
primary coil. If E p be the e.m.f. in primary circuit then,

o E p =−N p (1)
We suppose that there is no loss of flux between the primary and secondary coils. Then, the induced
e.m.f. in the secondary coil will be:
o E s=−N s (2)
Ns
 From equations (1) and (2), we find: =k is called transformer ratio or turn ratio.
Np
 For step up transformer K>1
 For step down transformer K<1
That is for step up transformer N s > N p , therefore E s> E p .
o For the step down transformer N s < N p , therefore E s< E p .

output power
 η= ×100 %
input power
 Efficiency:
The efficiency of the transformer is given by:
Es I s
 η= ×100 %
EpIp
o If I p∧I s be the currents in the primary and secondary circuits.
 η For ideal transformer=1=100 %
Is N p 1
 ∴ E s I s=E p I p Or = =
I p Ns p
o Therefore, in step down transformer we have I s > I p .

CONSTRUCTION

 The transformer consists of two coils. They are insulated with each other by insulated material
and wound on a common core. For operation at low frequency, we may have a soft iron. The soft
iron core is insulating by joining thin iron strips coated with varnish to insulate them to reduce
energy losses by eddy currents.
 The input circuit is called primary, and the output circuit is called secondary.
 ENERGY LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER

 In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always less than the input energy, because energy
losses occur due to several reasons explained below:

1. Loss of Magnetic Flux: the coupling between the coils is seldom perfect. So, whole of the
magnetic flux produced by the primary coil is not linked up with the secondary coil.

2. Eddy Current Loss: in actual iron cores in spite of lamination, eddy currents are produced.
The magnitude of eddy current may, however, be small. And a part of energy is as the heat
produced in the iron core.

3. Heat Loss: in practice, the coils of the transformer possess resistance. So a part of the energy
is lost due to the heat produced in the resistance of the coil.

4. Hysteresis Loss: the alternating current in the coil tapes the iron core through complete cycle
of magnetization. So energy is lost due to hysteresis.
 PROCEDURE

1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind many turns of thin Cu wire on thick
paper (say 800). This constitutes primary coil of the transformer.
2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller number of turns (say 80)
of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step-down transformer.
3. Connect p1, p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and
ammeter respectively.
4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1and s2.
5. Now connect s1 and s2 to A.C main and again measure voltage and current through primary and
secondary coil of step-up transformer.

APPLICATIONS OF TRANSFORMER

 A Transformer is used in almost all AC operations. Following are some applications:

 In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air conditioner etc.
 In induction furnaces.
 A step-down transformer is used for welding purposes.
 A step-down transformer is used for obtaining large current.
 In transmission of A.C. over long distance.
 CONCLUSION

Ns
1. 1.The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the ratio ( )
Np
with respect to the input voltage.
2. There is a loss of power between input and output
3. coil of a transformer.

PRECAUTIONS

1. Take extra care in using the multimeter; set it to measure ac voltage/current and don't forget to
adjust for voltage range or current range each time you note observation in accordance with the
quantity you are trying to measure.

2. While selecting SWG for winding primary and secondary coils take care that it has enough
resistance to withstand the current that it will draw.

SOURCES OF ERROR
1. The efficiency of the improvised transformer is low.
2. Some resistance may be there at joints and contacts.
3. The meters used are not ideal.
 BIBLOGRAPHY

 NCERT Physics Textbook.

 Concepts of Physics by H.C. Verma
 Electricity and Magnetism- D.C. Pandey
 New Simplified PHYSICS by S.L Arora
 Physics Lab Manual
 www.google.com