When a solid substance is produced during a chemical reaction, it always contains

impurities. To obtain pure solid compound, crude product is crystallized from a suitable solvent.

Q.5 A water insoluble organic compound aspirin is prepared by the reaction of salicylic
acid with a mixture of acetic acid and acetic anhydride. How will you separate the
product from the reaction mixture?

During preparation of aspirin, when reaction mixture is thrown in H2O, aspirin is

precipitated. Then it is separated from the reaction mixture by suction filtration. The
crude product is then crystallized from a mixed solvent (i.e. solvent containing equal
volume of acetic acid and water).

Q.6 A solid organic compound is soluble in water as well as in chloroform. During its
preparation, it remains in aqueous layer. Describe a method to obtain if from this
layer.
The organic compound can be obtained by solvent extraction technique. In the
given conditions, the organic compound is present in aqueous layer.

Since given organic compound is also soluble in chloroform and chloroform is

almost immiscible with H2O. Hence, organic compound can be separated by shaking
aqueous layer with chloroform in a separating funnel. The compound goes into the
chloroform layer, which is separated from aqueous layer. Then chloroform is evaporated
to get pure organic compound.

Q.7 The following figure shows a developed chromatogram on paper with five spots.

(i) Unknown mixture X (ii) Sample A

(iii) Sample B (iv) Sample C

(v) Sample D

Find Out

(i) The Composition of unknown mixture X

The chromatogram shown that the mixture X contains components B and C

(ii) Which sample is impure and what is its composition

The impure sample is D at its contains A and C.

Q.8 In solvent extraction technique, why repeated extraction using small portions of
solvent are more efficient than using a single extraction but larger volume of
solvent? (Sargodha Board 2010: Lahore Board, 2011: Rawalpindi Board, 2008).
Solvent extraction is an equilibrium process and based upon distribution law.
Thus, if repeated extractions are used then equilibrium is established many times so more
amount of substance will be obtained. On the other hand in single extraction, the
equilibrium will be established only once so less amount is extracted. Thus, repeated
 extraction using small portion of solvent are more efficient because more amount of
substance is extracted.

Q.10 You have been provided with a mixture containing three inks with different colours.
Write down the procedure to separate the mixture with the help of paper
chromatography.
Inks can be separated by paper chromatography:

 A solvent mixture is placed in a chromatographic tank.

 The tank is covered with a lid so that it’s inner space is saturated with solvent vapours
and become homogenous.
 About 20 cm strip of What mann’s Chromatographic paper No. 1 is taken.
 A line is drawn with a thin pencil, about 2.5 cm above from one end of paper. This is
the base line.
 A drop of mixture of inks is placed on the base line.
 After drying the spots, the paper is suspended in the chromatographic tank and left for
sufficient time.
 When solvent front has moved to ¾ th of the length of the paper, paper is removed
from the tank.
 Solvent front is marked with a pencil line and paper is dried.
 The spots of inks can be seen on paper

For each type of ink R, values can be calculated by using the formula
Rf = Distance travelled by a particular ink from base line
Distance travelled by the solvent from base line.