SMJC 2223

Mass and Energy

Balance
State Properties

By:
Ir. Dr. Tan Lian See
tan. liansee@utm.my
 SMJC 2223 Mass and Energy Balance

CHAPTER OVERVIEW

Reference States

Energy Balance
Procedures Energy State Properties
Balance &
State
Properties

Steam Tables

Energy Balance & State Properties

 SMJC 2223 Mass and Energy Balance

REFERENCE STATE AND STATE PROPERTIES

▪ It is not possible to know the absolute value of Û and Ĥ for a

process material, but we can determine the change in ΔÛ and
change in ΔĤ corresponding to a specific change of state
(temperature, pressure, phase).
▪ A convenient way to tabulate ΔÛ and ΔĤ is to choose a
temperature, pressure and state of aggregation (i.e. phase) as a
reference state.
▪ Since Ĥ cannot be known absolute, for convenience we may
assign a value Ĥo=0 to be reference state.
▪ Then ΔĤ1= Ĥ1-0; ΔĤ2= Ĥ2-0 and so on.

Energy Balance & State Properties

 SMJC 2223 Mass and Energy Balance

REFERENCE STATE AND STATE PROPERTIES

▪ However, we do not have to know the reference state to
calculate ΔĤ for the transition from one state to another state
since the value are based on the same reference in the table.
▪ Ĥ and Û can be said as state properties: Property whose change
of value in any process depend only on it initial and final states
and do not depend on the path take to reach the state.

Energy Balance & State Properties

 SMJC 2223 Mass and Energy Balance

REFERENCE STATE AND STATE PROPERTIES: EXAMPLE

The following entries are taken from a data table for saturated
methyl chloride:

1) What is the reference state that was used to generate the given
enthalpies?
2) Calculate ∆𝐻෡ and ∆𝑈 ෡ for the transition of saturated methyl
chloride vapor from 50ºF to 0ºF.

Energy Balance & State Properties

 SMJC 2223 Mass and Energy Balance

REFERENCE STATE AND STATE PROPERTIES: EXAMPLE

1) Reference state = the state at which Ĥ = 0. It is at T=-40°F and

P=6.868 psia

2) ΔĤ = Ĥ (0°F) - Ĥ (50°F)
= (196.23 – 202.28) Btu/lbm= -6.05 Btu/lbm

[ 18.90×4.969 −(51.99×1.920)]psia.ft3 ] 𝑙𝑏.𝑚𝑜𝑙.𝑅 1.987Btu

= -6.05 Btu/lbm - ฬ ฬ
𝑙𝑏𝑚 10.73psia.ft3 lb.mol.R
= -4.96 Btu/lbm 6

Energy Balance & State Properties

 SMJC 2223 Mass and Energy Balance

STEAM TABLE
▪ Steam table - Compilation of physical properties (i.e. specific
volume, enthalpy, internal energy) of liquid water, saturated vapor
(steam) and superheated vapor.
▪ Reference state for steam table – water (0.01°C, 0.00611 bar, liquid).

Heat of vaporization - difference between steam & liquid

Specific volume (inverse of density) for liquid and

saturated vapor
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Vapor pressure of water at given temperature
Energy Balance & State Properties
 SMJC 2223 Mass and Energy Balance

STEAM TABLE
Table B.5: Properties of saturated steam: Temperature Table

Table B.6: Properties of saturated steam: Pressure Table

Energy Balance & State Properties

 SMJC 2223 Mass and Energy Balance

STEAM TABLE
Table B.7: Properties of superheated steam

Any temperature above this value,

it is superheated Superheated
Vapor

Liquid

Energy Balance & State Properties

 SMJC 2223 Mass and Energy Balance

STEAM TABLE

1) Determine the vapor pressure, specific internal energy and

specific enthalpy of saturated steam at 133.5°C.
෡ =0.606 m3/kg; 𝑼
p*=3 bar; 𝑽 ෡ =2543 kJ/kg; 𝑯
෡ =2724.7 kJ/kg

2) Show that water at 400°C and 10 bar is superheated steam and

determine its specific volume, specific internal energy and
specific enthalpy relative to liquid water at triple point, and its
dew point.
[400°C and 10 bar] falls outside of closed region → superheated
෡ = 0.307 m3/kg; 𝑼
𝑽 ෡ =2958 kJ/kg; 𝑯 ෡ =3264 kJ/kg; 𝑻𝒅𝒑 =179.9°C

3) Show that U and H for superheated steam depend strongly on

temperature and relatively slightly on pressure.
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Energy Balance & State Properties

SMJC 2223 Mass and Energy Balance

1) In labeling of flowchart, list down all related

parameters: temperature, pressure and state
of aggregation (solid/liquid/gas) of the
materials.

2) Normally (depending on the process

description) for a chemical process unit:
shaft work, kinetic and potential energy
change tend to be negligible compared to
heat flows, internal energy and changes in
enthalpy.

3) The simplified energy balance can become:

▪ Closed system: Q = U
▪ Open system: 11

Energy Balance & State Properties

 SMJC 2223 Mass and Energy Balance

PROCESS DATA REPRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS

Two Point Linear Interpolation
If you are given a set of tabulated data, and you are required to
get the data of an unknown, y, linear interpolation equation can
be used to get the desired data.
y − y1 x − x1
=
y2 − y1 x2 − x1
x − x1
y= ( y2 − y1 ) + y1
x2 − x1

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Energy Balance & State Properties

 SMJC 2223 Mass and Energy Balance

EXAMPLE 1
Steam at 10 bar absolute with 190°C of superheat is fed to a turbine
at a rate 𝑚=2000kg/hr.
ሶ The turbine operation is adiabatic and the
effluent is saturated steam at 1 bar. Calculate the work output of the
turbine in kW, neglecting kinetic and potential energy changes.

H + E k + E p = Q − W s

𝑊ሶ 𝑠 = −∆𝐻ሶ =ሶ −∆𝑚( ෣
ሶ 𝐻 ෣
𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝐻𝑖𝑛 )

෡ 𝒊𝒏)
Inlet stream: (to calculate 𝑯

෡
At 350 °C, 𝐻=3159 kJ/kg 370 − 350 𝑥 − 3159
=
෡
At 400 °C, 𝐻=3264 kJ/kg 400 − 350 3264 − 3159
∴ x = 3201 kJ/kg ෡ in
H 13

Energy Balance & State Properties

 SMJC 2223 Mass and Energy Balance

EXAMPLE 1
Steam at 10 bar absolute with 190°C of superheat is fed to a turbine
at a rate 𝑚=2000kg/hr.
ሶ The turbine operation is adiabatic and the
effluent is saturated steam at 1 bar. Calculate the work output of the
turbine in kW, neglecting kinetic and potential energy changes.
෡ 𝒐𝒖𝒕)
Outlet stream: (to calculate 𝑯

෡ out = 2675.4 kJ/kg

H

𝑊ሶ 𝑠 = −∆𝐻ሶ =ሶ −∆𝑚( ෣
ሶ 𝐻 ෣
𝑜𝑢𝑡 − 𝐻𝑖𝑛 )

−(2000kg) (2675.4 −3201) kJ 1hr

Wሶ s= ቚ ฬ = 292 kJ/s = 292 kW
hr kg 3600s

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Energy Balance & State Properties

 SMJC 2223 Mass and Energy Balance

EXAMPLE 2
Two streams of water are mixed to form the feed to a boiler.
Process data are as follows:

• Feed streams 1: 120 kg/min @ 30°C

• Feed streams 2: 175 kg/min @ 65°C
• Boiler pressure: 17 bar absolute

The exiting steam emerges from the boiler through a 6 cm ID pipe.

Calculate the required heat input to the boiler in kJ/min if the
emerging steam is saturated at the boiler pressure. Neglect the
kinetic energies of the liquid inlet streams.

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Energy Balance & State Properties

 SMJC 2223 Mass and Energy Balance

EXAMPLE 2

~272 kJ/kg

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 SMJC 2223 Mass and Energy Balance

EXAMPLE 2

1) Evaluate ∆𝑯ሶ

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Energy Balance & State Properties

 SMJC 2223 Mass and Energy Balance

EXAMPLE 2

2) Evaluate ∆𝑬𝒌ሶ

From Table B.7, the specific volume, 𝑉෠ of saturated steam at 17 bar = 0.1166 m3/kg.

Cross sectional area of the pipe:

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Energy Balance & State Properties

 SMJC 2223 Mass and Energy Balance

EXAMPLE 2

2) Evaluate ∆𝑬𝒌ሶ
Steam velocity:

∴ From

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SMJC 2223 Mass and Energy Balance

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