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(Ebook pdf) (eBook PDF) Patterns of World History: Volume Two: From 1400 with Sources 3rd Edition all chapter
(Ebook pdf) (eBook PDF) Patterns of World History: Volume Two: From 1400 with Sources 3rd Edition all chapter
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PART 5: PART 6: FURT HER RESOURCES R-1
CREDITS C-1
The Origins of From Three
SOURCE INDEX SI-1
Modernity Modernities to One SUBJECT I NDEX J. 1
1750-1900 652 1914-Present 848
22 . Patterns of Nat ion-States and 28. World Wars and Compet ing Visions
Cult ure in t he Atlant ic World, of Modernity, 1900-1945
1750-1871 850
654 29. Reconstruct ion, Cold War, and
23. Creoles and Caudi llos: Latin Decolonization, 1945-1962
America in t he Nineteent h Cent ury, 888
1790-1917 30. The End of t he Cold War, Western
688 Social Transformation, and the
24. The Challenge of Modernity: East Developing World, 1963-1991
Asia, 1750-1910 924
722 3 1. A Fragil e Capital ist-Democratic
25. Adaptation and Resistance: The World Order, 1991-2017
Ottoman and Russian Empires, 960
1683-1908
754
26. Industrializat ion and Its
Discontents, 1750-1914
784
27. The New Imperialism in t he
Nineteenth Century, 1815-1914
816
vii
MAPS xvii
STUDYING WITH MAPS xix
PREFACE xx
NOTE ON DATES AND SPELLINGS xxviii
ABOUT THE AUTHORS xxix
The Muslim- Christian Competition in the East and West, 1450- 1600 459
Iberian Christian Expansion, 1415-1498 460
Rise of the Ottomans and Struggle with the Habsburgs for Dominance, 1300-1609 464
viii
Imperial Courts, Urban Festivities, and the Arts 480
Features: The Ottoman Empire: Palaces, Festivities, and t he Arts 480
Patterns Up Cl ose: The Spanish Habsburg Empire: Popu lar Festivities and the Arts 483
Shi pbuilding 466
Against the Grain:
Putting It All Together 486
Tilting at Windmills 488 ~ PATTERNS OF EVIDENCE: Sources for Chapter 16
16.1-Christopher Columbus, The Book o f Prophecies • 16.2-Thomas the Eparch and
Joshua Diplovatatzes, "The Fall of Constantinople" · 16 .3-Evliya <;elebi. "A Procession
ofArtisans at Istanbul' · 16.4-0gier Ghiselin de Busbecq, ··11,e Court ofSuleiman the
Magnificent" · 16.S-Janissary musket
Features:
The Conquest of Mexico and Peru 526
Feature s:
The Special Case of Plant ation Slavery in the Americas 572
Slavery in British North America 576
Patterns Up Close:
Voodoo and Other New The Fatal Triangle: The Economic Patterns of the Atlantic Slave Trade 580
World Slave Religions 584
Against the Grain: Culture and Identity in the African Diaspora 583
Ogleth0<pe's Free Colony 590 A New Societ y: Creolization of the Early Atlantic World 583
Features:
Mansabdars and Bureaucracy 606
The Mughal Early Modern Economy 607
Patterns Up Close:
Akbar's Attempt at Religious Society, Family, and Gender 609
Synthesis 602
Against the Grain: Science, Religion, and the Arts 61 1
Sikhism in Transition 618 Science and Technology 611
Religi on: In Search of Balance 612
Lit erat ure and Art 613
Patterns Up Close: The Spring and Summer of Power: The Qi ng t o 1750 625
The "China" Trade 626 Village and Fami ly Life 633
Against the Grain: Science, Cultu re, and Intellectual Life 635
Seclusion's Exceptions 650
The Long War and Longer Peace: Japan, 1450- 1750 638
The Struggle for Unificat ion 638
The Tokugawa Bakufu to 1750 640
Growth and Stagnation: Economy and Society 6 44
Hot housi ng "Japaneseness": Culture, Science, and Intel lectual Life 647
Patterns Up Close: The Collect ivization of Agricu lture and Industrialization 870
The Harlem Renaissance and
the African Diaspo<a 860 New Variations on Modernity: Supremacist Nationalism in Italy,
Against the Grain: Germany, and Japan 871
Righteous among the From Fascism in Italy to Nazism in the Third Reich 871
Nations 886 Japan's "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere" and China's Struggle for Unit y 877
Chapter 30 The End of the Cold War, Western Social Transformation, and
1963- 1991 the Developing World 924
Features:
Putting It All Together 991
Patterns Up Close:
Social Networking 984 ~ PATTERNS OF EVIDENCE: Sources for Chapter 31
Against the Grain: 31.1-0sama bin Laden, "Declaration of War against the Americans Occupying the
North Korea, Lone Holdout Land ofthe Two Holy Places" · 31.2-Vladimir Putin, Address to the Duma concerning
against t he Wortd 993
the annexation ofCrimea · 31.3- Mohamed Bouazizi triggers the Arab Spring, Tunisia
• 3 1.4-Arundhati Roy, "Capitalism: A Ghost Story" · 31.S-Uniud Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change, Paris
xvii
xviii Maps
Map 30.3 Governmental Participation by Women 938 Map 31.1 The Global Distribution of Wealth, 2012 963
Map 30.4 Open Cities and Special Economic Map 31.2 The Global Balance of Trade, 2008 965
Zones in China, 1980-2000 94 3 Map 31.3 US Security Commitments since 1945 968
Map 30.5 The Vietnam War 9 45 Map 31.4 World Map of Climate Change
Map 30.6 The Arab- Israeli Wars, 1967 and 1973 94 7 Performance 990
Studying with Maps
MAPS
World history cannot be fully understood without a clear comprehension of t he c hronologies and
parameters within wh ich different empires, states, and peoples have changed over time. Maps
facilitate th is understanding by illuminat ing t he significance of time, space, and geography in
shaping the patterns of world history.
Global L o c a t o r - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ~
Many of the maps in Patterns of World History
include global locators that show the area being
depicted in a larger context.
Projection - - - - - - - - --,----:--fii;;;.;r)-'7~::::::::t:;~:<-,i
A map projection portrays all or part of the earth, E "--',..,
-
I n.'.11 cxpuuion
To 14311
tures and to convey information. Each symbol is
Undn l'll,h"""ti. ldS-146.\
explained in the map's key. Undn PllchKttti and TupK
D Yup;mqui, 146~1,lil
B
Under Tu.p:u: \'upan,qui. 1471- 1,19}
Undn Hua>•11,;1, C:lp11c. 1·193- ISl.5
XU:
Preface
he response to the first two editions of Pat- choose to e1nphasize, nor do we clain1 that all world
xx
Preface xx:i
the study of the world-to make it accessible to t he the first t in1e. Enterprising rogue British n1erchants,
student-without n1aking,vorld history itselfsimplistic. eager to find a ,vay to crack closed Chinese 1narkets
Patterns of World History, Third Edition, proposes for other goods, began to smuggle it in from India. The
the teaching of world history fron1 t he perspective n1arket gre,v, t he price went do,vn, addict ion spread,
of t he relationship between continuity and change. and Britain and China ulti1nately ,vent to war over
What ,ve advocate in this book is a distinct intellec- China's attempts to elin1inate t he traffic. Here, we
tual fran1e,vork for this relationship and t he role of have an example of an item generating inte ractions on
innovation and historical change through patterns of a worldwide scale, ,vith in1pacts on everything fron1
origins, interactions, and adaptations. Each sn1all or politics to economics, cultu re, and even the environ-
large technical or cultural innovation originated in n1ent. The legacies of the trade still weigh heavily on
one geographical center or independently in several two of t he rising powers of t he recent decades: China
different centers. As people in t he centers interacted and India. And opiu1n and its derivatives, like n1or-
with their neighbors, the neighbors adapted t o, and in phine and heroin, cont inue to bring relief as well as
n1any cases were transformed by, the innovations. By suffering on a colossal scale to hundreds of millions
•adaptation" we include the entire spect rum of human of people.
responses, ranging fron1 outright rejection to creative What, t hen, do we gain by studying world history
borrowing and, at t imes, forced acceptance. through the use of such patterns? Fi rst, if ,ve consider
Sn1all technical innovations often went through ilie innovation to be a driving force of history, it helps to
pattern of origin, interaction, and adaptation across t he sat isfy an intrinsic hun1an curiosity about origins-
world ,vithout arousing 1nuch attention, even though our o,vn and ot hers. Perhaps n1ore in1portantly, seeing
they had major consequences. For example, the horse patterns of various kinds in historical developn1ent
colla r, which originated in the last centuries BCE in brings to light connections and linkages an1ong
China and allowed for the replacement of oxen ,vith peoples, cultures, and regions-as in the aforen1en-
stronger horses, gradually improved the productiv- tioned exan1ples-that might not otherwise present
ity of agriculture in elevenili-cent ury western Europe. then1selves.
More sweeping intellectual-cultural innovations, by Second, such patterns can also reveal differences
cont rast, such as t he spread of universal religions like among cultures t hat other approaches to world his-
Buddhisn1, Christianity, and Islan1 and the rise of tory tend to neglect. For example, the differences
science, have often had profound consequences-in between the civilizations of the Eastern and Western
some cases leading to conflicts lasting cent uries-and Hemispheres are generally highlighted in ,vorld his-
affect us even today. tory texts, but t he broad con1n1onalities of hu1nan
Son1etin1es change was effected by commodities groups creat ing agriculturally based cities and states
that to us seen1 rather ordinary. Take sugar, for ex- in widely separated areas also show deep parallels in
ample: It originated in Southeast Asia and ,vas traded their patterns of origins, interactions, and adaptations.
and grown in the Mediterranean, where its cultivation Such co1nparisons are at the center of our approach.
on plantations created t he model for expansion into Third, this kind of analysis offers insights into how
the vast slave system of the Atlantic basin fron1 t he fif- an individual innovation was subsequently developed
teenth through t he nineteenth centuries, forever alter- and diffused across space and tin1e-that is, ilie patterns
ing the histories of four cont inents. What ,vould our by which the new eventually becomes a necessity in
diets look like today without sugar? Its history contin- our daily lives. Through all of this we gain a deeper ap-
ues to unfold as we debate its n1erits and health risks p reciation of t he unfolding of global history from its
and it supports huge multinational agribusinesses. origins in s1nall, isolated areas to t he vast networks of
Or take a n1ore obscure co1nn1odity: opium. Opiun1 global inte rconnectedness in our present world.
had been used medicinally for centuries in regions all Finally, our use of a broad-based understanding
over t he world. But the advent of tobacco traded fron1 of cont inuity, change, and innovation allows us to re-
the An1ericas to t he Philippines to China, and t he en- store culture in all its individual and institutionalized
courage1nent of Dutch t raders in the region, created aspects-spiritual, artistic, intellectual, scientific-to
an environ1nent in ,vhich the drug was smoked for its rightful place alongside technology, envi ronn1ent,
xxii Preface
politics, and socioeconomic conditions. That is, un- adoption by ot hers. Obviously, lesser patterns are
derstanding innovation in t his way allows this t ext to identified as ,veil, 1nany of ,vhich are of more lin1ited
help illu1ninate the full range of human ingenuity over regional interactive and adaptive in1pact. We ,vish to
t ime and space in a comprehensive, evenhanded, and stress again t hat these are broad categories of analysis
open-ended fashion. and t hat there is nothing reduct ive or detern1inistic
in our aims or choices. Nevertheless, we believe t he
patterns we have chosen help to make the historical
Options for Teaching process n1ore int elligible, providing a series of lenses
with Patterns of World that can help to focus the ot herwise confusing facts
and disparat e details t hat comprise world history.
History, Third Edition Part One (Prehistory-600 BCE): Origins of
In response to requests from t eachers who adopt ed hun1an civilization-tool n1aking and symbol
the previous editions, Patterns of World History in- creating-in Africa as well as the origins of ag-
cludes a selection of primary-text and visual sources riculture, urbanism, and state formation in the
after every chapt er. This section, called "Patterns of three agrarian centers of the Middle East, India,
Evidence," enhances student engagen1ent with key and China.
chapter patterns t hrough cont e1nporaneous voices
Part Two (600 BCE-600 CE): Emergence of the
and perspectives. Each source is accon1panied by
axial-age thinkers and their visions of a transcen-
a concise i nt roduction t o provide chronological
dent god or first principle in Eurasia; elevation
and geographical context; "Working wit h Sources"
of these visions to the status of state religions in
questions after each selection pro1npt students to
en1pires and kingdon1S, in the process fom1ing
n1ake critical connections behveen the source and
multiethnic and n1ultilinguistic polities.
the n1ain chapter narrative.
For the convenience of instructors t eachi ng a Part Three (600-1450): Disintegration of classi-
course over two 15-week semesters, bot h versions cal en1pires and fom1ation of religious civilizations
of Patterns are lin1ited to 31 chapt ers. For the sake in Eurasia, with the e1nergence of religiously
of cont inuity and to acco1n1nodate the many differ- unified regions divided by con1mon,vealths of
ent ways schools divide the n1idpoint of t heir world multiple states.
history sequence, Chapters 15-18 overlap in both
Part Four (1450-1750): Rise of new e1npires; in-
volu1nes; in Volun1e 2, Chapter 15 is given as a "pre-
teraction, both hostile and peaceful, an1ong the
lude" to Part Four. Those using a trimest er systen1
religious civilizations and new empires across all
will also find divisions n1ade in convenient places,
continents of the world. Origins of the New Sci-
with Chapt er 10 con1ing at the beginning of Part Two
ence in Europe, based on the use of n1athen1atics
and Chapter 22 at the beginning of Part Five. Finally,
for the investigation of nature.
a Brief Edition of Patterns is also available. The Brief
Edition is 25 percent shorter in length and does not in- Part Five (1750-1900): Origins of scientific-
clude end-of-chapter primary sources .. industrial "modernity," sitnult aneous with the
en1ergence of constitutional and ethnic nation-
states, in the West (Europe and North America);
Patterns of Change and interaction of the West with Asia and Africa, re-
sulting in complex adaptations, both coerced as
Six Periods of World History ,vell as voluntary, on the part of the latter.
Si1nilarly, Patterns is adaptable to both chronological Part Six (1900-Present): Division of early West-
and then1atic styles of i nstruction. We divide the ern n1odernity into the three co1npeting visions:
history of the world int o six n1ajor t i1ne periods and co1nn1unisn1, supren1acist nationalism, and
recognize for each period one or hvo n1ain patterns of capitalis1n. After hvo horrific ,vorld wars and
innovat ion, their spread t hrough interaction, and their the triun1ph of nation-state formation across the
Preface xxiii
,vorld, capitalisn1 remains as the last surviving such innovat ions from the outside? Are there dis-
version of modernity. Capitalis1n is then reinvig- cernible patter ns in t he developn1ent of kingdoms
orated by the increasing use of social networking or empires or nat ion-states?
tools, ,vhich popularizes both "traditional" reli- Economic and Social Developments: The relation-
gious and cultural ideas and constitutionalis1n in ship behveen economics and the st ructures and
authoritarian states. ,vorkings of societies has long been regarded as
crucial by historians and social scientists. But
,vhat patterns, if any, emerge in ho,v these rela-
Chapter Organization t ionships develop and funct ion among different
cultures? This segment explores such questions
and Structure as t he follo,ving: What role does economics play
in t he dynan1ics of change and continuity? What,
Each part of the book addresses the role of change and
for example, happens in agrarian societies when
innovation on a broad scale in a pa rt icular time and/
merchant classes develop? How does the accu-
or region, and each chapter contains different levels of
mulation of ,vealth lead to social hierarchy? What
explorat ion t o examine the principal features of par-
forn1s do these hierarchies take? How do societies
t icular cultural or nat ional areas and ho,v each affects,
forn1ally and inforn1ally t ry to regulate ,vealth and
and is affected by, the patter ns of origins, interactions,
poverty? How are econo1nic conditions reflected
and adaptations:
in fa1nily life and gender relations? Are t here pat-
Geography and the Environment: The relation- terns that reflect t he varying social positions of
ship between hun1an beings and the geography men and women that are cha racteristic of certain
and environ1nent of the places they inhabit is econon1ic and social institutions? How are these
a1nong the n1ost basic factors in understand- in turn affected by different cultural practices?
ing hun1an societies. In this chapter segn1ent, Intellectual, Religious, and Cultural Aspects: Fi-
t herefore, t he topics under investigat ion involve nally, we consider it vital to include an examina-
t he nat ural environment of a particular region t ion dealing in son1e depth with the ,vay people
and the general condit ions affect ing change and understood their existence and life du ring each
innovat ion. Climatic conditions, earthquakes, period. Clearly, intellectual i nnovation-the
tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, outbreaks of dis- generation of new ideas-lies at t he heart of
ease, and so forth all have obvious effects on how t he changes we have singled out as pivotal in t he
humans react to t he challenge of survival. The patterns of origins, interactions, and adaptat ions
initial portions of chapters introducing new re- t hat fonn the heart of this text . Beyond this,
gions for study therefore include environmental t hose areas concerned wit h the search for and
and geographical overviews, which are revisited construction of meaning-particularly religion,
and expanded in later chapters as necessary. The t he arts, philosophy, and science-not only re-
larger issues of how decisive the impact of geog- flect shifting perspectives but also, in many cases,
raphy on the developn1ent of human societ ies play a leading role in determining the course of
is-as in the co1nn1only asked question "Is geog- events ,vithin each forn1 of society. All of these
raphy destiny?"-are also exan1ined here. facets of intellectual life are in turn manifested in
Political Developments: In this seg1nent, ,ve ponder new perspect ives and representations in t he cul-
such quest ions as how rulers and their support- tural life of a society.
ers wield political and 1nilitary po,ver. How do
different political t radit ions develop in different
areas? How do states expand, and why? How do
different polit ical arrange1nents atte1npt t o strike
Features
a balance between t he rulers and t he ruled? How Seei ng P atterns/ Thinking Through P atter n s:
and why are polit ical innovations t ransn1itted to "Seeing Patterns" and "Thinking Through Pat-
other societies? Why do societ ies accept or reject terns" use a question-discussion forn1at in
xxiv Preface
Rien n’est si difficile que la recherche d’un titre. J’ai fait bien
souvent des pièces dont le titre n’est venu qu’après. Les meilleurs
titres que j’ai trouvés, c’est pour les pièces qui n’ont jamais été
faites.
Mon bagage dramatique, déjà considérable, s’accrut de trois
pièces jamais écrites : Le Second dans Rome, Les Deux Cloches,
Les Vertus à la mode… On les a annoncées plusieurs fois. Et c’est
de celles-là que je parle, quand on me demande ce que j’ai sur le
chantier.
Un auteur devrait toujours choisir un titre à sa pièce avant de la
porter au directeur. Il s’éviterait ainsi de pénibles recherches, au
moment où le directeur lui dit : « Eh bien, nous passons dans huit
jours, et il me faut votre titre pour combiner une affiche. »
On est agité, mal disposé. L’approche de la première vous a
enlevé toute confiance. Les interprètes répètent sans conviction. A
quoi bon chercher un titre pour cette pièce mort-née ?… On cherche
tout de même. On trouve quelque chose qui vous emballe. Un
parent partial vous déclare que c’est merveilleux… On apporte le
titre au directeur.
— Et c’est pour ça que vous avez réfléchi toute la nuit ?
Le directeur appelle un de ses pensionnaires.
— Nous avons un titre pour la pièce. Vous allez me dire ce que
vous en pensez.
Et il prononce le titre d’une voix molle.
L’artiste regarde l’auteur, puis le directeur… Puis il fait la moue.
On cherche autre chose que l’on soumet à un autre artiste, qui a
la spécialité de ne se tromper jamais sur les titres. Or il déclare que
les titres que vous lui proposez sont des titres de fours.
Cet artiste a un sens mystérieux de ce qui doit réussir. Il raconte
lui-même à ce sujet des histoires édifiantes. A Deauville, il prend un
nom de cheval sur le programme, et, sans s’y connaître, trouve le
gagnant. C’est incompréhensible, mais c’est comme ça.
On découvre le lendemain un autre titre. Pas mauvais, dit le
directeur, mais trop long pour l’affiche. Vous auriez des lettres
grêles, qui ne se verraient pas.
« Après vous, s’il en reste », est un titre de revue. « Le mécano et
la danseuse »… ça n’est jamais qu’une pièce en un acte.
— Le titre ne signifie rien, dit le théoricien de la maison. Le public
ne sait pas le titre des pièces. Il va voir la pièce de la Renaissance
ou la pièce des Variétés.
— Pourtant, si le titre est plaisant, engageant ?
— Un bon titre n’a jamais sauvé une mauvaise pièce.
C’est entendu. Mais un bon titre ne fait pas de mal à une bonne
pièce. Et, comme ce jour-là on est persuadé qu’on fait une pièce
admirable, on rentre chez soi, on réfléchit, mais on réfléchit
sérieusement ; le cerveau travaille, et ne fait pas du sur place. Et l’on
finit par trouver un titre qui plaît à tout le théâtre… On envoie
immédiatement la note aux journaux. La pièce est annoncée le
lendemain avec son nom, son étiquette éternelle que répéteront nos
petits-neveux… Le surlendemain paraissent des lettres de
revendication : d’un romancier dont le roman a été imprimé en
feuilletons il y a douze ans ; d’un auteur dramatique qui a remis un
manuscrit au directeur d’un théâtre suburbain.
— Excellent, dit le directeur. Gardez votre titre. Ne le changez
qu’à la dernière extrémité. Attisez la polémique…
Le conseil est bon. Je prends désormais, par principe, sauf à le
changer après, le titre de pièces déjà existantes, avec l’espérance,
jamais déçue, que les intéressés le revendiqueront.
CHAPITRE XIII
L’AUTEUR