.Ac - the-bookhHI103 (54) HI103-1.pdf 2

You might also like

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 67

HI 103 1

..

I
.
II
'H'Ul
-=t<l:\t.J d

..
Utltl 1 811tl1i11JJtltl ,.

Utltl 2 811tl1i11JJIJJ1"Tt.Ja,.ailu
5

15
..
.
.ct
Utltl 3 811tl1i11JJfl1fl 25_

Utltl 4 811tl1i11JJ11sJ'U 47

HI 103

f
4 HI 103

.. t
*
"1fl1-311tl-3
lfll ...
1. fl11lJL ';11tyf\IL

1.1

1.2 fl11lJL';l1rulouwirtJ'l1-D1"fl
.,

0 u
u

1. fiali11JtJ1tJ l

Lilou i't
til
LLL'l: ' '.
. ii<W1l -,..;-Luoun,;fl76 wn1tJou1 .

flfl7 el"LL 1J1J71lJEl1'U1';1L m\iLi1'U flt'l1" .

2. ·fl11liW1ll17fll '
l ';17ru., Lou

') 1';1

. 1.
A A A l I C' -... !:\11.1 'll t
'l1lJ'YI"fl1'l

L ';1 ii"ft'1L 'V\"fl11liL ';11

2. ') L'li'U fl17Uflfl7ll" fl1ft''U1

Hll03 5
!"1..1..6
hiU'YIL1f£1fl'U11
.,11 .,. tl l fltlliV.w.t\.L1f111Lu'U
.,...., !"I

,f'" CJ . £1V1-3fl£1t1Lil'UfiavltJ \4n1iunfiJJ'V\rt-3


, ltl'Y11 f111W111·';lL'" fl.fl. 1965. . '
t
. .

,.! ..... A .I A A I A A !"I C' . C' All. 'I


.., A A
tff1 flft' -3li'J11fl'Yl'V\ ft-3L 1J£1-3'V\'U'.D' -3L u'Uft'fl1L'JfftftLflt11 L'U1 :r.J:LL1 n 1
} Lflfl'f.I\.LLll£1

'V\ft1tlliutlli1LLI1 L'U'U1ll lu1li-'Jf1LlJti'U (Homo-


Sapiens)

· Lrta"-;nnlJJiJ,.,int1\.LL;Jtl-u.
- . ... l1

'l
rlU elUlfl'LLrl tl'n \tnll111tt11'YIIrJ1 tl'nfl111fl1ft'frf LUN:tl'n1r1fi1 .
-
1'Yltl1
A.. l 'I .. ... - ..1!"1-
L'UL 1El",8-31'\ftflJ1'U'YlLuU1'Yitl1fl1ft'fl1 (scientific evidence) 'YlLfl'U
.. .I I

.;. .:. ......... t A ... C' I .:... A A I A t I


fl£1 'lf1flft' (fossils) '.D'1f1L 'V\ft'l'Utl"fl-3'V\ft-3L ')
A t.1 k, ..,.,. C' 1..tJ. .., t.1 'ott
11£1-31'\\.L -31\.LflUfl· d11J£1-3U f11'Yltl1fl1ft'fl1L1-UnU Lll£1tl1:ll1ft11li11UL1J1';l:'Yl1 L flL1J1ft'1ll11 tl
I . . . J

'J lfl

. .., .,. 'I A ..,· k. .I .., !"I c-


f11111 f117 L1.lf11 1 fl'Ufl· d1L fltl1 n 1Jfl11lJL
L,J'U ') lfiLLrl £1111

') 7
' ... ... l.r .:. 0 . tl A tl I ... • I ... VI ... I C'tl
Lli£1\.L1ll1 :flfl 1:L11'Yl

l LiL

7n (Eolithic) iifl11liLUUElijllifl1-3';)1flifl1L'Yhl 1\l'n

Li iJ-3fl-3t111 11Elu i
'V\ nLL1'\ ft-3 lJJjin

LL3j'Li_fi f117';l: U8 "rl'I-UitlL rl1Jfl'UL8-3

6 HI 103.

t
L ' V\
··
U';),UU3.11n ·.
. · I . I . ;··.I '. · I t.l

L111EJ.1:a'r4fu'V\Eltl rh 111,:fi"
l3.JfiEJtJL 1-iEJUL'V\iiEJULLflrlEJU ';1::11JJtl1rlULUU'V\3.JU1U L . ,
';11nLatl"\lll'11 LL111 1 iln11tl1LU L
f1nrhn17Lnl;fl1n11ll fiEJ •J ,-nfl L,.u LLEJl.JLila
f( ...1 .J. ff A '4 .t'""t.l..t': 0 'I t.1 t.1 I A 'I I
COLL'r41 ft'fl1 ElL 1JEJ1 'Vn011ft':ft'3JEJ1'V\11 fl1 L'V\L L'V\ll

(New Stone Age, Neolithic Age)


t .... I '4 .J! . I
LtJ
.... iJ .... •,r, iJ "".. I
Uft'"fl2J llr;1U1L Uf;iu0fl1El"
0

.,...,. A. .
(Urban Life)

EJ1'7tllr112J-i.JEJ" LU11tu luu1L qj 4 ucv\" lf)u n


1'Vl Lr471:J1LiJu
i lun11L nl;fl7n7'7ll n17flliU1flll LLft::n17tl11 "=A1fl

tl11rJI11JJOih.Jf1lu11W (Ancient Civilization)

.aiA,.Ifft 1 ..,. ... A • .. 1 ... I"" A A A A ff


Eltl uflfl"Elij'YI1 "fl:1UEJEJ OLQtl"L 'V\U£l,El"fl1JJLLEJn 101 . 1
L1Liluu fiflfl::1uflnflEJ'Yl:Lftfl11tl
• • • .. 1 !T t .,. .l" • .. 1 ..,. ""
,
112JEJ101fl11El"Eltlufl L1J11tuUUliEJ101fl'l
J! "" 'I
L'U
A A A . Q; A al If WI ff Q; I .r....
1tuu10LLliU1 L 11UUll
fl1111L 'V\ll1:ft'llft'1'V\11J011Lrrn:
0 .... tl ' - --.. I .. t I I
111

,
uEJn'V\uL 111EJEJ n l l.JL flu nEJLUU?f7liLLflUYr77ll111fi,)-1tJifEJ"nut1fl7 .n1t1uEJ n lf)Lilu ,
fl7 111i'Ju3.IJ1luG\
ij 1tlU- n1 OQ1flll 11El"'l4n I) iJ J1';J::fl1lla-",f"ft'El" 'V\i"';l1n
rh

,
.nijfl1ft'flfil rh L1KLD1,-1flflft' (Herodotus) "Egypt
gift of the Nile" .Yh
fiR 'f1"ft'1 1 flEJ1'7tllr1 1 li'V\; Elfl11liL ';J;t)IL 011lin

Hll03 7
- ' ... .. ... _. J
1.

1.1 fi11JJIQ;qJ1\tqtllU110f·

,-::u::t 5,ooo

Wfl1· L Yllrll1n«'"
') -;J\4na1tJLWTJL«n 40 n111!
LU\4EJ1tutTfn,-L'VIqi .2 J«un
( 1) oorfrluu ijfl11ll ·
tJ11 500 llla n1'1-3 15-20 13Jft' .. :?

(2)
l 1LittJ-u 'U1L (Delta) iifl113Jtl11tl,.:ll1tut 200 llla
n11-3 6-22 llla ' '
t·.
I • •ift

We.; l C! , ·•·

D e s e r 't ·
......

:'

8 l·II 103 ·'!


u tl
1.2

u u '
mJtl1llftJ1a.tliln1an1 (The _Old Kingdom) 1::v::L tl 3,000-2,1 oo iJI
nacu

fl; ft'fl n1 nTl t1 nfl7eJ'I1l cuwlitJa1mTfn•nn1L ,Y1 Jtn n

(Thebes) t 1 'Y17

'Y11 "'lfl 'Y11 "lvu1v


i'nfl11llft''I11J
I t¥ I 4 .,.1 t 11'\..tl. nfl1el'11'Yl'l11'\llfl 6 71111-.lfl..
.. .I \1 .!' t A f"l • .. .I 4 . A A tl
11111-\Jfl'Yl 3 L•Jfl-\JLllEJ-\JLllllnft' (Memphis) 11111-\Jfl'Yl 4 ::
\Y" -\JL tlou111nf1an11R'f1"11iJ11Dfl n1 6

. L ') 200

tJ

(The Middle Kingdom) t11::1J1tu 21 oo-1sao tJnEJcu


'UliLtJ'Yl (Amenemhet) wi'1'11fl41llai"oufl'l1 'Y11
fiou111 -\Jttauu'Yl'U1flr.Jl
I 'I tl 1 A\1 .!' o A • A
11ll Lcun11 nfl1El'l1 flr.J&JL•Jfl1'U'I1tl'l1111flft1::
- aal t ..
.-t¥... Atl .. A
ft'llr.J11el'l1n1 1,.,?f1::EJ"fl'UEJV flL
I A
-\JL 1EJ'I1 flll
111n
t .!'
.. I tl
A A ..

I A
. 1
... ...

A f"l
f !'I .
,
...Atl ........
L1Vn11L1J'U"fl'Yle1'1111El-\Jel[J fl'Y1Lfl[J1 Ll'\fl
.,II A tl \1 .. II .
,
n11tuflEJll1 11n{J11?f1ntJfl 'lfft' (Hyksos) Lfl'UL111
..... tl.. • \ Ill ""'"""Atl A II
1n11ouav ft \.Ln11flEJV u11m::'Y1av fl L'D'Y1,.,11Lfl\.LL'Y11
I

f11111 n11ouYh J
iifl111JLU\.L 11'\;1'11l riou
'lli.ifl11llflt1L'Un11Lfl;Vllri1R'I1l
,j'1fln t \.LEJ\.L1flflfl1V

HI 103 9
&nJU11,tnantn1111,j 111tnnl'rJtfl1111fl (The New Kingdom) 1..h::3.11m
1580-1090 TlEJ'Ufl1Wfln1ft 1 (Ahmose I)

ifl11Jfwaan -!'1 Lih.un.iuu Lfl 'J LU'U,fiL


') 3J1nlJ1lJ L1f'U lMULLfi'UUl11J
ti1Law,"'" Lai1aLilu
L'V\ qj';l'UL1un tJufn111 1tl ';l::l,.;L

n1 n \ ,.;L nfiUqJ'V\1fi13J3J1
flEJ l1JJ1 .JU1 1fltJLQYn::L
(Akhnaton, l37S- 1358 tlria-ufl1Wflfi1ft) 'V\10EJ1LlJ'U 4 ·(Amenhotep IV)
.., il A A
.., tt. ,.l . t A ...
'Yl1 flEJ EJ1Lfi'U (Aten) fi11

I
\ ,.;dit1fl113JLLflnuun'\
I I
1-t II
'
LU'UW1L , \,.;
.... A.,Ifl' .,1 .... ""' al
'J,
I • • ._, fS' ....
1£ltl 'l'tl'U LuEJ1LIJftJ'U
LLL'\::3J1ti1fiLittJ'U "11Yi

o 1 .;,
fiinnN77rl77 "Egypt is the gift of the Nile'' YI1J1tlt7J£J:: 1
cl
t ?

fl113JV.tl1tl13J \ 'U
.,l A e, .,l
nYJ3J1l n 11'\.lL 'ULL1
tJ

fl113JL"1tU\,.;nu 1an'V\ft1uf1,".11un"

L\oLtJ13JW -3fl113JLLa::u1JJw
· 1111eutJti'L 1
YJ1 a1nL 1LtHu (Vizier)
'J n17'lfftti1::YJ1U
U .., . "I 'UOn111l'U -n1
_r ..&! 1. . .J t
..
k. 11 .I .., _!! _,:, ·1
fltl
lYiia- (Nomes)., "ii"
10 HI 103
1r.Jn111cu1nffl (Nomarches)

ndl-uti£J-\lricu n111ffttl1t'YI1'U

A A :'I I ... , tl t <Ill .....


tl11niJ11£JUtlfl11fY1fl

n-\1 6 fJ1fl

<IIIAtl !'f .., A ,k ... ,k I tJ.l


fiUJ,.,l 1f11fltl fl (Polytheism) LL&11fl£l,r.J ') L flr.J'U
..... k ..... I ..... k ·At'..:. I
111'U1Jfi£JL (Monotheism) LLflfl!:'Ufl11J1!:11L L1f'U

B111£l'U (Amon) L1, 11 (Re, Ra)

(Osiris) LYlWL f1LL 1 l 'Uft

ielcuL 4a'11qJqJ1'NLU'U£l11fl:ua:1anwu1

L ')

l i'LLfl!:£)1V\11 a1'U 1tlillfLU1LtJ£ltJtl1r.Jfi11'Yi1LU'Ulflld


. fl1111Li£JL'UL 4a-\11qJqJ1'NLU'U
O
B3Jfl:'n1 ..... tl ... ...
l'l1f11Br.J ... ,., Q; 1 flfi'ULLfl!:
,t¥ 1 flfiV\'U1
"" .. I 1
L1f£l11 "" tJ'U1 ann..,j
... A "" ..!' ,... ... <Ill I "tl
fiB'U L Bij
11 "" . t "" Q;
'lJrJ'U
..

L
A ,... J .. A 0 "tJ
L
I ,k 1El'1f1ft'
....... Q; A ,tk ..
V\'U-\Jft'fl'UL 1tlfi11
I

(Book of the Dead) 1vn11 U11iif1Lnnef


I ..,j <Ill \1 "" .,I <Ill .. W ...
(Pyramid Texts) ft'1'U'nL 'lJrJ'U 1r.Jn flElnn'U L'Yln'lf (Coffin Texts)

· 1 L'U 1 i",El"1an
.. ..
11J11'N'YlLflrJ1 L
"" ... ..!' 'l"" !1'1 •
1fLL1 -\l-\11'Ufl'ULu'U 1'U11V\1fJ1fl
...
u1111fl'YlL11El-\l
,., A

""" "" ... 1 1 . . Al (Khufu) LU


't·.u ,. . . lV\ Ql'Ylflfl-\1
..4 "" 'l "" A A
fiL'lJ' (Gizeh) ft'11-\lfl11r.Jn1 1fLL 1 -\l-\11'Ufl'Ufi-\IV\'U-\l
I

LLft''Ufl'U ncu 1!:r.J!:L1fl1L'Ufi110Elft''f1-\l'U1'Un-\l 20 U


"er ..
ft'fl1uflr.Jfi11lJflfi1f'UflV\'U-\l'Yl Lfl11Jfi11r.JfitJEl-\l
A A ..,.., """"' I \'1 I ,... A
fl£) fi11ft'11-\11fl
"" ""' 1fltJ
L\\ fuflLLfl!: f ft''f1 -\IBth -\1LV\ qj1fiLLfl: on -\ILL 1-\1111 n· L
qj'11EJ-\11f1fi -

ilr.J11ft''f1-\lft'11fl'11ULUJtlLLn:ft'fl'n fla ft'Y4'1-f (Sphirlx)


!1'1 tlA 1 <Ill "" !I'J "" ... .,.J 1 ..... tl.. ... tJ A A
Lu'Ua ft'-\1 1V\flBEl ft' (Cheops) ana V\'U-\lfl()
I "" ,.,.,.,

HI 103 11
. ... ··' ......
'ULnOflfl (Nefertiti):. "Ll'\R'lJO.:Jn1
... .... 1 ..... ...

th·::111m 4,ooo iJrio'Ufl;afln1ft L;un11ontt1LUtJ1


C) vrst\41L 24 fl1 fl£lli1DthJtl.fi'LLU.:t

t110n'l!!t1-nEl.:Jfl'ULU'U 2 V·nn flel on'l!!t1LUU11tln. (Hieratic)


. ft1Vti't.JOfl'l!!t"1Lfl1ll·f1n (Demotic) ,fulfi1·· '). ltJ

.J!. ....... • I .. I 't I !"I J ..,l ..,l .,_ 1


'Yl1.:J•t1'U111Nflfl£ltJlJfl'U'U R1M L\1\ty';l::LlJ'UL 1El.:J111'YlLntJ1n'Ufl1R'U1 L'lfU

lYI!JlfllD'fli. 'lf11D£itJtfl L';) \ 'UL n

n1.:tfi'1'Ufl111fl1wflf,f" iin11t11"1m1::1u::L l
LfttJfl1u11l
' A l I ,f., I
'J
..l
'lf11nDtJtfb.tl(L\ff1111J«'l4l1finL
:-'1
ri11Vt'l41 ouL 1El.:t'l411 1Jll1nL'Yl1'Ylfl11';l::Ll,l\4 ·
,;,\

'Yl1.:Jft1'Uflmflfl1Hflf .

jfniiu1n ftt.J LLR::\1\11 n s:if11L'Yi1nu


3.14 jfn1it11141Nl'\1U;111f\111El.:ttl71iifl

ft11UTtYid \'U1::u::u1n C)
L tJ1::111m 1,100 iJriEl'l4fl1afln1ftL 1'Yl1.:t1JEl.:t1'YltJ1fl1RflfL 'li11J1 \-N
"L'Ufi111fi'l!!t1
... • "A"'
'Yl1
.......... - tX iJ • ... ... ..,jj...l I
C)

L,j"
All ..,l
1Jfl113JL'lftJ1-.D'1qJ
l I .,_ .,_
';)fi
t II' r A ._, J a 'If ._, ._, l 1ffi1.:J \4
II' I ,.

. 1'YltJ1fl1Rflfo n11\'\oU1 lliLL tin fl10ll

n11\'\oU1'Yl1.:Jft1'U-n'ftU1:'Yl1\4

n1 1L n'l!!tfl1 n,. 11JLLR::n11flli'U1flll

11El.:teDtJ.fi f1e1 ti1"i"f11

L,r, ·lfi'LLri ne1.:tt11 11 fl11tJ tJR1 ,"cunn,-::-;,onLTltt uR::LVtan n11fiflfinf11-n1uY11 \'\.\'

12 HI 103 ·
- .ct d
fHlft11JJft11!1fJUJI 2
I
q a..CI/ .QoCI/
1. EJ1iU1tJY/'U 1rJ71EJJ"Jl"lftl (Vizier)

r
CI/.Qo .. , .. Cl/
2. fi'U£Jllu" U11fU3Jfi"J13JijnWunuR"J13JlfiEJ ''Ul 1£JJ"JfYfiJ1fUl
-.. -.. 4 , 4 q iJ 1"'
&fin
... ... Cl/ 'I
YJ'U 13J1n uotJt WtJJ, FJ

" Cl/
3. £Jn'li1ltltl 1n1wwfi (Hieroglyphic)
r ... • If
'1

ilttu;L 1l LLlJJ1l'Ufl1f1tJti1

"' "' .... "' "I 0 " I I .. I ""'• .. I ... ...


fl'U'V\'U"fl'ULfltJ'JO'U 1!:1J1Jfi17ufifl1fl"t13Ju1::ft't11l111V.

'J lltw1L

HI 103 13 .
1f11t1 n111 .
1. n.
2. \l'n n leta;w
11L'Jff'f'1.
' t;

3. L v\-3 1, fl. ifl11Jfft'


4. 'Yl\.Li -3fl1-3 ') -3. '!J£)-3
s. fl1111L 4 ,,. -3 ' 1.
fl-3-n\.L
6. e1 u1,. tJ ,-u u1 Ltl
1 ""
.. 1 ..1 "'
tJ u fl u ft' 11 tJ 11 '!f-
-n11 n11 Uel......... 1 .., ...

14 HI 103
lfll
A
A ...
1. 'lf'U'lf1flt1L11L 'lti'U

2. 1'lLUti'U

A, ... !"I A 'j .. II ..


1. 'lf'U'lf1flft'L11L 'lti'U.Lu'U'lf1flLL 1 nYIL -n1111fl"fi'U Mt1'U L'UL -nflen'Lll£11 ft'11"ft'11flfl1111

'J fl1u

.,al !"I i,. 'I II "" ,.l II II


2. nL L'U 1 L'V\'lf'U Yltl1 nLLfi'UL -n1

LLu":a"fi1111LUU 'V\ L qlLCUJU« "fl1111 vhL


_I tl .ct II

1. ;ti'Ulfl __

2.
A A I
')
,.l I A.., A 1 1 II A 1ft'-
11..1 ... 41;

nL1 ';ln1-n£l "flU -ncu,


tf

HI 103 15
Llllw ltJLflLiiu tJ\ll1tJil\l
'1. 1 r· 1 1 , r '1 .. ...1 .. t ... 1 ..
Lfin 1ft (Tigris)* LLft::ijL n1flft (Euphratis)** 1J1\Ifl1
... .. tk .. .. .... ... '
· (Fertile Crescent)

81Wll,ft f11\IL tJ\tl01flfi::Lfttl1Uft::fi::L ft R11JLLflft'LUtJ'U fitTfl::i'ufl nLatJ\1

nlYm::lJijtJ,-::LflflL UU l tJ\ qj ,...111LLflUI1 1ll'lf1fi

!eue1n1fli'euffl ufiih·:u::nt•niu

ti"tf"
: 1ft1
I

.Afdn • ,.. 1" ,_ ...

•lvm;ft'r.J11 2,000

2,800

16 HI 103
,

,fVI
1. 'lf'U'Iflfltl'llU;fJ'U (Sumerians):
II t "'1 ... .
II A ')
. .

ltJ " I
.
1nffL sn13J1tf-35u 11U1 UL3J 1w1tJ[flL£it.t
A 1 II
Yi1fi'U L•IL 'lJ13J1fl-31J1UL 'HlU LUL 'lJfllJ11J 1::111tu 4,000 'lJ1
-nfl'iLlltJf (f)[)'" L
n ') sn1LUUUfl7i'j iiaw1::
L-rlu Eridu, Kish, Lagash, Babylon, Uruk,
Nippur, Ur
.clio ..

1w1tJLflLiiliLUUV..7::
fl1RU1
'V\111ll
fl113J11
I 'I 0 .... I VI
L
II VI IIQ.oO 1 I t .. I :'I

vfL fie tJ,-::111SnD'V\111t.ti11\111u

ftltl''Ul ·

flU 7t.tuL 1u 1';)';)::


Lnui' l1

, 1111fi£lV1'-3aihJfi' .

ii.L£11flUDEJLL 1 ltJfl1
'Yl1 1 (Cuneiform) , 1uuti1u1 u

ff1«U1 L-rlu , '\J

unfiu fltJ 29 ·
.... ...
12
A
EJU
...
1t.IU
... ... ... .....
354 1U 1U
..... .... I :'I
uU n
..... .:..
6 Cljf1
1
6

n111l'u 1f'V\\41t.t 60 1 60 141Vi 1 141fiij 60 1u1n

360

HI 103 17
._
ntn11JJn1111DUYJ 1
.. .
'

2. l"V l1ailu"
"
8ftlfllflrJ14 (AkkadlaDs)
. A
1t1Ufi-3El1tu1-;Jn1
.., . A •
fla ""' 1J1:a.nm
A U" I .

'Ill .. .Jf. ... _, 'Ill .. I¥ •


2,400 naufl1ft'fln1a LllflL111ll.1ln'1" LllflflL11liLL,.., fla LN1
I ... ' 1¥ I

elflLflLtltJU t'la tJr1fna" (Sargon) ;uwlt1LLNB1U11l1J,t1


1J1U1aL\1tJ (Ur) 2
'Ill ..
a:&.Ja L1fl (Amorites) L1111111n111.Ulla 2,000 A tl naufl1ft'fln1a
I ... '

e:1Je111i'
1n t'la (Hammurabi)
I

,./ ... - . A tl I ...


. (Code of Hammurabi)
lfl1fll1nRti1 ,u1fi\Y"' a
11nt.J1!:ll1fin!)Mli1VQ.U1J\f
LLRfl-3l ,.;L 1fl1 r 1tJLfiLiju ·:htJ,-: 3 iu ,.".fuv..,
lllLui "n1u ,.u.funfi1-3 llurl 1i1-31Jila 1'fafl'1 ,.11ou1 ,.11l 1
llu.rl 11&.Jn-3n1"

l f""in "Lex. 1
.!f. ,.!f. " .
LL1J1Jft'UEl-3fiEl1J • "
fl1f1Elfl1 n'UfiElnU {An eye for an eye, ·a tooth for a tooth) L,.'U
I I I

o I ... "

ll1fl11 2.29 ufillirlawi'1..,


.. ¥,.:. _, ... .J!. t ... ... ·. . _, A .J!. ·
\ l'lli'Ufl-3
I I . ,__'(.... I
/r;l 11JL1'lll1nElft'l1-3';J:ijn

. I _, t ... ... "' 1111 I


ll1fl11· 230

18 HI 103
uan-;J1nd ') en'V\L'l1VL au
lfi'LL n1'V\'Uf11:tJ:L1R1fi11flfiLUWY11ft''V\di'"L 3 tJ
fl181Jflf1
"" ... \1 I 'I 'I I .. . . ... A A I 'I I , "" -.. ... 'I AI'
nEJfln-31J1'UL 1El'U LliLE11 Lft'ft'1ll ft'1lllltfn1f'V\V1LLR:tf111ft' t.'V\ll fl tJ\JllfiD'V\ll1tJ
I"" fl' _, A fl' A al ... .... fl'
n11Ln1Yfl1 n1v.tJ
A A A .iA iJ
"'" n11flEJfl1EJ-3n11llft'nTr L"Unflu L '""'"
. A , r,.. .... ,.. k. r
f111lfU 7 fl111JL -.tJEJn1\Jfl1ft''U1,El-3Yi1fiO:lJEJ 1n flEI (Marduk)

nOLU'ULnv.Lf1\1-3f{fl iifl11liL 'V\ilDTr111J-.tf1ft L$o L'UU1,U'" \'"1an'V\U1

L f1LLlfli\111U iluL 'lJl-3L;0-3fi1\Jfl11-lfi11'Unfl1El-3LLR:

Lfl11Ytii"
Q
(Kassites)
L'li1li1Vflfl1EJ-3lutl 1, 1so naufl1wfln1a

i'tJL81fl113JL "1 t}lfl1-3 ') ,O\JlJ1U1flL iluL 'Ji1 l 1


UfUT1cwtf
• "" ... 'I ... • 'I AI' A
U1L 111ll1 flEJ n11 Lvn li1LLa: 1flfln 'Y11 L
A I I I
'J 11fiL1111u

.. ,
8'JI 'JI'JI (Hitties)
J !"! I•T
1'LuU'U L
"" ,k,.. ....

a.- \1 ... I 1..1-... f( _, f(


111'fllffl Lnn11u (Hattushah)
\1 "" A - ,
. LEJnft'11EJ'U
..
'J • 'I ""
vn L'V\L11 Lfln711JL 1EJ\1111,EJ\JV.1ntrn nn11 Yi1nullfl11llft'1ll11fl L"U•n'"n11
fl' I 'I

ua:lun11'11J

Yi1ninlflli'u-3LUUYi1nu1'n
..rJ! ... 'I "" fit . ... \1. I 'I "" -.. .r . .... .... I 'I .... I
"n L-.tJL'V\Rn 'UElfiL'V\'UEI L-.tfnEJ-3LLfl-3LL_R:ft'llqnTr "1fi'V\RfiJ1'UYI:u11fi!) L'Uft'3JUflOll1
I I .. fit -... ... ... A I •'- A fl' fit !"J
Yi1J11 Yi1n-.tJ1"flL'V\Rn L'Uft'lltJ'U'Ullfl11llft'1ll11flLLR:liLnfluflEJti1\Jflt.'Un11':u1:flcrtJL'V\RnLu'U

.. :t1
n'UICiffJ'U (Phoenicians)
I I I .., ... ""
L,1111

i"'V\ GniL'V\ a n11a '11n: LflLlltlLflEJ fL,. Li1uuLrlau1: 111m 3,ooo tJrloufl1wfln1 s

fiLtl'UL 11
• 'I At'. I • • '1.!" fl' ..I • -.. I ...
n1 L'YllJ1:wufl11llft'1L 2 LL 'V\'11flEJ.
-- -"" - I I

Lfl1EJ-31R'V\: LLn1 Lfl1EJ-3

LW1liL n11'fl111tJ1tJfl1

L
.

1Li1uu
. 01nL1

HI 103 19
fl£l n11th::t1M-Jfl1DnM-1 onM-1
22. ti-1

l V\inl'"
8:1lljjttou (Arameans) ...
"" .a !"I ... ... Aer. ....
lJ1L1t1U1Lu'U'JfL 1tJu';),1J'U
... f( 1 ..1 .... ....
(Damascus)
"" f(

.r.,j t o "" .,j Cj.' 1 1tJ ... . ... .. tl


'Ufl1'U nLft'1 'Jftl Lll ft' LflLlJtl Eltl fl
I A I ... . f(

.Yh l ilu qj

81a.n9n1iua (The Hebrew Kingdom) uua V\;£)ij1


L'Ut1U.fl'Ufl1'U1U
(Philistine)'

tl1::lJ1nLU 1,025 - .

1on- 973 lfi'iln11Rrntlcu1

'Y11
L'Yi1LritJllncu Lfl1'l;Jn';)n11V\\l1

I tl .

LntlnuiJLM1111El1tuTfn1
2 ft'1u 'lf1li1L1u
A "" t
2
.fo
'Utl11
I A iJ ·""
200 . _-
t A I

..1
'Ylnl ""1. !"I f( ..1 ... I " .... ..1 -1- LqL'...Utl " (Babylonian Captivity)
'
,....,jtl ........ 0 tl ..... ,Cj.' tl tll
ft'lJtJ'YlL El1L'lf!JlJE11'U1';) _El1LIJftJ
' I I A

leu
1.,-3Jui:Uhu1';) 113Ju a1m1fn.,-17ircu
') =Du
""
fl::1ufl n
!"I .,. ..1,
u'U -n11tJ1'Yl llll 1::L
. . :,. 1 t
-3fl11ll nfl1
..I

fi113JL ';); l 1\ rl1J mn11ll

20 HI 103
111run113.1 lfiLLrl ,...,::filJilfuh (The Old Testament) e:ti1J1Un-\lth::1ifl1111

LU\UJ1,El-\141J111D1JJ 1JU1JI11lJLiltllJth::L.... ll111ifl m


:"I A "" I .., . . I iJ .., .... .., ,r;,. ,( f
Lu\U-,1 ,...1nU1L 41JfE111 .... 1::fllJ1l Ln1L UfllJ111fl'nflR'Yit'YI1-\Ifl'1ftU11JEI-\1,...1nL,1

'J 1a- ·
I I .!' ... ,..!' I .. .. .. .. .. .. ..- I ... .. "' ""' "'
L"LLn LLEIR'JfL 1U lJLflU .... 111

lJ1R11-\Ifn1111flEl'UD-\IL'V\qJ lfiLLn

.. Atl .. "' :"1 I A ... A ... a. tl .. .. A .. ""'


ft13J11117111EIU flL ,1Lu'UR1U'V\U-\I,EJ-\J';)n1117fl -;Jn'7117flL EI1L'lfU';}-\JlJEI1nL1L,fl'Yin-d1-\l

.,
l 'V\ nil

1-na-Ju,...,::L (Darius I) lfi'YI7-\Itli'utll 1::Luuu

L1un11 LL'lfLL 'YI1UU (Satrapies)

crl1nun,;fl7UL 1un11 LL'lfLL 'YI1U (Satrap)

ntrfl7v

.. .. iJ'U41J11fl'YilJEI11Ut713J'
41J111L tl El1L'JfUL -""'- -\1 ... I .. A .!' a. tl .-r
""' I ,. I "'
'YILfl'U LlJLL,...,-U41J11flEIU
..... .!'
,. -r ""'..
t} L•t';J1nR111uflUn11lJ'YI1ln11
A

nEJft4 1-\1....
I ... ... - .. -

..... .. 'j
fll 1.1 ,. I "' ... ...tl .. ""' .. ..,
lJfl11lJ-\Ifl-\111l LL,-\ILL1 L'V\lY fl LlJLL........ 1::1141Jf1-\11JEI-\IEIU fl'Yifl11'Ufl

.. .. A 1 1 .. A . I 1 t¥.. all ..
fi'1RU11JEI-\IL tl El1L'JfU flEI 'Jf 1LLElftLflEI1 (Zoroaster) 'Jf-\IREIU11

3J1ftfl1 (Ahura Mazda)

LUUL'YI,...L f1LL'V\-\Ifl113Jfl fl111lR11-\I -\IREJu

fl'1ftfl1 flEI 1'Jf11LLElftLflEif li1Vti1::41J1141Jf'U El1'V\1Ju (Ahriman) 'V\1EIL'YIViL f1LL'V\-\I


.. ""' 0 • J! I ... .. .. !"J - ,.11
fl113J41J11 3JlJ11'YI';J::u1fl111lLflElfl4EIUfl1-\l ') 3J1 11LuUft11n,V-\I'n-\l 2 H1U

HI 103· 21
.. I -1 ... . 1 . I ... A

v.1::«Lth.ut1

2 ·

.. ...
ntfl111Jfll111ff'UYJ 2

; ' .

tlULLfiUL111ti 1uuLUU
1tw;uJef lflijl1LtfuuL,j1111

22 HI 103
L""L
... o I • ..
Nfl
., ., I ..,tJz
L \L

_ _ 1. ..,. ""' !"I I ..J ,13J1fl.:Jtl'UJ1'U


1nflL II .,: 'I
L\LL3J ft' 1 1tJLflL3JtJ
""'
_ _ 2. 1,;'

- - 3. in, n,;'LtJuYi1nLL .

_ _ 4.
! }II
1
_ _ s. 'J

"HI 103


a
lfll
A

1. nTlUnfl1Eh1LUJULLUU,Ul7i'J,-nEJ-3n1n

1.1 Ufl7i'fRt.JTffl1 ...


1.2 'Ufl77JLEIL1f'Uft
... .
....
2. EJ17tJ1f771ln7n

2.1
...
2.2 1'Yltl1fl";)ftfl7
..
....
2.3

2.4

0 Q.l

.,I ........ cr.- :*'1 ._, cr.- ""' al


...
1 ._, A t(
1. ... Ufl77 2 1...' flEl ftu17fl1
tt 1 ...l tt..,. .., .. I .. I ""' .. lVI 'I ...l .., .. 1 tt
Lfltl ...
L'U -nm:'Yl7 fftu17fl1
o
EJ1UT;Jn11u nfl7EJ-3EJ
.. 1 •""' .. 1 -''L!!•
unfl1 EJ -3'Yl L'"D£l1\L
fit

2. · LiJuflu"li1-3i-3Lnfl

llEJ-3 luLLJil , . ,
0 fit '&I
ft1L

-I t1 .-=t II

'&I 'J A .i .... .al .,1 ._, -. A


,
1. L41JJ1 L"ilrl-3ft1LV\fl41JJEJ-3n11'Yln7 n11 n17u nfl7EJ-3LL 1J1J'Ufl71 ...
f '
rlEl1f1J1tl rl-3

... ...

HI 103 25


.. u ..
, 811UI11llfl1fl

lniJv1-t (Indo-Europeans)

u nuu;L (Danube Valley) LU\4 11o144'11V\Jll1lifl11lJL Lfl

: Lt.J1lltJL n1:fi1'11 ') 'Yl1-\lft014t«'JJD\Jfl11JtUfYl1n1n


I ,..__, I ;. .. · .r, ...
L,.14 Y41ntl1fl14. (Cretans) L141:ll:a1a1t.J'1:1nmiJ 2,000 .ne14fl1ftfln1ft

Lf1l11t14u'V\alln1n V.1nLL1n flO ln loLiW-u (lonians) DY4llfiL,j1lJ1tl101Jfl10-\IR'l\U\'\ila'JJO\J

iinv.1n\'\tt" flO LOLfltl14 (Achaeans) L ,r,


l11rt1'11tl (Mycenae) LLI:rt10tl u.a::L,j1fl101Jfl10'11Ln1:fl1fl Y41n
II .A II • ... . ' A
'1fl'YI1ti'YlL'JJ1ll1 ·flfl flOL 1tl14 (Dorians) ·

,.1llh'I1'YI::La Y41::1J;L1mfl::i-uen tl'JJO'I1LL\1\alJLY4aOY4014L14eift (Peloponesus) ua:\1\&JL n1:


' ' v
fi0\4L«fl::LaOL1tl14 n-3t.J1::1nmiJ 1,000 n014fl;ftfln1a V.1nflOL

fl140ftiw (Knorsus) 11414 (Minoan Civilization) 1'1

I I .... "' .t' ... .. I .. .... '


Y41nfl1'11 ') LlJ14 (Alpine) 1401flfl (Nordic)

LlltlLfiOfL 1Li1t114 1 1LiJtl14

I " ' .A ... .


n014 \'\141'YI n1 n1:: OY4!JV.L
"' 'l14LL\'\ ftlJ14 .lJI 71 I ... ' ,K A - ... I

rlo-uLL«1 flO ,.11Ln1:fl1fl (C.,etan) ,.11fl1ti-utf114L\'\qjth::nouo1:av.ti1'JJ1!J li


.. • .. 1 .or 1fl!JLt\Y41::n17n.oft'")1'1101fl11Yt
• .A-.. ...
.... no1fl!J
.., A ...... AlA . 11J11a4fltl... L11'YI111J11t'tL14Ln1:fl1fiLL1J\J
... I

v ... ... .
•I !"I I .. .I ... • .. ... ... ..I A .....

....

fl1fl'Yl1'11Y41::141ld1 Y41:L'f1WOR (Minos)


.. I
.... 1:0-3tl1411 1f1!141J11ll LlJ 1414
-., 1 !1 I tl
L\4«711'11 1:111m 3,000-1,300
iJ I lA
n014fl1ft'fln1ft u1:lJ1a4
" I'

tJ 1,4oo tJrlo-ufl;Rfln1s LV.11:lliw1ll11nfio«114n111n1114


.. .I I .r.
'JJO-\IV.1nn1n'YIL;liO .... tiY4li1'Yl1'111l1fl14 Ll

(Mycenae)· ·
A ... I . -"! .I _If. A ..
LlJ0\1 Lll'lfL14fi\JOij'l.nU.L\'\il2JLY4ftf;JY4014L14WJJft' ....1nl'l'll1ll1fl'l11n71n flO LOLflti'U (Achaeans)

1,4oo iJrleufl;Rfln1R

26 HI 1Q3


L-1-u. onM"1 ftfttln11ll «111UtttJn11lJ n11Lil-u.L;e
J. .,.. • . .fit .. • ,. .,..
111JJ ftLLft:LLNEJ1'U.11Ll'l'U.EJtJ1 L1tufi:LftLEJL 1!.114
t . 'n'U.'Vi10f11fi'U.

« 111Yin11LiiEJ-\JLLft:i l n« flEJ .ij


1:tJtJn11tJnf11EJ-\JLLtJtJ11111itllflu 13 neufl;wf\n1ft

Lilou.i'JU1 LLft:Vi,-:Lf1en1LlJ'U.EJ'U.
""
EJ14 ') ft'-\JflJJ Lll-nL'U.!J14LLtJ-\Jf114EJEJOL
I t I -
il14l'lft1!.1,.14'1114L,.'U.LflV101Ju1:Lf1fl
•• l 'U.fi:114EJtlOl n"'k .flEJ
ll"n1tJ ,y,.,,,.i1\in vieti1 L«iltJ14 n1w tie
WI ...... k_l .. I t k. ...
'U.t11'U.fl1ft141 ,.,, Lli'JJL14ti'U.14tJ,lEJLfi'ViL"1fi1-\J ') 'Jf-\JEJUtJ14L,1 f)tillJLlJ!J
(Zeus)
k. 1-rl iJ ...
'U.'n'U.tJ'ClEJ,£1-\J-.rf11n1n fl!.l'n1 LlJ
t .. -

811bi112JYI18D (Troy)

L'U.U fl.fl. 1870 \in1u11tuflfl,.11L!.IEJ1iJ14 flEJ Heinrich Schliemann


,9 Lfle" l .... uaLautt
ttJLlJEJ1.. I .. •
L•1Lft11l-\Jft' -\Jf111lJLlJ£1-\J'n1£1!.111L
I ...
'Vi11:L
k. .fit . Wl.t
L
I ...

UUft'U. (Helen) 11iitLLv\-\JRthtnfli1LUU .YhL n 1n11JLLfl'Un1ft'-\Jf111lJLLR:


Yl1ft1tJA'1-\JLf.1£J-\J'n1EltiLR!.I \l'n f11l«
R-\Jf111liL na1-\Jn11 lou. u;L1tUn:LftLEJL

ciJ
1n 'J tl1::111miJ 1,3oo rl£114fl;Rfln1R
. '
;uu n1:f1;fltJ 1,200-1,1 oo n£Jufl;«fln1a f1f11EJtJfl1£1-3L5le-3llliiLu L\le-\1

I .. .. WI .. ... .. .••
11!.1 LlJLUEJ1 1!.1141-\Jft"11-\Jt.J1'U.L1EJ'U. 11'U
AI ...... .J .. . A ...
1!.114'nL11 11 1nn14fl0t1EJ ftiJ11fl'U. LLR:fl0114LI!.I14 (Corinthians)

1.
. .., -• .
fl1tJ«3.{'n1
k_ 1... I tl I . 'I tl II A ..
"'1'U.Ltflli'Vifii'U.1n11fl£1n11 nf11EJ" L'UJ LLtJtJ'U.fl11J (City-State) YILU'U.1l"n11'Vi-\J'Vi1fl'U.L£1-\JLLR::
""l1utln1n11111tJl'" LLfia::14f11i'J1::tl1:: no1Jl ;un11

HI 103 27

I
e:: lfl1 (Acropolis) a:: l
fl1WCU1 1El1J 'J a:: tJ'l'::'lJ1'lfCULLa::-n11'U1
') u7L1m it
ttn,m:: leu'Ufl1i'! 1J1'11i'!Ltlcu n11'1.lnfl1 a'I1LL
(Council of Nobles) ua::wn1w13Tty (Assembly)

ftTV\'f1J L\41J1'11f! L !LL L'Yi1


nun ,;'fl1tJ a'I1L UCUL \4 n11 tJ .,.:: \4 LLfl
lt1u,t1 l tJufl1 1!1.1a'l1n1 nLtlcu...f"-v\cu1ui'11fl3J'Y11'11n11LilEl'l1 l n11Ui1fl7a'l1
') ijLaLlfUR (Athens) nuw (Thebes) UJn111 (Megara) Rthffl1 (Sparta) LLft::fla1cuf
(Corinth) llJLatlft' (Miletus) (Metylene)
'"" .. !"I . '"
LLa::fl1a'lfR (Chalcis) 'lf'11LuULn1::aij LCU'Yl::UUElL ';ltJU Ufl11 !L-v\a1ULu\4\4fl11
'""
';In
.... I .tk !"I . .... .. !"I .JJ:' ...
.... 'I " ,l tJ 1::-n1n1 1....!R tJ11fl13JL
.. '"" Ua'Yl
.I . VI ..
3Jfl113JLLflnfl1'11nU 1::111m 3,000 fl111'11 L3Ja
'"" I

I .... .I . \1 'I A ..., . .. tJ ..


R1\4LaL1f'UW3JL\4£l'Ylu1::3J1n4 1,060 fl111'11 Lllti L\41::u::nL 'Ufl11 !L£lL1f'Uft'LLa::w 11fl1

') nu t11::111m 400,000 fl'U 3

. .

n11Unfl1El'I1LL1J1Jiln,;fl;U (Monarchies) 8

fln41itJlfltJ (Oligachies) en 100 tlfia3J1LtJ§uuLU\41::1J1J'Y1111'lftJ (Tyrants)*


6 LLa:: 5

""" ..., • tJ.l tJ . 2:: !'I ,


W1L n11L aucuu a'l1fl1 '11LL 1nLu"UNal.l1';11nn11113J
L 11tJL-v\ql ')
l LLa:: l
-v\i'l1';11n,fU';l::Ltl'U1f1'11L1a1-.rJfl'l1
tJ . A I fl! o 'I
n11L atJULL n111.11fiLLflaU'Ylfl'U'Yl1 Ll'\'lf11n1n
...

.- .,.
*7::1JU'YI1'711l'tJ-nEh'lfi1'fi 'VIll1tlfl-3
.,. ·..1 A .,,. o 1fltl '1• A
'D'-3£11';1';1:

i-n4ll1fi'YI1'1'11l'V

n'IJ1fl1r.J'VI1a 1'L iievu1-lflf -3ft,,. LLfl


l i'f111llft'11111'fl 'Yl1'1'11l'V

-n£J-ln1n L"li'l4 Per:iander Corinth7 Polycrates Samos, Peisistratus

28 HI 103 •


.

,v1vn11ti1Yi1 11 l-u.n1n

L L'U.Jtl

l \\li i-u. n 11-u.:: iT71v«a"n11 ijinil'" n11tlnt11 B 'V\iiB-u.-n-u. i1'V\ i'u. i-u.v
,'!{..J.• 'LM-! tJ• tJ .1. '1 ..1' .. .J.'VI ... .J. ..
..!' •.
1Vfi4B-3 l)J
,,fl,'U. -.o'11l41'YI

11vl'V\qJ 'J B1-;,nl'i11lf111 l11

l'" n11tl w1il

R1irqJ-nou ih l 'Utl11fl1'Ufl1i' n
t ,.,_.J. • ..l ,.,_.,ll I AA ,.,_ tJ .. ,.,_ ..
'Ufl1 1 J'Y1Lfl'U.'Yit1fl 2 1 J'YI'U1 'U.fl71 JR 7 JLB Lli'U.R

1.1 U1.hifl1*
_. :'I . -f · .,.. .tf ..l o 'I
tl 7::-.o'1-.o''U. tl17fl1LlJ'UL1J£1"1tJflBL1tJ'U. (Dorians) LL'YI ') 'V\

i'J«t1Tftt1L nil1lu L ffl1L

-u.'Jl'R 1fltJn11n1R -3fl113J-.o''U.:: Yl1 L..twtJ1ffl1L L'U.


A tJ.- ..!' tJ tf..s 'VI .. ..,.
L1£1-3'YI'V\17 (Mycenaean)
.J. ,.,_ 'tt A 'I I .. tl .. tl 0 A' 'I
'YIB1fltJ£1ijfl-3Lflll 800 'Yi1fiR 17fl1 1::R1Jfl113JR1L1';1 111
t ,.,_ A ,.,_· 'VI J!.."f A
fi1£11Jfi1£1-3Ufl d'U. Laconia (military habits)
'I • 1 ..l 'I ..1 .. A .."f ..s ..: ...,
'U';Jfl JB'U. ') LLn

£11tunilflll 1flvn17Yl1« L-n-u. 8 wt11ffl1

l ,jiiti111Jtl11llvl1R '11fl11li';I'Ulfliv-n-u.::ti-u.LLfl'U.Lli«RLitvu (Messenian) nL

a1lniw en 50 tJ fl£13.11
IIA t ,.,_ t A .J..- A AI I ,.,_ 'VI I .... o 'VIti ... ,,,.,_ ,.,_ tl .,l .
enfl1'11 -u.v-u. 1::-n11J'U.'YIL

l (Serfdoni)

.J. I' .. ! 'j 1'1 J! ..l I I !"J .... .J..,j


1ft1 L1J'U'V\'U.1'YI'YI'rf1n
t tl .J.I . tl .... ttf I 0 '1 .. A
,.'",.'" n1 L-'nL nflfl113J1:u

•Sparta Laconia Lacedaemonia U'ULL'VIL'UJ Peloponnesus th::,y1-nu


1J1..:1flf..:IL1vn11 Laconians Lacedaemonia'DS-.

HI 103 29

,_
I -f 0 tJ .. . il
. .... I \1 I .t' A a a tJ
11'fl1flR1tJL- Ufl'U-.,1Lfl1 ·
.... I tJ a 0 .,J .. .t' I
RtJ1.LLL
.. ..,. ..a ..,. A I) I I !'I ..,. I tJ . ..,. t A \1 1'1 ..!'
ft' tJ11fl1tJ-\13Jfl112Jflfii1LL'U1fl113Jflfl 'Mll ') 11';JtLu1.LEJ'Ufl11tJflEJ. 1tL'Y1fl fl-\11.1.1.1. ';1-\1 Ll'lfl113J

"'"t1nun11'Lilou'Y11-\Iua:: nT1fl1111unu1an.n1u"Uen t
\1' -\l'ftl11EJ-\IOJJ'U,f'UUnfl1EJ-\I (Citizen Class) L
1tL ;j" U'U n-\lfl112Jcf1fll!l11El-\l
n11ti1Ln1.1.1.1.
"I . 0 .. !' .. I .. . !'I ..a 0 •
LL Rt u flft1 ft''YITL l'l1J1' 1tJ1 fl1f11JEJ-\Ift'u11fl1L u'U 1J11tJ1 Ll'lL flfl

fJlr11ll1;\l!l11El-\lft'U1ffl1iiJiiLLUUn11Unfl1'El-\ltl-\lfiEJlt.Jtl
v-.J J fl'l A fl'l 1..,. . ...(.!"I 110
1. n)tfl1tl 2 flEJ -
fl1ft''U1 1.1. 'J LcU'UL1.LL1R1ft'-\lfl1'13J

· 2. tTnun.,.1 2 2a fl1.L 1'1aJLil'" , ·


'1. I 0 0 I .... ... 0 'I .. 0 II -""'
30 fl1.L 60 u111.L Lu fl11'-\lfl1LL'M1.L-\IflREJflOJJ1fl ft'1l1\.L1tlJEJ11.1.11 L'Ufl111J1'MJ1' 'Y11-.,'U1ft
!"I .. I.. \.... ... J I .. I .. I . 0 II ""'
Lu'Uft' 1l1'Y1u1 tJlJ-\111-I.L 1t'-qllft'111u1t1f10JJ1.L LLRt'YI1-.,1.L R1 n1 1
L ru1
., w111inLaen11nnT'n 'lcuwn1tJ1::on1-ncu ·
.. I ., I ., I .. Ar .,. \1 ., I · A t
3, 30 u1J'U Lu ,
J .,. _. A o -.. II !"I 'I ..,.
EJ'U'Yill J1'Ut'YI1-\IL f11 J EJ'YI1t'M1El111rfl11Jll EJ ft'1-., 11J'Yifl'U';JtL111L u1.L'YI'M11 L
..,. \1..!"11 \1 II..,. A A II !"I A II ..I .,I A '1 ..!' fit
1.Lfl11J L"fl1tJ 1t Lfi11Jft''Y11rL111Lu1.Lft'lJ10Jffl&r1111.L -.,1.1.1fi1J£1-\Ift'111u1t0JJ1,.\.L flEJ Ll'\fl111JL-.,'U
A..,.ll II 11..1 . ..a .1' ..I
OJJEJU-., 1'Elflflfl1\.L1JEJ 'U1-\I nL-,1-.,'U1flft' 1112J'Ufl1 LLRtL-,1-.,'U1fi1J1'M11ft

L (Ephor) 'Yifl
.Yh-.,U' icuuty-.,1L nuL 4e-\ln11'ft1Jtl1LL

l ei11.1.11\Y s flcu L1un11


L£JL 1ft (Ephorate) lfltJfl1111LU'U1; -\IU«1 f41flLQL i'JU1fl LUUU1tlr1\.Ll 'Uft'1112J1.Lfl1
. . ' I t

- ,
LLRtft'111U1t1f11f'U fl1Uflil1::uun11flfl'M-1 ·URtLL1n-;i1tJfl1111a-\lfl-\l (distribution of property)
'J
QUU - fJU1R11fl"«tJ1ff11i-\ILU'ULLUU

30 HI 103
flnL1itJlflu (Oligarchy) ']
0 I t
1
\1
u ua:';l: Lfl7ULaenen fJtJ<t.llllr.I11'\'Ufl
Qool o4 ... 1 \1 1 ... ....! · 0 A ....

4oo,ooo fl'U 3
1. mh.fiiaBYI (Spartiates) Lifuttl.nL.J'Elft'1UflElL L'Uft'U1ffl1
ih. h:111m
.. , tJ. . ..r t A il -.. tJ ..
1:nfl1J L 11'fl1
A -..
2. 1Yf188 ft (Perioea")*

lfl L
.
.._.. · ' :tf }( A ..r Qool I.. A ttf I
S. IIDBYI, ICIJfn (Helot, Serfs)
A I Qool .. A I Qool

A t tJ .. A !"I t .. I ... 0 .-"' -.. .... A -.. ..r

Lfl1
fla

L
.. ........
IJJ' .i' ..r -.. .Wj
Lll LV\lJEl11'\11''n..r.JI
, 4lJL nElU

luatJn1'\!1' 'tilJLL U11fl';)1fl


fl11lJLllflfl1fi1nL1 A 0 .. ..r I
20-60 lJ

&J (Plutarch) uan';h


l.it 1'\"11177U1flEl'U lli\
utl1ll17fl1

HI103 31

'
-;J::ijn1eu111 ... 1 fll! .-
wn1r..... .,1 ...
I 41.# J! · 41.# ...... 0 "" .- ...
'J

1-3lliw\luw1-tum1fi1 fl1flU1-3
_.
111 111.!'.1 • _. .1 ..... • .!' •
Ll'l L'DL-3'1-U1'\1!J'...Uflfl1tt1!JL1'
• .!'
\ft1l

A II .- ·
LLflU LVfa LWnflfl11ll111.!
ww::t11n fll tf. Lumunq-flnLmnuLiJun11flfln11fl1mu
t; fll I "" fll 41.#

nuth-3Ufl1i'J
vh lan
111!JUEln flftU1fl!J1.

"
1.2" &BIIi'UCI' (Athens)

LaLtua (Athens) (Attica)

na11f1a n11avi!JY4-JJEJ-3
Y41nla ua::LiJul1Jeti1-3R-31J Y111tft.JJij
.
LL ih11L iJNftYl1\ 't1'1Jfl1-3
fi1'U 1911'U1'1 111.
"' 41,#

8 LEILI'URL ')
LU'UUtJun,;'f11u Council of Areopagus flfl!J ')
-ne-\ln,;'fl1rJ t u,f1-3d n11Ln1;fl1
') ft'1lJ11flLiU-3tl1'ft
LSn 'J
R11111rll ti11UEJ-3lft' tJ1-3fl101Jflf11i'fl-3EJVf!JY41'\it
. 1 rla\it11·.-"n!a
, i-ufi t'lo fl "11 l n (Draco) 0o 1JYI 11..1l Yll!toth"l'ULL "l.,)LL rifl-u

,. iJ 594 l•nau (Solon)


ituu l,ntm
· ·,; 11Jfae-ultit11Li114 ltJd ·

32 HI 103

r i
I
1. fh1ft'111 400 (Coun:cil of Four Hundr¢d) 3Jft'111,.fl 400 fl'U
fl' I \
- lliJ
-

.. ..
fl-3 4 100 fl'U

2. l 1tm f1 ltJilw11.rl'111 l ou«n1tJ1::,.1,.ou

wn1tJ1::,.1,.ou '18

3. -3'1" Llifilan1w oun17Laenl-3

L-Dou tilllfu

L..tun-31111 l 1Ll4al ,t
1tlr..ttlnLinn1111ua-3J-3'V\lltl
o ca, o . ""'- ""' I \1 !1'1
L•lLu1.LL-'U11J£l-3
k, 1 \1 t'V!
Lll
A I \1
L1!1 L•l'U1
o

- .. I II .. II
7::UUL-3'Ufl11 L'V\1JL1J11J1 L,- fl1 L111fl11fl11J£l-3L£lLI'Uft'flUfl1-3u1::Lflfl ..
• .. A¥. II . .. ., I .. I 'VI - 1
ath-3'V\U fltl';)fli'1'U aenthtf-3L..f'lflfl'Uthtrnaf!.L4El-3fl11fhL U-3flU L
..
L111fl1fl17"1-n1tl
..
L
-- ., I -""' !1'1 I .... ..I
w-3fl..
';J::L f1ll1tT-3fiu ,!11.LElU1-3tl111 utJ1::L flfl L eernLJV.l.l1tlff 111111 ·
'l L-Dou 'l ,.13.1 u,nou
,,
'VI I ... 0 I p'f, A
,-u ,-'U ,-1.Lfl1 L';JL fl'UEl El fl';J1 flfl1LL 'V\'U-3r;a -3'ttl (Offices of
Magistracy)
""' • ., fltttll. 1 .. .L1-n£l-3u1!:,.1,.'U
.I 'I
';J1fluty'V\1111tl L1.L
AOI(

tJ1:: LnflEJEJ n f1an1w nfl 1flt1LQv.1::atl1-3fl-3n171unu

...
1.Lfl1i'tLlJfl111 ri1 L,tu1uLilEJ-3L

L'UU 560 (Peisistratus)

L ila11LtJu n111 uLEJLtouw l l ,.;'t11::in,;11

L -3 lliri1 aEJ fl'Utl1 n,'"ltltl t,.;


ttll.
·t11JL-31.L
A 'VI .. I A
L
.... iOIII O alA
fl1fl11ul)Jufltl1.L
ai""'A 1 A ... fl' I 'lA¥, ca,
-3111LLU-3 L111 flU
,-11'U1fltl1fl';J1.L
""'
ft'I -3LR11Jfl11tl1flUfl1-3
- ... I tl 1::1flfl ., - ,-tlfl111J.!J1
0 'IAt'
L111
ri1
., ""' .. I ..
ft'1JUflL£lL1r'l-Lft'1-3L 1El-3111flft'1Jti'V\'U-3 L
... .. 'VI - ........... :rJ ...""' 0 tl . 1 '."tAt' .. II A
1:: ti,-'U L111 flUU1'UL1JEl-3
1J1fl£l itlLUtlft' (Hippias) flUtl1,f'UiJfl11111
I ""'
Eltl1-3fltl1J 'I :"1
L'Uu 510
I A Atl :"1
IJ Lutlft'
I A 1'fl'Ull'ill k, "" \'1 A
Lflft£)ft'-

HI 103 33

t
Llrilw (Cleisthenes)

, i'JtJ1aDth'l1;tJtbu1ulfl1uet2Jty111 LL\o'\"n1 '11LEIL1rUft

L,1·\'fl
\1 - I ... ..i .. ll\L1J1::LY1fl
'. I ., t \1 .!" t I
\L·L 1a1'UU LtlnOfl'11ft'1l1- 500
(Council of Five Hundred) 400 lfltJfl11LLU'I1U1::'lf1'lf\LLElL1rUftDDnLUU 10
500 1'0 'J a:: 50 flu 500 Nftflnufl1Lilu'l11u
,D'I1ft'1111fluLLti'11LUuflm:: 'J a:: 5o fl'U lu,-::u::L1R1 1 l'" 10 ,ENtJ
flm:-;,ufl11J 1o flm::

(Ostracism) .
uDntJ1::LY1flL-n'1li1Lf 1::uud. tlfl1::Ufl
1fl1D1Jfl1D'I1LLfl«Lfltl1 1::\)na'11fEl
., ., !"J
n';l1 n1 ,!LlJUL1a1Eiu1'11'UEitl 10
.f " tJ ..... ,k !"J ..... ..i ., o'
11rfl11ULlJ'U11rn11Y11::1l11fl';1Y11 Jft' '11Cftl111::lJ
., I ...

1irnl 'V\

U1::'lf1itJlfltJ,EI'I1LDL1rUftL11tyi '11L1£1'11\l'11q'flL'Uft'irtJLV.1flift' {Pericles, 461-429


I - ) :'I I ..i ' •I \1 • ..i - A • ..
nDUfl1ft'fl n1ft LlJU'lf1'11Y1Cf1l11J1::'lf1'lf\L Lt111JD1U11Y11::1\ V.ElLWliD1U11
L,rftflt11U\L ua::LiJu,J1,nfft'tl1U\Ln11Utlfl1EI'I1ElU'V\tt'11 flD
t ..i ... A 1 .1
flnL::U1tJV.aYl-3 10 (Board of Ten Generals) L·n.rn1::2JtmtJ1Y1 flnL::U1tJV.aLaEJn fltJft'mlJ1::'Jf1'lfU
.

1 tJ LV.;flaft'fl11'11fl1LL'V\U'I1
1o Lii"L1a1n11 3o iJ u1uv.aJ" 1o u,j111::iia1u11111n LLfilliLilu
L ltJtJ1ti,E1'11L,1Dml ;tJnaiU11flU
1 uiuq-fla-3 1fi'tfl flN:\L1tJWaJ-3 10
1utlfl'lfE11JL\LL

-
nL lll-i'flLUft'irtJLV.1ftaft'

..
, ft'IJti,D'11LV.1flftft' -- .. -3q'fl
.. 11'Jill'l1,fi\Y flm:: .
...
';l::IJ';J1U1'U
t I. A 0 \11 --- fi!O " 1 ..
fl-3LLfl 201-1,001 LV.DY11n11 .
L'Yi11::fl1111L vhLfl 1Dn1w

'J uty'V\1 lun11lfliu


..,... ..i " • A L •11 .. ,...
., •
LLft::LlJB1l11flflft'U88nll1 l-Li1.1 fl
. .,
'

34 Hl103

t I t
«1L t ,-1:LaL1fcuw,u1ue1cu1';JL ;r1111!T-3LaL:au-

'liL'Uaf
laLitucutlef';JculiLan11'Jt\tl1 1flun118
A -1 ... ... ...
L1EJ111 ';Jllfl'Ufl11 Jn1n'Yl-3\l\llfl
I
L'"1:\'\11\JlJ 499-494
I A
w-3fl11lJfl1-3'ULueJ1L'.D'tJ
.. l .....

... .., . I I t( \1 t( al I I

tJn'Yl'VilJ1,'UtJn'Y13J1111feJ'U (Marathon) 26 Lllft u11nD11n£1-3'Yl\'\1111EJ-3


L'UR-3fl1111111111facud'
(Phedippedes)
2 1'" 2 1
..
na-3n'Vi11EJ-3LEJL1r'UWlt1iu-itJ1fcu:LtJafLi!u 1flu \'\ nwtJ1 ffl1

fl.fl. 1896 (The Marathon Race) 1:tJ:'Y11-3 '


26 lllt{ l.ldj'"LL1111LritJ'"fl"LL1 n

. (The _Peloponesian War)


... .J ... A A I ... I ... ... 0 ...

nn11 1tJ'Y13J1111ieJ'U 1111 n1 nL nflfl11llflfl'l111ncu


\1 ¥1 •..: J! A .,I f' ... ... 0 ... .. I ... . ... t( I
n Elll 'Y11
• "" :"1 .....
(The Confederation of Delos \'\1EJ Delian League) ') en'-3flel11
!1'1 d ... ,r... -,! k. 1 ... .... It t; .:"1 ,. :"1 .., ... ,.

.
CUfl1i'tfh\l ') LLflL 'Ufl11ll.

LUU';J7 -3LLLt1 'J


·.:........ .. .. ·..,.,..., .... - ,.1 ,.
. ... tf t; I .,l f' f''t t; A .:t'_ t; ...
LEJL1f'UR L11L-3'UTIEJ'U L\'\ fll L

(Common Treasury) A .. I 1tJ1f'U11El\lfl'ULEJ\I


,. ...
ftfiJ1'U:11EJ\11JRl111JneJ'U ') Ll'\Elij•IIL'UJ1'U: - ""
u1111
LEJL1f'URntJ11tJ Lfltl Lfri1i-3L ;r1UflneJ\I'Yl\'\11L ,
u11nnn11 1tlt.tf11 1:LL"l\l
l L flfl{( \lfl112J L'"
'Yi1nn1ntl1tlrl'UL1tJn11 ;tl'U 1:\1\11\IU 431-404

HI 103 35

f
ft'1L "fl11llL 'UL iul.L flel fl113JLLflnfl1"'t11"f
... I r al 4' l 'Uft' "fl11llfl1t "'",f ft'u17fl1
.. 1 r \'1.,!1 ... · I •
n
w11111 nvi1 l £11-;J
ruhi lti11 w"fl111lflf"d'LiJ"Uw1L 11eth "11flL;1,·£J-3£l11Ulr1 111n; n L
Ld£lft'U1'ffl1ltiL£JL1J'Uftl.fl 'U01'U1';JLLA'1. 11JeJ1-;J'ffi1Y101'U1'ii
l -rtti L'UU 371 (Thebes) fl1111
l&Jw -niL ') l 11 1. £l11tJlr1111n;n
t A A Z ·
fi"Lflll (Classical Greece)

.
ntn112JH11t1fJ1-AYI 1
.. .

2. 811fJI112Jn1n
..
ftltf'Ul .
... ... A 1. ,.:, A ... ... .. A I .,.I I ,t ... ,.:, ... ... ... ..
'Uft' .L "anaull?tfl';J11U i

.
• A I . ..... 1 I II .. I ... ... .. ..J
LLa::L el113Jtu. WnL L
. ...
W1fllll '.1 -n.e"n1n fl£1
...
(Zeus) m
Ltf11 (Hera)
... ....
A
L£l1ft' (Ares)
1U.flel'U (Poseidon) L rf1 LL,., "'YI:: La
...... r ... I .........
ft11Lfl£l1. (Demeter)
e::1 ,.,,;- (Aphrodite) L"YMLL"'"f\11111nLLa::fl1111"11J

,,,'111
" l ... ... A ..,I· ' ..1 ... 1fl!J'YI1 ') \ttl o .,.
n1a"£Jij!'I

tie i"LLfiw37uL ;11ft' "fl111JL 1n 1JJ&llfJtY (Thales

ofMiletus, 624-550 (Father of Philo-

36 ·HI 103
sophy)
II f l .., I
·ncu
.., !"! fit II II A
'V\1EJ
\1

&111tlDfJD' (Heraclitus rt£l'Ufl;ft'fln1a)


lJJiii ge11

._ (Socrates, ·469-388
TOJfltl1fiD' • ) • ..,

') 1flull1uell7u
e::l1J1u 'J 1tlfLfl7tlft' fie 'J
flft1f773J ')

wfiutyqJ1 lculrcut.la1ui1fl
,,
L,1tJEJ3JftJ1fltJfl L
.. 1 ....

I'WD lfl (Plato, 427-347 tlrtel'Ufl;ft'flf11ft) 1'J1Lfl7tlft' ;tJ'U


eJ::LflLflii (Academy) LY-4ft 'U ,1lrl'U ft'11f17tu f!
(Republic) L,,L'"" U'U fl111Jft'13J17 n
Qft1flU71fJLt.l1u1 LY-471::L (Virtue is .knowledge) LU'U nlifl;6,r
.
(Philosopher King)
al ... 1 \1
L3J3Jfl7ellJfl71 f117fl17
I.. ... o ....... I :"1

L .
'I II
t
'I ¥1.1': A 0 .,I ' \1.,1'1
l
ft'13J17n L A

l" LY-4ft
') Lf-471:o.::,r"
(the Statesman) LY-4ft LY-471::LtJcu
-" . .- . .- fit .J. ..,.
Lfl7 tlcuLfl7 a 'V\'UtJ1
I .. I"'"' - .., . 1 I .. .. I 1 .. I
71li3J•'IL,.u1::
I 1U,.'Uft'1'Ufl1
..
I .. I ...

e1&Tlflafia (Aristotle, 384-322 tlrlecufl;ftflfi1ft) Lnfl lcui'JRfnli'w


cuL n;n f1eLint1u-
ftL.tJ11 (Lyc.eum) a;w19ntia

HI 103 37

.

L?411::

e;a tuliflou::'JJe-3e;a1fltila i
'J ·LLa::fl1111find -3flll

'J- floufin11fl'U£if1":afi1Liiv11nu LmL 11-u::Lfi1LYiv11nou u.fl«fiuqJqr


'1 I I t ........ .l'.. fit I I '1 .. I 0 - ..er.
LlJLfl1fl'U CV\\41flfl Lufl13Jfl1L'l-3ft'fluqJty1LLL'l::fl1111ft'13J11tl

e;w

\un111J;'V\11 ')
., 0 't .. t:• ..'f I ... o A ..1411 . . A ...
111113Jfl\4 ';l::f\1 Ll'\Lflflu1}lty1113J 'lf-3';1::\41 Lu

1en1w\1LtlflflV1U-3
·
')
. ..a., I (( 1
11u1:«un11nu.nnn11L'JJ13J1fl1CV\U1fl1J1CV\11 . . .fltJ11r"U El1U1';l'YI1,1
II 0 ..1 A 1- ,__.tX, 0

... l't " I ' .. I .. 0


UL'lZ'\lfh11'£l1'U1';l L\4fl11·uflfl1El-3fl
.. .. I II 0 t¥1fl!J
(Government By Consent) uen';l1n,fu e3w
I . . . .
., ., 't • ., II 't .· A I A 't . ,.I \l,.JII
1Jfl111::1::11f11::1-3 LUL 1£l-3fl11'JJflLL!J-3 flfl11flEl L'U1J';l::u1::fl£)1J Ll)fl'l!J
Ji ..it ..a • ,. 1 , a.. ..l..a . ..a t .. 1 · · 1 ..,. . t ·
3 fl£l fl\411 fl\4u1\4fla1-3. 2 'lfU

£l;ft'

n';l::iiLLfi'U1tJnut111. i'J';l:lliLilu LLfiLilu i'J'JJEl-3fl1ft'nUOU1ll


\1., J\1 1\1 .i' ., t .. ......... ... t . I ...
Lu Lll Ltt fl-3\4\4 1Jflfl';}-3fl113J1JU'lfUflfli1-3111flfl11fl\4lJLLL'l::flU';l'U

A 1
£)1ft' flLflfl
A \1 I _. _.!1 1 ..1 I ,.J ..l..a..l 't A .......
Ll'l£l1\41';l
.. ..1 I.. ... . . '0 I .. tt'
·

\ \\\'n.11\ fo1u1';l,fulliLilultJfl'llln£JL nm'tltw11£l lu

.r,,fu \,.niflou::,e-3EJ;w 1flLfla

2.2 -1YIU1fiUI'fl1tl

L L
u.n'"fl11R-3L nfleU1-3Li1tJ1- · 81-u \uqfld1::\ \1\ouL

fl'l111Lilulul-u1an "'rl1l11" "e::l1"

\ CV\ qjtilu1'YltJ1fl1«flf1r,, 11-n1fi L, ,1flmfl

Ltflt:fl111fl1Bflf L111iri .

eu"Mlnei'• S.bo-428 ilrlo-ufl1afln1a) L'JJ1na111Tlflt:J'tlneu1-3 ·

38·:.·:,


.... .. -' :'I I
O'U

IBJJifflftflD&J (Empedocles,
.... ' ' .. :
4 EJth"fia ti1 ft3J

1ft lJJfl;fJ&J (riemocritus, 460-31b 1111

J" qJ1m L
I
11llfft'1lJ11fi3JfHL lfl4"
... I .
L1tJn11 EJ::fiEJ3J (Atoms)

itJ1u&fl1A&r (Hippocrates, 460-377 rio-uf1;ft'fln1ft)

ia tile Oath of L,1lfltf"1 1"L7r.J'U


c'A ., lloo' 1 ... _, AA tJ - 'Ill ..,.,.
lloo' 'l
LL'"'Y1tJ'Jf"L'U'Ufl11ft' "LnfiLLft::1'U1QtJ 1fl 3Jfl11Lfl1J1'1lJ-31'U 1::1flfl'U ,'Jf-31::,.1!.1 'Ufl111'U';lQtJ
I AA lloo'

11fiL ,j1 n11iil';JQtJ1 1flEJth"1£ltJfl£ltJdcrhlw 1 1fl'ln1 1fll&ilfiLnfl

,a"L u11"n1tJ LLR:: w1m1 L';llafl-ul ,n,r.luft:: 1r.J,.u

.
/

.
2.3 l11WflftUQ:fl11D:fl1

"1ufl1u111m n113J,EJ"n7 n ';l::U110l)Nft l u n11LLRfl.:Jfl113Jj1 n\tnilfl

nftEJ'U uR:i'EJULU"1 R1'UL\'\qlLU'U

117mfli1LtJ1 ') L,f'U 'U1iltJ1tJ

fl11ft::fl1ij 2 U1::L11'Y1fl1tlfl'U

(1) 1fln'U1l)fl113J

(2) LT,'U1l)fl11ll (Comedy)

ft::fl11fln'U1l)fl113J (Tragedy) flfl


L'Y1'"L'"1lf11EJil,w (Dionysus) Satyr£" (tie
L '"::) 1iu1EJ.:J1J't1L 1Lft'1 q}} f1
...,. A .. I ..l ..., Jt •'Ill Jt , .. I ..l
£)" 6 L
1 0 'lAt:
f)" 1 .:Jft::fl1 't11 l'IL
tJ ..I ... ,AJ lloo' J
ft:fl1,EJ"fl1 nL -nEJ" • 1110 'U flLLfi"1J'Y1ft::fl1'Ylll,.£lLft'tJ"u1::L11'Yl
..i .. J. .. ..I
11
1fln'U1l)0113J lfluri (Aeschylus, 524-456 83

HI 103 39
L t.Ji1' (Prometheus Bound) ii«LLa-tl.:t 2, flU
flell1 (Sophocles, 496-406 Url£lt.Lfl;ftflfl1R) 3 flU LLR:

LrlEJij1Dtiw(Euripides, urieuf11Bflfl1R) L;liL;JuuunR:f11


I o

(Comedy)
L1Jl3!Nft . .
.
' . .., .-J A ' -I ... . I I ... I .., .t
atJ«fl1EIU C) Komos R1t.LLV.R.:t'Yl'fEJ.:tL 1Ufl'l1 Komodia 'EJULU'U'Ylll1
1JEJ.:Jfl111 Comedy C) 11.,U1fl11iln11LLRfl.:Jvt1'Yl1.:ta'£JflULtt\4 C) \u
i .:JflllLtltJLQ .:JL nu'tJ LUfl£1UtlR1tJft.:Jfl11ll '
.L uL
unLLfi.:t1J'YlR:fl1q'1JU1L)fl11ll .
fl£1 o;w iJribufl;ftfln1R) The Frogs

. ... ...
flEJ EILRtJtl (Iliad)
......
LLR:EJ£1flEJIJ1 (Odyssey)
.
LJJLll£rf (Homer) 2 L

LfiR.:J11£J.:tn1nil 2 tJ1:Lt1'Yl Loil1LLtlfl (Elegiac ,poetry) LU\4


LLRfl.:tfl11ll' LLR:a;fl (Lyric p(>eti-Y>: Ltlu
fltl V.ut11f (Pirtdar) iLll\ltlft (Simenides) (Sappho)

iio11LUU
\ "'11J,a.:t111mflfln;n. itnL ·
fia LDl1ltttl'w (Herodotus, 584-425 .iJritlufl7wflmRJ.
Historia (Inquiry) LLU.:tOEJflLUU 2 t11fl
CJ

;JuUL rh CJ u1.:1 ll·;nnn11RU'Ylt.L1einn1llnu


CJ

L1ftJ'U (History of the 1


... ! • • '', • • e' ."' ...

War)

40· HI 103
oilulrh•• (Xenophon, 431-399 Cyropaedia LU'U
A A a-1 - c" ..,j ... ll .. I al c" olllll
'U1'Utl1t1Eh1u7:1flfr1 ft'fi1L fitl1 n1J'Vi7:L -.11,;JWLL u£1 1L8Jftl

e;&rTPuna (Aristotle)

2.4 natl:aaa::&raltTft&fl11JJ
'J

. .
'J LtJouw11Ui

i1Lw11nvl -uLiJ-uu n1w1'V\ ,,.,,.tn-uEJ'I'I'V\i'l'lfl1 2 LL n1 1 n'l'lrnvl"


EJEJfiLU'U 2 f11-u fi1'U'U£Jn£1'YI1'11LLflU ·') fl1
L ') 1 LLf!tl1'11n'U

() 1
Clo
fi£J1f&l (Doric)
A I I l 'V\ I olllll tk til'... 0

1flouLanltev 1vu11"
... . lolllll olllll A A f'l I J!. olllll ..,j I ""' olllll A
'YIUEJij£1 fi'YI'V\'U-3 LL 1J1Jfl£1 1 flL u'ULL 1JUfi11 fi£1ft'd 1'1111El'l'ln 1 n'YIU 'Vi1 1 ti'U 'UtJ11
I J!. .t¥
fi11fi£1ft'd 1'11LL1J1J'U

(2) 1£J£J¤1Uf&l (Ionic)

';J1fiU1JUL 1f11,YEJtl 'U'Ufl1 t


fJle 1eLi1vouUv11lfnou111n

( 3)
<Q/ tk- WI
fJI¤11Ul1ItJU (Corinthian) Lft'1LLU1J\4L1tl1tl'l'lfi11Lft'1 LEJ EJ'Ufl 'V\1Lft'111n11flfiLLfl'l'l
Clo I I 1 - ... -
tJ,-:iutJ1::fl1fl1tln11LLn::RinLil-uJ11lu12!tJ7::til;f ilfl1111'11111'V\J'VI11

tl11fJii11JJlllDUifftfl (Hellenistic Civilization)

LU'U Jtl1'11 'J -na'l'ln1 1flLilv (Macedonia) qJ


tk A1 . .
-nou Ufl-.J'U111t.lf
!'I ... til' t I ..
') fl'I'IEJij'Yl1'11L'V\'UEI11EI'I'In1n
- .. ..1 wt.,,... ·.

HI 103 41
Llfa111fi
f'la 2 (Philip n, 359-336 thiacufl1fttrn1a)

338 nacufl1ftfln1a 336 nacuf11ftfln1a

la1RtlEl£lLaneu1cuLfiEJf (Alexander, 336-323 tJrlacufi1Rfln1a)


\11
1J
323 n£Jcufl1«fln1a Yi1::1fcuJJ 33 iJ

.. .__. t ... .. ... ..1


tlfJufl (Ptolemy)

"' - ... .. - .. 1
tl1Wltfl111ftOJA (Seleucid)

JnoilAailrJ
'
\ .... ... 0 """ I 'I -' .... . -
fi113JLLflnuu nLLa:: 1 ::a-11:: ft'1tJLLflnft13Jf1f1'Yl1 l'\L nflw L"nq-tt-;Jn111 1fl
11,jculcutJa1tJfftt111 3 nn-uf11ftfln1s

tna\nua:tJ1,w1
• .u

'I - - ,f .... A .'1 .... A ... • 0


fl113JL1f£ltl£l ') ';11\\1.14 .
I ') n'V\3Jflf111ll\l\111tJ '
L1fcu ')
..... 'I
1f1flL'U
t II A... t
..
Q; a I .... ... A
') 'Ylllrv'UtJli'U\JtlEl flEJ
A •

1· .. ' ',., f {

.,_.,_ .4 p'!(. I t: A AA t ·. •
ltl'rttlll1fJ'U (Epicureanism) ':11 nElfl" f1El LEJV.fl1lft (EpicllfUS) n1::'Jf'll1Elft (Samos)
342-270 ani
lliL l ouLnv.L f1'V\1aft111fl'1,,:'1r'"",aa:: ,,. l l
fi1111'1'JJLU'Ui ''"landlflvn11t111 '
Lilul'\an LLa:: l"Uw.ajvfiea.n
1ft.

42 HI 103 '
crlfleft (Stoicism) •t-u (Zeno, 335-263 iJnaufl1ft'fi111R)
L'l1ui'"w8"U':h Luu

n11 fl11 "ijL 1V'U LLfilJJ ft''U1 1Vflfl8 fl111J

LitJtbfl ') J"i'"

.,._ iJ I . r... iJ r P!c A


Cflft t.l flft (Skepticism) L tJIW"11 '11111111Jq'1JL '11111'1J8"';"1V\'U.:t

U - . . ... 'I • - ... ,.:to ... tJ'U'1n111J8"811-,Vl'U.:tn


. .. .. ,.:to .. L'll fl.:t'U'U ...

_.,
'll8.:tfi'U';J'UL nul ,'UtJ1r111JLiWJ.J118.:tiiu n81til'vLi:J"

flflq'fl

.._
l'fltllft1Cffl1 "
. A A .,_ .... A r A
1!:V!:L 3

fl1ft'flfn11V\U1lU1J1nD.:tn117tV:1fl

ij-at LV\ qll'l


VftDfl (Euclid) lfi11"V\ltnR1tlfll ') 1111flmfl flmflfl1Rflf

1flt1711Jl11.uV\\l''11R8L
'
Elements 1 f111111nn11
. 1,ooo iJ l,YLijuV\Ltn

it.lt.llfJCf ·(Hipparchus, 160-126 iJn8ufl1Rfl111 LiJu1-tnflmflfl1Rflf nfl111 .

fl1ft'fl1 L
r tJ ..... 1 \1.,1 ... r
L1Jfl"l-\I';J'U't17 fl"l-\181flfiV
A r k, ""' ... A

tnnii;lcr (Archimedes Syracuse, 287-212

n <Pi> LiJw,i'L 1..,l1 'J

'J
A I

LU (Herophidus)
• I ... I ...
ft' -ilL nfln11 L
\1 -
'118-it'
1 ... ... . k.
'U8
A A
L1J81'Yir.J1n11
k. ..... .I 1
fl111JL..08ll8 L'UL 78-3 ..Ofla1.:t Lft'Vfl1ft'fl7
\1 r•"" ,U

HI 103 43
l11Wtlft
.
\tnL
Lli"""Lfl£1 (Menander, 342-291 tlne"f11Rfln1tq) in'M'm:n1i"L;itJ"vh"e"tJ,.:-Dfltl7:-l"nft
A e:'\1 !"I '111.,1 'Ill
3Jfi';J:Lu" Lu£1tJ1"fm ') Lll
A . .A .. A ""' ... ""' 1 1

A ,k I .I
tq n'l1 "LYl1Ylf11 1

nliLLttL £1"L 4 nun1 111.J1.1£1-3Vi1 :a


LV\ Ql t JJ"fi11L
!"I lilA A
fiU1fl111fifi11';J:LLRfi-31.1£1Lfl';J';J"f -3
lilA A I "' • A ""' ".. , -

I
.. . . "" ...

fl£1 Polybius L-B'V\inn11L 1 L1.11L ;e"tJ,-:ififl1Rflf ,


11e"n!n t
.. '

LDLtqitailn1.1e-3"f1,.1Jn1nYl1"m"'l« Lf1\ifi•na lntq


tl1'M-1n1nL-N1111L-B' fltqt.J:
L4thaitU1111J" L V\ii£1" ';11 -3 YhL,_r
atJLLn:ain11ll"
\l'nL;JU"R1flQl ') £1U1-3L,f'" ;LtJf11
'I "' ,k 'I .. I .. 'Ill A t
L,-LLRft-3t11111f1flEI'"tq:L£1Ufltqfi'Jf-3 L"'11"u111Ql1. 11Ylflau LLtq::n1"'Vi'"ILL1J1Jfi1fi b•1Lfi£11JYl-3V\llfl · .
A .... .. .. A -" IIAA .. ...

Lrla11ll'"Uflf11El-3flW.fl"th" ') 1LUU" ?41n11ll'"


.. ttl t -:. I t A .... 1 . .
Lu b"1::u::"'" U-3fi11"'" L11EIE11tu1';Jfi1 111"
• .... .... .. "" I "

1 .

44 HI 103'
ft'1ll1,.flft'11'11ft'11flfl113JL';l;tyrn"
fl1Rou1 1111fty11nu1fl1Rflf uft:wfi1UfltJn113J t-ual.J-nEJ'I1El11tJ-
""
!1,-3Jf1'11Lflll

HI 103 45;-
I

1.

1. n11VtUl1'\.L1';l
.. '1 ...
2.

.. I _. ..,. • f" ·· t" _. .. 1 • ...1 t"


2. 2 am3J'Ufl1 · 1Yl

LU'\.L n1 11.Jnfl1

1. LElL1f'\.LW
..
2. WU1ffl1
...
3. fl()1'\.LY1
.
. ... ...
4. fl1fl\4

3.

1.

2. 1'lfLfl1flW

3.

4.

46 HI 10$
/

, 1 .4
tfll

1. 11JJ«atuw11r11mi'J
2•. t1Uw:J7uin1111t1
0 u '

·. 1. fl113JL\'\ §eJJ :\'\ a: w13!ty 'lfu,t1'tl\i n1,. fief,. :·vd1 ,r'" iuq-t1

· 2. t,-Ju. 'l ort1


,-Ju

-• tl .ct ,

1. Ltl;ti'UL 'llLYhLfltlln1u ,r'"\1 eiu1t1


L;tl n nw1Jty11u11tl1:W'Ufi111JR1Li'';JL Lfl
I

2. L 1Ju
fn1111til 1Ju

,HI 103 47
.._ J
"lllft1Jllt111"fl1

1 (Tiber) \4fl111ll

11 1s llla Y11t
uft:J"w::fl1nlun11oenlt.Jil1,1tJlwnu

n:LftLllflLfl£JfL1Li1tJ'U

t.l1:1ii'lfU'IflRl1JJU
L1£Jf1ft (Virgil) n1L£l1l,£l"1f1111Jj14 Lfhl fll "11llft''f1"lfltJ1f11
A ',r,AAAilollll A ... 1 I
Lll£l"f11£l[J (Troy)' (Aeneas) L'V\ll
.., .I A .- 1 o1111 .Ia ,.:, I r 'I ff !"I a .lo1111 A
LLft::li1Vi1JYifl'U1J'UH"LLli\41.LflL1J£l1LlJ'U1ftJ{Jllf1fl

'

\1 ... I , .. A .... ff ... I I ... A tJ


L11 ft 1l J114ll111 L £lfl1ftllll" t;tJ01fltJelijll1fl"LLflft'lltJWU 1:ll1nL

2,000 tJrleJ'Ufl;ft'fl1l1ft V.'lflB\4 1 'lLLltJ\4 (Indo-European) jfn 1 1'\ftflLU'U£1111 llev.u....

ft"ll1111lf11"L • 11.1 •
1 LLft::LeJL1ftJ l 1l11\lL "' n -... z
.Vi1flU
... .,.. ,.l o .,.. .l A a ... A I . · a Alltl a
f1ft'1fl'IJf1tlflfl£lfi11lft1flU. L'U1J1L1nL

i 1£l1J ') fll 1111


,.1 I a ........ A All
. t.l 1::ll1nLflfl1111!f-YI 1l£l'Ufl1ft'fl1l1ft V.11l£lf11ft'fl'U (Etrascan)

lliL'U£lf

ft'l\4l'V\q}L g£l11Vi11ldll1111lfl::1'UO£l1lln«'V\,eJLeJL iu\liL\;Ulf


,f lA .., ,.1 .... 'J!!I I .f. I All ... ... All ... ... · .,1 ...
Vi'l fl\4£1 £l fl LLflflfl 1!f-1 fliJ11 n1 ft"L 1'\ V.£1 ';1: {l£lf11 ft'f)\4lJfl1£l

,el"fl;·n iifl11lJ1f1141qJ£Jth"\Y "''Uftftt.l:: 1'\ftfl 1ft'V\:: £1111


fll I 0 .If ... ... A " ..!': • All ... A .... oll l A
1l11L L•tLL,"LL1" lJfl11lJL,-£1
. I I

f11"lft'Ufl1ft'flf iifl11liL=ieJl'Uiifl'V\S"fl11llfl1U

(arches)

(vaults) (Gladiatorical Combats)_

48 HI 103
cv cv II
G1JbG·1111lU1ffi8Ufi'U (The Early Republic)

L'UW3JtJW11i17nt.1!

(Senate) a1';JLLU"JUn11Unfl7a",a"

(1) (Senate) · 300 fl\L


""' ""' t. t. 'I .... ""' .. ... ... !'I .. 0 I .1'- ........'1 ...
1ftJ\L'Yl"'U'U ft1116JfL\L'Yl1l'V\'U1'Y1Lu'UL Ll'\fl1LL\L:'U1LLnL-'IT l'V\'U1'YlH1tJ1J11'\11
t'l -.. 1... - !fl ..., A ..1
LLfl L'U'Yl1"u" 1JflL uUW tl11J'U n11 Lll el"'Ylft1 flllJ'Yl'tfl 1lft'Ylli'Yl';J:eJ'11lfl'V\19 ttLLtJ",elLW'Ufl,.fl"
o ..., ..1 .,..., ..,..! - A "' "' .
L

(2) (Consul)
"I k. "' .l.,'l .., A , t, 1
«111«1aj'ty

2 fl'U iieTU1';JL«1lan'U 1 il \un11flflft'UU!)I'V\1R1flqj

2 ';J:9la"ilfl1111L 'Urt t'hilfl1111L ;u.ntJ,-:-.q11«111;aL'",


"" ... ' t ... . /
L'Viel,elfl111lflfiR'UL';J1f'U'lfi'Yl1tJ

( 3) (Dictator) fl1 LL L'U 1:tJ :L 1 fl a-·


«"fl111J L ,.,.,'lltia"n11 \

';1\LL n-u.'tJ fri';J:L, 71Jtl1LL n1 1'Yl'V\1,. tia "LU'Ufrlft111.L'U'YlL -.ua 1Jfl1tJ .


.!" 1'1 o I \1 I ... A
L11Ln'U 6 LfleJ'U

cv
(4) a.n1a11J'l! · (Centuriate Assembly)
o "'
'Y11'V\'U1'Yl
-'11 A A J!. "' ..l

')

\ '"1"n17U1'V\11,a"w1ll17m1!1,-aj-u.u"'.i'LLfl"tY"fi1LL'V\li"fl1" 'J
fia· Lfl16JfL'Yla:
0 0 ... ..1 ..1 ....
• .... . fit . .
• .... ... .
(Quaestors) ';J1'U1\L 8 fl'U L'Jf'UL'Jfa: (Censor)

\-u.n11R111';JR111: 1'Ufli1 Senators 'I

')

HI 103 49
· 2 ,Su.fou
(1) uJtw;ava11 (Patrician) fla Y41nd'iuneft

(2) Jtiaua'U (Plebian) 'l ,..aft1 ,r,"tJila Lft'ilvu Y41n


... ... 1'1 ... t ,r I... ... ... ' ' I I &'A ......
YHUtJtJ'UElij fiEl",'UElijf11JLLY4YI1L flfl-3ft'11J1'U11';J:91a 11 LY4EJLLWY11L
.J. ... . 111 3 • . 1 . . ...... · A·
L yt10lolfl1 011LYfl:UQfl L'UYifl'U'-'El-3LLWfl1L Y4EJURn
..,. 1(.
01Jfl113J,.4llfl1fl"fl11lhJREJfltltJ
al ... ... ... ... . ... I ..,. iJ 'I
fiEJ-3L UYI\Il11 L'UL1R1L flfl
A

""fl11ll .'l · L,1lt.if


1 ·LY411:nQ\IllnvllillL;ivul1Lil-ua1tJ-
... .. ... .., l ... ft ' .,., ' .... ' ' .. . •.• .. ... .,., iJ
ua: Lllli'Lfl1uan11nn-3q-an-;t:lla1'U1'9 LUfl1tuftL u
,.,\tiou 'l LVlthdvhlltw1nY4RLuvu
rlan11';Ja1';JR 5 rlaufl;ft'fln1a
I .II .. Cl/ j!,· ... ._ 4 ..!'

. fl11liL'MGolll1atl1-3aMn1:'V\11-3 2 ,'",f'" .fi1l..f,1m'iftLurm4-3Lil'Ufl'UR114,,., qJ,a-3


t11:LnfltJ1:111m 9096 \1. fi1l,tw1nMRLuvu1111i1kUL;vnfe-3
inifl11liL il'UMt'ILiJa-3\Wfi1L ,f'U\Y
LLa:1J11';J:aY4tJytaanltJ·;nnnl-3 t ,,n
.
2 flfl111l!t 1ua-3
II -.... . ... ... o .... A '
flEJ

louif 470 rJO'Ufl1ft'f1n1a ilft;ij'U (Tribunes) 4"Lil'UM1flV.ftLUtJ'U 2 fl\4


ft' 'U1" L lufl1R ytfi;L
... t .I' • - • " ... .J! t ... • !"'
I I '

Lijeif 449 TlEJ'Ufl;ft'flf11ft L;vn11 f1D'V\li1Viun;e-3 lir:: (law of the Twelve


Tables)
I ... ... WI .I' • • .. !"' I , t
91EJli1Y41flY4RL1JtJ'U 2 10 flU fl•flfl 3
•m,a"Y41nwiLiiv"l"l"mQm; · £1inil"rn.-raflnnD"ll1tJ
t ... I . '
ua::LL91-391-3fl1ij'U ..

50 HI 103
uon;nnd i'Ylilun11t1Tl-3ti1u.'Vlt.L·:rn-3n11Li1a-3 ti1u.'V\\L-3ti1-3 'J m-3m1Lila-3 LLR:
al ..l 0... ...-... t ... .............. A 0 I
,fUU"U L'Vlfl11 -3fl1LL'V\U-3

f11-3 'J fl13Ja1tl'u Lfl1'lfL'Jfa:, fl111fLLflnfh-3,-:'Vl11-31fu,ru

-iu1fu:,Tuti!l3J1 tie tJ 362 naufl1«flmft. 1n LLft:

LUU 360 noufl1Rflfl1ftnemnLUUnD11flDituu«ultJ

1 flULft3J£) l tJ LYhtiu111fU,fUR1irtylmJB'YliLU'Yl1-3fl11Lii£1-3L

L
.. I ... I I1 A
1J11nL1J-3 r .111 fl-3q'ftLlfO
l ... - ... .I "..t'. ... il
,1L Uft3J11ffl
...

2s1 rlaufl1a-fln1R
. ... - A I I ... • ..........
Hortensian Law* 'Jf-31J-3 L".I111:L1JtJ1J'V\1£)flD,£11J-3fl1Jfl1-3 ') fl£)£)fl fltJ8111
I ..l 1
U'YlL ltJ

ua:ltl1fn11ftJ1D-3flD'Vl3J1tJ,D-3 Tribal Assembly :i-3tio11LUUfl11iuq-flrt11tltlf1:'Vl11-3

1fU,fU,D-3113J -

luL1uirrauuft'1 1 ltJ

') ')

tJ 265 noufl1Rflfl1ft 113J

l 'Vlqjflaattu'Vlftl1Dfl1R

(Carthage)

fl1fL M1flL'Vlila,a-3u.av41 n1 1fluLiJua1m ,

3J1nau
... ... C' ... t
n,1flfl11fl1'Yl1-3•11'UL1Jf1Lfl£)1L 1L'UUU'Yl-3'V\llfl

111

* Quintus Hortensius 114-50 rttl\lfl';ft'9ln1a tl11-3t11LL,.,1.i-3n-3q-a


l1.ltJ 69 rttl'Ufl;ft'fln1ft D1-3l'U Edward Me Nail Burns

HI 103 51
1 1r11tbtf 1 1llft ,;,, til1ffl11lJ,j1tJL
LLnn1n 1 1un11 (Punic)*

lfJfi/113JU'JURfSif"# 1 (264-241 ilri£JufS11lf'lln1l9) 2

1 1LU'U L'U 1!:li!:LL1 n 1 LLfifiell1nL£l11f'U:fl1fL'Yl';l 'U


·tJ 241 ltn
.. ...
Lfl£l1L 1L'Uli'U

.... ... ..A . ' · .. ·I""' .. A ""' A


(Sardinia) (Cqrsica) flel

(Hannibal) L'UL 1 1llL'Uft'LU'U nenL ,;,

1 1 (Scipio)

15 tJ tJ 201
n11llft'

l: .,/ ( . ,I I \
lfJfS1113Ju'JUfSifS11JYJ 3 149-146 unlJUfS11lf'lln1l9;
A II t1ll.
1 1 1ll
'1 11
3 u
o A .. ... tl fl'l t ""'
Lu'U£J'U11
I t ·.. A #114

'U'lJ1L1m 1L 146 ltJ

l
1Litu'U OU.J1'U!:

t ,,. L ;·unu11m1n11 11lln


lflL itu ,;,\ tn L'Ufl!:1'Ue£Jn

\ 'UU 31

1LittJ'U ,;, \..ft


&nl'r.ttT1111W1'!fi8UUCilb (The Late Republlt)

1::u::L t'"u 1;6

52 HI 103
vl1 -\111lJ1flfl111J1f1tJL
0 " .I.'! 'l.t' ... .. A ... \1 "t 1 T ....
1 J';l!:Yl1V\"1'Yl · 1JU1ft';l-\l fl LftLIJ1tJlJ
A II A !'I II .I. .I. A I
(Colosseum) LL&::L1J\l'V\"1't11Jel-31 JU1ftYl;J:V\1ft\11J"L 'Yl-\1 L,." n11 ·

fl11lJ,rflLLU-31::V\':h",.",r"iill1n

L1i'".l"tl 1o4 n£1"

73 1o,ooo
(Spartacus)

tJ1::111m s,ooo 1u"l3!n1-3L-n"


I I t ...: A !"I 11°
n1:\l\11-3,." ,."L1 n11 Grace bus 8J1-\IL 1\1£1-\1,.11"1
.1.\1 I.. .I. A
't1 LlJ1J'Yltl"Lu",'JJ£1-3911L£1-3
!"I I II k, .I. A 'I
LV\'IJ ')
I 1tltJ\1LtJ11Jfl11lJ,.1tJL I , A t

L"tJ 133 rlEl"fl'Rfln1ft (Tiberius Gracchus)

..,;\1" L\11 L""" 1"


.I. !"I k. \1 .!'.. I .. 0 I - \1 .. I
LtllJ1:1J1IU 310 L£1Lfl£11 LlJ
.!' 'I 0 \1., I
;J:¥J£1-\IlJ£11J Ll'l,.J"1 LuLLU-3 Ll'llJ1!:1f1,."YltJ1n;J"L,.1
I '1.1'.. I .I. I I .I. ' ... t ,." ft'lJtJ

n11LU\4Yl;1J" 'JJEl-\IL ,1i"q"tl&-3 L'111 n'V\tt-3RlitJ -3LU"n11-irflfl£Ji'J1f11ll'l:h 'lJ

l .1 iJ vl1 L,;L
II I
300

9 tJt1£J.lf1 (Gaius Gracchus)

LUU't1;1J"L"tJ 123

1fltJn1\l\Utl';h'" 1 t"Li,j£1" t"


... '.
\l\"-31l£1-311fl1,;£1-3flft1fl L,1f11n11 1 "'Yl L'JJ1U1:ft'1Jfl111JY.htJLL

n1 1Rlif11L tl" ,;\l"a nRlitJ\l\tt-3 l "iJ 121 n£J"fl'"" tl"tf"J"n£1-31!


.. ..1- .I. ...... 'I .I.
LlJElL 1 Jn u1:n1fTCf -\lfl11lln1JL111 L"'Ylq'fiL -\IV\119l1L£1-3
Cl >Q

'J17.J17!11J11€Jlf
'' ' '
.I. A I I I ..lA' , ... 0
Lntln11LL11-\1'11" 'J 1n't111"1J11Je1"1;J

fl£1 (Marius) t"iJ 107

s
t
fl1-3 L1J1
a II ... Jt ..l1 A 1 _.!' 11fun1mL-n1
.1 tr II

1ttJn1nLL£1-3

HI 103 53
tJ 88 11lJLaH1\iR f1iifl1Lflftft' (Mithridates)

fl1 flflft'

86 rlaufl1Rfln1fl iJ as L111ltl'fu

LuiJ 82 L
... ..:o ..... • 0
L'U'n'ffl
... I
nn.:Junn11ll

" ... o I "tJ.. tl tl ..


L flEl EllJL !J (Pompey)
\1 ,.!' ., .. .

LLfl1ft''Jfft' (Marcus Crassus) (Julius Caesar) (The


First Triumvirate)
I A ... r'l,.!'.. A fll ... .. J!. A ... 'tall.. ..
u 59 naufl1ft'fln1a '11'1111. 'lf'lf11ft'•1-:J11ElLft'!J.:J r.-,nufl1LEl.:J
"' ..
fl1!Jn11!JflLLfl·.IU na
k. 1 ., • :.A "' ... • 'I tl. k. 1
111JLLfl".I'U na "Commentaries

' of the Gallic War''

iJ 53 TlEl'Ufl1Rflfl1ft (Parthians)
tlolJLtlGtl,o ;unfl'1ti'J11fn&tu.

(Rubicon River)
lna ua1LaH1UflD1u1-;,.lu1111 iH•1ffl111ltl_
A ..., ..A ...... .. \1 A .... ..., .. ..., . •tElVifl11
. ., .
...... I

';JULflfl .'JfTfttlL 1EJ1ft'ti1::,Yu

lul111

LLa11'11LflUYiv..n&tu\i1111LUU 45 nau

... r'l.!' ... tl ' 0 ..


'11'1111 L•1t1nu=.nn11 nfl1D.:Jfl1ll:1::uauw11f11nL11 flO n.:J'fti

f111J14 u.tiJ..!fm'Ufl.a
t,JjultJu.:Jilw.L"""," 'l ·LYlo

113.1

54 HI 103
_///

·
'J L-»ou -Jfttl7::'Y11'U

tJ1:: 'J l 'ULL 'V\ft11ilfl1RLLft::fl111llm'rlft 'U fn71.17tll L rlfl'U


I I
I .... \1""!"1 •• , .I l\1.,1
....
'Yl'V\1 LfiL 'U.fi17u7::fi£)1J£l1-J'Vifl£) Lu

...... ... ..
0
l-1': ... 'I t
L'U 711
""' .. •fl£l£l£lf1LflL""'1ti'U
(Octavian) lfi'1111ti1n1J111ffl LL£l'U1'Ylit (Mark Antony) (Lepidus) l
t ..I . ..1 .. A 0 . ....I I""' ..

,
2 (The Second Tnumvirate) ; 'U
1J1'Ylft
'U '4
(Brutus)

l utl 42 rl£l'Ufl;Rflmft fl£1111 lfiL


7::'V\11 £lf1LflL1ti'ULLft::111 ffl LL£l'U1 'Ylil LL£l'U1'Ylit'V\ill l 1::

lufn7111tl111Ju LLS::£l£lflLflL1li'U

f,! 1
2. cnrrn1n1111ft (3o tJnaufl;Rfln1a-fl.fl. 476)

., ""' 0 ... ..I I • •A ... ..I ""' A


1ti'U'U1111'11 . £lEif1LflL 1tJ'UL11EI
... 0 \1"" .. I .. !'I ... ... I ., ., ""' ..
tlfiEI1'U1';) 'Y17 EIEJfiftflR 8Jl''D'17 (Augustus

Caesar) -(lmperator)
• ., .. I
'Y11
... .. I .. ,... .. I ..
u'l'UL'D'uft (Princeps) 'V\1El
• tl ..I ...

., ., \1 .:,.,4 ... A .... I .. ,... ... .. I


(First Citizen of the State) L ft11ti'U';)" u7'U'D'Lu'Y1 (Prin-

cipate) (Early Empire)

HI 103 55

t

., "f".C.:,t., - - ..

uJl'r.uYcuiil11l'cu (Pax Romana)

1lll L1unn\L11'wajuft''Uiil (Pax


:*'I .,J..,. • t 1 • • " .•
LLf4:R.:Jfl11
..
tl.:J 200 lJ 1:'V\11.:J 27
I iJIne'Ufl1ft'flfl1f4
... ..
;)'Utl.:J fl.ff. 180

4
fie (Tiberius, fl.ff. ·14-37) (Caligula, fl.ff. 37-41)
(Claudius, fl.fl. 41 l1 (Nero, fl.fl. 54....:68) ufin1::'"l7liOV.:teijl14waju

ioutil 1ir'U1flt.Jth1ff;J1nn11ln11\4;J1ntntt'Uen 1 fl1 "t.Jnfl1e.:J

'V\a1LL'V\an.Yh l1fL'Ul fl.fl. 68


.. ... ..... tl ... . . 'l..t't ... ...
11-n'1.:Jfleenft'flft;J.:Jft'Uq'flft.:J L1ft' 1L-n'tJ\l (Vespasian, fl.ff. 69-79)

lfliiLfltJ\4 (Domitian) l'V\fl-f1tt


l1f L (Nerva f').fl. 96-98)
.. 1 --
1a'V\fl A ...1... t 1al'. tJ • I •
'YI1
1.1'. A
·
... -.. .. ...1 II , fit A I .,_ 4 .. -..
4 fl11;)\l (Trajan, fl.ff. 98-117),

.. eJeJL -
B1Lfl1U'U (Hadrian, fl.fl. 117-138);

(Marcus Aurelius fl. ft. 161-180)


(Antonius Pius, LLft:

eeL fl .• fl. 180

l11Wftft
.
1
I .llr, A .,_
-n'1.:JH'U;).:JeJ1fltiLLtJlJetJ1.:J,e.:J,fl1flL
I 4111 il 1
. 1fl
1 .,_..a-.. ... al

2 fl\4 fie Plautus (254-184


ft1'V\fuufln1i'ettn1a.:tii

( 180-102 nna\lfl;wfln1a) cf1\l.:J1\l'YI1.:J


Cato·the Elder

56 Hll03

• f
1
111il t ,-1)"
(Golden Age) ')

W1'Ul nwtiw
\

(Virgil, 70-19
\1 0 .... • .. ... tl .. ... ... .... .... ....
L7'U1 fleJ (Aeneid)

., t,-3.1

.......
(Livy 59
I ,..
17)
... .,1 - . C' t I .\I A

RiJUW1lr11tu 'f,!

nRtlR 111tuflftl ;iu'U

(Silver Age) 2
.. .... ... .. I Jt ... .... ..I
(Juvernal fl.fl. 60-140)

11iJ'U
... ... A I .... ....... I
(Tacitus, fl. fl. 55-117) L-nti\.U Germania
.... I 0 ....... I I
Lt1El13J'U11fl11 ')

HI 103 57

• •
't=ncnn
'J Lie
1,flft1-3-»fl-3,.R-3 L i1Uty1m
tie&J1luwlivw11r11m
i'JL;lJ\luiiei1U1U1nL l111
... k, .. al A .. t I :tl k, 11lJ'U
... I

, ...
l'flftltln1n
. .,
tla111111'1ftcy ..,.,.,,T,utt
Zeus Jupiter
f:lermes
Aphrodite
.
LflViLL
t ...
viflfl1 Mercury
Venus
.a ,fit ..a ...... t .a
UlJ'Ii1:1r1nL
I
Demeter Ceros
Athena Minerva
'Heracles Heseules
Poseidon L Neptune
I
" .... t . t 't . !'I .. .. 1fltJLQVi1: flfl
•. Y«1nfi1: lJ. .
Pontifex maximus 4 l 'Uft'liVft'11r11tWfJLLa:fn1Vi11tlluwliv
fn1111il

ft.Q'H111b

1Luu&J1flnflnflflfl n"'V\lJ1tJ

4a""i'YirJ&J1fln fl1fltJfli'1 n11R&J1«

... ..... ... .. ' .. • •. 1 . . .....


(Justinian) L1tJn11 (Justinian Code)

58 HI 103

r
0 .. ..
ft11\Afltl1Cfflfi1&1\A1

rl1L t (Palestine)

4t 1 t 1lJ\4

I I A .t: ... ' •I .. A 1tttJn11fl1 A ...

'11-riau-ri fiEill1£i,J,1aa11vt1:

') 1ftn 4 1111

.I o ..,. A :'I,. t.!. I A !11_11 .. ..,.


. fl£1 St. Paul LlJ LULEI.L'lftJfl:1cu

ti nflli1L

fl1 1 fl; 11
ii«Li£1 lwL -N1111L
A .. tf I ..& ... A A . I t A .. r 'j A :'I .I II ...
fl1ft'\41fl1RfltJ1 L\U
I C' 'Ill
Lll
.1• A I 0 ..r. l
fl1ft'EI\4\4u1:'Y1U
... 'I t

A .. " A
Lft'll1n-ncu ')
'I .t t ••
'Y11 Ll"Vi'ln 12J'Uft'-3ft'tJ
... • 1 ... ... 'I .. .-

A ..
-n£1 "fl1 ft'LfltJ\4
... A t
2 LLfl
I ...
vt1 n 1 lJCUL
A I . , .I tf J!. . ... "
1
1 ...
.I. (A - A I .I tf J!. ... " .I I .l' ...
'Ylu!J'Uflfl£11 J ?41 nfl1 ft'LfltJUL 'lf£)11'V\'U1'Y1L
I ... .. .. . "
.,, 1 J10"11ft"ll1

,;, 1iruL'11ri1itt

fl.tl. 313 fn1vt11flf1EIURLLfi\4Yl'UU1:n1fl Edict of Milan

LfltJ'UEIU1-3L ilcu'Y11-3n11 LLft:fl1vt1:


, J!. " ... ... • A !'I
'JJ11U'U'UtlEifr1ft'141f11Rfl L'Uu fl. fl. 337

HI 103 59

• }

tJ fl.fl. 380 (Theodosius)

, fl1R'U1'Yl1"n11-nel"el1tU1fn7 l1iJ-u.
I _,

ElV1"11tlL 11

.. u 11JJU
u

7el "1 el tJ fl11lJ La ellJ -n el" f n 1111 til11J'UL lJ 1J 11 n !J L 'UL fl 'U '2ftl R iJtJ f n 1 11 tl

eJeJL 'Yl1 LLR:i"

1-n'Yl1tJ1'Yl flEllJ fl. fl. 180-192)

n11nw1 n11LL,"1fl n11tlElf'1:1o'l11"fl'ULLR:ifl{'f1tJ -lll'Yl1"R_'U'Yi1:f1tJLt.LnTl"Unfl1EJ;, Lou

. fn1Yi11tlEl"flflEl ')

L n'U'Yi1: el"fl 1o'\ q}fh"nLL ,)",j'" L1o'\ q}LLR: Rll''UR11'U.Vi 11fi'Yi1 n

-na"f11 'Yl'V\11nR1tJLilou-a-u.f-uani'Yli ""hLL\o'\1-t"


..... .... I VI .. I I .,., 111 ... • I '1.¥.... I
1lfi1Yi11tlft'Uflel Lu 'UEltJfl1 "'Yl'Yl\o'\11L-n1LL'n1fiLL'lf"fi';)Tl11'Yl1"fi11LlJEl" na LYiL fitlfl11lJ1'U11tJ
I .......... A I ... 'I .. 111 111 0
1:'!\11" fl.fl. 235-284 L';l,-EJ'U -n1tl11"

tl1LL1o'll.t"fn1'Yi11fl 26 11!..1 L 1-udiiL

l -u na"'n\o'\11it-u (Legion) 1l1 n na"'Yl'Yi111Y "'l'lJ1LU'U na"'Yl'Yi

fuf1" 'Yi1

-n1 'Yi1nullvTYi L'V\qJ 'J il"n11,rou

1:tJ:L1R1.U1-u D11fllJ1
,.:. .k _, .. · ..l VI •'4 ..!' • ...... "" ...., 111 .k ..!" ..... ....,
fi11lJL'YilJlJ1fi-n'U L2J Ltl flel
..... \1.,1 ..l .k \1.,1
fl1LEJ" LU\Jfl1LL'V\'U"'Yl1"fi11LlJEl;1'Yl\J "-n'U_ LlJ
I 0 I A

't ...., ...., •'4 1. .. ..


L'URlJtJ-nD"1lfi1'Yi11fl Ltl ElflRL1ftJ'U (Diocletian, fl.fl • .284- 305) Lu'Ufi1Yfl1tJ'Yl'Yl1 "lJEl1'U11l
!"I ...., "".-..l .. o

'Yl1 "11'U11lJ
o , I' ....... I ...., A .,1 A I !"I A ....,
. D1'U11llJ1 L 'Yl1 2 1l1fl fla fl:1-u

flfiLLR:fl:1'UDDn
..... 'I
L'U fl. fl. 286
1"u1fl
I I 0 I ..... ... 111 I .. 0
,_,fl1LL'V\'U"L 1tJfi11
I, .. I

· Li1-ulfllDfliL=AtJ-u1Jnfl1D"

· 'Yl1"1l1flfl:1-uaDn 11uflo 1fltJLcDtl1LL\o'\'ll-31.iun11 ;'.D'1f

60 HI103

• •
!"I • _, A1 _, _, ... • ... I
I _, AA ...
1111491:1'\.Ulelnli-.JfelL1tJn11 (Byzantine Empire)
.... .... A1 .... .... .... fit .... 1 fit
fl.fl. 395 fltJLflfl1!1fl

.Yh1 nflfl11liLLfl nfi1-\l.rf-\I'Y11-\In11Liia

.,. .d !'I .., "" aA "" .. 1..1'. .., A1 .., .., ,!


fl.fl. 410 111\.L

(Ravenna)

fl.fl. 451

lu1 \.LLLfl1141 1" fl.fl. 452

') 'Y11-\11l1flL'V\\1a 1111

1\.Lfn1111fl1 fl.fl. 476 1aflaL'lfaf (Odoacer)

'i1'V\oU1a\.L11tJ-.Jf\.L fie

(Romulus Augustulus)
....
91:1\.Lflfil

-=- -=1 ..
fUlft11JJH1111tiUfl 2

HI 103 61

t J
1.
.....
1. UYf'n"JL,-tJ'U
)

2. L,..1EJEJlfl
......
3.
.
4. LIJ1EJ"f1J

2. ·

1. 1
2.

LLlJn'U1 fl1"ffl1
..
...
4.

3.

1. 1 "ft.J
2. 'nit.JLEJL

3.
• .. 1 a
4. 'n1uEJLlJ"fn1

62 HI-103

{
'
.el
UYIYI 1

- <Ill &I
n•n11llft1111ti'Utl 1
" '
'V\3J1llfl11lrl1LLllu1, R1 flfl113JL .:I:JJ1 n
LLllJ1l t .Yht 1

, 1L niaouL nLL:a.IJ1 'ou,L{.Yh t w71.:!

.,

1. 'Yl'UVh 1

... 'I

.... Atle'IJj A
2. fl'UEltJ fl3Jfl11lJL"lfEI
'I
I
A
I
A !"I 1 ""' 1 o 'I
'Y11 L'V\lJfi17
Lnuf L l:a.lt U1LtJElll

3. 'Yl'Ui .:lfl1.:1 6) flEI3J1


. ... 'I ...1
24 fl1 LLa:: L'U'YlLlfl LfiLblJ.:!Lu'U 2
VI"' I !"I tl A
1::b1l'Yl flEI
... .... A 1:JJflfl
...

1. !
2.
3.

4. !l
5.

6. !1

Hl;l03 63

l
-
.I
UYitl 2

tltfl11lltl1111fJUtl 1
...
. 1f11LtUJL1tJ'Ullf£ifl11lJL L'U 1'lliE1'U1f11Dih.Jf1 LVi11:1J11'tLliL1U'UL .

-
tlttl11lltl1111fJUtl 2 ...
lw 2,400 tlE1'Ufl;ft'ftn1a Vi1:Lf1

') L'Ji1lJ1

1J

tl11U1:aijUNDftlfJUtl

1.

2• .ijD.
3. -un
4.
5• .ijfi

UtiYI 3
..
- ... .I
tltfl11lltl1111fJUtl 1

,;, ua:
.. A ..1 ....- · I I _, e ..t' 'l .. J e ..!' al ..!' .. A_, ..I
L'1 LttftftE)fl UJ
l
-
t _, I A .. I A., J\1
Lfl1 L1t1n111:uufltu11Ju LfltJ

tlttl11lltl1111fJUtl 2
...
(Direct Democracy) 1

nft11flE1 u;"',, ·

(
64 HI103

f I j
/"',,

ft11t11:1iJ'UNtnlltltJYI

1. 1

2. g
3.

..d
1Jtltl 4
.._ &I .I
ft\lft111.Jft1111ti'Utl 1

.._ &I .I
ft\lft111.Jft1111ti'Utl 2

1a1 21 tlrla'"fl1a-fln1a 11'"n" fl.fl. 1ao

-• -
ft11u1:11.J'UNDtlltltJYI ,
1. 2
2. 1
3. 1

HI 103 65
66 Hll03

I I
- - ......
: 111_,n11VUJVf;J1nfl, 2522.
;lee-u &11r.ti11JJfl:1,.,,.n n1nua:111l''U. w1:oufl1 : 11
..
ff1ft'fl1' 2508.
-
... ... ... ...
lflll1 WflnM-
... ..
u1:1flt1Uffl1qfl1U11&U.
-• U'llll
W1:'Ufl1 :
... - 2513.

-D1ulri. w1:oufl1 : 1_1

2520.

ft'll\l1m. t11:liifi1D'Ritn1r.ti11JJ ·w1:-ufl1


11 2514.

Burns, McNall Edward. Western Civilization. Their History and Their Culture. 6th ed. New
York : W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1963.
Mazour, G. Anatole, People M. John. A World History Men and Nadons. 2nd ed. New York
: Harcourt Brace Javanovich, Inc.
McNeill, H. William. World History. London : Oxford University Press, 1967.
Stavrianes, L.S. The World to 1500. A Global History. 2nd ed. New Jersey : Printon-Hall,
Inc., 1975.
Well, H.G. The Outline of History. Gorder City Publishing Company, Inc., 1931.

HI 103 67

..

You might also like