HowtoReadHumanNature 10290280

H O W TO READ
H U M A N N A T UR E '
ITS INNER STATES AN D

O UTE R FO RM S
By WILLIAM WAL' E R AT' IN SO N
W IT H N U M E R O U S I L L U S T R ATIO N S
L . N . FO W L E R CO .
7, Imp e r ial A rcad e . L u d g a t e Circ u s

Lo nd o n. E . C .. E ng la nd
1916
T H E E LI' AB ET H T O WN E CO .
H O L YO ' E , M A S S .
C O NT E NT S
Chap t e r Page
I . Inner State and O uter 9
II . The I nner Phas e ' Character . 29
III . The O uter Form ' Personality . 38
IV . Th e Temperaments 47
V . The Menta l Qualities 68
VI . The E goistic Qualities 76
VII . T h e Motive Q ualities 81
VIII . T h e V itative Q ualities 89
IX . T h e E motive Q ualities 93
X . The A pplicative Qua l ities 1 00
XI . The M o d ifi c at iv e Qualities 10 7
X II . The R elative Qualities 1 14
X III . The Perceptive Qualities 122
X IV . The R eflective Qualities 1 39
XV . The R eligi o Moral Qu alities

-
. . 148
' VI . Faces 156
X VII . Chins and Mouths 169
XVIII . E yes E ars and N oses

, ,
1 77
XIX . Miscellaneous Signs 186
CH A PT E R I
I NN E R ST A T E AN D OU T E R F O R M
Human Nature i s a term mo st fr e
q uentl y us ed and yet but little und e rsto od .
The a v erage p erson kn ows in a genera l way

what h e and others mean when this term is
employed but v ery few are ab le to give an
,
o ff hand defin ition o f the term o r to state

-
what in their opinion constitutes the real e s

sence of the thought expres sed by the famil
iar phras e We are o f the Opinion that the
.
first ste p in the pro ces s o f correct under

standing o f any subj ect is that of acquaint
ance wit h its principal terms and s o we , , ,
shall begin o u r consideration of the subj ect

of Hum an Nature by an examination o f the
term used t o expres s t h e idea it self .
“ ” “
Human of cours e means of or per
, ,
”
taining to man o r ma nk ind Therefore.
,
Human Nature means the nat u r e of man or

“ ”
mankind . Nature in this usage means
, ,
“
The natural disposition o f mind of any p er
s on ; temper ; pers onal character ; indi vidual
9
10 HU M A N NA T URE
constitution ; the peculiar menta l character

is t ic s and attributes which s erve to distin
”
guish one p erso n from another .
Thu s we s ee that the es s ence o f the natu r e

of men or of a p articular human being is
, ,
the mind the mental q ualities c h ar ac t e r is

, ,
tics p rop erties and attributes

,
Human .
Nature is then a ph a s e o f p sycho l ogy and

subj ect to the laws principles and meth
,
ods of study examination and consideration

,
of that particula r branch of s cience .
But while the general subj ect o f p sycholo g y

includes th e consideration of the inner work
ings o f the mind th e p ro ces ses of thought
, ,
the nature o f feeling and the Op eration o f

,
th e will the s pecial subj ect of Human Na

,
ture i s concerned only with the que s tion o f

ch aracter , dispo sition temp erament p e r
, ,
s onal attributes etc of the individual s mak

,
.
,
ing up the race o f man Psychol ogy is gen .
eral —Human Nature is particula r Psychol .
o g y i s mo re or les s ab stract — Human Nature
i s concrete .Psycholo g y deals wi th laws ,
caus es and p rinciple s — Human Nature deal s

with e ffects manifestations and ex p res sion s
, ,
.
Hum an Nature expres ses itself in two gen

INN ER S T A T E A N D OUT ER FOR M 11
era l phases i e ( 1 ) the phase o f I nner

,
. .
,
States ; and ( 2 ) the phas e o f O uter Forms .
Thes e two pha s es however are no t s eparate

, ,
o r Oppo sed to each other but are c o mp l e me n

,
tary a spects o f the same thing There is al

.
ways an action and reaction between the I n

—
ner State and the O uter Form between the
Inner Feeling and the O uter E x p res sion I f .
we know the particular I nner State we may

infer the appropriate O uter Form ; and if we
know the O uter Fo rm we may infer the I n
ner State .
That the Inner State a ffects the O uter

Form is a fact generally ac knowledged by
men fo r it is in strict accordance with the
,
general experience of the race We know .
that certain mental states will result in im

parting to the countenance certain line s and
expres sions appropriate thereto ; certain p e
c u l iar it i e s O f carriage and manner voice and
,
demeano r The facia l characteristics man

.
,
ner walk voice and gestures o f the miser will

, ,
be recognized a s entirely different from that

o f the generous p er so n ; tho se o f the coward
di ffer materially from tho se o f t h e brave

man ; thos e of the vain are distinguished fro m
tho s e o f the mo d e s t We k now that certa i n

.
menta l attitude s will p roduce the corresp ond

ing p hys i cal ex pr e s s ions o f a s mile a frown , ,
an Op en hand a clenched fist an erect S pine

, ,
o r b owed shou l ders res p ectiv ely We a l so

, .
k now that certain feelings wil l caus e th e eye

to sparkle o r g row dim the voice to b ecome ,
resonant and p o sitiv e o r to b ecome husky and

weak ; according to t h e nature o f the fee l ings .
“
Prof Wm James says
. . What k ind o f
emotion o f fea r woul d be l eft if the feeling
neither o f trembling lip s no r o f wea k ened
limbs neither o f goo s e fl e sh nor of visceral
,
-
s tirrings were p res ent it i s quite impo s sible

, ,
fo r m e t o think Can o ne fanc y the state o f

.
rage and p icture no ebullition in the chest no ,
flushing o f the face no dilation o f the no stri l s

, ,
no clenching o f the teeth n o impu l se to v igor ,
o u s action b ut i n t h eir stead limp mu s c l e s

, ,
”
calm b reathing and a pl ac i d face ?
,
“
P r of H allec k s ay s
. All t h e emotions
h ave wel l d e fine d muscular expre s sion Da r
-
.
w m has written an excellent work entitled ,
T h e E xp r e s s io n o f t h e E mo t io ns in M an and
A nimals , to which students must refer for a
detailed account of such expres sion . A v ery
INN ER S TA T E A N D O U T ER F O R M 13
f ew examples must su ffice here I n all the ex .
hil ar at ing emotions the eyebrows the eye

, ,
lid s the no strils and the angles of the mouth

, ,
are raised I n the depres sing p assions it i s

.
the reverse This general s tatement convey s

.
s o much truth that a careful ob s erv er can

,
r ead a l arge part of the history o f a human

b e ing written i n the face F o r this reas o n
.
many p hreno l o g ist s have w i sely turned phys

i o g no mis t s .G rief i s ex p res sed by raising
the inner ends o f the eyebrows drawin g ,
down the corners o f t h e mouth and trans

'
v e rs el y wrinkling the middle part o f the fore
head I n Terra del Fuego a p arty o f na

.
,
t iv e s conv eyed t o Darw i n the id ea that a cer

tain man w as l ow spi rited b y pulling down
-
,
the i r chee k s i n order t o make their face s

l on g Joy is expres sed by drawing b ack
.
ward and upward the corners o f the mouth .
The uppe r l ip ris es and draws the cheeks u pi

ward fo rming wrinkles under the eyes
, T he .
ele v ation o f the upper lip and the n o stril s e x

pres se s contempt A skillful ob s erver can
.
frequently tell if one p ers on admires another .
I n this ca se the eyebrows are raised d is cl o s ,
ing a brightening eye and a relaxed expres

s ion ; s ometime s a gentle smile plays abou t
the mouth Blushing i s merely the phys i cal

.
expres sion of certain emotions We noti c e .
the expres sion o f emotion more in the c o u nt e

nance b ecaus e the effects are there more
,
plainl y v isible ; but the musc l es of the entire

b ody the vital organ s and the vis cera are
, , ,
als o v ehicles of expres sion .
Thes e things need but a mention in order

to b e recognized and a dm itted This is the .
ac t i o n o f th e I nner upon the O ute r There

.
i s however a r e ac t io n o f the O uter u p on the

, ,
I nner which while equally true i s not s o gen

,
e r al ly recognized n or a d mitted and we think

,
i t well t o briefly call your attention t o the

same for the reason that this correspondence
,
b etween the I nner and the O uter —thi s r e ao

t io n a s well a s the ac t i o n —must be app r e
c iat e d i n order that th e entire meaning and
—
content of the subj ect o f Human Nature may

b e fully grasped .
That the r e ac ti o n o f the O uter F orm up on

the Inner State may b e understood we a sk ,
y ou to consider t h e following opinions of

well known and accepted authoritie s o f the
-
New Psych olo g y regarding the established

,
fact that a p hy s ic al e xp r e s s io n r el at e d t o a
INN E R S TA T E A ND O U T E R F O R M 15
m e n t al s t at e , wil l, if v o lu nt ari ly in d u c e d ,
t e nd t o in t u r n ind u c e t h e men t al s t at e ap
p p i at e
r o r t o it
We have used these quota
.
tions in other b o ok s o f thi s series but wil l ,
inser t them here in this place becaus e they

have a direct bearing up o n the particular sub
j c e t b efore us and b ecau se they furnish di
,
rect and unquestioned authority for the

statement s j ust made by us We ask y o u to .
consider them carefully f o r they expres s a ,
most imp ortant truth .
Prof Halleck says

. By in ducing an ex
pres sion we can often caus e its allied emo
tion . A ctors have frequently testi
fi e d to the fact that emotion will arise if they
go through the appropriate muscular move
ments I n talking t o a character o n the stage
.
,
if they clench the fist and fro wn they often ,
find themselves becoming really angry ; if

they start with counterfeit laughter they find ,
themsel v es growing cheerful A G erman .
profes s o r says that he cannot walk with a

schoolgirl s mincing step and air without
’
”
feeling frivolous .
“
Prof Wm Jame s says '
. . Whistling to
k eep up courage i s no mere figure o f speech .
16 H U M A N NA T URE
O n the other ha n d sit all day in a mo p ing

,
p o sture sigh and reply to everything with

, ,
a dismal voice and your melancholy lingers

,
.
I f we wi sh to conquer u ndesirable emotional

tendencie s i n oursel v e s we must a s s i duous l y
, ,
and in the first instance coldbloodedly go ,
throu g h the o u t ward mo o e men t s o f tho se c o n

'
t r ary dispo sition s which we wish t o cult i vate .
Smo oth the brow b righten the eye contract

, ,
t h e d o r s al rather than the v entral a spe c t O f

fl
the frame and sp eak in a maj or key pa s s the

, ,
genial compliment and your heart must in ,

”
deed b e fri gi d if it does not gradually thaw .
“
Dr Wo o d Hutchinson s ays '
. T o what,
extent mus cu l a r contraction s condition e mo

.
tion s a s Prof James has suggested may be

,
.
,
easily tested by a quaint and simpl e l ittle ex

p e r iment upon a group o f the smallest v o lu n
tary mus cles o f the b ody tho s e that move ,
the eyeb all Choo s e s ome t i me when you are

.
s itting quietly in your room free from al l ,
di sturbing influences Then s tand up and .

,
a s suming an easy p o sition ca s t the eye s u p ,
ward and hold them in that p o sition for

thirty s econds I nstantly and i nv oluntari ly
.
you will b e consciou s o f a t en dency towar d

IN N ER S TA T E A N D O U T ER F O RM 17
reverential devotional contemplative ideas

, ,
and thoughts Then turn the eyes sideways

.
,
glancin g directly to the right o r t o the left ,
through half clo sed l ids Withi n thirty s ec

-
.
o nd s images of suspicion of uneasines s , o r o f

,
dislike will ris e unbidden to the mind Turn .
the eyes o n o n e S ide and slightly downward ,
and suggestions o f j ealousy o r coquetry will

be apt to spring unbidden Direct your gaze .
downward toward the floo r and y o u are ,
l ikely to go o ff into a fit o f reverie o r ab

s t r ac t io n .
Prof Maudsl ey says

. The specific mus
c u l ar action is not merely an exp onent o f pa s
sion but truly an essential part o f it I f we
, . .
try while the features are fixed in the expre s

S ion of o ne p assion to call up in the mind a
d i ff erent one we shall find it im p o ssible to d o
,
”
so .
We state the fact of the r e ac t io n o f the

O uter upon the Inner with its supporting
,
quotations from the authorities n o t fo r the ,
purpo se o f instructing our readers in the art

of training the emo tions by means o f the
physical for while th is subj ect is highly im
,
p ortant it forms no part of the p articular

,
subj ect under o u r present consideration —but

that the student may realize the clo se rela
t io n s h ip existing betwee n the I nner State and
the O uter Form Thes e two e l ements o r
.
pha s es in their constant a ct i on and reaction

, ,
manifest the phenomen a o f Human Nature ,
and a knowledge o f each and both giv e t o us

,
the key which will Op en f o r us the doo r o f the

understanding o f Huma n Nature .
L e t us now call your attention to an i l lus

t r at io n which embodies b oth principles —that
o f the I nner and th e O uter —and the action
and rea ction b etween them as gi ven b y that

,
'
master o f subtle ratiocination E dga r All a n

,
“
Po e P o e in his story The Purloined L e t
.
”
t er te l ls o f a b oy at scho ol who attained
great proficiency in the game o f even o r
”
odd in which o ne player strives to g u es s
whether the marbles held in th e hand o f h i s
Opp onent are o d d o r even The boy s pl a n
.
’
was to gauge the intelligence of his Opponent

regarding th e matter of making changes and ,
“
a s Po e s ays ' thi s l ay i n mere Ob servation
and admea surement of th e astutenes s o f his
”
opponents . Po e describes the proces s as fo l
“
l ows ' Fo r exampl e an arrant S impl eton is
,
s tup id o r how good o r how wicked i s any o ne

, , ,
o r what are his thoughts at the moment I ,
f as hi o n t h e exp r e s s io n of my f ac e as ac c u l ,
-
r at e ly as p o s s ib l e in ac c o r d anc e wit h t h e ex
p r e s s ion o f his , and t h e n w ai t t o s ee w h at

t h o ug h t s o r s en t i me nt s aris e in my mind or
_
h e ar t , as if t o m at c h o r c o r r es p o nd wi t h t h e
’
e xp r e s s io nThi s respons e o f the s chool b oy
.
lies at th e b o ttom of all the spurious p ro

fu nd it y which ha s been attributed to R o che
foucauld to L a B o u gi v e to Machiavelli and
, , ,
”
'
t o Campanella .
I n this consideration of Hum an Nature w e

shall have much to say about the O uter Form .
B ut we must a sk the reader t o a lways remem

b er that the O uter Form is al w ays the expres
s ion and manifestation o f th e I nner State be ,
tha t I nner State latent and dormant within

the depth s of the sub cons cious mentality or ,
el s e active and dyn amic in conscious ex p res

s i on Just a s Prof Jame s s o strongly in
. .
si sts we cannot i ma g ine an inner feeling o r

,
emotion wi thout its corresp ondin g outward

physica l expres sion s o i s it imp o s sible t o
,
imagine the outward expressions generally

a s sociated with a particular feelin g or emo
INN E R S T AT E A N D O U T E R F O R M 21
tion w i thout its corresponding inner state .
Whether o r not o ne of these the outer or in

,
ner is the c au s e o f th e other —and if s o w hic h

, ,
o n e i s the cause and which the effect —need
not concern us here I n fact it would seem

.
,
more rea sonable t o accept the theory tha t

they are correlated and appea r S imultane
o u s ly . Many careful thinkers have held that
action and reaction are practically the sam e
thing —merely the Oppo site phases of the ~
same fact I f this be so then indeed when

.
,
we are studying the O uter Form of Human

Nature we are studying p sychology just a s
much a s when we are s tudying the I nner
State s Prof Wm James in his works upon
. . .
p sychology insist s up on the relevancy o f the

consideration o f the outward express i ons of
the inn er feeling and emotion a s we have ,
s een The same authority S peaks even more

.
emphatically upon this phas e o f the subj ect ,
as fo l lows
T he feeling in the c oars er emotions r e v

, ,
-
s ul t s from the bodily expres sion .
M y theory 1 s that the bodily changes fo l low '

d i rectly the perception o f the exciting fa ct ,
and tha t our feeling o f the same changes as t

22 H UM A N NA TU RE
they occur is t h e emotion P ar t icu

.
lar perceptions certainly do p roduce wide

sprea d b odily effects by a s ort o f immediate
‘
physical influence antecedent to t h e ar o u s al

,
of an emotion or emotional idea .
E very o n e of the bodily changes whatsoev er ,
it may be i s f e l t acutely or ob scurely the

, , ,
moment it occur s . I f we fancy s o me .
strong emotion and then try t o ab stract

,
,
from o u r consciousnes s o f it all the feelings

of it s bodily sym ptoms we have nothing left ;
,
b ehind . A disembodied human emo

tion is a sheer nonentity I do no t say that
.
it is a contradiction in the nature o f things ,
o r that pure S pirits are n ecess arily c on

d emne d t o cold intellectual lives ; but I s ay
that for u s emotion disa s s ociated from a l l
bodily feeling is inconceivable The more .
clo s ely I s crutinize my states the more per ,
‘
s u ad e d I become that whatever coars e af ’
fe c t io n s and p a ssions I have are in very truth

constituted by and made up of tho se bodily
, ,
changes which we ordinarily call their ex

pres sion or c o ns equence . B u t ou r
emotions must always b e inw ar d ly what they
are whatever may be the physio l og i cal
,
INN E R S TA T E A ND O U T ER F OR M 23
ground of their apparition I f they are deep .

,
pure worthy spiritual facts on any con

, ,
c e iv ab l e theory of their physiological s ource ,
they remain no les s deep pure spiritual and , , ,
worthy o f regard on this pres ent sensationa l

”
theo ry .
' ay says Does the mind o r spirit of

man whatever it may be in it s actings in
, ,
and through the b o dy leave a material im

,
pres sion or trace in its structure o f e v e rv

con scio us action it performs which re mains ,
p ermanently fixed and forms a material

,
record of all that it ha s done in the body to ,
which it can afterward refer a s to a book and

recall to mind making it again a s it were
, , ,
present t o it ? We find nature every

wher e around us recording its movements
and marking the changes it ha s undergone
in material forms —in the crus t o f the earth
, ,
the compo sition o f the rocks the structure o f ,
the tr ees t h e conformation of o u r bodies

, ,
and tho se spirits o f ours s o clo sely connected

,
with o u r material b odies that s o far as we ,
know they can think no thought perform no

, ,
a c tion with o ut their p resence and c O opera

,
-
ti on may have been s o j oined in order to p re

,
s e r ve a material and la sting re co rd of all that

they think and do .
“
Mar sh says E very human movement
'
every organic act every volition pas sion o r

, , ,
emotion every intellectu al process is acc o m

, ,
”
p anie d with atomi c disturbance Pi c ton .
“
says ' The s oul n ever doe s one single action
by itself apart from s ome excitement of bod
“
ily tis sue E mers on says ' The rolling rock
l eave s it s s cratches o n the mountain ; the
river its channel in the soil ; the an ima l it s
bones in the stratum ; the fern and leaf their
modest epitaph in the coal The falling drop .
makes its s culpture in the sand o r stone .
The ground i s all memorand a and

signatures and every obj ect covered over
,
with hint s which speak t o the intelligent I n .
”
nature this s elf re gi stration is inces sant
-
.
Morell s ays '

The mind depends for the
manifestation o f a l l its activities upon a ma
” “
t e r ial organism Bain s ays
. The organ
of the mind i s not the brain by itse l f ; it is the
brain nerve muscles organs o f s ens e vis
, , , ,
cera . I t i s uncertain how far even

thought reminiscence o r t he emotion s of the
, ,
p a s t and ab s ent coul d be su s tained without

INN ER S TA T E AN D O U T E R FOR M 25
the more distant communication between the

”
brain and the rest of the body And thus
.
, ,
as we consider the subj ect carefully w e see

tha t p sychology is a s mu c h concerned wi th
the physical manifestations o f the mental im
pulses and states as with the metaphy sical
—
a sp ect o f tho e states as much with the
s
O uter Form as with the Inner Stat e —for it is

practically impo s sible to permanently sep
arate them .
A S an illustration of the physica l aecom

p animm t o r O uter Form of the p sychical
,
feeling o r I nner State the following quota

,
“
tion fro m Darwin s O ri g in o f the E mo
’
”
tions wil l well s erve the purp o s e
,
“
Fear is often p receded b y a stonishment ,
and is so far akin to it that b oth lead t o the

s ens es of s i ght and hea ring being instantly
aroused I n both cas es the eyes and mouth
.
are wide l y opened and the eyebrow s raised .
The frightened man at firs t stands like a

statue motionless and breathles s o r crouches
, ,
down as if instinctively t o escape obs erva

tion The heart beats quickly and viol ently
.
,
s o that it palpitates or knock s against the

ribs ; but it is very doubtful if it then work s
26 H U M A N NA TU RE
more e ffi ciently than usua l s o a s to s en d a

,
greater supply o f blo o d to a ll p art s o f the

body ; for the skin instantly become s pale a s
durin g incipient faintnes s This palenes s o f
.
the surface however is probably in large

, ,
part o r is exclu sive l y due to the v a so moto r

, ,
-
centre b eing afi e c t e d in such a manner a s to

caus e the contraction o f the small a rt eries o f
the skin . That the skin i s mu ch afi e c t e d
under the s ense o f great fea r , we see in the
marvelou s manner in which p erspiration 1 m
mediately exudes from it This exudation i s
.
all the more remarkable a s the surface is

,
then cold and hence the term a cold s weat ;

, ,
wherea s the su d o rifi c gland s ar e properly

excited into action when the surface i s heated .
The hair s al so on the skin stand erect and ,
the sup erficial muscl es shiv er I n connection .
with the disturb e d action o f the heart t h e .
b reathing i s hurried The s alivary gl ands

.
a ct imp erfectly ; the mouth b ecome s dry and

i s ofte n Opened and S hut I have noticed
.
that under slight fear there i s a strong ten

den ey to yawn O ne o f the best marked
.
symptoms is the trembling o f all the musc l e s

of the b ody ; and this i s often s een in the lip s .
28 HU M A N NA TU RE
boldes t s o l d iers may b e s eized wit h a sudden

p anic .
I n conclusion let us say that j ust a s the

,
abo v e striking des c rip tion o f the master

sc i entist Darwin shows us that the p ar t icu
, ,
lar emotion has its outer m anifestations

the p articular I nner State its O uter Form
s o h as the general c h ar ac t e r of the p erson its
outer manifestation and O ute r F orm And

, .
,
j ust as to the eye of the experienced ob server

at a distance ( even i n th e cas e o f a photo
‘
graphic rep res entation p arti c ularly in the

,
ca se o f a moving picture ) ma y re c ognize the

Inner State from the O uter Fo rm o f the feel
ing o r e mot i on s o may the exp erienced
,
character reader interpret the who l e char

acter o f the p erson from th e O uter F orm
thereo f The two inter p retation s are b a sed
.
o n e x act l y the s am e genera l principle s T he

.
inner thought and feeling manifest in the

outer p hys i cal form H e wh o l earns the al
.
p h a b e t o f O uter Fo rm may read p age after

page of the book o f Human Nature .
CH A PT ER II
TH E I NN E R PHA S E CH A R A CT E R
“
D o y ou k now what character is ? The
word i tself in it s derivation and Original
,
usage means
,
a stamp mark o r S i g n e n , ,
”
gr aved o r stamped A s time pas sed the
.
term w as a pplied to the p ersonal p eculiarities

“
o f i ndiv iduals and wa s defined as '
,
the per
sonal qualitie s or attributes of a pers on ; the
distin g uishing traits o f a person L ater the .
“
term wa s extended to mean ' the p art e n
”
ac ted b y anyone in a play I n the common .
u sage o f the term we s eek t o convey an idea in

which each and a l l o f the ab ove stated mean
ings are combined A man s character i s the
.
’
result o f imp r es s io ns made upon h is o w n

mind o r tho s e of the race I t is al s o the
, .
sum o f his p ersona l qualities and attributes .
I t is a l so in a sense the part he pl ays in the

, ,
g reat drama o f life .
E ach man s character has it s inn er phas e

’
consisting o f the accumulated impressions of

the pa st which s eek t o manifes t in the pre s
ent A nd l ikewise the character o f each
.
, ,
29
man manifest s in an outer pha s e o f form ,
mark and stamp of p e r s o nality There are

, .
no two characters precisely alike There i s .
an infinite p o s sibility of combination of the

elements that go to make up ch aracter This .
is accordance with what app ears to be a uni

versal l aw o f nature for there are no two
,
b l ades o f gras s exactly alike nor t w o grain s

,
o f sand bearing an exact res emblance to each
other Nature s eems to seek after and to

.
manife s t variety o f form and quality But .

,
still j ust a s we may clas sify all things ani

, ,
mate and inanimate into general cla s ses and

,
then into subordinate ones —each genus and

each species having its particular character
i s t ic s qualities and attributes s o we may and
, , ,
do cla s sify human character into general

,
cla s s es and then into particular subdivisions

into which each individu al is found t o fit .
This fact makes it po s sible for u s t o study

Human Nature a s a s cience .
The character of each individual is held to

be the result of the impres sion s made U pon
the plastic material of the m ind either in the
,
form of pa st impres sions up on his ancestors

o r of pa st impres sions received by the indi
TH E INN E R P H AS E ' C H ARA CT ER 31
v idual The past impres sion s reac h h i m

through the channel o f heredity, while the
personal impres sions come to h im through
environment B ut b y heredity we d o not
.
mean the transmis sion o f the pers onal char

ac t e r is t ic s o f one s parents o r even grand
’
p arents but s omething far dee p er and

,
broader We b elieve that one inher i ts far

.
les s o f the qualities o f one s p arent s than is

’
genera l ly believed . But we b elieve that

,
much that goe s t o make up o u r character i s

derived from the a s so ciated qualities and im
pres sions o f many generations of ancestors .
I nasmuch a s each individual conta i n s wi thin

him the transmitted qualities o f near l y every
ind iv i dual who lived s everal thousand years
ago i t may be said that each individual is
,
an h e i r t o the accumulated impres s i ons of t h e

r ace which h owever form in an i nfini te
,
var i ety of combinations the resu l t b eing that

,
altho ugh the root o f the race is the s ame yet

eac h individual di ff ers in combinat i on from
eac h other individual A s L uther B urb an k
.
“
h as s a i d ' Heredity mean s much b ut what
,
i s h eredity ? Not some hideous ance s tra l

S p ecter , foreve r cro ssing the path of a human
being .Here dity is simply the sum o f all the '
e fi e c t s o f all t h e environments o f all past gen
o rations on the responsive e v er moving life -
”
forces .
The records of the past environment of

the race are stored away in the great region
o f the subconscious mentality from whence ,
they aris e in resp onse to the cal l of some at

tractive obj ect of thought o r p erception al ,
w ays h owever modified and restrained by

, ,
the opp o site characteristics A s Prof E lmer . .
“
G ates ha s said ' A t least ninety p er cent o f
our mental life i s sub cons cious I f y o u will
-
.
analyz e your mental op erations you will find

that conscious thinking i s never a continu
o u s line o f consciousnes s b u t a series o f c o n
,
scious data with great intervals o f s u b c o n

s c io u s n e s s We sit and try t o s olve a p rob
.
lem and fail We walk around try again and

.
,
fail Suddenly an ide a dawns that leads to

.
a s o l ution o f the problem The sub conscious

.
-
pro ces ses were at work We do not volition

.
ally create our o wn thinking I t takes place .
in us We are more o r les s passi v e recip

.
ie nt s . We cannot change t h e nature O f a

TH E INN E R P H AS E ' C H ARA CT ER 33
thought or O f a truth but we can as it were

, , , ,
”
guide the ship by a moving of the he lm .
But character is depe ndent upon race in

heritance only fo r its r aw m aterial s which ,
are t h en worked into shape b y the infl uence

o f env ironment and by the will o f the in di
vidual A man s environment i s to s ome ex

.
‘ ’
,
tent at lea st dependent upo n the will A man

, .
‘
may change his environment and by the u se ,
o f his will h e may overcome many inherited

“
tendenc i es A s H alleck well says ' Hered
.
ity is a powerfu l factor fo r it supplies raw

,
material fo r the wil l to shap e E ven the will .
cannot mak e anything without material Will .
acts through choice and some kinds of e u

,
v ir onme nt afi o r d far more opp ortunitie s for

choice than others Sha k espeare found in
.
L ondon the ge rm o f true theatrical ta s te al ,
ready v iv ifi e d b y a long line of miracle plays ,
moralitie s and interludes I n youth h e con .
n e c t e d himself with the theatre and h is wi l l ,
responded p owerfully t o his environment .
Some surroundings are rich in sugges tion ,
a ff ording O pportunity for choice while others ,
ar e poo r The w ill is ab solutely confined t o

.
a choice between alternatives Ch ar ac t e r .

34 H U M A N NAT URE
t h en, is f wi
a r e s u l t an t
ll po w eor h e r e d i ty ,
and envir onm e nt The modern tendency is

.
t o overestimate the e ffects o f hered ity and

environment in forming character ; but o n ,
t h e other hand we must not underestimate

,
them . The chi l d o f a Hottentot pu t in

Shakesp eare s home and afterward s ent
’
,
away to L ondon with him would never h ave ,
made a Shakesp eare ; for heredity wou l d not

have given the will suffi cient raw material
to fashion o v er into such a noble p ro duct .
We may als o suppo s e a ca se t o S how the g reat

power of environment Had a band o f gyp .
sie s stolen Shakespeare at bi rth carried him ,
t o Tartary and left him among the nomads

, ,
his environment would never have allowe d

him t o produce such plays a s he placed upon
”
th e E nglish S tage .
Many p ersons are reluctant t o admit the

effect of heredity up on character T hey seem .
to regard heredity a s the idea o f a monster

r uling the individual wit h an iron ha nd and ,
with an emphasis up on undesirabl e traits o f

character Such peopl e l os e sight o f the fact
.
that at the b est heredity merely supplies u s

with t h e r aw mater i a l of ch ara cter r ath er
the b es t surrounding s and example and s ee ,
the result R emember that in en vir o nment

.
,
i s included the influence o f other p erson s .
The effec t of énv ir o nment arises fro m Sug

gestion , ) that great moulding and creative
“
principle o f th e mind I t i s true that A S a
.
,
”
man thinketh , S O i s he b u t a man s thoughts
,
’
depend mater i a l ly u p on the as s o c iat io ns o f

environment experience and suggestion
, ,
.
“
A s ' iehen says ' We cannot th i nk as we will ,
b ut we must thin k as j us t tho s e a ss o ciation s

”
which happ en to b e p res ent prescribe .
B ut without going further i n to the q ues

,
tion o f the elements which go toward form

i ng character l et us take o u r p osition firmly
,
upon the fact that each individua l is stamped

with the impres s ion of a s p ecial character
a characte r all h is own E ach ha s hi s own.
c har ac t e r o r p art t o p lay in th e great dr ama
o f life The character o f s ome s eem s fix ed

and unchangeable while that o f others is s een
,
to b e i n the proces s o f change But in either .
ca s e each a n d ev ery ma n ha s his o wn char

acter o r manifestation o f Human Nature in ,
it s inne r and outer as p ects And each in .
dividua l whi l e i n a s ens e forming a s pecial

,
c la s s b h imsel f nevert heles s belon s to a

TH E INN E R P H AS E ' C H ARA CT E R 37
larger c l a s s which in turn is a part o f a still

,
larger and s o on
,
.
I nstead o f stud y ing the philos ophy o r

metaphysic s of chara cter o r even its general
,
p sychology let us in this particular volume

,
devote o u r attention t o the elements which

g o to form the character o f each and every
person s o that we may understand them
,
when we meet them in manifested form .
A nd let us learn the O uter Form which ao

company thes e I nner States .
U pon the stage o f L ife move b ackward

and forward many character s each having ,
his o r her o wn form manner and app earance

, ,
which like tho se o f the characters upon the

mimic stage may b e recognized if we w i ll
,
but b estow a lit t le care upon the subj ect The .
O thellos Hamlets Shylocks I ago s R ichards

, , , , ,
L ears and the res t are to b e found in every

,
day life The Micawbers

. Chuzzlewits , ,
Twists and the rest are i n a s fu l l evi d ence

‘
o n the streets and in th e O ffices a s in the ,
books The p ers on w h o i s abl e to read and

.
interpret Human Nature is po s ses s ed o f a

kn owledge far more useful t o him than that
contained within the covers of musty books
upon impractical subj ects .
CH A PT ER III
TH E O U T E R PH A SE ' PE RS O N AL I T Y
Just a s c h ar ac t e r is the inner p ha s e o f
Human Nature so is p e r s o nali t y it s Outer
,
pha se To many the two terms are s y no ny

.
mous but analysis will S how the shades o f

,
di fference between them A man s c h ar ac t e r .

’
i s his inner s elf while his p e rs o n ali ty is the

,
outward indication o f his self The word in .

,
“
this sense is defined a s ' That which con
,
s t it u t e s the p ersonal traits of a pers on as ,
his manner conduct habits appearance and

, , , ,
”
other ob servable p ersona l p eculiarities .
The word is derived from the L atin word ,
“
p e r s o n a
,
meaning a mask u sed by
,
play ao -
”
tors ,
which in turn wa s derived from the
“ ”
two words p e r meaning through ,
and ,
“ ” “
s o no meaning
,
to s ound o r combined to
, , ,
”
sound through A nd the derivation of the
.
term really gives us an idea o f it s inner

meaning fo r the p ers onality is really the
,
mask worn by the character and t hr o u g h ,
w h ic h i t s o u n d s sp ea ks or manifest s i tself
, , ,
“
Jeremy Taylor once s aid ' N 0 man can lon g
38
THE O U T E R P H A S E ' PER S O N AL I T Y 39
put o n p e rs o n and act a part but his ev i l man

ners will peep through the corners o f his
”
white robe . A rchbishop Trench once said
“
that the real me aning of the phra se G od is ,
”
no respecter o f p e rs o ns i s that the Almighty
cared nothing for what p ar t in life a p erson
plays but h o w he plays it The old time
, .
-
p lay actor wa s wont to a s sume a mask of the

-
features of the part he played just a s the ,

“ ”
modern actor make s up for the part and
walks speaks and acts in accordance there
,
with . Whether O r n o t the individual be

aware of the fact Nature furnishes to each
,
—
his mask o f p ersonality his p er s o na —b y
which thos e who u n derstand may recognize
the p art he plays o r his chara cter I n both
,
.
the inner c h arac t e r and the outer p e rs o nal

,
i t y each individual struts the stage o f life

,
and plays his part .
“ ”
The mask o r make up of personality
, ,
by which men may read each other s charac ’
ter i s evolved and developed from the in

,
s t in c t iv e physical expres sion a c companying
thought feeling and emotion Jus t as the

,
.
frown accompanying the feeling o f annoy

ance or anger will if rep eated sufficiently
,
often become fix ed upon the countenance of

,
the man so will all of his general thoughts

, ,
feelings and emotions register themselves in

his m anner gait tone Of voic e carriage and
, , ,
facial exp re s sion Moreover his inherited

.
,
tenden c ie s wil l show th emsel v es in the same

w ay .
Profes s or Wm James says regarding the

.
,
“
genesis of emotional reactions ' How come;
the various obj ect s which excite emotion to?
p roduce such special and di fferent b odily e f
’
-f
,
f e c t s ? This question was n o t asked till quite

recently but already some interesting sug
,
gestions toward answer i ng it have been

made Some movements o f expression can'
.
b e accounted for a s weakened repetition s o fl,

movements which formerly ( when they were ’
stronger ) were of utility t o the subj ect .

‘
O thers are similarly weakened rep etit i on s o f

movements which under othe r conditions were
physiologically neces sary concomitants of the
useful mo v ements O f th e l atter reactions the
.
,
respiratory disturbances in anger and fear

—
might b e ta k en a s examples organic r eminis
cences a s it were reve r berations in imagina
, ,
tion Of t h e blowings o f the man making a

TH E O U T ER P H A S E ' PERS O N AL I T Y 41
s eries ofcombative e fforts or the pantings ,
o f o n e in precipitate flight Such at least is

.
a suggestion made by Mr Spencer which ha s

.
found approval .
Herbert Sp encer s ays o n this subj ect

,
To ha v e in a slight degree such p sychical

states a s accompany the reception of wounds ,
and are exp erienced during flight is to be in ,
a state o f what we call fear And to have in .
a slight degree such p sychical states a s the

processes of catching killing and eating im
, ,
ply i s to have the desires to catch kill and

, ,
eat That the propensities t o the acts are

nothi ng else than na scent excitations o f the
p sychical state involved in the a c ts is proved ,
by the natural l anguage o f the propensities .
Fear when s trong expres ses itself in cries in

, , ,
e ff orts to escap e in palpitations in trem ,
blings ; and these are j ust the manifestation s

that go along wi th an actual suffering of the
evil feared The destru c tive pa s sion is shown
.
in a general tension o f the muscular sy s tem ,
in gna shing o f teet h and protrusion of the

claws in dilated eyes and no s tril s in growl s ;
,
and thes e are weaker forms of the actions

that a ccompany the killing of prey To s uch .
42 H UM A N NA T URE
obj ective evidences every o ne can add sub

j e c t iv e evidences E veryone can testify that
.
the p sychica l state called fear consist s of

menta l repres ent ations o f certain painfu l r e
s u l t s ; and that the o n e called anger consists
of mental repres entations of the actions and

impres sions which would occur while inflic t
”
ing some kind o f p ain .
Profes s or Wm James adds the fol l owing

.
“
t o the discus sion ' S o slight a symptom a s
the s n ar l o r sneer th e o ne sided uncovering
,
-
o f the upper t eeth is accounted for by Dar

,
win as a surviva l from the time when o u r

ancestor s had l arge canines and u nfl e sh e d
,
him ( a s dogs do now ) fo r attack Similarly

.
the raising of the eyebrows in outward at

tention the opening o f the mouth in a stonish
,
ment come according t o the same author

, , ,
from the utility of these movements in ex

treme ca s e s The raising o f the eyebr ows
.
goes wit h the Opening o f the eye fo r b etter

vi sion th e opening o f the mouth wi th the in
,
tens es t l istening and with the ra pi d catch

,
ing o f th e b reath which pre c edes muscula r

e ff ort
. The distension of the no stril s in
anger i s interpreted b y Spencer a s an ech o
tend to fix in the physica l organism the ex

“
pres sion as sociated wi th them A s thoughts .
take form in action s o habitua l mental

,
states tend t o register traces O f tho se actions .
A piece o f paper folded in a certain way sev

eral times shows plainly the marks on the fold
ing I n the same ma nner the crea ses in ou r
.
clothing sho es and glo v e s S how the marks

, ,
o f o u r personal physical form A habitual .
mental state o f cheerfulnes s is accompanied

by a frequent exercis e of the mus cle s exp res s
ing the phy s ica l s ign s of that feeling and ,
finally th e smile wrinkles are formed that a ll

may read them I n the same way the gloomy
.
,
p es simistic mental attitude produces the

marks and wrinkles showing the habit o f fr e
quent down turning o f the co rners o f o u r
-
mouths A habitual menta l attitude o f sus

.
p i c i o n will tend to impart the app earance o f

“ ”
the suspicious peering to our eyes The .
mental attitude of combativenes s will like

wis e give u s the traditional s et j aw and
tightly compres sed lips The mental attitude
.
of lack o f self respect wi ll show its elf in

-
o u r walk and so in the opp o site manner with

, ,
the men t al attitude of self respe c t People

-
.
TH E O UT E R P H A S E '
PER S O N AL I T Y 45
g ro w to wa l k t al k c ar ry t h emselv es and
, , ,
“
look like their habitual mental attitude .
‘
Dr A T S c h ofi el d s ays '
. . . He I S a dull
,
‘
s cholar it is said w h o c annot read a man s
,
’
,
’
character ev e n fr o m a back vie w R ound a .

’
statue Of the prince Con sort in E dinburgh

stand representative group s paying homage
to him I f you get a back vie w of any of
.
these you can s ee unconscious mind impres sed

on matter and c an tell at onc e the sailor or
,
s oldier p easan t or scholar o r workman

,
.
L ook at the b ody and face of a man when

the mind is gone L ook at t h e b ody o f a man
.
who has lost hi s s elf respect L ook at the -

.
b ody o f a thief of a s e t o f a mis er Compare

, , .
the face s and expres sions o f a philanthropist ,
o f a beggar of a policeman o f a scholar of

, , ,
a s ailor o f a law yer of a doctor o f a S hop

, , ,
walker o f a sandwich man of a farmer o f

, , ,
a successful manufacturer o f a nurse o f a , ,
refined g ir l of a servant of a b armaid o f a

, , ,
nun o f a ballet dancer of an art student

, , ,
and answer to yourself thes e two questions
First are these di fferent expres sions o f body

,
and face due essentially to p hy s ic al o r

s
p y c hi c al causes ? A nd secondly do thes e , ,
46 H U M A N N A T URE
p sychical causes act o n the facia l an d other

musc l es in cons ciousnes s o r out o f conscious
nes s The only p o s sible answers to thes e two
.
que stions leave us with this -fact were no,
other p ro of p o ssible that we each have

,
within us an unconscious p s y c hic al p ower

( here called the unconscious mind ) which has
su fficient force to act upon the b ody and di s
play p sychical conceptio n s through physica l
”
media .
I t is imp o s sible fo r us ( at leas t b y any o f

the five sens es ) to p eer into the mental cham
ber o f other men and there r ead the record
o f their c h ar ac t e r
,
o r to interpret the com
bination o f Human Nature therein moulded

and formed But nevertheles s we are no t
.
b alked in o u r desire for by learning t o inter

,
pret the outward sign s o f personality we may

arrive with a wonderful de g ree of succes s at
an understanding of the character mind o r , ,
Human Nature in others From the s een

.
O ut er we may deduce the unseen I nner We .
may discern the S hap e of that which i s con

c e al e d b y Ob s er v ing the form of the covering
,
which hides it from sight T h e b ody l ike the

.
,
“
fabled ve il of the goddes s c onceals b ut to
,
”
r ev e a l
.
C HA PT ER IV
TH E T E MPE RA M E NTS
The student of Human Nature so on dis
covers that among men a s among the ani ,
mal s there is to be O bs erved a great v ariety of

“ ” “
quality and various clas ses o f tem p era
,
”
ment . A mong cattle we notice great di ffer
e n c e s o f form which di ff erences ind i cate cer
tain qualities inherent in the b east C ertain .
qualities are recognized by their out w ard

form s a s being indicative of sturdines s stay ,
ing qualities strong vita l ity etc which ren

-
, ,
.
,
der their p o s ses s or valuable fo r draugh t

oxen O ther qualitie s indicate the value o f
.
another anima l for meat producing O thers .

,
the p roduction o f l arge quantities of milk .
O ther s prolific breeding And so on each

,
.
, ,
set of qualities being recognized by its o u t

ward form and being ta k en into consider a
tion b y breeder s In the same way breede r s
.
,
recognize certain qualities in hors es which

they take advantage o f in breeding fo r the
strength of draught horses ; the speed o f
thorou g hbred runner s and trotters ; th e d o cil
47
ity and gent l enes s of drivi ng horses and

saddle anim als The draught hors e and t h e
.
thoroughbred runn er o r trotter may be easily

disting uished by the eye of the average per
s on while it requires the eye of the expert
,
to distingu ish other point s and signs of qual

ity which p rove the existence of certain traits
O f temp erament in the animal T h e same i s
.
true in the ca se o f chickens and other fowl s .
Some types are a dapted for laying others for

,
meat purp o s es others for gamenes s etc

, ,
.
N o t only the physical qualities but als o the

temperamental trait s o f the bea s t o r bird ar e
distinguished by the exp ert and are taken
,
advantage of in breeding to develop and

evolve the indicated trait o r quality .
Nearly anyone may distin g u ish the tem

p e r ame nt al difi e r e nc e between the savage
dog and the a ffectionate o ne —between the
vicious hors e and the docile o n e We kn ow
at once that certain do gs may be appro ached
—
and o t her s k ept at a distance that certain
hors es are safe to ride or drive and that ,
others are unsafe and dangerous A visit to

.
a horse and cattle S how o r a poultry an d

,
pigeon exhibition will show e v en the mo st

,
TH E T E M P E RA M E NTS 49
skeptical person that I n n er States manifest

in O uter Form And a little further study
.
and O bs ervation will S how that what is true

o f thes e lower animals i s likewise true of the
human b eing Men like anim als m ay be in

.
, ,
t e l lig e nt ly and scientifically clas sified accord

“ ” “
ing to the general quality o r temp era
”
ment . While each individua l is different in
a way from every other individual ne v e r th e ,
les s each individual b elongs t o a certain clas s

,
and may b e labelled accordingly A few out.
ward signs will indicate his class and we ,
may confidently expect that he will manifest

the leading qualities of that p articular cla ss .
Q UAL I T Y
T he first cla s sifi c ation of the individual s
o f the human race is that of Q u ali t y Inde .
pendent o f the various temp eraments al ,
though in a way related t o them w e find t h e,
various degrees of Quality manifested by d if

“ ”
fe r e nt individual s . Quality may b e de
“ ”
fined as the degree O f finen es s .I t i s that
“ ”
which we call clas s in race hors es ; -
“ ” “ ”
breed in other anim al s and Often b loo d
in men and women Perhap s o ne may unde r
.
stand the clas sification better if he will reca ll

the differ ences apparent between the mongrel
“ ”
o u r and the highbred dog ; the scrub horse
and the thoroughbred ; the common cow and
the carefully bred A lderney o r other choice
variety ; the ordinary barnyard fowl and the
p rize winner at the poultry S how I t is an
-
.
intangible but real and readily reco gnized

difference which however i s almo s t imp o s
,
sible to convey by words .
Men and women o f the highest Q u ali ty are

es sentially fi ne grained pos s es sed o f fine
-
,
feelings refined n atures high tastes and

, , ,
manifes t the sign s o f t ru e n at u r al r efi ne

ment and culture which cannot be s ucces s
,
fully imitated by tho s e who have acquired

merely the artificial manner and the outward
p olish O ne may p os ses s Quality in a high
.
degree and still b e ignorant o f the forms and

“ ”
little manner s of S O called polite s o ciety
-
,
“
and yet wi ll b e recognized a s o ne o f Na
” “
ture s noblemen
’
and a s a natural gentle
,
”
man .
Descending the s cale we find les sening de

grees of the ma nifestation o f Qua l ity unti l , ,
fi nall y we reach the lowes t degree of the

”
in the p ar l or These individua l s howeve r ,
.
,
find it much ea sier to des cend t o their own

level than it i s fo r the high Quality indi
,
vidu al s t o as cend to theirs The coars e man

.
finds b u t l it t le t r o u b l e in meeting wi th b oon

com p anions whos e tastes are harmon i ous t o
his The person o f extremely high Quality
.
may b e said to h av e be en b orn before his

time while th o s e o f the l owest Qu al i ty are
,
atavistic and bo rn after their time R emem .
ber always that Qu ality is an attribute o f

, ,
“ ”
sou l and no t o f birth wealth o r even of
, , ,
”
education ' We may find many gentlemen ,
o f humb le b i rth smal l me ans and l imited

,
“ ”
education ; and a l s o many educated pigs
o f high line age and full coffers .
The O uter Form of Quality is Sh o wn by

the re l at ive finenes s o f general structure ,
and by t h e general fo rm appearance man, ,
ner motion voice l aughter and more than

, , , ,
“
all b y that indes cribable impres sion of fi ne
“ ”
nes s and distinction wh ich they produce
up on ob serv ing pers on s with whom they come
in c onta ct .
I t must b e rememb ered that Quality i s a

v e ry di ff erent thing from inte l lectu al ity o r
TH E TE MP ERA M E NTS 53
morality A high Qua l ity p erson may be im

.
moral and not specially intellectual although ,
there i s almo s t always a ke e nn es s o f p ercep

tion and almo st intuitive reco g nition in these
, ,
cases —the immorality i s generally l acking in

coars enes s , and is usually connected with
p erversion o f the aesthetic faculties I n the .
s ame way the p erson o f l o w Quality Often

,
may be moral according t o the code but will ,
b e coarse in the manifestation o f that virtue ,
and may p o s s es s a c ertain low cunning whi c h

with many pers ons p as s es for intellect and
“ ”
brains . I n speaking of Quality the word s ,
” “ ”
finenes s and coarsenes s come easily to
the mind and tongue and are p erhap s the
term s mos t sugge stive o f the two extremes of
this attribut e o f the Ma n .
T E MP ERA M E N T
Ne xt in the order o f consideration we fi nd

what is called T emp e r amen t Temperamen t
.
“
is de fin ed a s That individual p eculi ar i ty
Of organiz ation by which the manner o f act
ing feeling and thinking o f e ach pe r s on i s
,
p e rmanently affected ; dis p o sition o r consti

t u t io n of the mind especially a s regards the

,
”
pas sions a nd a ffections .
Hippo crates the ancient G reek ph il o s o

,
pher physician ( B C 4 68 — 3 67 ) held to the

-
. .
existence Of four temperaments which he at ,
tributed t o certain qualities of the blood and

the s e v era l secretions o f the body such as the
bile etc While his theory was rej ected by
, .
lat er investigators his cla s sification contin

,
ued until very recently under the name o f

( 1 ) the Sanguine ; ( 2 ) the L ymphatic o r
P hl e g matic ; ( 3 ) the Choleric o r Bilious ; and
( 4 ) the Melancholic temperament s respect ,
iv e l y . A S a matter of general information

o n the subj ect we herewith give the old clas si
fi c at io n with the attributes o f each clas s '

The S ang u ine temperament wa s held to be
characterized by red or light brown hair -
,
blue eyes a fair o r ruddy complexion large

, ,
arteries and vein s a full and rapid pulse

, ,
sli g ht p erspiration imp atience of heat febrile

, ,
tendency and lively and cheerful temper ex

, ,
citable p as sions a warm ardent impulsive

, , ,
dispo siti on and a liking f o r active p ursuits ;

,
The L y mp h at ic o r P h leg mat ic tempera

,
ment wa s held to be characterized by light ,

sandy o r whitish hair light grey eyes pallid

, , ,
complexion skin almo s t devoid o f hair flabby

, ,
tis sues much p erspiration small blo od ves

, ,
-
sels a feeble and slow pul s e want of energy

, , ,
lack o f activity deficient spirit and vividnes s ;

,
The Cho l e ric o r B ilio u s temperament wa s

held to be characterized by black hai r often
curling black o r hazel eyes and dark but
, ,
ruddy complexion hairy skin s trong full , ,
pulse firm muscles great activity and po si

, ,
t iv e ne s s strength of character and an a ctive

, ,
brain .
The M e lanc h o lic temperament wa s held to

be characterized by black hair black o r hazel ,
eyes a dark leaden complexion pulse slo w

, ,
and feeble and a disp osition toward s tudy

, ,
p oetry literature and sentiment

, ,
.
Some later authorities added a fifth tem

p e r ame n t called the N e r vo u s temperament
, ,
which wa s held to be characterized by a

medium complexion large brain small physi , ,
cal frame fin enes s o f organization thin h air

, , .
finely cut features quick lively disposition , ,
intellectua l tastes and tendencies s ensitive ,
nature high capacity for enj oymen t and

,
suffering .
56 HU M A N NA T U R E
The lates t authorities however discarded

, ,
the Old clas sification and adopted o ne more

s imple although fully a s comprehensive The .
new cla s sification recognize s t hr e e clas ses of

temperament v iz ' ( 1 ) the Vital ; ( 2 ) the Mo
,
tive ; and ( 3 ) the Mental the characteristics,
o f which are held t o b e a s follows
The Vi t al temper ament ha s its ba s is in th e

predominance o f the nutritive system includ ,
ing the bloo d ves s els lymphatics a n d the

-
,
glands . I ts organs are the heart lungs , ,
stomach liver bowels and the entire internal

, , ,
vital system I t is characterized by a large

.
,
bro ad frame ; broad sh oulders ; deep chest ;

ful l round abdomen ; round plump limb s ;
short thick neck ; comparatively sma l l hands
and feet ; ful l face ; flushed and florid cheeks ;
“ ”
and genera l well fed app earance Tho s e .
in whom it i s predominant are fond o f o u t o f e
doo r exercise although not of h ard work ;

,
“ ”
crave the good things o f life ; fond o f
sport game s and play ; love variety of enter
,
t ainme n t and amus ement ; are affectionate ;

love prais e and flattery ; prefer concrete
rather than abstract subj ects of thought ; lo ok
“
o u t fo r themselves ; are selfish but yet goo d
,
TH E TE MP ERA M E NT S 57
”
fel l ows when it does not cost to o much physi
cal discomfort to themsel v es ; usually enj oy
go od health yet when ill are apt to b e v e r v
,
weak ; tend to feverishnes s and ap oplexy etc ,

.
Persons o f the Vital temp er ament may

have either fair o r dark complexion but in ,
either cas e the cheeks and face are apt t o be

ruddy an d flushed Thos e o f the dark type
.
are apt to have greater p ower of endurance ,
while tho s e of the light type are ap t t o be

more s p rightly and active This temp er a
ment i s parti c ularly noticeable in women a ,
l arge prop ortion o f whom belong to its cl a s s .
This temperament furnishes the maj ority of

t h e goo d companions sociable friend s and
,
acquaintances and theatre goers A leading

, .
“
phrenologist says o f them that they in c line
to become agents overseers captains hotel
, , ,
keepers butchers traders sp eculators p oli

, , , ,
t ic ian s publi c o fficers aldermen contractors

, , , ,
etc. rather than anything requiring steady or

,
”
hard work We have noticed that a large
.
n u mber o f railroad engineers and policemen

are O f this temperament .
The M o t iv e temp erament ha s a s its ba sis

the predominance o f the motive o r mechan
Ical s ystem includ ing the mus cles bones and

, ,
ligaments — the gener al system o f active work

and motion I ts organs are those of the e n
.
tire framework o f the b ody together with ,
tho se muscles and ligaments large and smal l , ,
general and sp ecial which enable man t o

,
walk move and work I t is characterized by

, , .
strong constitution physical power strong

, ,
character active feeling and tendency toward

, ,
work ; large bones and j oints ; hard muscles ;

angula r and rugged figure ; usually bro ad
S houlder s and deep chest ; comparatively
smal l and flat abdomen ; oblong face ; l arge
j aw ; high cheek bo nes ; strong l arge teeth ;
-
bushy coars e hair ; rugged features and

prominent nose ears mouth etc Tho s e in
, , ,
.
whom it i s predominant are fond o f phy s I c al

and mental work ; are tenacious and try t o
carry through wha t they undertake ; resist
”
fatigue ; are good stayer s ; are full o f
dogged p ersistence and resistance ; and are
apt to manifest creative effort and work .
Pers ons of the Motive temp erament may

have either dark or light complexion The .
Sco tch o r S c and anav ian p eopl e S how thi s

‘
temperament strongly a s al so do a certain

,
b uild ; slight frame ; com p ar ativ e l y l ar g e

head ; quick movem e nts ; sharp features ; thin
s harp no se ; thin lip s ; sh arp and n o t very
strong teeth ; keen pe netrating eye ; high

,
forehead and upper head ; fondnes s for b rain

work ; disinclination for physica l drudgery ;
s ensitive nature ; qui c k p erception ; rap id
mental action ; developed intuition ; fine and
shapely features ; expressive c o untenance ,
expres sive and striking v oice generally ,

“ ”
rather high s trung vividnes s and inten s
-
,
ity of emotion and feeling etc ,

.
Pers on s of this temperament are a p t t o

“ ”
be more or less intense ; enj oy and s u ffer
keenly ; are s ensitive to reproach or critic i sm ;
are inclined t o be sedentary ; take a pleasure
“ ”
in thinking and often burn their candle of
,
life at both ends because o f this tendency ;

,
and incline to o ccupations i n whic h the i r

brains rather than their body is exercised .
Th ey may b e either o f dark o r o f light com

plexion and in eith er cas e are apt to h ave
,
bright exp res s ive eyes

,
The impres sion
.
created by an examination o f their physica l

ch ara c teristics is that o f s h arp ne s s The .
fox weas el greyhound and S imilar an imal s

, , ,
TH E T E MP E RA M E NTS
illustrate thi s t ype Pers ons of this tem .
p e r ame n t are apt to be either v e r y good or

v e ry bad They run to extreme s and some
.
,
“ ”
time s execute a quick right about face .
When pro p erly b alanced this temperament ,
produce s the world s gre ates t thinkers along

’
all lines of thought When n o t prop erly bal

.
anc e d it produces the abnormally gifted

“ ”
genius between whom and the unb alanced
,
'
p erson there is but a slender line o f division ;

o r the eccentric p erson with his S O called -
“ ” “ ”
artistic temp erament the crank with ,
hi s hobbies and vagaries and the brilli an t ,
degenerate who d azzle s yet h o r rifi e s the

world .
B AL A NC E D T E M PERA M E NTS
The b est authorities agree in the be l ief

that the B alanced Temperament is the mos t
desirable That is the condition in which the
.
,
three temperaments b alance each o t her per

f e c t ly s o that the weak points of each are
,
remedied by the strong points o f the others ,
and the extremes O f each are neutralized and

held in check by the influence of the others .
Prof O S F owler the veter an phrenologi st

. . .
,
“
says up on this point ' A well balanced o r
g anis m with all the temp eraments large and
,
in about equal proportion is by far the best

,
and mo st favorable for both enj oyment and

e fficiency ; to general genius and real great
nes s ; to strength along with perfec tion o f
character ; to consistency and power through
out The Motive large with the Mental d e fi
.
,
cient g ive s p ow er with sluggishnes s s o that

, ,
the p owers lie dormant ; adding large Vital

give s great p hysical power and enj oyment ,
with t o o little o f the Mental and the moral ,
along with coarsenes s ; while the Mental in

exces s creates t o o much mind for body to o ,
much exquisit enes s and s entimentality for the

stamina along with a green house preco city
,
-
mo st destructive o f life s p owers and pleas

’
ures ; wherea s their equal balance gi ves abun

dance o f vital force ; physical stamina and ,
mental power and susceptibility They may .
b e compared to the s everal part s of a steam

b oat and its appurtenances The Vital i s
.
th e steam p ower ; the Motive the hulk o r

-
,
framework ; the Ment al th e freight or p a s

,
s e ng e r s Predominant Vital generates more

.
vital ener g y than can well b e worked o ff ,

which causes restles snes s excessive pa s s i on

, ,
and a p res sure which endangers ou t burst s

and overt actions ; predomi n ant Motive give s
t o o much frame o r hulk move s s lowly and
, ,
wi th weak Mental i s t o o light freighted to

,
-
s ecure the grea t ends of life , predominant

Mental overloads and endanger s si nk ing ;
,
but all equally balanced and powerful c arry ,
great loads rapidly and well and accomplish ,
wonders Such person s unite cool j ud g men t s

.
with intens e and well governed feelings ;

-
great force o f character and intellect with

p erfect consistency ; s cholarship with sound
common s ense ; far seeing sagacity w i th bril
l ianc y ; and have the highest order of b oth
physiolo g y and mentality .
Profes s o r Nels on Sizer another high e u

,
“
t h o r it y said I n nature the temperament s
exist in combination o n e being however the
, , ,
mo s t conspicuous So rarely do we find ex

.
amples of an even mixture o r balance that it ,
may b e said that t hey wh o pos ses s it are

marvellous e xce p t iOn s in the current of hu
man so ciety Such an even mixture would
indicate a m
.
os t extraordinary heritage ; it
would be constitutional perfection But .
,
64 HU M A N NA T U R E
o nce in a while a pers on is met in whom there

,
i s a clo s e approach to this balance and we ,
are accustomed to speak o f it as a b al anc e d

temp erament it being di fficult to determine
,
which element is in predominance .
M I ' E D T E M P E RA M E NTS
The exp erience of the older phrenol ogists ,
which i s verified by the investigations of the

later authorities wa s that in the maj ority of
,
p ersons t w o o f the temperaments are we ll

develop ed the third remaining comp aratively
,
undeve l oped O f the two active temp era

.
ments o n e is u sually found to be p r e d o mi

,
nant although in many the two are found to

,
b e almost equally developed But e v en in .
the last mentioned instance o n e of the two

s eems to have b een more actively called forth
by the environment of the p erson and may ,
therefore be regarded a s the ruling tempera

ment A rising fro m this fact we find the s ev
.
eral clas se s of Mixed Temperament known , ,
resp ectively a s ' the Vital Motive ; the Mo

,
-
tive Vital ; the Motive Mental ; the Mental

- -
Motive ; the V ital Mental ; and the Mental

-
Vit al I n these clas ses the n am e o f t he p re

.
TH E TE M PE RA M E NTS 65
dominant o r mo st active temp e r ament ap

,
pears first the second nam e indicating t h e

,
temperament relatively undeveloped o r in

active .
The Vi t al M o t iv e and the M o t iv e Vi t al

- -
temp eraments give the comb ination in which

is manifested physical activity and strong
vitality Tho s e of thes e temperaments are
.
adapted t o o u t o f—do or work su c h a s farming

-
, .
ou t o f do or trade s
- -
mechanics s oldiers and
, ,
s ailors and other occupations requiring

,
strong vital p ower an d mus c ular stren g th

an d activi ty The physical characteristics
.
are the prominent b ones and strong mus cles

O f the Motive and well rounded limb s and
,
-
“ ”
stout forms of the Vital When the Vi tal .
predominates there is apt t o be more flesh ;

,
when the Motive predominates there is a p t

to b e mor e ruggednes s and muscular deve l op
ment .
The M o t ive M e n t al and M ent al M o t iv e

- -
temperaments gi ve the com b ination in which

is manifested the physical activity o f the MO
tive and the mental activity o f the Mo tiv e
and the mental activity o f th e Menta l —the
physical and ment al characteristics o f th e
Vital being ab sent The Mental element r e

.
lie v e s the M otive o f some of its crudenes s

.
and roughnes s while the Motive relieves the

,
M enta l o f it s tendency to get away from the

p ractical S ide o f things The strong frame
.
and muscles are balanced by the brain de -
v e l O p me n t Tho s e o f this t emperament make

.
go od practical busines s men physicians , ,
lawy ers scientists explorers and others who

, , ,
h ave to work and think a t the s ame time .
Thes e p eople often manifest great executiv e

ability When the Motive predominates the
.
,
t endency is toward o u t o f do or o ccup ations

- -
i n which the b r aI n 1 s us ed in connection with

b odily activity When the Mental p r e d omi
.
nates there is a tendency toward in do o r o c -
c u p at i o n s in which active b rain work is r e
quired T hese p eople have well develop ed

.
-
heads together with wiry strong b odies

, ,
.
Some o f the mo st succes sful men have come

from this clas s .
The Vi t al M e nt al and M en t al Vi t al t em
- -
p e r ame nt s give the combination in which i s

manifested many attractive traits which ren
der their po ss es sor agreeable companion ,
a b le and at the same time bright and intel

,
CH A P T ER V
TH E M E NT AL Q UAL I T IE S
We n e w ap p roa ch the subj ect of the severa l
p articular mental qualities and the group s
,
thereof both in the phase o f their inner states

,
and that o f their outer form I n the c on s id

.
e r at io n o f both of these phas e s we mus t avai l
ours elves o f the investigations and researches

o f the Old phrenologis t s who cleared a p at h
f o r a ll who follow A lthough man y o f the

.
p hrenologica l theories are rej e c ted by mo d

ern p sychol ogi sts and b iolo gists n ev e rt h e ,
l es s their work es t ablished a firm foundation

fo r the s cience Of the study o f the b rain and
its functions A nd t o G a l l and his follower s
.
we are indebted fo r the di s covery and teach

ing that th e activity and dev elopment o f t h e
s everal mental qualities o r facu l tie s m an i
fest in outer fo rm in the shap e o f th e skull .
The general principles o f phrenology ma y

be b riefly stated a s follows '
.I The Brain i s the organ of the mind .
II T h e mind is no t a single entity o r

.
p ower b u t h as s ev er al facu l ties stronger o r

, ,
68
FIG . 1
T H E ME N T A L QUA L IT IE S
weaker which determine the character of

,
the individual .
III Tha t each faculty or propensity has

.
a sp ecial organ in the brain .
IV . The size o f the brain ( the quality

being equal ) is the true mea sure o f power .
V There are s everal group s of faculties ,
and each group i s represented by organs lo

c at e d in th e s ame region of the brain .
VI . The relative siz e of each organ result s

from the activity o f its appropriate faculty .
VI I The size o f the organ is indicated by

.
the appearance and S ize of the skull imme

d iat e l y over the region of the organ .
VIII The Quality and Temperament of

.
the organization determine the degree o f

v igo r activity and endurance o f the ment al
, ,
power s .
Modern p sycholo gy and biolo g y claim t o

have d i sproven many of the phrenolo g ical
contentions while other lines of investiga
,
tion have given us other theories to account

fo r the phenomena first noted b y the phren
ologists Some investigators of brain devel
.
o pm e nt and action hold that while certain
mental states manifest in outer form on p o r

TH E M E NT AL QU AL I T I E S 71
tions of the skull the phenomenon is due to

,
the action of the c r anial mu s c l es rather t han

t o the fact o f the lo c alization of special fac u l
ties —that each mental state is a s s ociated
wit h certain actions on the p art of certain
cranial muscles which in turn exert a modify
ing effect up on the shape and size of the
skull.
“
A S E rbes states it the effect the scheme of
cranial mus cles have had and still have up on
the conformation o f the S kull and o ons s , ,
quently had in determining the locatio n of

,
thos e areas and in givi ng brain and mind a

character approximately identical from end
t o end o f the scale of living things po s ses sing
the cerebro spinal nervous system I n s o far
-
.
as the neural matter is dependent up on t h e

cranial muscles — a side from th e sens ory
stimul i — s o far likewis e are the p sychic
,
manifestations through tongue o r limb mo di

, ,
fi e d b y variations in tho se muscles that after ,
the i r cre ative task is done as sume a vas o

,
'
moto r control over their respective area s .
“
The same writer als o says ' The cereb r al
mas s owes its location and subs equent e xp an
sion moreover in a mea sure th at mind owes
, ,
its character primarily to the action o f the

,
muscles attached to and lying upon its

p eripheral covering the sk u ll ; thes e sam e
,
muscles thereafter through exercising a cer

,
e b r al va somotor control act in the nature of

,
keys for calling the evolved dep endent brai n

areas into play singly and en ma ss e
,
.
O thers have held tha t the development o f

certain areas o f the surface of the skull is
due to peculiar neural or nervous activities ,
having their s eat in certain p arts o f the b r ain

adj acent to their appropriate a r ea o f the
skull but thes e theories fai l to explai n th e
,
nature o f the relation between the mind ,
“ ”
brain and the nerve centres afo resaid .
Thes e severa l authorities and others h ow

, ,
ever agree upon the fact that certain area s

,
o f th e brain are asso ciated in some way wit h
certain ment al states ; and that these brain

areas register t h e n rel ative activi t y up on t he
areas of the S kull adj acent thereto ; and that
the ac t ivi ty and p o w e r of each brain area o r i ,
faculty i s denoted by the s iz e of the as s o 5

,
-
c iat e d skull area

-
Thus the out w ard facts
.
,
claimed by phrenology are admitted while ,
their theories of cause are disputed .

TH E M E NT AL QUAL I T I E S 73
I n this b ook we sh all res t content w i th thes e

”
outward fact s o f phrenolo g y and shall not ,
concern ours elves with the variou s theorie s

which seek to expl ain them pr e ferring to ,
leave that task for others I n considering the.
subj ect o f the O uter F orm a s s o ciat ed with

the I nner State of Human Nature we shall ,
merely clai m that men t al s t at es manife s t in

o u t e r fo r m in t h e s h ap e an d s iz e o f t h e h e ad ;
and t h at c e r t ain ar e as o f t h e s ku l l a r e t hu s
as s o c i at e d wit h c e r t ain me n t al s t at e s , t h e s iz e
an d s h ap e o f thef o r m e r d en o t ing t h e d eg r e e
o f ac t ivi t y o f t h e l at t e r .
The genera l s c heme o f cla s sification of the

“ ”
v arious menta l fa culties o f the phrenol
o g is t s and the names given thereto by the
,
O l d phrenolo g ist s have in the main been ad

,
hered to in this book I n a number of ca ses

.
,
however we have seen fit to r e arrange the

,
group s in accordance with the later idea s of

the New Psycholo g y and have g iven t o s ome
,
“ ”
of the faculties name s considered more
approp riate t o the later clas sification and ,
unders tanding of the mental s tate More .
ove r in order to avoid the phrenologi ca l

,
theories atta chi ng thereto we have dec ide d ,

“ ” “
not to us e the t erms faculties ,
propen ,
” “ ”
sities and sentiments
,
in referring to ,
the s everal mental states ; and S hall therefo re

“ ”
us e th e t erm Q u ali t i es in the place thereof .
“ ” “
The term quality while denoting th e
,
condi tion of being such o r such ; nature rela

”
t iv e ly con sidered does not carry with it
,
the theory att ached to the phrenological term

“ ”
faculty .B ut the l o c ali ty of the s ever al
“ ”
qualities o f faculties has n o t been dis
t u r b e d or changed — the p l ac e where eac h
quality manif es t s in o u t e r f o r m a s as sign ed ,
in this book agrees with that a s signed by the

,
O ld phrenologists time having s erved to e s

,
t ab l is h the truth of the s a me rather than ,
to disprove it .
The following is th e cla ssification and

terminolo g y adopted by us in this b ook in
the consideration o f th e Mental Qualities .
( See Fig .
I T H E EG O I ST I C QUAL I T I E S ' Self E steem ;

.
-
and A pprobativenes s .
II T H E M O T IVE QUAL I T I E S ' Combative

.
nes s ; D e s tructivenes s ; Cunning ; Cau t ious '
nes s ; A cquisitivenes s ; and Constructivenes s .
III T H E VI T A T IVE QUAL I T I E S ' Vitative

.
n es s ' Al imentativenes s ' and B ib at iv e ne s s .

CH A PT E R VI
TH E E G OI ST I C QUAL I T IE S
The first group o f Qualities i s that k nown
as the E goistic Qualities whi ch i s comp osed ,
o f two par t icular Qualities known r e spe c , ,
t iv e ly a s S e lf E s t e em and A pp ro b at ive n e s s
,
-
,
.
This group manifests outer form imme d i

“ ”
ately at the crown o f the head and on ,
“ ”
the S ides directly b eneath o r s i de o f the
crown ( See Fig
. I t is the s eat Of t h e
.
c onsciousnes s o f I ndividuality and Person
ality and the tendencies arising dire c t l y

,
therefrom .
S E L E EST EE M This Quality manife s ts in

-
.
a strong sense o f individual p ower s elf ,
r esp ect self help s elf relianc e dignity c o m

,
-
,
-
, ,
p l ac en cy pride o f individuality and inde

, ,
p e n d e n c e I n.exces s it tends t o produce e go
t is m abnormal conceit imperiousnes s etc

, , ,
.
Defici ency o f it i s apt to produce lack of c o n

fi d e nc e in s elf humility s elf depreciation
, ,
-
,
etc I t gives to one the amb itiou s S pirit and

.
,
the desire for executive p o sitions and p l aces

of authority I t resents a s s ump tion of au
.
76
’ ‘
T H E E GO I S I I C QUA L ITIE S
t h o r it y on the p art Of others and chafes nu ,
der restraint I t renders its pos ses s ors dig

.
n ifi e d a n d desirous of the resp ectful r e c o g ni
tion o f others I t manifests outer form on t he

.
“ ”
middle line of the head at the crown ( see ,
group figure ) just above Approbativenes s ,
where it may b e p erceived by reas on o f the

“ ”
enlargement o f the cro w n When fully .
develo p ed it tends to draw b ack the head

, ,
S O that the latter is held erect ; wher e as when ,
deficient it allows the head t o dro op forwar d

in an attitude lacking the app earance of
pride .
AP P R O B A T I VE N E SS This Quality mani fests

.
in a strong desire for prais e approval fl at , ,
t e ry recommendation fame not oriety good

, , , ,
name per s onal displ ay S how and out w ard

, ,
app earance I t i s a fo rm of pride different

.
from t h at o f Self E steem fo r it i s a vanity

-
,
aris ing from p ersona l things and outward

appearances wherea s Self—
,
E steem gives a
pride to the inner self or ego Tho s e in whom .
i t is well develop ed pay great attention to

-
outward form ceremony etiquette fa shion

, , , ,
and social recognition and are always to b e ,
“
found on the po p ular side and with th e
TH E EG OI ST I C Q U A L I T I E s ‘
79
”
c rowd . They thrive upon praise approval ,
an d notoriety and S hrink under censure dis

, ,
approval o r lack of n otice O ne with Self .
E steem can be happy when alone and in fact ,
often defies public opinion and fashion fro m

v ery pride of s elf ; while o ne with A pp r o b a
t iv e ne s s largely developed lacks the p ride to

rise above approval and the Opinion of other s ,
while pos ses sing a strong s ense of vanity

when public favo r i s bestowed I t manifest s .
outer form at the upper back part o f the -
head j ust above Cautiousnes s and below Self

,
E steem ( see group figure ) When largely

,
developed it ris es like two mounts o n either

s ide of Self E steem but when Self E steem i s
-
,
-
l arge and Approbativenes s is small the latte r ,
appear s a s two sunken places on either S ide

of Self E steem
-
.
Self E steem v alues the r e al s e lf whi l e A p

-
p r o b at iv e ne s s values the app e a r anc e s o f per
s o n alit y The one pursues the sub stance the

.
,
other the shadows Self E steem and Appro .

-
b at iVe n e s s are often confused in the minds o f

the public The true keynote o f the firs t i s
.
Pride ; of the second V anity The student ,

.
should l earn t o carefully distinguish between

thes e two Qualities A ppro b ativenes s may

.
caus e one to make a monkey of himself in

order to win notice praise or l aughter whil e
, ,
Self E steem w ill never s a crifice self resp e c t

- -
and p ride in order t o win applause .

CHA PT ER VII
TH E M O T IVE Q UAL I T I E S
The second group is known a s the Se lfish
Qual ities and is compo s ed o f the fo l lowing
,
p articular Qualities ' Co mb at iv e n e s s ; D e s

t ru c t iv e n es s ; Cu nning ; Cau t io u s n e s s , Ao
q u is i t ive n es s and Co ns t ruc t iv enes s This .
group manifests in outer form extending

along the S ides of the l ower h ead fro m the
b ac k t oward the temp l es ( See Fig . .
Co M B A T IVE N E s s This Quality manifests

. ,
in a strong desire to Opp o se resis t combat , , ,
defy defend Tho se in whom it is developed

,
.
“ ”
e nj oy a scrap and in the words of the
, ,
“
familiar s aying would rather fight than
,
”
eat . When c ombined with Vitativenes s it
manifest s in the tenden c y to fight hard fo r
l ife When combined with A cquisitivenes s it
.
manifes ts in the tendency t o fight fo r money

o r property When combined with A mative
.
nes s it manifests in the tenden c y to fight f o r

mat es Wh e n combined wi th the family lov
.
-
ing Qualities it manifest s in a tendency to

fight fo r the famil y I n fact its p articul ar
.
,
81
F IG . 3
TH E MO TIV E QUA L ITIE S
fest s outer form direc t ly ab ove and b ack of ,
the top part o f the ear ( see gr o up figure )

-
.
CU NN I NG This Quality man ifests in a

.
s trong desire t o b e cunning sly c l os e , ,
mouthed diplomatic deceitful and generall y

, , ,
“ ”
foxy . I t is best illustrated by the example
o f the f o x w hich anima l combines in itself
,
many o f it s qualities The coyote a l so s how s

.
sign s of having this Quality well developed ,
a s do b irds of the crow and blackbird family ,
and certain fishes With strong Cauti o n it

“
“
renders o ne very secretiv e and clo se
”
mouthed . With s trong A c qu is it iv ene s s it
renders one sly and tricky in b usines s Wit h .
strong A pprobativeness it renders o ne apt t o

tel l lying stori e s which ma g nify his impor
tan c e and gratify his v an i ty With a vivid .
Imagination it inclines o ne to draw o n that

qua l ity and lie for the very l ove of r o manc
ing I t manifests outer fo rm a little distance
.
a b ove the top o f the ear immediate l y above

,
Destructivenes s and back of A cqui sitivenes s

,
( s e e group fig ure ) .
CA U T I O U S N E s s This Qua l ity manifests in

.
a strong de s i re t o av oid danger o r t roubl e ;

ca refu l nes s prudence watchful nes s anxiety
, , , ,
TH E M O T I VE Q UAL I T IE S 85
s e l f p rotecti on e t c I n exces s i t i s a p t to
-
, .
r ende r one fearful o v er anxiou s and even

,
-
,
c o wa rdl y ,
b ut i n c o mbination wi th other
Q ualities i t t ends to gi v e t o o ne a b alance
and to r e s train him from ra shne s s and u n
n eces s ary ris k I ts directio n is al s o largely
.
influenced by the develo pment of other Qual i

tie s T h us with large A cquisit ivenes s it makes
.
o ne v e ry cautiou s about money matters ; wi th
l a rge family qualities i t r ender s one very

carefu l about the family ; w ith large A pp r o b a
t iv e ne s s it renders o n e b ashful s elf conscious
, ,
and fearfu l o f adverse criticism I t manifests .
outer form toward t h e upper back p art of t h e

-
head directly ove r Secretivenes s ( s ee gr oup

,
fi g ure ) and when de v eloped i s apparen t by

,
t h e en l argement of the comparatively large

are a covered by it A n old phrenological
.
authority say s of it ' This is the easiest found

o f a l l t h e organs . Starting at the mid
d l e o f the b ack p art of the ears draw a p er ,
p end ic u l ar l ine when the head i s erect

,
s traigh t u p to where the h e a d b egi n s t o s l e p e
bac k i n forming the t e a and C aution i s l o

c at e d j ust at t h e fir s t turn
”
.
ACQUI S I T I VE N E S S This Quality manifest s

.
in a s trong d es i re eit h er to a c qu i re o r e l s e
,
t o hold p roperty money o r genera l obj ect s

, ,
o f po s s es sion. I n s ome c ase s it contents it

“ ”
s elf w ith merely getting, wh il e in other s i t
“ ”
als o holds on t o what i s s ecured , the dif
ference arising from the combination s of the
other Qualitie s I n itse l f i t may b e s a i d t o
.
,
“
b e merely the tendency toward h oarding
”
up , b ut the combination wit h l arge C om
b at iv ene s s and Destructivene s s enlarges its
scope and t end s t o make it s p o s ses sor r a
p ac io u s and gras p ing I t is the i nstinct of
.
t h e squirre l and the b ee a n d e v en the dog

,
manifes ts i t when h e b urie s a b one fo r future

gnawing p urpo s e s Thos e i n whom it i s de
.
v el o p e d i n connection with large Caution ,
manife s t a st rict economy and even mis er

l ine s s w h i l e in others it expends itself in
,
merely the getting fo r th e sake of the getting ,
the po s se s sion s Often b eing scattered p r o d ig

a lly afterwar d the e l ement o f Ap p robative
,
nes s entering l arge ly into th e l atter action .
I t manifests outer form in the lo w est middle -
section o f the h ead directly o v er A limentive

,
n es s ( see group figure ) .
C O NST RU CTI VE N E SS This Quality mani

.
TH E MO T IV E QUAL I T I E S 87
fest s i n a s trong des i re to invent const ruct , ,
build create put together improve up on

, , ,
add to readjust etc I t manifests along three

, ,
.
general lines namely ( 1 ) I nvention ; ( 2 ) C on

,
struction ; and ( 3 ) Materialization by which ,

“ ”
is meant the making real Of id e als previ
o u s l y entertained — “
the making come true ”
o f the dreams pre v iously experienced —the
mat e rializ at i o n o f the idea s pl ans and p ro

, ,
j e c t s previously vis u aliz e d This Quality

.
causes the pers on to improve alter tinker , ,
with build up invent and creat e along the

, , ,
l ines of his vocation or avocation Thes e .
p eople find it diffi cult to refrain from tinker

“ ”
ing with altering o r improving anything
, ,
and everything wi th which they have to do .
With large L ogic Analysis and Perceptives

, ,
they manifest inventive ability ; w ith l arge

Imitation they are fond o f copying and con
s t r u c t ing after model s ; with large I deality
they work toward making their dreams come

true This Quality is not confined t o me
.
c h anic al con struction a s the o l d phrenologi sts

,
taught but manifests it self in busines s litera

,
ture art and i n fact in every v ocation o r o c

, ,
c u p at io n. With l arge D estructiv enes s it ,

b u il ds up n ew s tructures up on the ru i n s
creat ed by that Quality I n persons o f the
.
Motive temperament it inclines toward me

c h an ic al invention creation and constructio n;
,
while in persons o f the Mental tem p eramen t

it m an i fest s in creating and constructing
ideas thoughts theories scientific cl as s ifi c a
, , ,
tion l iterary productions e tc and in p er

, ,
.
,
s ons o f the Vital temp erament it manifests

in creating and improving upon things cal
c u l at e d t o appea l to persons o f that c l ass .
.
I t manifests outer fo rm in t h e l owe r an d

frontal part o f the t emples b ackwar d and ,
upward fro m the outer corner o f the eye b row -
( see gr oup figure ) Prof O S Fowler sa ys

. . . . .
“
I n broad b uilt and sto cky p e rs on s it ca uses
-
this part o f the temples t o wi den and bu l ge

o u t but in ta l l long headed p erso ns it s p r e ad s
, ,
-
o u t upon them ,
and hence shows to b e less
”
than it really is . I t is directly b elow I deal
ity and in front of A cquisitiv ene s s .
CHA PT ER VIII
TH E VI T A T IVE Q UAL I T I E S
The third group is known as t h e Vitative
Qualities whic h is compos e d o f the three
,
respective particular Qualities ' Vi t at iv en e s s ,
A lime n t at iv e n e s s ; and B ib at iv e n e s s This .
group manifests in outer form directly back

o f and in front of the middle part of the
, ,
—
ear ( See Fig

. .
VI TA T IV E N E SS T hi s quality manifes t s in
.
a strong desire to l ive ; resistan c e to dis ease
and death ; a n intense clinging t o life for the

mere fact of living rather tha n for the s ake
,
o f anything t o be a c compli s hed by continued
existence I t goes along with Comb ativenes s

.
,
“
and is especially noticeable in the bro ad
”
headed people and animals The cat tribe .
,
hawks turtles sh arks venomous snakes and

, , , ,
other s have this p ropensity w ell developed ,
“ ”
w hile it is deficient in the narrow headed -
animals such a s t h e rabbit certain birds cer

, , ,
tain fish and many harmles s snakes Tho s e

, .
“ ”
in whom it is developed die h ard while ,
thos e in whom it is deficient die easily Thi s .
89
F IG . 4
TH E VITA T I V E Q UAL I TIE S
s o d a foun t ain By some this Qua l ity is re

-
.
garded as mere ly a phase o f Al imentivenes s ,
wh i le ot h ers cons i der it to b e a se p arat e Qual

ity I t manifests in outer form immediately
.
in fron t of t h e loc ality o f Alimen tivenes s ,

toward t h e e ye .
C H A PT ER I X
TH E E M O T IVE Q UAL I T IE S
T he fourth group is that kn o w n as the
So cial Qualities which grou p i s compo sed of
,
the fo l lowing p articular Qualitie s ' A mat iv e

ne s s ; Co nj u g alit y ; P ar ent al L o ve ; S o ci abil
i ty and H o me L o v e This gr ou p manifes ts
.
oute r fo rm a t the l ow er b ack p o rt i on of the

-
head ( see F i g . and shows i t s elf b y an
enlargement o f t h at re g ion , caus ing the he ad

“ ”
t o b ul ge b ack o f the ears I t may b es t b e .
understood b y an examination o f it s s e v eral

p articular Qualit i es .
AM A TI VE N E SS Th i s Qu ality manifests in
.
a strong d es i re fo r sexua l indul gence and as

sociation wi t h t h e o p po site s ex I t s p ur p os e
.
i s o f cour s e th e re p roduct i on o f t h e race b ut

, , ,
its a bu s e and p e rv ers i on h a s l ed man t o many

e x ces s e s and u nnatura l p racti ce s I t is a .
d ynam i c p ro p en s i ty and its no r ma l d eve l o p

ment i s s eemingly n eces sa ry i n orde r t o p ro
“ ”
duce the l ife sp i rit and V ital activity men
,
ta l and p hysical Those in whom it is d efi

.
“ ”
cient l ac k s pi rit and ener g y wh i le tho se ,
93
FIG 5
.
TH E EMO TIV E QUA L ITIE S

TH E E M O T IVE QUAL I T I E S 95
in w h o m it i s devel o ped to exce s s tend t o

'
lean toward exces s es . When develop ed

no rmally it s eems t o add an attract iv enes s
“ ”
or magnetism t o i ts po s s e ssors ; w h en
deficient it render s th e p erson co l d non “ ”
magnetic and unattractive ; when over devel - -
op ed and unrestrained it c a u s es the p erson

to b ecome d i s gu s t ing and re p ulsive t o the
normal p er s on ; vu l gar l icentiou s and de
,
p r av e d .I ts s eat i s in t h e cereb e l l um o r
”
little b rain and it man i fest s outer form
,
“ ”
by an enlarged fullnes s at the nap e of the
neck at the b a s e o f the sku ll ( see grou p fi g
,
ure ) I t t ends to cause the head t o l ean b ack

.
ward and downward at the na p e o f th e neck .
I t a l s o manifests b y ful lnes s o f t h e l i p s par ,
t icu l ar ly i n their middles T h e lip s and p o

.
s it io n of the head of p er s on s i n w h om this
quality i s l argely develope d i s in d i c ativ e o f

the attitude and p osition o f k issing S pu r z .
“
h eim sa y s o f i t ' I t i s s ituated at the top
of the n eck and it s size i s p ro p o rt i onate t o
,
the space b etween the mas t oid p ro c es s im ,
mediate l y b ehind the ears and the occipita l ,

”
spine in the midd l e o f the hind head
, I t is
.
noticeab l e t h at t h o s e in whom thi s qual ity

is fu lly o r l arge l y deve l oped S eem to h av e

“ ”
the p o w er o f attracting o r charming tho se
o f the Op p osite s ex while tho se w h o are de
,
fi c ie n t in it lack this quality .
C O N ' U G AL I T Y This quality manifests in

.
“ ” —
a strong desire for a mate and o n e mate
only While Amativenes s may caus e o ne t o
.
seek the s ociety of many o f the o p po site s ex ,
Conjugality will act onl y t o cause one to see k

the o ne life partner Conjugality ca uses th e
.
“ ”
desire t o mate f o r life I t i s s omething
.
quite di fferent fr om A mativeness al t hough ,
o f cours e related t o it The l ocation o f it s

.
outer fo rm b etw een A mativenes s and

,
Friend s hip g ive s the key to it s quality —l o ve

,
w i t h c omp ani o ns hip Tho s e in whom it i s

.
we ll develop ed are very clos e to their mat es

and tend toward j ealousy ; they su ffer in
tensely when th e relation is inharmonious o r
disturb ed in any way and are often broken
,
hearted at disapp ointment in l ove or the

death o f the mate Tho se in whom it i s de
.
fi c ie nt feel very litt l e t r ue com p anionship for

their mates and with Amativenes s l arge are
,
apt to b e p romi scuous in their manifestation

o f l ove or pas s i on ; if one l ove i s i nterrupte d
TH E EM O T IVE QUAL I T I E S 97
o r inter fered with they find little d ifli c u l t y Ill

shifting their afi e c t io ns Tho s e in whom it is
.
“ ”
strong ar e true unto death while tho se i n ,
whom it is weak are fickl e inconstant and ,
la ck loyalty The Quality manifests outer

form o n each s ide of the lower back o f the -
h ead just above Amativenes s and just b elow

,
Friendship and o n either side of Parental

,
L ove — the location being especially ind i ca

tive of its nature ( see group figure ) .
PARE NT AL L OVE This Quality man i fests

.
in a strong desir e fo r and love of children ,
particularly one s ow n Tho s e in whom it is

’
.
very strong o ften adopt children in addition

to their o wn and love to cares s children wh e r
ever and whenever they may see them I t .
manifest s outer form at the lower back part -
o f the head o n the middle line of the head -

,
above Am ativenes s and b el o w I nh abit iv e

,
n e s s ( see group figure ) .
SO C IAB IL I T Y ; This Qua l i t y manifest s i n

a str o ng desire fo r companion ship fe l low ,
ship friends sympathy s ociety a s sociates

, , , , ,
“ ”
etc I t i s the s ocia l s ense
. Tho s e in whom
.
it is strong feel happy only wh en surrounded

by ass o ci ates friends o r b e e n companions
,
.
They incl ine toward lodges clubs and s o cial ,
gatherings To be alone is t o su ffer to such

.
,
p eople Those in whom it is weak p refer to

.
be alone o r at the best with a few carefully

,
cho sen companions and avoid promiscuous

,
frI e nd s h ip s and s ocial gatherings I t mani .
fests outer form just above Conj ugality and ,
at the S ides of Parental l ove and I nh ab it iv e

nes s and directly back of Cautiousness and
,
the u pper part o f Combativ enes s ( s ee grou p

-
figure ) .
HO M E L OVE This Quality manifests in a

-
.
strong love o f familiar places particularly ,
o f one s home and near b y country and from

’ -
,
this springs love o f country and patriotism .
Those in whom it is strong dislike to travel ,
and are subj ect t o home sicknes s Tho se in -

.
whom it is weak are fond o f travel readily ,
change their p laces of abode and are apt ,

“ ”
to become roamers if they indu l ge the
Qual ity When over large it inclines o ne
.
,
toward narrownes s sectionalism and pro ,
V inc ial is m ; when small it inclines o ne ,
t oward frequent moves and changes o f resi ,
dence and lo cation I t manifest s outer form

.
at t h e b ac k p art of the head o n the middle ,

CH A PT ER X
TH E A PP L I CA T IVE Q UAL I T I E S
The fifth group known a s the A pplicative
,
Qualities is compos ed of two particular

,
Qualities kno w n respectively as F i rmn e s s

, , ,
and Co nt inu it y This group m anifests in

.
outer form on the centre line of the head -
“
j ust above and just below the crown ,
a t which l atter point Self E steem is situated

-
( s ee Fig .
FIR M N E SS This Quality manifes ts in a

.
strong tendency t oward stability tenacit y , ,
fi x e d n e s s o f purpo se and decision,

When
very h ighly developed wi th the reas oning
p owers weak it often manifests as s t u b b o r
nes s mulishnes s o b stinacy etc Tho se i n
, , , .
whom it is largely developed display fi rm

“ ”
n es s in decision are set in their ways
, ,
cannot be driven by force o r converted by

argument when they have once formed an
“
opinion and taken a stand The indomi .
”
tabl e will arises from this Quality in fact ,
“
this Quality might w ell be termed the Will
”
Quality ,
a l though it manifests b y that a s
100
F IG . 6
TH E A PPL IC A TIV E QU A L ITIE S
1 02 H U M A N NA T URE
pec t of Will w hi ch shows itself a s fix e d ne s s ,
while its companion Quality that of Conti ,
u nity manifests the phas e of Will known as

,
“ ”
stick to it iv e n e s s
- - -
Pers ons in wh om
.
Firmnes s is largely deve l op ed make certain

decisions and th en abide by the m They .
may b e coaxed but never driven Prof O S . . . .
“
Fowler S peaking o f this Qua l ity said '
,
No ,
man ever succeeded without great will p ower -
t o hold o n a n d hold o u t in the teeth o f Oppo s

ing diffi culties I never knew a man distin
.
u i
g s h e d for anything not even crimes to lac k
, ,
it I t is an indispensable prerequisite o f
.
gr eatnes s and go odnes s Without it great .
t alents are of little avail for they accomplish

,
little ; but wit h i t large fair to middling c a

,
p a c i ti e s accomplish commend ab le results .
Succes s i n life depends more o n this than on

”
any other singl e attribute .
This Quality manifests outer form on t h e

ce ntre line Of the back part of the t O p head
-
,
j ust a b o v e Se l f E steem The location may

-
.
b e a scertained b y holding the head erect ,
drawing an imaginary line upward from th e

opening o f the ears straight to the top o f the
h ead t o th e middl e l ine o r c entre o f the top
-
people in n e w things —they hold fas t to the

o ld
. They are naturally conservative and
“ ”
are avers e t o new fangled things They
-
.
are plodders and steady workers and run o n ,
l ike a cloc k when once w ound up The y are .
apt t o po s ses s the p ower o f long and con

tinn ed concentration up on anyt hing whi ch
attracts their attention although it is di ffi cult
,
to attract their attention to an entirely n ew

“
thing Prof Sizer says ' Firmnes s gives a
. .
s t ifi ,
determined fortitude decision o f char ,
acter ; it serves to brace up the other fac u l

ties to the work i n hand Firmnes s
.
gi ves determination and obstinacy of pur

p o se while Co n t inu i t y g ives a patient p er
, ,
fe c t ing plodding app l ication

,
O f t w o stone .
cutters with equal Firmnes s they wi l l b e ,
alike thorough and pers evering but if one ,
h as large Continuity he prefers to use the

drill in o n e place for h ours while the oth e r ,
with small Continuity craves variety and ,
p refers to use the chisel in cutting and dres s

”
in g the entire surface o f the stone .
Continuity in exces s O ften manifest s i n

”
long windednes s pro sines s boredom p ro
-
, , ,
l ixity and tires omenes s When it i s w eak

.
TH E APPL I C A T IV E QUA L I T I E S 10 5
“ ”
there is manifested a fi ig h t ine s s tendency ,
to change lack of concentration attra ction

, ,
o f the new a shifting o f base change of mind

, , ,
“
and general instability and lack of s t ick to -
”
i t iv e n e s s
. This Quality manifest s outer
form on the centre line of the t O p back of the
head j ust below the cro w n ( Self E steem )
,
-
and jus t above I nhabitivenes s ( see group

fi gure ) . R eference to the group figure W I l l
sho w that it is peculiar in S hap e and forms a ,
s emi Ci rcular arch over a part of t h e top

-
back head When fully develop ed that p art

.
o f the head is S I mp ly evenly rounded with
swelling ; when deficient it leaves a ho l low ,
crescent shape ,
horns downward In .
A merica we find the maj ority o f people are

weak in Continuity while in certain other
,
countries it is found l arg e ly developed in the

maj ority o f cas es This fact gives to Ameri
.
cans a benefit in certain directions and a

weaknes s in others .
Both Firmnes s and Continuity are mani

f e s t e d almost entirely in connection wi th the
other Qualities and ar e known almo st alt o
,
g ether in that way I n themselves they hav e

.
almo s t abstract nature I n determining char

“
.
1 06 HU M A N NA T URE
acter they must b e taken l argely into con

,
sideration be c aus e their influence on the

,
o ther Qualitie s i s v ery great .I n fact they

may be said to d e t e rmine the degree o f app li
c at i o n O f the other Qualities
.
F IG . 7
D FIC TIV E
TH E MO I A Q U A L I T mS
TH E M O D I F I CA T IVE QUAL I T I E S 1 09
“
S p u r z h e im says o f it ' A poetic turn o f
mind results from a peculiar mode o f feel
ing Vividnes s glow e xaltation imagina
.
, , ,
tion inspiration rapture exaggeration and

, , , ,
warmth of expres sion are requisite fo r

p oetry Poets depict a fictitious and imag
.
inar y world This faculty give s glow to the

.
other faculties ; impres s es the poetica l and

ideal ; a spires to imaginary perfection in
every thing ; creates enthusia sm in friend
ship Virtue painting m u sic et c ; produces
, , , ,
.
sentimentality and leads t o delicacy and sus

,
c e p t ib il it y
. I t often act s with Spirituality
( Mysticism ) located adj oining it in embel
, ,
l is h in g po etry with the mysterious and s u
p e r nat u r al Practical exaltati o n varies with

.
thi s o rgan .
“
Combe s ays ' This facu l ty loves exquisite
nes s perfection and the beau ideal ; gives
, ,
-
inspiration to the poet ; stimulate s t h o s e fac

u l t ie s which form ideas to create perfect
s cenes ; inspires man with a ceas eles s l ove of
improvement and prompt s him to form and
,
realize S plendid conceptions ; impart s an ele

v at e d strain to language and S hows a splen ,
dor o f eloquence and poetic feeling ; and gives

HU M A N NA T URE
to conversation a fascinating sprightlines s

and buoyancy —the Oppo site o f drynes s and
”
dullnes s .
I n addition to the ab ove characteristics ,
which are largely due to the c o O peration of -
Mys tici s m I nfin ity and R everence there i s

, , ,
another s et o f manifestations which were

largely overlooked by the older phrenologi sts
—the activity o f the Imagination in connec
tion with Constructiveness This combina .
tion of Constructivenes s and I deality i s

found in the great s cientists inventors great
, ,
‘
financiers and others whos e plans fo r build
,
ing up show that I deality ha s been al s o v ery

“
active in the direction o f p icturing what
”
may be the id e al which Construction
makes r e al I n much mental constructive
.
work there is found the artistic element

, ,
which aris es from I deality This Quality .
manifests outer form in the upper and fron

ta l p ortion of th e temples j ust where the
,
head begins t o curve upward and just in ,
front o f o r under the edges of the hair ( see

, ,
group figure ) I t is just above Constructive

.
nes s and just b elow Mystic i sm and Imitation

, ,
a po sition which throws light on its sever al

b a s e s o f manifestation above n oted .
head and back he ad and ab out midway b e

-
,
“ ”
tween top and bottom o f that part o f the
head which cont ains the brain ( see grou p
figure ) I t is back of I de ality and in fron t
.
,
of Cautiousnes s ; below O ptimism and above

A cquisitivenes s on th e side of the head
,
where the upward curve begins .
HU M O R This Quality manifests in a

.
s trong appreciation of the ludicrous hu m o r ,
o u s ironica l facetious and raillery

, , ,
S pu rz .
heim savs ' Tho se who write like Voltaire ,
R ab e l aI s Piron Sterne R ab e n e r Wieland

, , , , ,
and all who are fond o f j es t raillery ridicule , , ,
irony and comical conception s h ave the u p

, ,
per and outer part s of t h e f o r e h e ad imme

d iat e l y before B eauty ( I deality ) of c o ns i d ‘
” “
c rable S ize Combe says
. I have found
in the manifest ations o f those whos e Wit
( Mirthful n es s ) predominates over Causa l it y
( L ogi c ) a striking love of the pure l y l udi
cr o u s ; their gre at delight being to heap
ab surd and incongruous idea s together ; ex
tract laughter o u t of every Obj ect ; and e u
j oy the mirth their s al lies created ; and there
fore a g ree with S pu r z h e im that t h e s enti
ment of th e l udicrous is its primitive func
TH E M O D I F I C A T IV E QUAL I T I E S 1 13
”
t i on
. Thos e in whom it is very l arge ar e
apt to be regarded as trifling and u nd ig nifi e d ,
and people often lack respect for t hem Tho se .
in whom it i s wea k are apt t o b e over serious -
and dreary A sense of humo r i s valuable

.
in many ways among which is its influe nc e

,
i n letting us s ee the silly side of much pre

t entions non sens e which might otherwise de
c e iv e o u r 'reason and j ud g men t Many a .
s o l emn and dignified fallacy o r error can b est

b e attacked through a laugh and a realiza
tion o f it s ab surdity This Quality manifest s
.
oute r fo rm on the upper and lateral p art of

t h e forehead ( see group figure ) I t is just
.
befor e I deality and j ust below I mitation .
When l arge it gives a square and promi nent

s h a p e to thi s part of the forehead .
CHA PT ER X II
TH E RE L A T IVE QUAL I T I E S
The s eventh group is known a s the R elative
Qualities and is compo s ed of the following
,
four particular Qualities ' H u man N at u r e ;

S u avi t y ; S y mp at hy ; and I mi t at io n r e s p ec
“
t iv e l y
. The designation R elative is ap
plied t o this group by reas on o f the fact that
,
its activities are concerned with the r e l at io ns

between the individual and others o f his kind .
The group manifest s outer form in the front

upper p art o f the head begi nn i ng j ust above
,
the line of the hair from which it extends

,
backward toward the top — head ( See Fig . .
HU M A N NA T U R E This Quality manifests in

.
a S trong desire to read character discern hu ,
man motives interpret feelings and thoughts

, ,
and to kno w men and women thoroughly .
Tho se in whom it i s large s eem to read the

mind motives and character of those whom
,
they meet in an almo st intuitive manner the

,
—
idea s feelings thoughts motives and des i g ns
, , ,
o f others s eem l ike an open book to them .
They are natural p hysiognomists and under ,
1 14
s tand Human Nature in b oth its inner s tates

and outer forms This quality is largely de
.
v e l O p e d in succes sful s alesmen detectives , ,
credit men politicians and others who se suc

-
, ,
ces s dep ends largely upon the ability to read

the character o f thos e with whom they come
in contact This Quality concerns its elf with
.
the entire subj ect matter o f this book and i s ,
o f the utmost importance t o every individual .
I t should be developed and trained .
Prof O S Fowler explains its manifesta

. . .
tions and at the same time directs o n e along

,
“
the lines o f its cultivation a s follo w s Scan
,
clo sely all the actions of men in order to as ,
certain their motives and mainsprings Of ao

tion ; l ook with a sharp eye at man woman ,
and child all y o u meet a s if you would read

, ,
them through ; note particularly the expres

sion o f the eye a s if you wou ld imbibe what it
,
sign ifies ; s ay to v ou rs e l f what faculty ,
prompted this expres sion and that act i on ?

drink i n the general looks attitude natural , ,
l anguage and manifestations o f men and ,
y ield yourself t o the impres sions natur ally

made o n you ; that is study human nature
,
”
b ot h a s a phil o s ophy and a sentiment .
T H E R E L A T IVE Q UAL I T I E S 117
This Quality manifest s in outer form o n the

middle line of the summi t of th e fo rehe ad
-
,
j us t where the h air u sually b egins to appear ,
and from thence slightly upward around the

curve ( s ee group figure ) I t is directly abov e
.
A nalysis and is o fte n mistaken for a co ntinu

ation thereof I t s nearnes s to that Quality in
.
d ic at e s its relationship thereto the connec ,
tion being very close ; in fact some authorities ,
h ave treated it a s a p articula r phas e o f A n

alysis I t is directly in front Of and below
.
S ym pa thy which p osition i s als o sugge s t ive

, ,
for we must firs t und e r s t an d the feelings o f

others before we can symp athize wi th them .
I t i s between the two lobes of Suavity which ,
po sition is als o suggestive for Suavity de ,
pends up on an understanding o f the character

and feelings o f others in order t hat we may
,
“ ”
fall in with the same I n the same way .
Imi t ation which closely adj oins it depends

, ,
upon Human Nature for its copying material .
When largely develop ed this Quality gives a

p eculiar fullnes s and height to the upp er fore
head .
SUA VI TY This Quality manifests i n a

.
s trong desire to b e ag r e e ab l e s u av e p l e as ant

, , ,
p o li t eand at t r ac t iv e to other people Tho s e .
i n whom it is l arge p os ses s a charming per

“ ”
s o n alit y ; a winning way ; are interesting
and agreeable ; polite and often fascinating
,
.
They always s ay the right thing to the right

p erson at the right time and right p lace .
They s ugar coat unpleasant truths and are

-
,
natural diplomats This is the Quality of

.
“
Tact These p eople are all things t o all
.
men ,
and S how every evidence of having
“
kis s ed the Blarney Stone and of under
“
standing th e manufacture a n d use o f soft
”
s o ap .
W i t h H uman Natur e l arge they as , ,

“
Prof O S Fowl er say s kno w j ust h o w
. . .
and when to take and hoodwink men ; with

Secretivenes s ( Cunning ) large and Co ns c ie n
t io u s ne s s small ar e oily and p alavering and
, ,
flatter v ictims and serpent l ike salivate b e

,
-
”
fore swa l lowing When the adj oining Qual
.
i ty o f Humor is large they add humor and wit

,
t o their other attractive qualities This Qual

.
ity i n n ormal development i s the lubricant

, ,
wh i c h makes the wh eel s o f s ocial and busines s

in t ercourse run smoothly I n exces s it ren
.
“ ” “ ”
d er s o ne t o o s mooth and oi l y ; while it s
pathy and confidence I t is unneces sary t o.
stat e that tho se in whom this p ropensity i s

strong are to b e found serving thei r fellow ~
men in charitable p hil ant h r O pic and educa

, ,
t io nal work .Some have it in such exces s that

the y w il l i mp overish thems elves and their
familie s i n order to help p erfect strangers
o r the race at large I t manifests outer form
.
o n the fo re part o f the top h ead o n the mid ,
dle line commencing j ust about wh e re the

-
,
hair begins and running back almo s t to the

middl e o f the top head I t i s immedia t e l y in
-
.
front Of R everence When large it tends to

.
give the head a little forward tilt o r inc l ina

tion a s if toward the perso n fo r wh om s y m
,
pathy i s felt I n listening to a story awaken

.
ing sympathy o ne natural l y i ncline s the head

,
a little forward .
IM I T A T IO N This Qua l ity manifests i tself

.
I n the s trong tendency to reproduce copy , ,
take p attern o f or mi mic I t plays an impor

, .
t ant part in the work o f the artist and th e

acto r I t enables one in whom it is l arge ly
.
develo p ed to enter i nto the Ideas pl an s and ,
“ ”
work s of others ; to catc h their S pirit ; and
t o reproduce their wo rk o r ideas I n connec .
TH E R E L A T IVE QUAL I T I E S 12 1
t ion wit h I dea l ity it forms a l arge part of the

artistic talent in all lines o f creative work .
With large Constructivenes s and I deality it ,
makes the inventor and the designer who build

upon that which ha s gone before that w hi ch
is new and original With Self E steem small
.
-
and Approbativenes s large this Quality will

,
“
caus e the p ers on t o follow my leader and
imitate others rather than to as sert h is own
,
originality and creative p ower This Quality .
is noticeable p r I np ally as a modifier o f the

other faculties and propensities I t mani .
fest s outer form on the upp er S ides of the

forehead toward the top of the head ( see
,
group fi g ure ) I t lies just below Sympathy

.
,
and a b ove I deality ; before Mysticism and ,
b a c k o f S u a vi t y .
CHA PT ER X III
TH E P E R C E PT IVE QUAL I T I E S
T h e eighth group is known a s the Percep
tive Qualities comp os ed of the following par
,
t ic u l ar Qualities resp ectively ' O b s e r vat i o n ;

,
F o rm ; S iz e ; W eig h t ; Co l o r ; O r d e r ; Calc u l a
t i o n ; T u n e ; T ime ; L o c ali ty ; E v e n t u a l it y and ,
W o r d s This group manifests outer form in

.
the lower part of the forehead in the region ,
o f the eye ( See Fig

. W hen large thi s
.
group often gives t o the upper forehead the

“ ”
appearance o f retreatin g o r sloping b ack
ward Prof O S Fowler says of the appear
. . . .
ance o f tho s e Qualities which manifest outer

“
form u nd e r the eyebrows ' The follo wi ng
rule fo r ob s erv ing their size obviates the o b
j e c t io n sometime s urged that the eyebrows
and their arches prevent the correct diagno si s
o f thes e smaller organs crowded so thickly to
gether The rul e is ' T h e s h ap e of t h e ey e

.
b r o ws reveals the size a b s o l ute and relative

, ,
o f each thus ' ,

When all are l arge the eye ,
bro w is long and arching ; when al l are d e fi

cient it i s short and straight ; whe n some are
,
12 2
l arge and others sma ll it arches over the ,
large ones but pas ses horizontally over tho s e

,
”
which ar e small This rule is infallible. .
The other Qualities o f the group according ,

“
t o Prof Sizer is l ocated above the eyes and
.
, ,
constitute ab o ut one t h i rd of the

-
d epth of the forehead beginn ing at t h e ar ch

,
”
o f the eye .
O B S E RVA T I O N This Quality was g iven the

.
“ ”
name o f I ndividuality by the early phren
ologists but this term is considered mislead
,
ing owing to the later usage o f that term

,
.
I t manifests in a strong desire to observe s ee , ,

“ ”
examine i nsp ect and k now the things of
, ,
t h e obj ective life Thos e i n whom it i s l argel y

.
d ev e l o p e d fe e l the insatiab l e ur g e o f the in

‘
q u i s it ive S pirit ; they desire to invest i gate

everything coming under their no tice Many .
l i t tle details in the obj ects o r subj ects in

which th ey are interested are noticed b y them ,
w hile overlo oked by the maj ority o f p eo p le .
“
Prof Sizer says of it that it gives a reco g
.
n it io n o f things and the speci al points and
facts o f subj ects ; quicknes s Of ob s e rv ation is

an important e l ement i n the acquisition of
knowledge . Tho se i n who m it I s
T H E P E R C E PT IVE Q UAL I T I E S 1 25
l arge are eager t o s ee all that may b e s een and ,
nothing es c ap es their attention I t open s the .
d oo r fo r the actio n of a l l the other perceptive

organs . They are quick to n otice
e verything t h at i s presented t o the eye ; and
i t goe s farther and enables u s to recognize

,
that which we touch o r sounds we hear The ,

.
r att l ing strokes of a drum are distin c t noises ,
”
and ea c h i s an indiv iduality .
“
Prof O S Fowler say s '
. . . I t i s ada p ted
, ,
and adapts men t o the divisib i lity o f matter ,
o r that natural attribute whi c h all o ws it t o be
subdiv i ded indefinitely Ye t e ac h div i sion .
maintains a persona l existence I t thus put s .
man i n relation and c ontact wi t h a world full

o f things for his inspection as well a s ex ,
cites in him an ins atiabl e de s ire to exam i ne

everything I t i s therefore th e l o c king fac
.
u lty. I ts distinctive o ffice is to Ob serve

‘
thing s I t a sks ' Wh at is t h i s l and s ays
.
‘ ’
,
‘ ’
Sho w me that ' B efore we can
kn ow the uses prop ertie s causes et c of
, , ,
.
,
things we mus t first know that such th in g s

,
”
e xis t and o f thi s Ob servation informs u s
, .
This Quality i s l argely involved in the proc

es s o f Attention I t us u ally manifests in the
.
form of invo lu n t ary at t ent io n th at is atten , ,
tion to interesting things B ut , under the in.
fl u e nc e Of the w i ll with Firm ne s s l arge i t

, ,
manifest s vo lu nt ary at t ent i o n o r attention o r

,
study of obj ect s not interesting i n thems e lves ,
but which it is important to s tudy and know

.
.
I t is largely developed in children and unde

v e l o p e d adults in the phase o f curiosity o r
d e sire t o ob serve n ew things I n adults of .

,
develop ed minds i t manifest s a s attention t o

,
things o f mat e r ial in t e r es t and important sub

j e c t s o r obj ects O f study This Quality i s th e
.
master o f its a s sociated Q ualities i n this

group and is involved in all o f their activites
,
.
I t manifests outer form in the middle o f the

lower pa rt o f the forehead b etween the inn er ,
ends of the eyeb rows and ab ove the top o f t h e

,
“ ”
nos e j ust above the ro ot o f the nos e in ,
“
fact Prof O S Fowler s ays ' When it i s
. . .
l arge th e eyeb rows fle x downward at their

,
na sal ends an d the l ower part o f the fore

,
head proj ect s When i t is deficient the eye

.
,
b rows are straight at their inner ends and ,
come cl o s e together ( See grou p fi g u r e ) .
FOR M This Quality manifests i n a cog

.
n iz an c e appreci ation and recol l ection of the

, ,
outer form on each s i de o f O b s e rv at i on , b u t a

little l o wer do wn ( s ee group fi g ure ) , i n t h e
angle fo rmed b y t h e r oot o f t h e no s e and arch
o f t h e eyebrow s Prof O S F owler s ays '
. . . .
“
I n p ro p ortion a s i t is large i t c au s e s the in
n e r p o rtion of the eye b rows to proj ect over
the inne r p ortions o f the eyes q ui t e lik e ,
the ea v e s o f a hous e forming a sh e d ove r t h e

,
”
i nner p ort i on o f each eye .
WEI GH T This Quality man i fe s t s in a c o g

.
n iz anc e appreciation
,
and recol l ect i on o f
,
w e ig h t b alanc e an d g r avit y of thi ngs

,
Tho s e .
in whom it is l arge mo st r e adi l y p erceive ,

r ecognize and remembe r t h e weigh t o f
,
t h ings ; and a l so thing s ou t o f b alance o r

pl umb These p eo pl e seem t o hav e t h e fac
.
u l t y o f b alan c ing them s elv e s nice ly and k ee p ,
i ng their feet o n a slippe ry s u r face on a tigh t ,
rop e etc and often wa lk wi t h a swingi n g

,
.
, ,
free motion indic ating a s en s e of b a l anc e

,
and s ecurity T hi s Quality man i fests u nde r

.
the eyeb rows next t o Size a b out a h a l f inc h

, ,
from the u p per p art of the no se rising some ,
what a b ove the i nner p art of th e eyeba ll and

t h e b r idge of the n ose Prof O S Fowl e r . . . .
“
s ay s ' D r aw a per p end i cul ar lin e fr om th e
TH E PER C E PT IVE QUA L I T I E S 1 29
centre of each eye u p to the eyebrow ;

Weight i s int e rnally and Colo r ex t e rnally o f
,
”
this line under the eyebrows .
COL O R This Quality manifests in a c og

.
n iz an c e appreciation and recollect i on of the

, ,
color hue shade and tint o f things Tho se

, , ,
.
in whom it is large mo st readily p erceive ,
recognize and remember the colors shadings , ,
b lendings and combination O f tint s and t o ,
com p are match and harmonize colors instin o

,
t iv e l y . I t manifest s outer form under the

eyebrows jus t back of Weight ( s ee rule for
,
finding in la st paragraph ) and occupies the

, ,
sp ace directly under the centre of the arch

o f the eyebrow s ( s ee group fi g u re ) W hen .
largely developed it gives an upward and fo r

ward arch to the eyebrows .
O RD E R This Quality manifests in a cog

.
niz anc e appreciation and recollection o f

, ,
o rd e r,
me t h o d and ar r ang e ment Tho se in .
whom it is large mo st readily p erceive recog ,
nize and remember the order and s equence

,
in which obj ect s appear o r are arranged .
They are v ery methodical preci s e and p ay at , ,
tention to details o f arrangement and system .
“ ”
They have a place for ev erything and like ,
1 30 HU M A N NA T U R E
“ ”
t o keep everything in its place I n busi .
“ ”
ness they are strong o n system sometime s ,
overdoing it They are als o fond o f rules

.
,
l aw s customs and codes and adhere strictly

, ,
thereto They like everything pigeon holed

.
-
,
labelled o r el se fenced in and O ff from every

,
other thing A re al s o great disciplinarians

. .
This Quality manifest s outer form next to

Colo r an d beneath the junction o f the b ony
,
ridges ( o n the sides o f t h e h ead ) and the eye

brows ( s ee gr oup figure ) P rof O S Fow
,
. . . .
“
ler s ays ' When very large it forms an arch ,
almo st an angle in the eyebro w s at this point,

,
accompanied by it s proj ection o r hanging

over . When small the eyebrows at ,
this point retire and are straight and flat , ,
wanting that arched proj ection gi ven by large

” “
O rder .Combe says I ts large develop
ment produces a square appearance at the
external angle o f the lower part of the for e
h e ad fi ’
C AL C UL A T I O N This Quality m anifest s i n a

.
cognizance appreciation and recollection of

, ,
n u mb e r fig u r es c alc u l at i o ns
, etc
,
Tho se in ,
.
w hom it is largely developed mos t readily p er

c e iv e , reco g nize and remember anything con
,
TU N E Thi s Quality manifests in a c o g

.
niz an c e appreciation and recollection of

, ,
t u n e mu s ic h ar m o ny m e l o d y etc
, ,
Those in
, , .
whom it i s large mo st readily perceive rec ,
o g niz e and rememb er all connected with the

,
subj ect of Music I t i s the musical s ense

.
,
ta ste and faculty I ts characteristics are t o o

.
w ell known to require elaboration

-
I t mani .
fests outer fo rm in the lateral and l ower part

o f the forehead above O rder and Calcul a
,
tion in front of Constructivenes s and back of

, ,
Time ( s e e group figu re ) Prof O S Fowler . . . .
“
s ays '
When large i t fi l l s o u t the lowe r,
frontal p ortions o f the temples .
S till , b eing l ocated in a kind of corne r

and the tempora l mus cle p as sing over
it its p o sition varies somewhat which ren
, ,
ders ob serv ation more diffi cult except in the ,
head s o f children in whom it is general l y

,
”
larger than i n adults .
TI M E This Quality manifests in a cog

. .
niz anc e appreciation and re c oll ection of t im e

, , ,
d u r at i o n r hy t hm e t c
,
Tho se in whom it i s
,
.
large mo st readily perceive reco gnize and , ,
remember all connected with the flight o f

time dates duration periodicity chronology
, , , , ,
TH E PER C E PT I V E QUAL I T IE S 1 33
etc S pu rzh e im s ays of it that it p erceives

.
,
the duration simultan eousnes s and succes

, ,
” “
s ion o f phenomena I t may b e called the
.
”
t ime sense which i s s o apparent i n s ome p er
s ons ,and s o noticeable by reason of its ah
s ence in others I t manifests outer form
.
above Colo r and Weight in front of Tune

'
, ,
and back o f L ocality ( see group figure ) .
L O CAL I T Y This Quality manifests in a c o g

.
niz ance appreciation and recollection o f

, ,
p lac e s p o s it io ns l o c at i o ns d ir e c t io ns etc
, , , ,
.
Thos e in whom it is large mo s t readily per

c e iv e recognize and remember places dir e c
, , ,
tions po sitions land marks p oints o f the

, ,
-
,
- -
c ompas s roads p aths streets and other

, , , ,
things having to do with s p ac e Such p ers ons .
“ ”
are never lost nor confused as t o direction
o r l ocality ; they h ave an almo st instinctive
“ ”
s ens e o f direction I t is the geographical
.
o r traveller s s ense
’
I t is found large in the
.
maj ority of travellers s ailors civil engineers , , ,
etc. Pers ons in w hom it is large can fin d

themse l ves about a strange city without
trouble and will remember O ld scenes places
, , ,
l oca tion s for years Tho s e i n whom it is weak

.
134 HU M AN NA T URE
“ ”
frequently get l o st o r mixed up re g ar di ng
,
p la ce po sition and direction

,
.
I t manifests outer form over Size an d

Weight o r about three quart ers o f an inch
,
-
abo v e the inner half of the eyebrows and ,
runs upwards an d out w ards ( s e e g r oup

figure ) I t is said to have been immensely
.
d eveloped and appa rent in Capt Cook the .

,
eminent explo rer and the portrait s of CO

,
l umbus and o ther great explorers and trave l

l ers S how a distinct enlargement of this 10
c al it y . G all who dis covered the lo cation of
,
thi s Quality took ca st s o f the heads of noted

,
explo rers and t ravellers and other s manifest ,

“ ”
ing the s ense of place and direction an d ,
“
up o n comp aring them found in them all in , ,
the region directly over the eyes two l arge ,
prominences which began j ust inside the root

,
o f the no se and a s cended obliquely upwards

,
and outwards a s far a s the middle of the fore

” “
head . Dr C aldwell stat es that
. D aniel
B oone who wa s p erp etually going from one
place to another wa s the mo st celebrated
,
hunter and wo odsman o f his age and p o s ,
s es sed thi s organ in a degree o f development

becaus e the surrounding organs are l arge ,
whereas clos e inspection sho w s it t o be l arge .
Steady the head wi th the left hand and p lace ,
the s ec ond finger of the right in the v ery

centre of the forehead firmly o n the h ead , ,
and then work the skin horizont ally I f y our .
finger cares ses an u p and down ridge about - -
the size of a p ipe stem this faculty is vi gor

-
,
o u s and ha s been much used and strengthen ed

,
by culture of late years Where it i s not no .
t ic e ab ly full but h as been taxed by busines s

,
or litera ry pur suits o r had a great many l ittle

,
things to do for ye ars it appe ar s deficient to ,
the eye but the rule just g iven for th i s per

,
p e nd ic u l ar p ipe stem ridge signifies g reat ao

-
”
t iv it y and vigor in it ( See g roup figure )
. .
WORDS This Quality manifests in a c o g ni

.
z anc e appreciation and recollection o f w o r d s

, ,
t e rms ,
h
p r as es e tc and their me anings
,
.
, .
Tho se in whom it is l arge mo st readily per

c e ive re c o gnize and remember the words ex
, ,
pres s ions gestures and o ther modes of com

,
mu nic at io n between the minds o f men and ,
ar e proficient no t on l y in p erceiving and u n

d e r s t anding them but als o in employing and
,
using them I t is the taste p ower and ability

.
, ,
TH E PER C EPT I VE QUAL I T I E S 1 37
to receive verbal I mpres sions and to manifes t

verbal E xpres sion I t produces the orator
.
,
and the adept in the use o f words in writing .
T o tho se pers on s i n whom it is largely devel ~
O ped words take on life and reality and b e

, ,
come li ving thought I n excess it produces.

,
“ ”
verbosity talka t ivenes s and windines s of
, ,
expres sion When d e ficient it render s o n e

.
,
unable to p roperly expres s himself I t mani .
fests outer form above and p artly behind the

superorbital p lates whi c h form the r oof of
,
the s ock ets o f the eyes and when large t ends ,
t o p res s the eye s forward and downward I t s .
l ocation w as discovered by G all who Ob served ,
that tho s e fluent in the use o f words almos t

al wa ys had fu ll an d p r o min e n t ey e s an d ,
p r o min ent u nd e r e y e lid s The ful lnes s o f the

-
.
eyes and lower eyelids therefore i s its dis , ,
t ing u ishing mark .
Profes sor 0 S Fowler says

. . See how
the eye s stand out beyond the cheekbone
th e best standard points from whi c h to esti
mate its size because though it may b e l arge
, , ,
yet the Perceptive s may b e still larger in ,
which ca se the latter wi l l proj ect forw ard still

fa rth er eve n b eyond l arge Ex pres sion .
( Words ) . Hence the fullnes s of the eyes

should not be compared with the eyebrows a s
much as wit h t h e b o ne b elo w t hem which not
,
being subj ect to kindred mutations forms a ,
”
correct measuring p oint of observation .
The p ressure outward o f the under eyelids ,
is a good S ign of th e development o f this

Quality I t may b e obj ected to that Qu ality
.
o f Words is not strictly speaking a P e r c ep

, ,
t iv e but when it i s realized that before words

,
may b e fluent l y us ed , they must be p e rc eiv e d ,
r e c og niz e d and r ememb e r e d the rea son for

, ,
o u r inclusion o f this Quality in the Per c e p t i ve
clas s may b e understood .

FIG . 10
T H E RE F CTIV E QU A ITIE S
LE L
TH E RE FL E CT IVE QUAL I T I E S 141
AN AL Y S I S This Quality manifest s in a

.
strong desire to analy z e c o mp ar e c las s ify in

, , ,
fe r dis c riminat e illu s t r at e e t c I t gathers

, , , .
“ ”
together the r aw m a terial o f p erception ,
an d p roceeds to analyze and compare its p ar
t icu l ar parts and the n to group the parts to

,
gether in a new cla s sifica tio n and synthesis .
Tho s e in whom i t is largely developed m ani

fest the p ower o f c o mp aris o n to a high degree ,
d iscovering p oint s o f resemblance and di ff er

ence almo st intuitively They will plunge to
.
the heart o f a subj ect in a sho r t t ime and will ,
be able t o extrac t the e s s e nc e o f an obj ect o r

subj ect with comp aratively little e fi o rt .
S p u r z h e im says of it The great l aw o f

this faculty s eems to b e to form ab stract ideas ,
generalization s and harmony among the

,
operations o f the other faculties . It

pre supposes however t h e activity of the
-
, ,
other faculties and c anno t act upon them if

,
”
they are inactive .
“
Profes sor Nel s on Sizer s ays that it fre ,
qu en tly di s c overs unexpected resemblances

among othe r th i ngs and people wh o h av e it
,
in a v ery activ e condition are cons t ant l y sur

p rising tho se in whom it is dull by their novel
i llustrations I t is the source o f the ability

.
s ome writers p o s s es s o f using frequen t ly

metaph ors and analo gi es .While i t
contributes t o reason it is no t strictly so p e r
, ,
36 I t endeavors to prove that o ne

thing is of such and such a nature because it ,
res embles another that is so and s o ; and

becaus e the maj ority O f people have it fair l y
developed they a re prone to convert an illus
,
t r at io n into an ar g u ment I t exercises a mo st

.
imp ortan t influence upon the mind in the w ay

o f analytical capability ; and one who has it .
lar gely developed is quick in discovering and

u nderstanding differences enigmatical as ser
,
t ions and improp er or inaccurate allusio n s ;

”
hence it is es sential to critical acumen .
“
G all says regarding its dis covery ' I Often
,
conversed with a philo s opher endowed with

great Vivacity wh o when unable t o p rove his
, ,
point by logic had recours e t o a compari s on

, ,
by wh ich he often threw his Opp onents O ff the

”
track which he could not do by arguments
, .
I t tends to rea s on b y analo g y and to make,
rap id and clever generaliza tions The major .
ity of scientist s h ave it l argely developed as ,
al s o do disc overers in all lines of investigatio n

O S F ow l er s ays o f it
. . I t commence s at
the centre o f t h e forehead and runs upward
nearly to the hair When it p roj ects beyon d
.
surrounding organs i t resemb l es a cone its ,
ap ex form ing a ridge which widens a s it r i ses .
I ts ample development ele v ates the middle o f

the u ppe r portion of the forehead and g i ves ,
it an ascending form .
L O GI C This Quality m anifests in a s trong

.
“ ”
desire to inquire into the Why ? of things
— “
into Causes into the Wherefore ? ”
and to
rea s on therefrom t o eff e c t s and a pp lication
of laws Tho se in whom it is la r ge manifest
.
the p ower o f l og ic al r e as o ning to a high de

gree and abhor fallacies This i s the p hilo
, .
s op h i c al faculty o f mind I t searches back o f

.
facts and phenomena for c au s es mo t iv es and ,
l aw s and then rea sons deductively from thes e

, .
“
Combe says ' This faculty prompts u s o n
“
all occasions to ask Why is t hi s s o and what
, ,
”
i s its Obj ect ? I t d e mand s r e as o ns and
p r o o fs i n the rea soning o f it s o w ner a s w e ll,
”
a s from others .
“
Prof Nel s on Sizer s ays '
. I t gives ability
to look deeply into subj ect s and t o a p precia t e
,
the lo gi ca l s e quences of ar g uments hence i t ,

TH E R E F L E CT IVE Q U AL I T I E s 145
is l arge in pers ons who indicate gen ius in

metaphysics p olitical economy and all s ci
, ,
e n c e s o f a profound character When

‘
prominent and the perceptive faculties are

,
modera te and Compari son ( Analysis ) is not

,
equally influential it tends to spe c ulat ive,
thinking Men s o constituted are gi ven to

.
spinning improbable theorie s ; their notions

are too ab stract for ordinary minds and they ,
are looked upon as dul l and heavy weights in

society O n the other hand when it ( L ogic )
.
i s deficient the individua l i s sup erficial and

,
incapable o f taking comprehensive Views of

subj ect s ; o r forming j udgments that wi ll ap
ply to the a ffairs of life succes sfully
Profes s or 0 S Fo w ler says that thi s Qua l
. .
“
ity g ives the desire to kn o w the w hy and
w h e r ef o r e o f things and to inve stigate the i r
,
laws ; ability t o reas on from causes down t o

e ffects and from e ffects up to causes ; the
,
therefore and w herefore ; ability to adapt

ways and means to ends to plan cont r ive in , , ,
vent creat e res o urces apply p ower ad v an

, ,
t ag e o u s ly make heads s ave hands kill t w o

, ,
birds with one stone predic t the r esult s O f ,
”
g i v en mea sures etc , .
This Quality manifests outer form in the

s ides of the upp er part of the forehead one ,
eith er side o f A nalys is and over L ocality ( see

g roup figure ) . When large it gives t o the
“ ”
forehead a high bold square form With
, ,
.
l arge Perceptives this Quality does not pre

sent s o prominent a n a pp ear ance and s o
marked a comparison but with the Percep
,
t iv e s small it gives to the brow an overhang

”
ing appearance With Analysis equally o r
.
,
nearly a s strong the fullnes s of cours e ex

,
tend s well acro s s the foreh e ad ; but wi th

An alysis much smaller L ogic presents a bulg
,
ing o n each side of the forehead ; while wit h

A nalysis large and L ogi c small the lat te r ,
gives the appearance of t w o depres s i on s o n

each side o f the foreh e ad .
S p u r z h e im well says of the combination

of Analysis and L ogic ( whi c h he terms Com
” “
p ari son and Caus ality respectively )
,
Causality and Comparison combined con

s t it u t e R ea son. Without Causa lity ( L o gi c )
t h ere c an be n o argumen t ative rea s oning ;
wi thou t Comparis on ( Analysis ) no com p re ,
h e n s iv e views and no nice distinctions

, Ob .
s ervation teaches obj ect s an d E ventuality

,
C HAP T ER XV
TH E REL I GIO M ORAL Q UAL I T IE S
-
T h e tenth group i s kn own a s the R elig i o

M ora l Qualities and i s compo sed o f the fo l
,
lowin g p articular Qua l ities ' R e v e r e nc e M y s ,
t ic is m O p t imis m and Co ns ci e n t i o u s n es s r e
, , ,
s p e c t iv e l y This group manife s ts outer form

.
at the front t o p of the head and o n either sid e

-
,
thereof ( s ee Fig .
R EVERE NC E This Qua li ty man i fests in a

.
strong reverence respect and aw e fo r and o f

,
higher b eings persons in authority sacred

, ,
things religious idea s constituted authority

, , ,
leaders teachers and heroes I t may b e s ym

, ,
.
“ ”
b o l ic all y ex p res sed b y the wo rd Worship
'
,
.
L ike that o f Mysticism this Quality contains ,
w ithin i ts field the highes t and the lowest It .
manifest s the reverence and veneration for

the highest conception s o f Deity and B eing ;
and al so the fear and b as e servile wors h ip o f
ido l s demoniac deitie s dev il gods et c L ik e
, ,
-
, .
wis e it manifests in respect and su b mis sion

,
f o r th e l awful l y constitut ed authorities ; and

also fo r fal se l ea d ers and p rophets charla ,
1 48
F IG . 11
T H E RE LTGI O -M O RA L Q UA LI TIE S
tan s and imp o sters I n the same way it cau s e s

.
a hero worship for tho s e who ha ve pe rf ormed

-
meritorious ta sk s and h ave w rought go od fo r

th e race ; but als o for the unworthy p ersons
w h os e sensational deeds h ave brought them
“ ”
in t o the limelight of noto ri ety I t mani .
fests in all form s of the highest reli gi on ; and

in the l owest forms of devil wo rship and low -
sup erstitious awe and fear in the richest r e ,
l ig io u s e xp eriences and in the wildest fanat

,
ic is m and hallucinations The direction of

.
the manifestation is de c ided by the relat iv e

devel opment o f the other prop ensities p ar ,
t icu l arl y tho se o f the reas oning fa c ult i es .
This Quality manifest s outer form o n the

middle t o p o f the head along the middle line
-
,
-
directly i n front of Firmness back o f Sym ,
p athy and jus t above Mysticism and O pti

,
mism ( s ee group figure ) When l argely de .
v elo pe d it causes the middle o f the top o f

,
“ ”
the h ead t o b u l ge particularly if M y s t i
,
c is m b e als o largely developed the combina ,
t ion usual l y being thus .
M Y ST I C I SM This Quality manifest s in a

.
s trong attraction for the su p ernatural the ,
marv ellous the unknown the mysterious

, ,
.
T hi s Qua l ity i s located imm e diate ly in

front of O ptimism and below o n either si d e
,
o f R everence o n the front upper p art o f the

,
-
head ( s ee g ro u p figure ) When develop e d it

.
renders the front top head bro ad and prom i

-
nent .
OPT I M I SM Th i s Quality manifests in a

.
strong tendency t o look on the b right side

o f t hings t o exp ect the best t o anticipate the
, ,
“
best S p u rz h e im says o f it ' Ho p e is nec e s
.
sary to the happiness of man in almo st al l

situations and often gives more satisfaction
than even succes s Tho s e who are ev e rl as t
.
ing ly scheming o r building ca stles i n the air

have it large I t believe s p o ssible whatever
.
the other faculties desire I t is no t confined .
to this life but inspires hopes of a future

,
state and belief in the immortality of the s oul

, .
When too strong it exp ect s the unreasona b le

and impo s sible ; but when to o weak with Cau ,
tion l arge it pr o duc e s low spirits , melancho l y

,
and desp air .
This Qua li ty when full produce s O p timist s ;

when weak p es simists ; when medium t h e
, ,
average person who swi ngs between the two

extreme s p artaki ng o f the nature of each .
T H E R E L I G I o M O R AL-
QUAL I T I E S 153
Tho se in whom it is developed to exces s are

apt to see succes s in everything and with a ,
lively ima ginatio n translate dreams into

realities ; of thes e p ersons it has been s aid '
“
S how them an egg and the next minute the
,
”
air i s full of feathers When this Quality.
is weak the person i s dispos ed to look for the

wo rm in the apple decay at the heart o f the
,
rose and for th e skelet on beneath t h e fo rm

,
“
o f beauty . I t ha s been said that the opti
mist s ees nothing but the body o f the dough
”
nut ; the p es simist noth ing but the hole
,
.
This Propensity manifests outer form at

the middle sides of the upper head in front ,
of Conscientiousness back o f Spirituality ,
( see group figu re ) .
C O NSC I E NT I O U SN E SS This Quality mani

.
f e st s in a strong t endency t o act according to

tru th p rinciple duty the accepted code o f
, , ,
ethics conception of right a c cepted religi ous

, ,
te achings — in short t o regulate conduct ao

“
cording to the particular standard o f right
and wrong accepted b y the p ers on Tho s e .
in whom it is l ar g e feel keenly their p ersonal

‘
respo nsib ility duty and moral obligation

, ,
.
With R everence large they mode l their S tand ,

ard of duty u p on religious standards whi l e ,
with R everence s ma l l and So c iabili t y l arge

, ,
the y model their standard upon so cia l eth i cs ,
“
the B rotherhood of Man and the social con
,
”
s cience . I n fact the Quality itself gi ves r i se
“
to what is generally c alled the s ocial con
”
scien ce .
“
Combe s ay s of this Propensity ' A fter
more than thirty years expe ri ence o f the
world in actual life and in various count ries ,
I cannot remembe r an instance in whi ch I

have been p ermanently treated unj ustly b y
one in wh om this organ and intellect w ere
l arge Moment a ry injustice through i rrita
.
,
tion o r misrepresentation may have been

,
done ; but after correct inform ation and time

t o become co ol I have found such p ersons ev er
,
disposed to act on the dictates of Conscience ;

a s well s atisfied with j ustice . It
l eads t o p unctua l ity in keeping appointments
s o a s not to wa s te their time ; to t h e r e ady
p ayment of debts ; wi l l not s end colle c tors
away uns atisfied except from ina b ility to p ay ;
are reserved in mak ing promises but p unctua l
,
in keeping them ; and w hen fa v o rably com

b ine d are consi stent in conduct
,
. It s
CH A PT ER X VI
F A CE S
N e x t to t h e sh ap e o f the head th e fa c i al
,
express ion furnishes us wi th the mo s t ma rke d

indication o f the out er fo rm a c com p any in g
the inner mental sta te I n fact many au th o r i
.
,
ties hold that the fa c ial expres sio n afi o rd s

the mo st easily read and mo st c o mpreh en
siv e index o f character and that the r efo re
, , ,
Physiognomy p os s es ses many p o i nts o f s u

p e r io r i t y o v er Phrenology The trut
. h s eem s
to be that Physiognomy and Phreno l o g y ar e

twin sciences and that the true student of H u
-
,
man Nature should acqu aint himse lf t ho r

oughly with both .
Physio g nomy i s the science and art of dis

cove r ing o r reading the temp er and other
characteristic q u alitie s o f the mind b y t h e
”
feature s of the face .The p hi l o s o p hy under
lying the s cience o f Physio g nomy h as b een
stated at l engt h in the first s ev eral cha p t e r s
o f this b o ok the es sence o f which i s that men
,
t al s t at e s manif e s t in o u t w ar d fo rm T he
.
m aj ority o f person s a p pl y the pr in c i pl e s Of

1 56
FA C E S 157
P hysiognomy more o r les s unconsciously i n

j udging the characters of tho se with whom
they come in contact Near l y every one s c ans
.
clos ely the features of tho se w hom they meet

fo r the firs t time and fo rm a general impres
,
s i o n therefrom .Children and domes ti c ani

mal s p os ses s an instinctive knowledge o f
facial expres sion and can often tell very accu
r at e ly the general disp o sition toward them
p o s ses s ed by v ari ou s p erson s Cert ai n p e r

.
“
s ons are general l y considered to loo k stu
” “
p id while o thers have a bright intelligen t
, ,
” “ ”
expres sion ; some l o ok tri c ky w hile ,
“ ”
o thers lo o k hon e st and t r ustworthy .
“
Profes so r Nels on Sizer says ' Though all
h uman b eings ha ve the genera l human fo rm
—
and features though all have eyes no s e , ,
mouth chin etc yet each o ne has a different

, , .
,
face and lo o k from every other A nd more .

, ,
yet the same p er-son ha s a very di fferent fa

,
c ial loo k at di ff erent times according a s he

,
is an g ry o r friendly etc And al w ays the

,
.
s ame l oo k when in the same mood O f c ourse .

,
then something causes this expression —e s

,
p e c ially S ince all who are angry friendly etc

, , ,
.
,
h ave one genera l o r similar expres sion ; tha t

i s one look expr e s ses anger another a ffe c

, ,
tion ano t her devotion another kindnes s e t c

, , ,
.
A nd since nature always works by means she ,
mu s t needs have her p hysio g nomical t o ols .
Nor are they under the con t rol Of the will ,
f o r they a ct spontaneously We canno t help .

,
whether we wi l l or no laughing when merry

, ,
even though in church p outing when pro ,
v o ke d and expres sing al l our mental O pera

,
tions dow n even to the very innermo st re

,
ces ses of our s ouls in and by our c o u nt e nan

,
ces A nd with more minutenes s and com

.
p l e t e n e s s than by words e s pecially when the

,
”
expres sion s are intens e o r peculiar .
“
Profes s or Drayton says E verything .
,
from head t o feet of form size and action

, , , ,
indicates in s ome degree the character of the,
individual o r state o f mind and feeling in

, ,
exercis e for the time being The arching or .
de pres sing of the eyebro w s the full O p ening ,
or p artial closing of the eye the pur s ing or ,
pouting o f the lip s the firm s et j aw the ele

, ,
v at e d head the l ofty shoulders the stiff at

, ,
t it u d e the dignified and stately step o r the

, ,
reverse of this wil l impres s each Ob server in

,
respect to the changing mo o d s which may

1 60 HU M A N NA TU RE
ihhis features not only b u t in all h i s mo v e

,
”
ments and attitudes .
SH A P E S OF F A CE S
The authorities in Physio g nomy divide t he
faces of persons into three general clas ses ,
V iz ' ( 1 ) The R ound Face ; ( 2 ) The O blong
Face ; and ( 3 ) The Pear shap ed Face -

.
I n Fig 1 2 we s ee the R ound Face This

.
, .
face is indicative of the V ita l Temperament .
I t is usually a s s ociated with broad shoulders ,
short neck full chest and plumpnes s with

, , ,
en l arged ab domen in mi ddl e life These peo .

FA C E S 1 61
p le l ove ease and p hysica l c omfort s good eat ,
ing and drinking and no t too much hard men

,
ta l or p hysica l work They are s olicitou s of

.
the comfort of their b odies and general l y ,
“ ”
l oo k o u t fo r No 1 i n thi s respect They
. .
are general l y good natured and so ciable and

-
,
o ften j olly .
F IG 1 3
.
O B L N G FA C
O E
In Fig 1 3 we see the O bl ong Face This

.
,
.
face is indicativ e of the Motive Temp erament .
I t is u sual l y as s o c iat ed with a comp act fi rm

body wh i ch while well filled o u t can scarce l y

,
be called plump certainly not fleshy These

, .
p eople are generally strong and active per ,
s evering and sp aring neither thems elves o r
F IG . 14
PE P D F CE
A R- S H A E A
others in the directio n o f work They are apt .
to have a very fair share o f common s ens e ;

ar e p r ac t ic al ; and are gen e rally r e li ab l e .
I n Fig 1 4 we s ee the Pear shap e d Face

.
,
-
.
T hi s face i s ind i ca tive of the Mental Tem

Qualities ; and b ut moderate Con s cient i ous

nes s They l ook o u t for thems elves pushin g
.
,
“
other s a side and not being disturbed b y the
,
”
higher feelings They are general ly stu b
.
F IG 1 5
.
S QU
A RE F C
A E
born ; and the i r weak point is ap t to be Ama

t iv e ne s s .
I n Fig 1 6 we see the E gg shape d Face

.
,
-
.
This face indicates the Mental Tempera ment

wi t h the Psychic Qualities largely in the a s
c e nd e nt . The Selfish Qua l itie s are wea k ,
whi l e t h e Q ua l ities o f My s ticism R ev er en ce ,

F A CES 1 65
and I deality a re l arge Th e se p eop l e a r e gen

.
“ ”
e r al ly known a s spiritual and are often,
”
very p sychic . T h e v are generally imp r ac
F IG 1 6 .
E GG SH P
-
FA C
A ED E
tical and dwel l in an ideal world apart from

the things of earth .
I n Fig 1 7 we see the I nverted E gg s ha pe d

.
,
- -
Face This face indi c ates the extreme form

.
o f the V ital Temperament as s ociated with ,
an absence o f the active qualities which

s h ould acc o mpany it The Menta l and Mot i v e
.
Qualities are q uite d eficient whi l e the pure ly ,
A nimal Qualit i es are strong The resu l t is .
a p ig like nat u re content with w al l o w mg i n

-
,
the mud of the anima l propensities and hav
F IG . 17
I N VE R TE D E GG - SH A PE D FA C E
i ng a full swill barrel These people are e s

-
.
s e nt ially l azy gro s s worthles s

, ,
and animal ,
like N ote the large lower face ( without the

.
-
strong jaw ) and the sm all upp er head Not e

, .
the b road n os e and general laz y exp r es s i on

,
.
I n Figs 1 8 and 1 9 respectively we see

.
, ,
1 68 H U M A N NA TU RE
c l a s s e s o f faces h a v e o f cou r s e innumer abl e

, ,
v ariat i ons and combinatio n s b ut a carefu l

,
s tudy o f these s everal types wi l l g ive o ne t he

g e n e r a l k e y to al l faces I t is wel l t o Obta in 3
.
FIG . 19
N AR R O W FA CE
s i de V iew as we l l a s a fu ll face V i ew, o f t he
,
-
f ace o ne wishe s t o s tudy .
I n s tudy i ng faces not onl y the g e n e r al

,
s hap e o f the face mu s t b e O b ser v ed b u t al s o ,
t h e v arious f eatures the r eof a s fo r i n s tan c e '

,
t h e ch in ; the mout h ; the no s e ; the eye s ; t h e

e ars ; etc . T h e s e features form t he su b j ec t of
t h e f o l low in g chapter s .
CHA PT ER X VII
CH I NS AN D M O U THS
Physio g nomist s regard the ch in as an im
p ortant feature to be considered in the study
o f faces a s the outer form of character T he .
following are the principa l p oint s o f the

“ ”
reading o f chin s .
I n Fig 2 0 we s ee the first point t o be O h

.
s erv ed in the study of chins The rule is t o

.
dr aw an ima g inary perpe n di cular line from

the point at the root of the no s e between t h e,
two eyebrows I n the no rmal and aver age

.
typ e the l ine touches the upp er lip and chin

, .
But we find the norma l condition in but com

p ara t ive l y few cases the maj ori ty manifes t
,
ing a v ariation backward o r fo rward When .
the chin i s found t o recede from the l ine i t i s ,
interpreted as an indication of we aknes s lack ,
o f s tability and firmn ess and a genera l v a ci l

,
l ating and unsta b le character When th e chin

.
p roj ects beyond the line it is inter p reted as

,
indicating firmnes s stubbornes s and a gener

, ,
a l ly selfis h n ature which i s considered

,
“ ” “ ”
s trong by contrast with th e weak rec e d -
1 69
ing chi n. When th e proj ec t ing ch in is

p o in t e,d i t i nd i cates that the st r en g th i s mani
t este d a s gr a s pi ng m i s erl i nes s etc ; w hi l e if
, ,
.
it is s qu ar e i t indi c ates C omb at i vene s s and

,
Destruct ivenes s a s we ll a s A cq u i s i t ivenes s ;

and if it i s v e ry b ro ad and s qu are i t ind i cates
,
“ ”
th e dominee ring b o s sy
, ,
tyrannical self ,
wi lled character .
i ty ; whil e b r o adn es s de notes p rac t ic al s u b ,
s t ant i al p l ai n desires and ta stes

, .
T h e d imp l e d o r ind ent e d c hin ind i cates the

wa rm artis tic temperament with it s a e com
p anying desire for l ove of the o p po s ite s e x ,
d esire f o r affectio n and alas ' t o o often a

,
fl ckl e n e s s and la ck o f lo ya l t y and fid eli t y in

l o v e a ffair s .
AW S '
A b r o ad firm j aw ind i cates s tro ng C om

'
b at iv e n e s s D estructivene s s and Firmnes s

, .
A nar r o w l o o s e j aw indicate s the r ev erse

,
o f the qualit i es a b o v e noted .
A l o o s e d r o op ing j aw and O p en mo u t h in
,
dic at e s timidity wea k nes s , shyn es s , or d e s

,
p o nd e nc y .
The fig h t e rs in all walks o f life manifest the

strong firm j aw I t i s the survival o f t h e
,
.
“ ”
primi t iv e bite in the animal o r cave man - .
M OU THS
T h e O rienta l s have a prover b which runs
“
as follows ' By a man s eyes k now w ha t he ’
,
might h av e be en o r may b e ; by hi s mouth

, ,
”
knew what he ha s been and is T h e s t udy
,
.
of the mouth i s o ne of the gr eates t int eres t ,

C H I N S A ND MOU THS 1 73
and one which wil l richly r e p ay o ne for hi s

time a n d thought I t will be noticed that
.
there is a great d ifi e r e nc e between the mouth

and lip s o f an individual in childho od in ,
youth and in middle age which fact shows

,
-
,
the truth o f the O riental p roverb jus t quoted .
The mouth i ndeed shows what a man has been

and i s .
S mall mo u t h s generally denote u nd e v e l

oped childish o r babyish char acter neither
, , ,
go od n o r b ad .
L arg e mo u t hs denote matured character ,
good o r b ad When firm they denot e fo rce

.
,
and ener g y When ha l f Op en they denote

.
-
,
dulln e s s and heavine s s When s howi ng ful l

.
protru ding l ip s they denote sen s uality and

,
se l fis h p a s sion s and ta s tes When very large .
“ ”
and flexible they denote t h e windy p ers on
,
wh o is fond o f tal king and hearing the s ound

o f his own v oice —when o ne says that another
“ ”
i s bi g mo u the d h e states a truth which
-
p hy sio g nomy b ear s ou t .
A n u pw ard cu rv e o f the c o rn ers o f the

mouth denote s a cheerful optimistic dispo si
, ,
tion and menta l a t titude L ikewise a d o w n .

,
w ar d cu rve denotes a des p ondent p es simi stic ,

disp osition and mental at t itude A gr aceful .
b ow like curve S hows a well balanced and

-
,
-
”
al l around di spo sition .
T ig h t ly c lo s e d lip s indicate a firmnes s and ,

“ ”
often a clo senes s o f dispo sition L o o s e ly .
c l o s e d lip s indicate a lack o f firm nes s and ,
Often a sp endthrift tendency L ip s t h at t ou c h .
“
lig h t ly and p r o t ru d e s lig h t ly in a kis s like -
S hape indicate vanity love o f praise and

, ,
flatte ry and often a desire to be petted

, .
P u jf e d o u t lip s i ndicate sloth dullness

-
, ,
lack of ener g y and ambition general b eavi ,
nes s Co ars e lip s indicate lack o f refinement

.
;
and often gro s snes s P ar t icu lar ly fu ll lip s

.
indicate Amat iveness and sometimes Sensu

ality .
“
S l ant ing mo u t hs indicate trickine s s
-
foxi ,
”
nes s and general unreliability Cro o ke d .
mo u t h s o r mouths greatly o u t o f symmetry

, ,
are held b y many authorities to indicate lack

o f Cons cientiousnes s and often cri mi nal tend,
e nc ie s .
F u ll, midd l e lip s indi c ate love of the

r e d, -
o p po sit e S ex T hin, p ale mid d l e lip s denote

.
-
th e opposite traits .
A lo ng u pp e r - lip indicates Self E steem -

. A
1 76 HUM A N NA TU RE
sa f ety The eyes while full of i nformat i on

.
, ,
often deceive tho s e not fully v ers ed in their

s ecret code —but the mouth tells i ts ta l e i n
plain sim p le understandab l e terms signs and
, , ,
sym bol s
CHA PT ER XVIII
E YE S ,
EA RS AN D N OSE S
“
I t h a s been said that the eye s are the wi n
”
dows o f the s oul and indeed they d o expres s
,
a s ome t hing that is no t po s s ible to any other

“
p art o f the face or body When unrestrained

.
the eye correctly portrays the innermo st feel

i ngs and e motions a ffe cting and influenc i n g
us and in many cas es we are ab le t o get a
,
clea r and unobstructed V iew o f the s oul b e

hind the eyes by gazing into them But a l as ' .
,
i t i s p o s sible to mask the expres sion of t h e

eyes and to counterfeit emotion s and feelings
,
which do not exist within the mind Men and .
women trained in the arts o f dissimulation

and concealment may and do conceal their
, , ,
thought s and feelings which ordinarily woul d

be reflected in their eyes ; and many esp ecially ,
women are able to counterfeit fee l ings wh i ch

,
have no real existence in their minds or s oul s .
We have s een women bestowing upon the u n

“ ”
susp ecting mere m an the mo st art l es s in
, ,
“ ”
g e nu o u s baby stare whil e at the same time
,
th eir minds were filled wi th c r aft and cun

1 77
ni ng W e have seen others who se eyes p o r

.
-
t r ay e d the most abs olute innocence and truth ,
while their hearts were filled with selfish base ,
feelings and their minds with cunning

,
scheme s The trained diplomat and skilled

.
gambl er succes sfully mask their thoughts and ,
the i r eyes reflect nothing of their s ecrets ; and ,
upo n occasion they are able t o throw i nto

,
t h eir eyes any desired expres sion The best .
authorities o n Phy s iognomy hold that the

mouth is a much more reliable index o f
thought and character than the eye —fo r the
eye may lie while the mouth betray s itself
,
even when attempting th e counterfeit .
But nevertheles s the eyes d o betray ch ar

, ,
acter not by their exp res sion but by the ir

,
shap e and form Habitual mental state s re

.
fl e c t in the outer form o f the eye s in spite O f ,
the care o f their owners not to let them te l l

the secret o f the thought and feeling o f the
moment The sto ry i s told n o t by t h e exp r es
.
s i o n of the eye but by the muscles surround

,
i ng the eyes the ev e l ids etc I n fact the

,
-
, .
,
ey e lid s s u p pl y th e grea ter part of that w hi c h

-
“ ”
we call t h e expres sion o f th e e v e their con ,
t r actio ns and re l axations produc i ng the e ffe ct .

sion t o the eyes D es t r u c t iv ene s s manifes ts

.
in a tightening o f th e upper lid and a b e aring ,
down upon the eyeba l l A pp r o b at ive ne s s

.
“ ”
gives a p eculiar coquettish relaxation of
the upper eye lid which i s suggestive of the
-
,
desire to wink in a meaning manner H u mo r .
gives a peculiar contraction to the eye lids -

,
and at the s ame time producing the little lines

radiating from each outer corner o f the eye
— “
lids the laug hing wrinkles ”
I d e alit y O p
.
,
t imi s m an d M y s t ic is m impart an open ex

,
pres sion to the eyes Cau t i o u s nes s when

.
,
large al s o gives to the eyes an open almo st

, ,
start l ed surprised expres sion

,
.
L arg e p r o t ru din
, g ey es are held to b e in
d ic at iv e of wordines s talkativenes s and l ack
, ,
o f careful th ought —the desire to talk fo r the
pl easure o f hearing oneself talk .
I n connection with the subj ect of the outer

form manifesting i n the eyes we would call ,
your attention to th e quotation from P r of .
O S F owler app e aring in L es son X III in

. .
, ,
which he sp eaks o f certain of the Perceptive

Qualities which indicate in outer form in the
“
region o f the eye a s follows ,
The shape of
the eye b rows reveals the s i ze ab solute and ,
E YE S , E A RS A N D NO S E S 181
re l at iv e of ea ch thus ' When all are l arge

, , ,
the eyeb row is long and arching ; when all are

deficient it is long and straight ; when s ome
,
are large and others small it arches ov e r the ,
large ones but pas ses horizontally over thos e

,
which are small This ru le i s infallible

. In .
connection therewith we suggest that the ,
student r e read carefully Chapt er XIII which

-
,
deal s with the Perceptive Qualitie s which

manifest outer form in the regio n of t h e eye .
EAR S
Many physio gnomist s pa s s light l y over the
subj ect of the ears as an index o f character ,
while others s eem t o specialize on thi s feature .
The r o u n d e ar is held to indicate the V ital

Temperament The o b lo ng e ar the M otive
.
,
Temp erament ; and the p ear s h ap e d e ar the -
Mental Temp erament .
Q u ali t y is held t o b e indicated b y the rel a

tive deli c atenes s in the moulding of the ear ,
a co arse misshapen ear b eing held to indicate

,
an uncultivated nature ; while a delicately

moulded shapely ear is held to i ndicate cul
,
ture and refinement .
A lo ng narr o w e ar i s held to indicate an

,
ambit i ous striving nature A n ear p oint e d

, .
a t t h e t ip ( u pp er pa r t ) is held t o be indicative
o f s elfishnes s and genera l foxines s ’

.
N OSES
All physio gnomists agree up on the import
ance of the no s e a s an index o f character Th e .
F IG . 21
A , ROMAN ; B , G RE CIA N C , CH E RU R I C
maj ority of people reco g nize the S ign o f a

l arge strong no se o n the o ne hand and a
, , ,
s mal l weak nos e on the other

,
.
I n Fig 2 1 we see the three general fo rms

.
o f the nose the Ro man ; G recian and Cher

,
ubi o ; respectively The R o man n o s e is held

.
th e hard bony p art including t h e bridge in

, ,
d ic a t e s the Motive ; the tip and end the Men ,

“
tal ; and the wings o n each side of the nos
t r il s the Vital
,
. There is much truth in t hi s
cl a s sificat i on and a carefu l study o f th is i l
,
lustration will aid the student in his under

Standing of no ses a s an outer S ign of chara c
ter I n fact this illustration may be used a s
.
,
a bas is f o r the whole subj ect of the meaning

o f no ses a s outer si g ns of character .
L arge no strils indic ate strong Vit ativenes s

and physical well being and often strong
-
,
E motive Qualities Na r row small o r tight

.
, ,
no strils indicate weak Vitativenes s and Vital

“
Force A n authority says I f the no strils
are wide apart the man i s merciful I f th e
-
,
.
no strils are wide op en like thos e of a bull

-
, ,
resemblances to that animal prevail in violent

wrath and hard breathing .
The tip o f the no se indicates the s evera l

mental qualities The S harp pointed ti p indi
.
cates an inquisitive prying investigating na

, ,
— “ ”
ture a general sharpnes s s o to Sp eak A .
“ ”
b l unt tip indicates a lack of sharpness and
“ ”
inquisitivenes s The upturn ed tip o r pug
.
, ,
indicates a trifling supe rficial gos siping t e n

, ,
E YE S , E AR S AN D NO SE S
den ey A s a general rule the sharp tip indi

.
cate s thought while the rounded trip indi cates

,
feeling .
The bony p art o f the no se when p rominent ,
indicates the s trength of the Mo t ive Qualities

such a s Combativeness Destructiveness A o
, ,
q u i s it ive ne s s Con s tructivenes s etc

,
I t gen
,
.
e r ally accompanies the p eople who push for

“ ”
ward and do things in spite o f ob stacl es
it is the no se o f the great generals and the ,
maj ority o f great financiers .

CHA PT E R XI X
M I SC ELL A N EOU S S I GNS
While the subj e c t of hand s may b e though t
to belong to the study of Pal mi stry with ,
which we have no concern in this book never ,
t h e l e s s we think that we s hould include here

in a brief reference t o the s everal cla s ses of
the hand as indicative o f the outer fo rm o f
mental s tates That the s hape o f the h and
.
o f ten reveals informatio n regarding the char
acter of its owner is admitted b y t he b es t au

t h o r it ie s on the subj ect
. Many p ers ons who
discard the theorie s o f Palmistry still r e
gard the subj ect o f the sha p e and mean ing o f
hand s as apart from that s tudy , and b elieve
that an understanding o f the indications o f
the severa l clas ses of hands is im p o rt ant t o
the s tudent s of Human Nature .
There are seven general typ es o f hand s viz ,
( )
1 The Sp atulate ; ( )
2 the Square ; ( 3 ) the
A rti s tic ; ( 4 ) th e E lementary ; ( 5 ) the Mixed ;
( 6 ) th e Phil o s 0 phi c ; and ( 7 ) the Psychic .
Fo l lowing we give a brief rec i tal of the qu ali

t i es h eld to b e indicated by each .
186
H UM A N NA T URE
I n Fig 2 4 we see the S quare Hand

.
, ,
the special p eculiarities o f wh ich are

“ ”
its general squarenes s o f the palm and ,
generally o f the fi ng er tip s This als o i s a

-
.
F IG 2 .
SQU H ND
A RE A
us eful hand and its o wner is amenable to au

,
tho rity and makes a go od employee or helper

,
.
I t indicates a quiet peaceable dispo sition and

, ,
its owner is usually found to b e c areful o r .

,
d e r ly and dep endable —the sens e o f o r d e r b e

,
ing e sp e c ially str o ng .

M I SC E L L A N E O U S SI GNS 1 89
I n Fig 2 5 we see the A rtisti c Hand

.
, ,
the special peculiarities o f which are

the supplenes s and softnes s of the hand ; its
symmetrical fo rm ; and it s long tap ering ,
finger s I t s owners are o f the p oetic and ar

.
F IG 2 5
.
AR TI S TIC H A N D
t i s t ic
nature with a ta ste fo r beautiful and r e
,
fined things artistic envi ronment b ri ght and

, ,
“ ”
witty speech and choice things generally
,
.
The Qualities o f I deality and Words are a p t

“
to b e we ll develope d in these c a s es and the ,
”
arti s tic temperament is found in it s full de
v e l o p me nt here
.
I n Fig 2 6 we see the E lementary H and

.
,
F IG 2 6
.
T RY H
E LE M E N A AN D
the special peculiarities of which are its short ,
thick fingers and its thick hea vy palm I t s

, .
“ ”
owners are of the earth earthy and hav e
, ,
but very l ittle imagination and fin e taste .

In F ig . 2 8,
we S e e the Psychic Hand ,
t h e specia l p eculiarities of which are the

extreme slendernes s o f the entire hand ,
F IG
.
P S Y C H IC H AN D
an d th e long thin p ointed fingers I ts own
,
.
er s have Mysticism highly developed and in ,
cline toward the mysterious sup e rnatural , o c

,
MI SC E L L A N E OU S SI GNS 1 93
cult and imaginative and are generally o f an

, ,
extremely nervous sensitive nature ,

.
Very few hands adhere strictly t o any one

o f thes e s everal types but are more o r les s ,
“ ”
compo site o r mixed I n such ca ses the .
characteristics o f each typ e mingle and blend ,
and mus t b e interpreted accordingly The .
following p eculiaritie s are also noted by th e

aut horities
T H E T H U MB The thumb is d ivided int o
.
three parts each indicating a certain quality

, ,
a s follows ( 1 ) the top p art o r division ,
which indicate s Will ; ( 2 ) the second or mid

dle p art which indicates L o gi c ; ( 3 ) the
,
“ ”
ball o r fat lower p ortion which indicates ,
Pas sion The comp arative size of either O f

.
these p arts indicates the strength of it s par

t ic u l ar qualities .
T H E FI NG E R S Hard fingers indicate work

.
,
activity and energy Soft fin gers indica t e

,
.
l o v e o f ea se disinclination fo r work lazines s

, ,
.
V ery hard hand s denote h eavines s and gen

eral stupidity a l so gr o s s tastes and u nd e v e l
,
oped nature Smo oth fingers denote a rt istic

.
tastes etc ; while knotted fingers denote p hil

, .
o s o phi c thought and argument orderlines s ,

and taste for mat eria l fact s and things .
Short fi n ger s denote quick j udgment and im

p atience o f detail ; while long fin gers denote
“ ”
a love of detail elaboration and fussiness
, .
Spatulate fingers indic at e tidines s us eful ,
nes s and a desire t o b e doing u seful work

, .
T H E PAL M Hardnes s o f the p alm a s o f

.
,
the fingers denotes activity energy and

, ,
work ; while s oftnes s denote s love of ease l az ,
ine s s etc
, .Wideness o f the p alm denote s
genero sity b ro ad mindednes s etc ; while a
,
-
,
.
narrow palm denote s the reverse F irm .
pa lm s generally denote the Motive Temper a

ment while s oft fla b b y p a lm s d enote t h e Vi
,
ta l temp erament .
TH E W AL '
The s tudy of the Wa lk a s an index o f c h ar
acter is favored b y many authoritie s Ther e .
are three general types o f walks v iz ( 1 ) the ,
l ong stride in regular time ; ( 2 ) the short

, ,
quick and somewhat j erky step ; ( 3 ) the

,
short b ut regular step .
Thos e who walk with a l ong s tride gener

ally take a broad View of things b ut if th e ir ,
walk i s a l so S low they are apt to lack energy

swagger wi t h a defiant carriage o f the head

, ,
while Combativenes s manifests in a get o ut

”
of my way pushing walk the head being
,
“ ”
S lightly lowered a s if to butt a way
through Cunning manifest s in a foxy S ly

.
,
walk ; while Cautiousnes s shows in a timid ,
hesitating step ; and A cquisitivenes s in a gen

era l carefulness and watchfulnes s a s mani
f e s t e d in gait
. A combination o f Cunning ,
Caut i ousnes s and A cquisitivenes s which i s

,
quite common manifests in a light stealthy

, ,
“ ”
step giving the suggestion o f tip toeing
,
-
,
and in extreme cases may Sh ow even t h e

”
snaky gliding motion from side to side in ,
noiseles s progres sion .
A l ittle st u dy and obs ervation will con

v i nce anyone that the walk and carriage o f an
individual corresp ond very clo sely to hi s gen

eral character ' A nd just a s we may recogniz e
‘
one s mental characteristics when reproduced

’
in out er f orm in the wa l k ; s o may we deduce

the existence of mental characteristics in a
stranger from the outer form of hi s walk and
,
carriage The study o f wal k and carriage i s

.
very interesting and will repay one for the

,
time and trouble exp ended u p on it O ne may

.
M I S C EL L A N E OU S SI GNS 197
p ractice b y observing the wal k of an individ

ual who s e character i s known for the pur po s e ,
o f seeing the out er fo rm of thes e c h ar ac t e r is
tics ; and al so by observing the walk o f tho se

who se characters are unknown and endeavor ,
ing to form an idea o f their mental states and

characteristics b y means o f their peculiarities
o f gait and carriage O ne will b e a s tonished
.
at the proficiency attained in a S hort time b y

a little practice along thes e line s .
VOI CE
The Voice is a great revea l er of characte r .
“
Prof O S Fowler says '
. . . What ever makes
a nois e from the deafenin g roar of sea cat
, ,
ar ac t and whirlwind s mighty crash through

’
, ,
all forms o f anima l life to the sweet and ,
gentle voice of woman makes a sound whi ch

,
a grees p erfectly with the maker s c haracter

’
.
Thus the terrific roa r o f the lion and the ,
soft cooing of the dove correspond exa c t ly ,
with their respective dispositions ; while the

rough and powerful bellow o f the bu l l the ,
fierce yell of the tiger the coarse guttural , ,
moan of the hyena the s w mi s h grunt the

, ,
sweet warblings of birds in contras t with the ,

raven s croa k and the owl s h oo t ea c h c o rr e s

’ ’
,
p ond p erfectly with their respective char

ac t e r is t ic s A nd thi s law holds equally true
.
o f man . Hence human intonat i ons are as s u

perior to brutal as hum an character exceeds
anima l A ccordingly the p eculiarities o f all
.
,
human beings are ex p res s ed in their voi c es

and mode o f speaking Co arse grained and .
-
p owerful anima l organizations have a coars e ,
harsh and grating v o i ce while in exact pro ,
p ortion a s p ers on s b ecome refined and ele

v at e d mentally will their tones of voice b e
,
”
c ome corres p ondingly r efined and p erfected .
“
Prof L A V aught says '
. . . A ffectionate
v oices always come fr om the b ac kh e ad .
Hea vy thunderous voice s always come from

,
the sidehead E gotisti c al voices come fro m

.
the crown of the head ' ind resp e ctful and .

,
straightforward voice s come from th e top

h e ad .
A clear di s tinct utte r ance i s held to indi

,
cate clea r l o g ical thought while indistinct

, , ,
confused s l urring utterance i s indi c ative of

,
c a r eles s i ll ogica l and h asty thought proc

,
e s se s Sharp and shril l notes denote nerv

.
ous t ension and lack of restraint as wi tnes s ,

20 0 H UM A N NA T URE
”
ity o r Qualities produce this voice ? in each
cas e Study the v oice s o f tho s e who s e char
.
act e r i s t ic s you know and then apply the ex

,
p e r i e nc e t o o thers who se characteristics ar e
un known .
L AU GHS
L aughter i s ful l o f the expres sion of char

acter O ne may often accurately d etermine
.
the charact er o f a p erson who se face is no t

s een o r kno w n A hearty laugh is indicative
.
o f symp athy companionship and general s o

,
c iab il it y a s wel l a s a well de v elo p ed sens e

,
o f humo r A gi ggle i s indicative o f pettines s

.
,
trifling and general mental light weight Th e -

.
repres sed laugh shows self control and often -
cautio n and cunning the tone denoting the ,
“ ”
d ifference The vulga r haw haw denote s
.
-
a corres p ondingly gro s s nature The p e .
c u liar shrill ra sping parrot like laugh o f the

, ,
-
courtesan is typical and when ever heard ,
should act a s a n ote of warning I t is diffi cult .
to state in words the various qualities o f t h e

l augh b ut each i s distinctive and wel l ex
,
pres ses the Quality causing it I t may be .
said that each and every menta l Quality ha s

MI SC E L L A N E O U S SI GNS 201
i ts corresp onding n ote in the laugh which ,
note may be learned and recognized b y a little

practice and actual ob servation .
TH E H A ND S H A ' E
-
T he manner of shaking hands is indica tive

of t h e characteristics of the individual .
Handshakes may be divided i nto three gen

era l clas ses viz ( 1 ) the hearty h andshak e
, , ,
which indicates good feeling earnestne s s

-
, ,
and interest ; ( 2 ) the mechani cal handshake ,
which denotes indi fference l ack of feeling , ,
and lac k o f interest ; and ( 3 ) the s elfish hand

sha k e which denot es cunn ing heartles snes s
, , ,
and desire and dispo sition to take advantage

”
o f th e other p arty There i s a something
.
in the h andshake which i s almo st impos s ibl e

to express in words but which is reco g nized
,
instinctively by tho s e having Human Nature

“ ”
we ll developed I t i s more of a feeling
.
o f certa i n Qua l itie s manifested by the ot h er
person A l ittle thought and attention paid

.
to t his subj ect will tend t o develop this rec

o g nit io n o n t h e pa rt o f one d e ficient in it .
O ne may with a littl e pra ctice lea r n to d i s

, ,
t ing u ish b etween the h onest and the di s

honest ; the mora l and the immora l ; t he ao

tive and the p a ss ive ; the energeti c and the
slothful ; the gra sp o f good fellowship and
-
,
that o f su p ercilious nes s ; the friendly and the

antagonistic ; the candid and the deceitful ;
and all the other various kind s of handshake s .
Mental states manifest in outer form in h and

shakes a s in man y other p hysica l action s and
appearances .
Firs t stud y the s everal Qualities in their

i nner asp ect and then learn to distin g ui s h
,
the v ariou s outer fo r m s o f each F rom the .
inner p roceed to the outer and having ,
l earned the way y o u will b e ab l e t o retrace

your s te p s fr om the outer t o the inner i n the
e ase of othe r p ersons . The principle once
gra sped the res t is all a matter of p ra ctice
,
and experience .
F I N IS .
i er i i r i
Un v s ty o f Cal fo n a
I I
S O UT HERN R EG O NAL L B RARY FAC L TY II
i r e e ee
4 0 5 H lg a d Av nu , Lo s Ang l s , CA 90 0 2 4 -1 3 88
e r i i r r
R t u n t h s mate rial to t he l b a y
r i rr e
f o m wh c h It was b o o w d .

HowtoReadHumanNature 10290280

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

HowtoReadHumanNature 10290280

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

H O W TO READ

ITS INNER STATES AN D

By WILLIAM WAL' E R AT' IN SO N

7, Imp e r ial A rcad e . L u d g a t e Circ u s

X . The A pplicative Qua l ities 1 00

X II . The R elative Qualities 1 14

X III . The Perceptive Qualities 122

X IV . The R eﬂective Qualities 1 39

XV . The R eligi o Moral Qu alities

' VI . Faces 156

X VII . Chins and Mouths 169

XVIII . E yes E ars and N oses

The a v erage p erson kn ows in a genera l way

o ff hand deﬁn ition o f the term o r to state

what in their opinion constitutes the real e s

ﬁrst ste p in the pro ces s o f correct under

shall begin o u r consideration of the subj ect

Human Nature means the nat u r e of man or

constitution ; the peculiar menta l character

Thu s we s ee that the es s ence o f the natu r e

the mind the mental q ualities c h ar ac t e r is

tics p rop erties and attributes

Nature is then a ph a s e o f p sycho l ogy and

ods of study examination and consideration

of that particula r branch of s cience .

But while the general subj ect o f p sycholo g y

the nature o f feeling and the Op eration o f

th e will the s pecial subj ect of Human Na

ture i s concerned only with the que s tion o f

s onal attributes etc of the individual s mak

ing up the race o f man Psychol ogy is gen .

eral —Human Nature is particula r Psychol .

o g y i s mo re or les s ab stract — Human Nature

i s concrete .Psycholo g y deals wi th laws ,

caus es and p rinciple s — Human Nature deal s

Hum an Nature expres ses itself in two gen

era l phases i e ( 1 ) the phase o f I nner

States ; and ( 2 ) the phas e o f O uter Forms .

Thes e two pha s es however are no t s eparate

o r Oppo sed to each other but are c o mp l e me n

tary a spects o f the same thing There is al

ways an action and reaction between the I n

we know the particular I nner State we may

That the Inner State a ffects the O uter

general experience of the race We know .

that certain mental states will result in im

demeano r The facia l characteristics man

ner walk voice and gestures o f the miser will

be recognized a s entirely different from that

di ffer materially from tho se o f t h e brave

tho s e o f the mo d e s t We k now that certa i n

menta l attitude s will p roduce the corresp ond

an Op en hand a clenched ﬁst an erect S pine

o r b owed shou l ders res p ectiv ely We a l so

k now that certain feelings wil l caus e th e eye

resonant and p o sitiv e o r to b ecome husky and

s tirrings were p res ent it i s quite impo s sible

fo r m e t o think Can o ne fanc y the state o f

rage and p icture no ebullition in the chest no ,

ﬂushing o f the face no dilation o f the no stri l s

no clenching o f the teeth n o impu l se to v igor ,

o u s action b ut i n t h eir stead limp mu s c l e s

w m has written an excellent work entitled ,