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vi Contents
Legal Authority 20
Charismatic Authority 22
Historical Perspectives 2.1: Louis Riel 23
Historical Perspectives 2.2: “Crush on Obama” 24
Questions for Discussion 25
Internet Links 25
Further Reading 25
3 Sovereignty, State, and Citizenship 27

Sovereignty 27
The State 30
International Perspectives 3.1: The Failed State of Somalia 31
Citizenship 32
Historical Perspectives 3.1: The Development of European
States 33
Canadian Focus 3.1: Canadian Citizenship 36
Internet Links 37
Further Reading 37
4 The Nation 39
World View 4.1: Nation and State in Eastern Europe 41
Problems of Ethnicity 43
Nations and States 44
Is Canada a Nation? 45
Internet Links 47
Further Reading 47
5 Political Culture and Socialization 49

Trends in Political Culture 52
Canadian Focus 5.1: Multiculturalism in Canada 55
Political Socialization 56
NEL
Copyright 201 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Contents vii

Internet Links 58
Further Reading 58
6 Law 60
Customary Law and Common Law 61
Legislation 63
Natural Law and Human Rights 64
Law Focus 6.1: Delegated Legislation 65
Internet Links 66
Further Reading 66
7 Constitutionalism 68
The British Unwritten Constitution 69
The American Written Constitution 70
The Canadian Hybrid 71
Canadian Focus 7.1: Constitutional Preambles 72
Judicial Interpretation 74
Constitutionalism 75
Rule of Law 75
Law Focus 7.1: The Supreme Court and the Rule of Law 78
Challenges to the Rule of Law 78
Internet Links 80
Further Reading 81
8 Cooperation under Anarchy 83

Mechanisms 83
Problems and Limits 84
The Law of the Sea 85
Collective Security and Peacekeeping 88
Climate Change 92
Conclusion: The Glass Is Half—What? 94
Internet Links 95
Further Reading 95
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viii Contents
Part 2 Ideology 97
9 Ideology 99
A Wider Perspective 103
Left, Right, and Centre 104
Concept Box 9.1: Multidimensional Scaling 109
Internet Links 110
Further Reading 110
10 Liberalism 112
The History of Liberalism 112
Classical Liberalism 115
Reform Liberalism 121
Comparative Perspectives 10.1: Keynesian Economics 124
Internet Links 128
Further Reading 129
11 Conservatism 131
Social Conservatism and Libertarianism 138
Conservatism in Contemporary Politics 139
Internet Links 141
Further Reading 142
12 Socialism and Communism 144

Common Elements of Socialist Ideologies 144
Historical Overview 146
Historical Perspectives 12.1: Transitional Measures from the
Communist Manifesto 150
Planning 154
Common Ownership 157
Equality of Result 158
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Contents ix
Selflessness 159
Governing 159
Conclusion 160
Internet Links 161
Further Reading 161
13 Nationalism 163
National Mythology 163
Typical Forms of Nationalism 168
Historical Overview 169
Worldwide Nationalism 172
World View 13.1: New Nation-States Created after the Collapse of
Communism in Eastern Europe, 1991 173
Internet Links 174
Further Reading 175
14 Feminism 177
Feminism 177
Liberal Feminism 178
Historical Perspectives 14.1: Canadian Women’s Political
Milestones 182
Marxist Feminism 183
Radical Feminism 185
Perennial Questions of Feminism 187
Women in Politics 189
World View 14.1: The Gender Gap 191
Internet Links 193
Further Reading 193
15 Environmentalism 195
Conservationism 195
Human Welfare Ecology 196
Issues Box 15.1: The Tragedy of the Commons 197
Issues Box 15.2: Global Warming as a Tragedy of the
Commons 199
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x Contents
Deep Ecology 200

Environmentalism and Politics 201
Internet Links 204
Further Reading 204
Part 3 Forms of Government 207
16 Classification of Political Systems 209

The Classical Typology 209
Modern Typologies 212
Internet Links 213
Further Reading 214
17 Liberal Democracy 216

Equality of Political Rights 218
Majority Rule 220
Political Participation 221
Political Freedom 224
Problems of Liberal Democracy 227
Different Patterns of Politics in Liberal Democracies 230
Contemporary Challenges 230
Concept Box 17.1: Liberal Democracies 231
World View 17.1: The Arab Spring 234
Conclusion 235
Internet Links 236
Further Reading 237
18 Transitions to Democracy 240

Enhancing Democratic Transitions 242
World View 18.1: Summary of Hernando de Soto’s Argument in The
Mystery of Capital 246
Impediments to Democratic Transitions 246
Comparative Perspectives 18.1: The Balkanization of Politics 248
NEL
Contents xi
Globalization 253
Conclusion 253
Internet Links 255
Further Reading 256
19 Autocratic Systems of Government 258

Authoritarianism 259
Historical Perspectives 19.1: Canada and the Taliban in
Afghanistan 264
Totalitarianism 265
Autocratic Governments Challenged 268
Comparative Perspectives 19.1: Life and Death in Shanghai 269
Internet Links 271
Further Reading 271
20 Parliamentary and Presidential Systems 274

The Parliamentary System 275
Canadian Focus 20.1: How Cabinet Worked Under Prime Minister
Jean Chrétien 281
Canadian Focus 20.2: Minority versus Coalition Government 286
The Presidential System 288
Comparative Perspectives 20.1: The 2000 Presidential Election in the
United States 291
Parliamentary versus Presidential Systems 295
Comparative Perspectives 20.2: Comparing the Parliamentary and
Presidential Systems 297
Semi-Presidential Systems 297
Internet Links 299
Further Reading 299
21 Unitary and Federal Systems 302

The Unitary System 303
Federalism and Confederation 303
Comparative Perspectives 21.1: The Evolution of Devolution 304
NEL
xii Contents
Structural Features of Federalism 307

Canadian Focus 21.1: Quebec and Canadian Federalism 313
Internet Links 315
Further Reading 316
Part 4 The Political Process 319
22 The Political Process 321

Institutions and Institutional Processes 321
Politics as a Systemic Process 322
Policy Communities and Networks 325
Internet Links 327
Further Reading 327
23 Political Parties, Interest Groups, and Social

Movements: The Organization of Interests 329
Political Parties 329
Political Party Systems 336
Canadian Focus 23.1: New Political Parties in Canada 337
Interest Groups 341
Concept Box 23.1: Interest-Group Typology 345
Concept Box 23.2: Determinants of Interest-Group Influence 349
Social Movements 352
Internet Links 354
Further Reading 355
24 Communications Media 358

World View 24.1: Blogs and Politics 360
Campaigns and the Media 361
Priming and Agenda-Setting 364
Influence, Ownership, and Control 366
NEL
Contents xiii

Internet Links 369
Further Reading 370
25 Elections and Electoral Systems 372

Electoral Systems 375
Concept Box 25.1: Typology of Electoral Systems 375
Plurality/Majority Systems 377
Proportional Representation Systems 381
Mixed Systems 383
Elections: Who Votes and Why 384
Internet Links 389
Further Reading 389
26 Representative Assemblies 391

Functions 391
Representation 398
Canadian Focus 26.1: The Fine Art of Composing a Cabinet 403
Assessing Representative Assemblies 405
Internet Links 406
Further Reading 406
27 The Political Executive 408

The Parliamentary Executive 408
Canadian Focus 27.1: Prime-Ministerial Government? 413
The Presidential Executive 413
Responsible Government and Ministerial Responsibility 415
Canadian Focus 27.2: The Problem of Ministerial
Responsibility 417
Internet Links 418
Further Reading 418
NEL
xiv Contents
28 The Administration 420

The Bureaucratic Organizational Form 420
Types of State Agencies 421
Control of the Administration 423
Internet Links 429
Further Reading 429
29 The Judiciary 431

Judicial Structures 431
Independence and Access 434
The Judiciary in the Political Process 435
Life in Charterland 441
Canadian Focus 29.1: The Rights Revolution 442
Internet Links 445
Further Reading 445
Notes N–1
Appendix A: Constitution Act, 1867 A–1
Appendix B: Constitution Act, 1982 A–6
Glossary G–1
Index I–1
NEL
Preface
Brenda O’Neill, who joined our writing team for the eighth edition, continues with us
for the ninth edition. Dr. O’Neill’s expertise in political engagement, gender and poli-
tics, political culture, and democratic procedures is reflected in extensive changes to the
chapters on those topics. As always, we have had the benefit of extensive feedback on
the text initiated by Nelson Education Ltd. While our conceptual approach remains,
the feedback has prompted a number of changes both in content and in format; but,
while updating the material and presentation, we have tried to remain faithful to the
basic approach that seems to have worked well over the past eight editions.
MAJOR ChANGES FOR ThE NINTh EDITION

The text has been updated throughout to take account of recent events, including the
Great Recession of 2008 and the accompanying ideological debates, the Arab Spring,
the Occupy movement, and the 2011 Canadian election, which produced a majority
government for the first time since 2004. Beyond that, we have revised certain chapters
in greater depth:
●
Chapter 1, “Government and Politics,” now takes account of research on primate
politics, situating human political behaviour in a wider context.
●
Chapter 8, “Cooperation under Anarchy” (formerly “International Order”), has
been shortened and now emphasizes current illustrative case studies.
●
Chapter 10, “Liberalism,” now discusses the Great Recession and the revival of
Keynesianism.
●
Chapter 18, “Transitions to Democracy,” has been updated.
●
Chapter 24, “Communications Media,” now has a discussion of social media.
●
Chapter 29, “The Judiciary,” has a discussion of new appointment procedures for
the Supreme Court of Canada.
●
All the end-of-chapter “Further Reading” sections have been reviewed and
revised.
●
Many of the discussion questions have been revised or elaborated upon.
NEL
xvi Preface
●
New boxes include
●
Chapter 2, Historical Perspectives: “Crush on Obama”
●
Chapter 3, International Perspectives: “The Failed State of Somalia”
●
Chapter 13, World View: “New Nation-States Created after the Collapse of
Communism in Eastern Europe, 1991”
●
Chapter 14, World View: “The Gender Gap”
●
Chapter 17, World View: “The Arab Spring”
●
Chapter 24, World View: “Blogs and Politics”
●
Chapter 27, Canadian Focus: “Prime-Ministerial Government?”
●
All end-of-chapter Internet links have been updated and are also available live on
the student website, at www.nelson.com/intropolitics9e.
PEDAGOGICAL APPROACh
The essence of our approach is the pedagogical method that E. D. Hirsch calls “selective
exemplification.” That is, we try to provide readers with “a carefully chosen but gen-
erous sampling of factual data that are set forth in a meaningful web of inferences and
generalizations about the larger domain.”1 According to Hirsch, educational research
shows that this method yields better results than either an abstract discussion of general
principles or an encyclopedic recitation of isolated facts. Of course, selective exemplifi-
cation will work only if the examples make sense to students; so, as with each previous
edition, we have taken care to update our examples to make them as current as possible.
This text is for a first-year course in political science. Although designed for use in
Canadian universities and colleges, it does not focus solely on Canadian government.
We use Canadian illustrations of general principles together with examples from many
other countries, but particularly the British and American political systems—both of
which are historically of great importance to Canada.
historical and Contemporary Perspective

In many years of teaching introductory courses in political science, we have encoun-
tered thousands of students. This experience has taught us something about the virtues
and vices of the present approach to social studies in Canadian schools. On the positive
side, many students come to university with an active curiosity about politics and a
healthy skepticism about orthodox opinions. They are eager to learn more about a field
they recognize as important.
NEL
Preface xvii
At the same time, many students are handicapped by certain deficiencies in the
social studies curriculum:
●
They have been offered little historical information and historical perspective
on events. History has suffered perhaps more than any other discipline through
being integrated into social studies. Students without a historical perspective
are adrift intellectually. They lack the important bearings that make sense of
Canada’s unique history, as well as the development of Western civilization and
the rise and fall of other civilizations.
●
They have little specific information about the institutions of Canadian gov-
ernment. Most students entering university are unable to say how a judge is
appointed or what an order-in-council is. Their knowledge of government is
focused more on current affairs, with heavy emphasis on issues as portrayed in
the mass media.
●
They are accustomed to discussing politics but not to using rigorously defined
concepts. They are used to applying looser reasoning than is required for an aca-
demic discipline.
Our textbook addresses each of these problems. We can do relatively little about stu-
dents’ lack of historical background, since the course for which this book is designed
cannot replace the systematic study of history. However, we do attempt to put impor-
tant topics in a historical or developmental perspective and we supply some informa-
tion about watershed events such as the French and Russian Revolutions. Also, we refer
whenever possible to authors, from Plato to Keynes, whose reputations are established
and who are important historical figures in their own right.
We can spend only limited time on the details of Canadian political institutions,
for those would require a course in Canadian government; rather, we have chosen to
emphasize concepts. The material in this book follows a careful sequence: concepts are
introduced one at a time, discussed at length, and then used as a basis for explaining
further ideas. Important terms are boldfaced where they first occur or where they are
thoroughly explained; these terms are used consistently throughout the text and are
listed alphabetically at the back of the book for easy reference. We believe that this will
equip the student with a comprehensive and logically consistent vocabulary for the
study of politics. In the last part of the book, we offer a method for conceptualizing
the process of politics and for organizing or arranging the many ideas and concepts
introduced in the earlier parts. Thinking about politics as a coherent process is an
essential first step in becoming a student of politics, evaluating politics, and becoming
a critic of one’s own political system. We hope that this approach will be of value not
only to students who intend to major in political science but also to those who are
seeking a shorter path toward becoming informed political observers (and, of course,
participants).
NEL
xviii Preface
Key Terms and Concepts

We are keenly aware that this effort at consistency means simplifying the meaning of
some important terms. Political scientists often disagree on the meaning and use of
many significant political terms: politics, nation-state, and democracy are a few well-
known examples of this problem. Our experience has been that students at the intro-
ductory level cannot absorb all these debates about meaning, especially when they are
subjecting these terms to serious analysis for the first time. For this reason we have
narrowed the meaning of many terms—without, we hope, departing from the main-
stream of current usage. Readers will undoubtedly criticize our handling of this or
that concept, but we hope the pedagogical benefit of applying a consistent vocabulary
will compensate for any resulting problems. It is a considerable advantage to be able
to explain, for example, liberalism in terms of previously established concepts, such as
society, state, and coercion, that the student has already assimilated.
Organization
The book is divided into four parts that together constitute what we believe is a logical
way to begin the study of government and politics. Part One defines those terms, ideas,
and concepts that are basic to political science. An understanding of terms such as state
and society, authority and legitimacy, and law and sovereignty is essential to a systematic
study of politics. Part Two discusses the ideological basis of modern political systems.
Liberalism and socialism, the fundamental ideological systems in the modern world,
are discussed in the context of the political spectrum that runs from communism to
fascism. The emergent ideologies of feminism and environmentalism are also discussed
here and placed in context. Part Three looks at forms of government. Here we discuss
different types of political systems: liberal-democratic, authoritarian, and totalitarian;
parliamentary and presidential; federal and unitary. In Part Four we examine gov-
ernment as a process. A complex interaction of individuals and political institutions
produces law and public policies for a society, and we try to view this interaction as
a systemic process. The model of politics we offer is hypothetical; however, we draw
examples from Canada, the United Kingdom, the United States, and other countries
to illustrate how the process works in reality.
Our work is meant to be objective and dispassionate, but that does not mean it is
value-free or without commitment. We consistently try to point out the value of the
leading ideas of the Western world’s political traditions. We pay particular attention to
two different and sometimes conflicting groups of ideas, both of which are of great impor-
tance. One group centres on constitutionalism and includes notions such as the rule of
law and individual freedom; the other centres on democracy and allied concepts such
as majority rule and popular sovereignty. For the past two centuries the Western world
has tried to combine these two clusters of ideas into the system of government known
as constitutional or liberal democracy, in which majorities rule within a legal framework
NEL
Preface xix
intended to prevent the oppression of minorities. This form of government has been
most stable and successful in the countries of Western Europe and North America where
it originated. In Canada, where liberal democracy seems securely established, we are apt
to take it for granted, but it is far from being an obvious or universal form of government.
We hope that better understanding of liberal democracy will help it to flourish.
ANCILLARIES
The Nelson Education Teaching Advantage (NETA) program delivers research-based
instructor resources that promote student engagement and higher-order thinking to
enable the success of Canadian students and educators.
Instructors today face many challenges. Resources are limited, time is scarce,
and a new kind of student has emerged: one who is juggling school with work, has
gaps in his or her basic knowledge, and is immersed in technology in a way that
has led to a completely new style of learning. In response, Nelson Education has
gathered a group of dedicated instructors to advise us on the creation of richer and
more flexible ancillaries and online learning platforms that respond to the needs of
today’s teaching environments. Whether your course is offered in-class, online, or
both, Nelson is pleased to provide pedagogically-driven, research-based resources to
support you.
NETA Assessment relates to testing materials. Under NETA Assessment, Nelson’s
authors create multiple-choice questions that reflect research-based best practices
for constructing effective questions and testing not just recall but also higher-order
thinking. Our guidelines were developed by David DiBattista, a 3M National Teaching
Fellow whose recent research as a professor of psychology at Brock University has
focused on multiple-choice testing. All Test Bank authors receive training at work-
shops conducted by Prof. DiBattista. A copy of Multiple Choice Tests: Getting Beyond
Remembering, Prof. DiBattista’s guide to writing effective tests, is included with every
Nelson Test Bank/Computerized Test Bank package.
●
Instructor’s Resources: These include the test bank, computerized test bank,
PowerPoint presentation, image bank, and Day One slides. All are available under
“Instructor Resources” on the website, at www.nelson.com/intropolitics9e.
●
NETA Assessment: The Test Bank includes multiple-choice questions written
according to NETA guidelines for effective construction and development of
higher-order questions. Also included are true/false, fill-in-the-blank, and short
answer questions. Test Bank files are provided in Word format for easy editing
and in PDF format for convenient printing whatever your system.
●
Computerized Test Bank in ExamView This computerized testing software
helps instructors create and customize exams in minutes. It contains all the ques-
tions from the printed test bank. Instructors can easily edit and import their own
NEL
xx Preface
questions and graphics, change test layouts, and reorganize questions. It is avail-
able for both Windows and Macintosh.
●
Microsoft PowerPoint Presentation This presentation features important
concepts and key points from the textbook and is provided to professors for class-
room use to add colour and interest to lectures.
●
Image Bank Most of the figures and tables from the text are available in this
image bank, which can be used for slides or transparencies.
●
dVd (978-0-17-665307-1) Nelson Education offers a compilation of current
cbc news clips covering a wide range of topics. The videos include suggested
discussion questions for use in class, making these videos a great enhancement to
lectures. Ask your Nelson Education sales representative for more information on
how to order the dvd.
ACKNOwLEDGMENTS
Special thanks are due to Jim Keeley and Gavin Cameron for (yet again) revising
Chapter 8, which is now titled “Cooperation under Anarchy.” Tyson Kennedy gave us
indispensable help in updating the Internet references and bibliographies and revising
the glossary. We extend our appreciation to Anne-Marie Taylor, Linda Sparks, and Ann
Byford at Nelson Education Ltd, and to Jitendra Kumar of MPS Limited. We would
also like to thank the readers retained by Nelson Education to review the eighth edi-
tion and give us suggestions for the ninth:
Christopher Erickson, University of British Columbia
Louise Carbert, Dalhousie University
Carlos Pessoa, St. Mary’s University
Lavinia Stan, St. Francis Xavier University
Todd Always, McMaster University
John Soroski, Grant MacEwan University
Gaelan Murphy, Grant MacEwan University
Visit the website

For discussion questions, web links by chapter, glossary, and other resources, visit the
text’s website at www.nelson.com/intropolitics9e.
NEL
introduction
The Study of Political Science
NEL
xxii Introduction: The Study of Political Science
Political science is the systematic study of government and politics, terms that are
defined at greater length in Chapter 1. But before getting into the subject matter,
students may find it useful to learn something about the discipline itself.
hISTORY OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

The origins of political science lie in the classical period of Greek philosophy, whose
greatest writers were Plato and Aristotle. The Greek philosophers did not approach polit-
ical science as a specialized discipline in the modern sense, but they thought and wrote
systematically about government. They were concerned above all with how politics can
contribute to a life of excellence and virtue. The long quotation from Aristotle printed in
Historical Perspectives I.1 gives some idea of how this great philosopher saw political sci-
ence as a moral endeavour committed to the betterment of the human condition. Greek
philosophy, and with it the habit of systematic reflection upon government, became part
Historical Perspectives I.1

Aristotle on Political Science
Now it would be agreed that [the things they shall refrain from doing, the
Supreme Good, the purpose of human end of this science must include the ends
existence] must be the object of the most of all the others. Therefore, the Good of
authoritative of the sciences—some sci- man must be the end of the science of
ence which is pre-eminently a master- Politics. For even though it be the case that
craft. But such is manifestly the science the Good is the same for the individual
of Politics; for it is this that ordains which and for the state, nevertheless, the good of
of the sciences are to exist in states, and the state is manifestly a greater and more
what branches of knowledge the dif- perfect good, both to attain and to pre-
ferent classes of the citizens are to learn, serve. To secure the good of one person
and up to what point; and we observe only is better than nothing; but to secure
that even the most highly esteemed of the good of a nation or a state is a nobler
the faculties, such as strategy, domestic and more divine achievement.
economy, oratory, are subordinate to the
political science. Inasmuch then as the
rest of the sciences are employed by this Source: Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics 1.2.4–8,
trans. H. Rackham, rev. ed. (London: William
one, and as it moreover lays down laws Heinemann, 1934; Loeb Classical Library, vol. 19),
as to what people shall do and what 5–7.
NEL
Introduction: The Study of Political Science xxiii
of the cultural tradition of the Western world. Political science continued to exist as a
branch of moral philosophy, and important contributions were made by authors who
also wrote in other areas of philosophy, such as Thomas Aquinas, Thomas Hobbes, and
John Locke. Such writings, extending over more than two millennia, constitute a rich
body of wisdom that is still the foundation of political science.
In the eighteenth century, political science started to differentiate itself from moral
philosophy—not yet as an independent study but as part of the new science of polit-
ical economy. Writers such as Adam Smith, who held the chair of moral philosophy
at the University of Glasgow, began to study and write about the workings of the
market. They did not do this in a vacuum; in the society of the time, market processes
were being freed from mercantilist policies predicated on governmental control of the
economy. The study of government was a junior partner in the new science of political
economy, which emphasized market forces. Government was seen as a limited aux-
iliary that could carry out a few functions not performed well in the marketplace. In
the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, universities established chairs of
political economy. During this period, much work that today we would call political
science was also done in faculties of history and law, especially under the guise of com-
parative and constitutional law.
Economics and political science began to diverge in the second half of the nine-
teenth century as scholars began to specialize. The discovery of the principle of mar-
ginal utility in the 1870s made it possible for economics to become mathematical, and
hence more specialized and remote from the everyday concerns of government and
politics. Universities in the United States took the lead in establishing autonomous
departments of political science, which united the work of professors who might pre-
viously have gravitated to political economy, history, and law. Political science in its
modern academic form thus stems from developments in the United States in the late
nineteenth century. The first American department of political science was founded at
Columbia University in 1880; by the outbreak of World War I in 1914, there were 40
such departments in U.S. universities.1
Why in the United States? Partly because this rapidly expanding country was
opening scores of new universities that were not bound by old traditions about aca-
demic specialties. But the more important reason is that the United States—a nation
founded on a political act of revolution—has always been fascinated with government.
Political science at the university level was a logical extension of the civics education
that was so important in the public schools. Also, those early political scientists tended
to be moralistic crusaders for governmental reform—a good example being Woodrow
Wilson, the only political science professor ever to become an American president.
In the first half of the twentieth century, political science as an academic discipline
remained largely an American phenomenon, with only a few chairs being established
in universities in other countries. Of course, the substance of political science was
pursued elsewhere, but it was usually conducted within departments of law, political
economy, economics, and history. However, after World War II, political science was
NEL
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told him about Dame Marigold's theories and discoveries.
Master Ambrose hummed and hawed, and talked about women's
reasoning, and rash conclusions. But perhaps he was more
impressed, really, than he chose to let Master Nathaniel see. At any
rate he grudgingly agreed to go with him by night to the Guildhall and
investigate the hollow panel. And, from Master Ambrose, this was a
great concession; for it was not the sort of escapade that suited his
dignity.
"Hurrah, Ambrose!" shouted Master Nathaniel. "And I'm ready to bet
a Moongrass cheese against a flask of your best flower-in-amber
that we'll find that rascally quack at the bottom of it all!"
"You'd always a wonderful eye for a bargain, Nat," said Master
Ambrose with a grim chuckle. "Do you remember, when we were
youngsters, how you got my pedigree pup out of me for a stuffed
pheasant, so moth-eaten that it had scarcely a feather to its name,
and, let me see, what else? I think there was a half a packet of
mouldy sugar-candy...."
"And I threw in a broken musical-box whose works used to go queer
in the middle of 'To War, Bold Sons of Dorimare,' and burr and buzz
like a drunk cockchafer," put in Master Nathaniel proudly. "It was
quite fair—quantity for quality."
CHAPTER XIII
WHAT MASTER NATHANIEL AND MASTER
AMBROSE FOUND IN THE GUILDHALL
Master Nathaniel was much too restless and anxious to explore the
Guildhall until the groom returned whom he had sent with the letter
to Luke Hempen.
But he must have taken the order to ride night and day literally—in
so short a time was he back again in Lud. Master Nathaniel was, of
course, enchanted by his despatch, though he was unable to elicit
from him any detailed answers to his eager questions about
Ranulph. But it was everything to know that the boy was well and
happy, and it was but natural that the fellow should be bashful and
tongue-tied in the presence of his master.
But the groom had not, as a matter of fact, come within twenty miles
of the widow Gibberty's farm.
In a road-side tavern he had fallen in with a red-haired youth, who
had treated him to glass upon glass of an extremely intoxicating
wine; and, in consequence, he had spent the night and a
considerable portion of the following morning sound asleep on the
floor of the tavern.
When he awoke, he was horrified to discover how much time he had
wasted. But his mind was set at rest on the innkeeper's giving him a
letter from the red-haired youth, to say that he deeply regretted
having been the indirect cause of delaying a messenger sent on
pressing business by the High Seneschal (in his cup the groom had
boasted of the importance of his errand), and had, in consequence,
ventured to possess himself of the letter, which he guaranteed to
deliver at the address on the wrapper as soon, or sooner, as the
messenger could have done himself.
The groom was greatly relieved. He had not been long in Master
Nathaniel's service. It was after Yule-tide he had entered it.
So it was with a heart relieved from all fears for Ranulph and free to
throb like a schoolboy's with the lust of adventure that Master
Nathaniel met Master Ambrose on the night of the full moon at the
splendid carved doors of the Guildhall.
"I say, Ambrose," he whispered, "I feel as if we were lads again, and
off to rob an orchard!"
Master Ambrose snorted. He was determined, at all costs, to do his
duty, but it annoyed him that his duty should be regarded in the light
of a boyish escapade.
The great doors creaked back on their hinges. Shutting them as
quietly as they could, they tip-toed up the spiral staircase and along
the corridor described by Dame Marigold: whenever a board creaked
under their heavy steps, one inwardly cursing the other for daring to
be so stout and unwieldy.
All round them was darkness, except for the little trickles of light cast
before them by their two lanthorns.
A house with old furniture has no need of guests to be haunted. As
we have seen, Master Nathaniel was very sensitive to the silent
things—stars, houses, trees; and often in his pipe-room, after the
candles had been lit, he would sit staring at the bookshelves, the
chairs, his father's portrait—even at his red umbrella standing up in
the corner, with as great a sense of awe as if he had been a star-
gazer.
But that night, the brooding invisible presences of the carved panels,
the storied tapestries, affected even the hard-headed Master
Ambrose. It was as if that silent population was drawing him, by an
irresistible magnetism, into the zone of its influence.
If only they would speak, or begin to move about—those silent
rooted things! It was like walking through a wood by moonlight.
Then Master Nathaniel stood still.
"This, I think, must roughly be the spot where Marigold found the
hollow panel," he whispered, and began tapping cautiously along the
wainscotting.
A few minutes later, he said in an excited whisper, "Ambrose!
Ambrose! I've got it. Hark! You can hear, can't you? It's as hollow as
a drum."
"Suffering Cats! I believe you're right," whispered back Master
Ambrose, beginning, in spite of himself, to be a little infected with
Nat's absurd excitement.
And then, yielding to pressure, the panel slid back, and by the light of
their lanthorns they could see a twisting staircase.
For a few seconds they gazed at each other in silent triumph. Then
Master Nathaniel chuckled, and said, "Well, here goes—down with
our buckets into the well! And may we draw up something better
than an old shoe or a rotten walnut!" and straightway he began to
descend the stairs, Master Ambrose valiantly following him.
The stairs went twisting down, down—into the very bowels of the
earth, it seemed. But at long last they found themselves in what
looked like a long tunnel.
"Tally ho! Tally ho!" whispered Master Nathaniel, laughing for sheer
joy of adventure, "take it at a gallop, Brosie; it may lead to an open
glade ... and the deer at bay!"
And digging him in the ribs, he added, "Better sport than moth
hunting, eh?" which showed the completeness of their reconciliation.
Nevertheless, it was very slowly, and feeling each step, that they
groped their way along the tunnel.
After what seemed a very long time Master Nathaniel halted, and
whispered over his shoulder, "Here we are. There's a door ... oh,
thunder and confusion on it for ever! It's locked."
And, beside himself with irritation at this unlooked-for obstacle, he
began to batter and kick at the door, like one demented.
He paused a minute for breath, and from the inside could be heard a
shrill female voice demanding the pass-word.
"Pass-word?" bellowed back Master Nathaniel, "by the Sun, Moon
and Stars and the Golden Apples of the West, what...."
But before he could finish his sentence, the door was opened from
the other side, and they marched into a low, square room, which was
lit by one lamp swinging by a chain from the ceiling—for which there
seemed but little need, for a light more brilliant than that of any lamp,
and yet as soft as moonlight, seemed to issue from the marvelous
tapestries that hung on the walls.
They were dumb with amazement. This was as different from all the
other tapestry they had ever seen as is an apple-tree in full blossom
against a turquoise sky in May to the same tree in November, when
only a few red leaves still cling to its branches, and the sky is leaden.
Oh, those blues, and pinks, and brilliant greens! In what miraculous
dyes had the silks been dipped?
As to the subjects, they were those familiar to every Dorimarite—
hunting scenes, fugitives chased by the moon, shepherds and
shepherdesses tending their azure sheep. But, depicted in these
brilliant hues, they were like the ashes of the past, suddenly, under
one's very eyes, breaking into flame. Heigh-presto! The men and
women of a vanished age, noisy, gaudy, dominant, are flooding the
streets, and driving the living before them like dead leaves.
And what was this lying in heaps on the floor? Pearls and sapphires,
and monstrous rubies? Or windfalls of fruit, marvellous fruit, fallen
from the trees depicted on the tapestry?
Then, as their eyes grew accustomed to all the brilliance, the two
friends began to get their bearings; there could be no doubt as to the
nature of that fruit lying on the floor. It was fairy fruit, or their names
were not respectively Chanticleer and Honeysuckle.
And, to their amazement, the guardian of this strange treasure was
none other than their old acquaintance Mother Tibbs.
Her clear, child-like eyes that shone like lamps out of her seared
weather-beaten face, were gazing at them in a sort of mild surprise.
"If it isn't Master Hyacinth and Master Josiah!" she exclaimed,
adding, with her gay, young laugh, "to think of their knowing the
pass-word!"
Then she peered anxiously into their faces: "Are your stockings
wearing well yonder? The last pair I washed for you didn't take the
soap as they should. Marching down the Milky Way, and tripping it
beyond the moon, is hard on stockings."
Clearly she took them for their own fathers.
Meanwhile, Master Ambrose was drawing in his breath, with a noise
as if he were eating soup, and creasing his double chins—sure
signs, to anyone who had seen him on the Bench, that he was
getting ready to hector.
But Master Nathaniel gave him a little warning nudge, and said
cordially to their hostess, "Why, our stockings, and boots too, are
doing very nicely, thank you. So you didn't expect us to know the
pass-word, eh? Well, well, perhaps we know more than you think,"
then, under his breath to Master Ambrose, "By my Great-aunt's
Rump, Ambrose, what was the pass-word?"
Then turning again to Mother Tibbs, who was slightly swaying from
her hips, as if in time to some jig, which she alone could hear, he
said, "You've got some fine tapestry. I don't believe I've ever seen
finer!"
She smiled, and then coming close up to him, said in a low voice,
"Does your Worship know what makes it so fine? No? Why, it's the
fairy fruit!" and she nodded her head mysteriously, several times.
Master Ambrose gave a sort of low growl of rage, but again Master
Nathaniel shot him a warning look, and said in a voice of polite
interest, "Indeed! Indeed! And where, may I ask, does the ... er ...
fruit come from?"
She laughed merrily, "Why, the gentlemen bring it! All the pretty
gentlemen, dressed in green, with their knots of ribands, crowding
down in the sunrise from their ships with the scarlet sails to suck the
golden apricocks, when all in Lud are fast asleep! And then the cock
says Cockadoodledoo! Cockadoodledooooo!" and her voice trailed
off, far-away and lonely, suggesting, somehow, the first glimmer of
dawn on ghostly hayricks.
"And I'll tell you something, Master Nat Cock o' the Roost," she went
on, smiling mysteriously, and coming close up to him, "you'll soon be
dead!"
Then she stepped back, smiling and nodding encouragingly, as if to
say, "There's a pretty present I've given you! Take care of it."
"And as for Mother Tibbs," she went on triumphantly, "she'll soon be
a fine lady, like the wives of the Senators, dancing all night under the
moon! The gentlemen have promised."
Master Ambrose gave a snort of impatience, but Master Nathaniel
said with a good-humoured laugh, "So that's how you think the wives
of the Senators spend their time, eh? I'm afraid they've other things
to do. And as to yourself, aren't you getting too old for dancing?"
A slight shadow passed across her clear eyes. Then she tossed her
head with the noble gesture of a wild creature, and cried, "No! No!
As long as my heart dances my feet will too. And nobody will grow
old when the Duke comes back."
But Master Ambrose could contain himself no longer. He knew only
too well Nat's love of listening to long rambling talk—especially when
there happened to be some serious business on hand.
"Come, come," he cried in a stern voice, "in spite of being crack-
brained, my good woman, you may soon find yourself dancing to
another tune. Unless you tell us in double quick time who exactly
these gentlemen are, and who it was that put you on guard here, and
who brings that filthy fruit, and who takes it away, we will ... why, we
will cut the fiddle strings that you dance to!"
This threat was a subconscious echo of the last words he had heard
spoken by Moonlove. Its effect was instantaneous.
"Cut the fiddle strings! Cut the fiddle strings!" she wailed; adding
coaxingly, "No, no, pretty master, you would never do that! Would he
now?" and she turned appealingly to Master Nathaniel. "It would be
like taking away the poor man's strawberries. The Senator has
peaches and roasted swans and peacock's hearts, and a fine coach
to drive in, and a feather bed to lie late in of a morning. And the poor
man has black bread and baked haws, and work ... but in the
summer he has strawberries and tunes to dance to. No, no, you
would never cut the fiddle strings!"
Master Nathaniel felt a lump in his throat. But Master Ambrose was
inexorable: "Yes, of course I would!" he blustered; "I'd cut the strings
of every fiddle in Lud. And I will, too, unless you tell us what we want
to know. Come, Mother Tibbs, speak out—I'm a man of my word."
She gazed at him beseechingly, and then a look of innocent cunning
crept into her candid eyes and she placed a finger on her lips, then
nodded her head several times and said in a mysterious whisper, "If
you'll promise not to cut the fiddle strings I'll show you the prettiest
sight in the world—the sturdy dead lads in the Fields of Grammary
hoisting their own coffins on their shoulders, and tripping it over the
daisies. Come!" and she darted to the side of the wall, drew aside
the tapestry and revealed to them another secret door. She pressed
some spring, it flew open disclosing another dark tunnel.
"Follow me, pretty masters," she cried.
"There's nothing to be done," whispered Master Nathaniel, "but to
humour her. She may have something of real value to show us."
Master Ambrose muttered something about a couple of lunatics and
not having left his fireside to waste the night in indulging their
fantasies; but all the same he followed Master Nathaniel, and the
second secret door shut behind them with a sharp click.
"Phew!" said Master Nathaniel: "Phew!" puffed Master Ambrose, as
they pounded laboriously along the passage behind their light-footed
guide.
Then they began to ascend a flight of stairs, which seemed
interminable, and finally fell forward with a lurch on to their knees,
and again there was a click of something shutting behind them.
They groaned and cursed and rubbed their knees and demanded
angrily to what unholy place she had been pleased to lead them.
But she clapped her hands gleefully, "Don't you know, pretty
masters? Why, you're where the dead cocks roost! You've come
back to your own snug cottage, Master Josiah Chanticleer. Take your
lanthorn and look round you."
This Master Nathaniel proceeded to do, and slowly it dawned on him
where they were.
"By the Golden Apples of the West, Ambrose!" he exclaimed, "if
we're not in my own chapel!"
And, sure enough, the rays of the lanthorn revealed the shelves lined
with porphyry coffins, the richly wrought marble ceiling, and the
mosaic floor of the home of the dead Chanticleers.
"Toasted Cheese!" muttered Master Ambrose in amazement.
"It must have two doors, though I never knew it," said Master
Nathaniel. "A secret door opening on to that hidden flight of steps.
There are evidently people who know more about my chapel than I
do myself," and suddenly he remembered how the other day he had
found its door ajar.
Mother Tibbs laughed gleefully at their surprise, and then, placing
one finger on her lips, she beckoned them to follow her; and they tip-
toed after her out into the moonlit Fields of Grammary, where she
signed to them to hide themselves from view behind the big trunk of
a sycamore.
The dew, like lunar daisies, lay thickly on the grassy graves. The
marble statues of the departed seemed to flicker into smiles under
the rays of the full moon; and, not far from the sycamore, two men
were digging up a newly-made grave. One of them was a brawny
fellow with the gold rings in his ears worn by sailors, the other was—
Endymion Leer.
Master Nathaniel shot a look of triumph at Master Ambrose, and
whispered, "A cask of flower-in-amber, Brosie!"
For some time the two men dug on in silence, and then they pulled
out three large coffins and laid them on the grass.
"We'd better have a peep, Sebastian," said Endymion Leer, "to see
that the goods have been delivered all right. We're dealing with tricky
customers."
The young man, addressed as Sebastian, grinned, and taking a
clasp knife from his belt, began to prise open one of the coffins.
As he inserted the blade into the lid, our two friends behind the
sycamore could not help shuddering; nor was their horror lessened
by the demeanor of Mother Tibbs, for she half closed her eyes, and
drew the air in sharply through her nostrils, as if in expectation of
some delicious perfume.
But when the lid was finally opened and the contents of the coffin
exposed to view, they proved not to be cere cloths and hideousness,
but—closely packed fairy fruit.
"Toasted Cheese!" muttered Master Ambrose; "Busty Bridget!"
muttered Master Nathaniel.
"Yes, that's the goods all right," said Endymion Leer, "and we'll take
the other two on trust. Shut it up again, and help to hoist it on to my
shoulder, and do you follow with the other two—we'll take them right
away to the tapestry-room. We're having a council there at midnight,
and it's getting on for that now."
Choosing a moment when the backs of the two smugglers were
turned, Mother Tibbs darted out from behind the sycamore, and shot
back into the chapel, evidently afraid of not being found at her post.
And she was shortly followed by Endymion Leer and his companion.
At first, the sensations of Master Nathaniel and Master Ambrose
were too complicated to be expressed in words, and they merely
stared at each other, with round eyes. Then a slow smile broke over
Master Nathaniel's face, "No Moongrass cheese for you this time,
Brosie," he said. "Who was right, you or me?"
"By the Milky Way, it was you, Nat!" cried Master Ambrose, for once,
in a voice of real excitement. "The rascal! The unmitigated rogue! So
it's him, is it, we parents have to thank for what has happened! But
he'll hang for it, he'll hang for it—though we have to change the
whole constitution of Dorimare! The blackguard!"
"Into the town probably as a hearse," Master Nathaniel was saying
thoughtfully, "then buried here, then down through my chapel into the
secret room in the Guildhall, whence, I suppose, they distribute it by
degrees. It's quite clear now how the stuff gets into Lud. All that
remains to clear up is how it gets past our Yeomen on the border ...
but what's taken you, Ambrose?"
For Master Ambrose was simply shaking with laughter; and he did
not laugh easily.
"Do the dead bleed?" he was repeating between his guffaws; "why,
Nat, it's the best joke I've heard these twenty years!"
And when he had sufficiently recovered he told Master Nathaniel
about the red juice oozing out of the coffin, which he had taken for
blood, and how he had frightened Endymion Leer out of his wits by
asking him about it.
"When, of course, it was a bogus funeral, and what I had seen was
the juice of that damned fruit!" and again he was seized with
paroxysms of laughter.
But Master Nathaniel merely gave an absent smile; there was
something vaguely reminiscent in that idea of the dead bleeding—
something he had recently read or heard; but, for the moment, he
could not remember where.
In the meantime, Master Ambrose had recovered his gravity. "Come,
come," he cried briskly, "we've not a moment to lose. We must be off
at once to Mumchance, rouse him and a couple of his men, and be
back in a twinkling to that tapestry-room, to take them red-handed."
"You're right, Ambrose! You're right!" cried Master Nathaniel. And off
they went at a sharp jog trot, out at the gate, down the hill, and into
the sleeping town.
They had no difficulty in rousing Mumchance and in firing him with
their own enthusiasm. As they told him in a few hurried words what
they had discovered, his respect for the Senate went up in leaps and
bounds—though he could scarcely credit his ears when he learned
of the part played in the evening's transactions by Endymion Leer.
"To think of that! To think of that!" he kept repeating, "and me who's
always been so friendly with the Doctor, too!"
As a matter of fact, Endymion Leer had for some months been the
recipient of Mumchance's complaints with regard to the slackness
and inefficiency of the Senate; and, in his turn, had succeeded in
infecting the good Captain's mind with sinister suspicions against
Master Nathaniel. And there was a twinge of conscience for
disloyalty to his master, the Mayor, behind the respectful heartiness
of his tones as he cried, "Very good, your Worship. It's Green and
Juniper what are on duty tonight. I'll go and fetch them from the
guard-room, and we should be able to settle the rascals nicely."
As the clocks in Lud-in-the-Mist were striking midnight the five of
them were stepping cautiously along the corridors of the Guildhall.
They had no difficulty in finding the hollow panel, and having pressed
the spring, they made their way along the secret passage.
"Ambrose!" whispered Master Nathaniel flurriedly, "what was it
exactly that I said that turned out to be the pass-word? What with the
excitement and all I've clean forgotten it."
Master Ambrose shook his head. "I haven't the slightest idea," he
whispered back. "To tell you the truth, I couldn't make out what she
meant about your having used a pass-word. All I can remember your
saying was 'Toasted Cheese!' or 'Busty Bridget!'—or something
equally elegant."
Now they had got to the door, locked from the inside as before.
"Look here, Mumchance," said Master Nathaniel, ruefully, "we can't
remember the pass-word, and they won't open without it."
Mumchance smiled indulgently, "Your Worship need not worry about
the pass-word," he said. "I expect we'll be able to find another that
will do as well ... eh, Green and Juniper? But perhaps first—just to
be in order—your Worship would knock and command them to
open."
Master Nathaniel felt absurdly disappointed. For one thing, it
shocked his sense of dramatic economy that they should have to
resort to violence when the same result could have been obtained by
a minimum expenditure of energy. Besides, he had so looked
forward to showing off his new little trick!
So it was with a rueful sigh that he gave a loud rat-a-tat-tat on the
door, calling out, "Open in the name of the Law!"
These words, of course, produced no response, and Mumchance,
with the help of the other four, proceeded to put into effect his own
pass-word, which was to shove with all their might against the door,
two of the hinges of which he had noticed looked rusty.
It began to creak, and then to crack, and finally they burst into ... an
empty room. No strange fruit lay heaped on the floor; nothing hung
on the walls but a few pieces of faded moth-eaten tapestry. It looked
like a room that had not been entered for centuries.
When they had recovered from their first surprise, Master Nathaniel
cried fiercely, "They must have got wind that we were after them, and
given us the slip, taking their loads of filthy fruits with them, I'll...."
"There's been no fruit here, your Worship," said Mumchance in a
voice that he was trying hard to keep respectful; "it always leaves
stains, and there ain't any stains here."
And he couldn't resist adding, with a wink to Juniper and Green, "I
daresay it's your Worship's having forgotten the pass-word that's
done it!" And Juniper and Green grinned from ear to ear.
Master Nathaniel was too chagrined to heed this insolence; but
Master Ambrose—ever the champion of dignity in distress—gave
Mumchance such a look that he hung his head and humbly hoped
that his Worship would forgive his little joke.
CHAPTER XIV
DEAD IN THE EYE OF THE LAW
The following morning Master Nathaniel woke late, and got up on the
wrong side of his bed, which, in view of the humiliation and
disappointment of the previous night, was, perhaps, pardonable.
His temper was not improved by Dame Marigold's coming in while
he was dressing to complain of his having smoked green shag
elsewhere than in the pipe-room: "And you know how it always
upsets me, Nat. I'm feeling quite squeamish this morning, the whole
house reeks of it ... Nat! you know you are an old blackguard!" and
she dimpled and shook her finger at him, as an emollient to the slight
shrewishness of her tone.
"Well, you're wrong for once," snapped Master Nathaniel; "I haven't
smoked shag even in the pipe-room for at least a week—so there!
Upon my word, Marigold, your nose is a nuisance—you should keep
it in a bag, like a horse!"
But though Master Nathaniel might be in a bad temper he was far
from being daunted by what had happened the night before.
He shut himself into the pipe-room and wrote busily for about a
quarter of an hour; then he paced up and down committing what he
had written to memory. Then he set out for the daily meeting of the
Senate. And so absorbed was he with the speech he had been
preparing that he was impervious, in the Senators' tiring-room, to the
peculiar glances cast at him by his colleagues.
Once the Senators had donned their robes of office and taken their
places in the magnificent room reserved for their councils, their
whole personality was wont suddenly to alter, and they would cease
to be genial, easy-going merchants who had known each other all
their lives and become grave, formal—even hierophantic, in manner;
while abandoning the careless colloquial diction of every day, they
would adopt the language of their forefathers, forged in more
strenuous and poetic days than the present.
In consequence, the stern look in Master Nathaniel's eye that
morning, when he rose to address his colleagues, the stern tone in
which he said "Senators of Dorimare!" might have heralded nothing
more serious than a suggestion that they should, that year, have
geese instead of turkeys at their public dinner.
But his opening words showed that this was to be no usual speech.
"Senators of Dorimare!" he began, "I am going to ask you this
morning to awake. We have been asleep for many centuries, and the
Law has sung us lullabies. But many of us here have received the
accolade of a very heavy affliction. Has that wakened us? I fear not.
The time has come when it behooves us to look facts in the face—
even if those facts bear a strange likeness to dreams and fancies.
"My friends, the ancient foes of our country are abroad. Tradition
says that the Fairies" (he brought out boldly the horrid word) "fear
iron; and we, the descendants of the merchant-heroes, must still
have left in us some veins of that metal. The time has come to prove
it. We stand to lose everything that makes life pleasant and secure—
laughter, sound sleep, the merriment of fire-sides, the peacefulness
of gardens. And if we cannot bequeath the certainty of these things
to our children, what will boot them their inheritance? It is for us,
then, as fathers as well as citizens, once and for all to uproot this
menace, the roots of which are in the past, the branches of which
cast their shadow on the future.
"I and another of your colleagues have discovered at last who it was
that brought this recent grief and shame upon so many of us. It will
be hard, I fear, to prove his guilt, for he is subtle, stealthy, and
mocking, and, like his invisible allies, his chief weapon is delusion. I
ask you all, then, to parry that weapon with faith and loyalty, which
will make you take the word of old and trusty friends as the only
touchstone of truth. And, after that—I have sometimes thought that
less blame attaches to deluding others than to deluding oneself.
Away, then, with flimsy legal fictions! Let us call things by their
names—not grograine or tuftaffity, but fairy fruit. And if it be proved
that any man has brought such merchandise into Dorimare, let him
hang by his neck till he be dead."
Then Master Nathaniel sat down.
But where was the storm of applause he had expected would greet
his words? Where were the tears, the eager questions, the tokens of
deeply stirred feelings?
Except for Master Ambrose's defiant "Bravos!" his speech was
received in profound silence. The faces all round him were grim and
frigid, with compressed lips and frowning brows—except the portrait
of Duke Aubrey—he, as usual, was faintly smiling.
Then Master Polydore Vigil rose to his feet, and broke the grim
silence.
"Senators of Dorimare!" he began, "the eloquent words we have just
listened to from his Worship the Mayor can, strangely enough, serve
as a prelude—a golden prelude to my poor, leaden words. I, too,
came here this morning resolved to bring your attention to legal
fictions—which, sometimes, it may be, have their uses. But perhaps
before I say my say, his Worship will allow the clerk to read us the
oldest legal fiction in our Code. It is to be found in the first volume of
the Acts of the twenty-fifth year of the Republic, Statute 5, chapter
9."
Master Polydore Vigil sat down, and a slow grim smile circulated
round the hall, and then seemed to vanish and subside in the
mocking eyes of Duke Aubrey's portrait.
Master Nathaniel exchanged puzzled glances with Master Ambrose;
but there was nothing for it but to order the clerk to comply with the
wishes of Master Polydore.
So, in a small, high, expressionless voice, which might have been
the voice of the Law herself, the clerk read as follows:
"Further, we ordain that nothing but death alone shall have power to
dismiss the Mayor of Lud-in-the-Mist and High Seneschal of
Dorimare before the five years of his term of office shall fully have
expired. But, the dead, being dumb, feeble, treacherous and given to
vanities, if any Mayor at a time of menace to the safety of the
Dorimarites be held by his colleagues to be any of these things, then
let him be accounted dead in the eye of the Law, and let another be
elected in his stead."
CHAPTER XV
"HO, HO, HOH!"
The clerk shut the great tome, bowed low, and withdrew to his place;
and an ominous silence reigned in the hall.
Master Nathaniel sat watching the scene with an eye so cold and
aloof that the Eye of the Law itself could surely not have been colder.
What power had delusion or legal fictions against the mysterious
impetus propelling him along the straight white road that led he knew
not whither?
But Master Ambrose sprang up and demanded fiercely that the
honourable Senator would oblige them by an explanation of his
offensive insinuations.
Nothing loth, Master Polydore again rose to his feet, and, pointing a
menacing finger at Master Nathaniel, he said: "His worship the
Mayor has told us of a man stealthy, mocking, and subtle, who has
brought this recent grief and shame upon us. That man is none other
than his Worship the Mayor himself."
Master Ambrose again sprung to his feet, and began angrily to
protest, but Master Nathaniel, ex cathedra, sternly ordered him to be
silent and to sit down.
Master Polydore continued: "He has been dumb, when it was the
time to speak, feeble, when it was the time to act, treacherous, as
the desolate homes of his friends can testify, and given to vanities.
Aye, given to vanities, for what," and he smiled ironically, "but vanity
in a man is too great a love for grograines and tuftaffities and other
costly silks? Therefore, I move that in the eye of the Law he be
accounted dead."
A low murmur of approval surged over the hall.
"Will he deny that he is over fond of silk?"
Master Nathaniel bowed, in token that he did deny it.
Master Polydore asked if he would then be willing to have his house
searched; again Master Nathaniel bowed.
There and then?
And Master Nathaniel bowed again.
So the Senate rose and twenty of the Senators, without removing
their robes, filed out of the Guildhall and marched two and two
towards Master Nathaniel's house.
On the way who should tag himself on to the procession but
Endymion Leer. At this, Master Ambrose completely lost his temper.
He would like to know why this double-dyed villain, this shameless
Son of a Fairy, was putting his rancid nose into the private concerns
of the Senate! But Master Nathaniel cried impatiently, "Oh, let him
come, Ambrose, if he wants to. The more the merrier!"
You can picture the consternation of Dame Marigold when, a few
minutes later, her brother—with a crowd of Senators pressing up
behind him—bade her, with a face of grave compassion, to bring him
all the keys of the house.
They proceeded to make a thorough search, ransacking every
cupboard, chest and bureau. But nowhere did they find so much as
an incriminating pip, so much as a stain of dubious colour.
"Well," began Master Polydore, in a voice of mingled relief and
disappointment, "it seems that our search has been a...."
"Fruitless one, eh?" prompted Endymion Leer, rubbing his hands,
and darting his bright eyes over the assembled faces. "Well, perhaps
it has. Perhaps it has."
They were standing in the hall, quite close to the grandfather's clock,
which was ticking away, as innocent and foolish-looking as a newly-
born lamb.
Endymion Leer walked up to it and gazed at it quizzically, with his
head on one side. Then he tapped its mahogany case—making

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3 Sovereignty, State, and Citizenship 27

5 Political Culture and Socialization 49

Questions for Discussion 58

8 Cooperation under Anarchy 83

12 Socialism and Communism 144

Deep Ecology 200

Part 3 Forms of Government 207

16 Classification of Political Systems 209

17 Liberal Democracy 216

18 Transitions to Democracy 240

19 Autocratic Systems of Government 258

20 Parliamentary and Presidential Systems 274

21 Unitary and Federal Systems 302

Structural Features of Federalism 307

Part 4 The Political Process 319

22 The Political Process 321

23 Political Parties, Interest Groups, and Social

24 Communications Media 358

Questions for Discussion 369

25 Elections and Electoral Systems 372

26 Representative Assemblies 391

27 The Political Executive 408

28 The Administration 420

29 The Judiciary 431

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