Carbohydrates - simple sugar and not so simple starch

Types of carbohydrates
1. Monosaccharides - single sugar
a. Glucose - stored in the body for energy - “blood sugar”
b. Fructose - found in honey and in high-fructose corn syrup
c. Galactose - found in dairy products
2. Disaccharides - two sugar molecules linked
a. Sucrose - “table sugar” - glucose and fructose
b. Lactose - “milk sugar” - glucose and galactose
c. Maltose - “malt sugar” - glucose and glucose
3. Polysaccharides - many sugars molecule linked
a. Cellulose - principal structural component of plant
b. Starch - soft, white, and tasteless powder
c. Glycogen - highly branch polysaccharide - “animal starch”

Functions of carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
● Give the body energy
● 45 to 65% of our body should came from carbohydrates
● The extra carbohydrates is stored in the liver or in the tissue as fat
● Carbohydrates are grains, fruits, vegetables, legumes and sugars
Simple carbohydrates
● Simple carbohydrates are quick energy sources
Complex carbohydrates
● Complex carbohydrates supply longer lasting energy, as well as other nutrients and fiber
that the body needs
● Complex carbohydrates came from the starchy food such as whole grains, flour, seeds,
nuts, vegetables, and fruits

Protein - responsible for building tissue, cells, and muscle

Amino acid - biochemical units from which all proteins are made
Synthesis - chemical production of a substance by changing similar substances

Building proteins
● Peptide bonds
Structure
● Monomer = amino acid
○ 20 different amino acid
■ 12 made by body
■ 8 essential amino acid
● Polymer = polypeptide
○ Protein can be one or more polypeptide chains folded and bonded together
 ● Rubisco
○ Ribulose
○ Biphosphate
○ Carboxylase
○ Oxygenase
● Hemoglobin
● Growth hormones

Amino acid - building blocks of protein

Amino acid structure
● Central carbon
● Amino group
● Carboxyl group
● R group
Nonpolar amino acid
● Glycine
● Alanine
● Valine
● Leucine
● Isoleucine
● Methionine
● Phenylalanine
● Tryptophan
● Proline
Polar amino acid
● Serine
● Threonine
● Cysteine
● Tyrosine
● Asparagine
● Glutamine
● Aspartic acid
● Glutamic acid
● Lysine
● Arginine
● Histidine

Protein structure
1. Primary structure - peptide bonds - determine by dna
2. Secondary structure - h bonds
3. Tertiary structure - r groups
4. Quaternary structure - multiple polypeptides
Protein - most structurally and functionally diverse group of biomolecules

Functions of proteins
1. Metabolism
2. Support
3. Transport
4. Defense
5. Regulation
6. Motion

Oil - liquid form of lipids

Fat - solid form of lipids

Triglycerides - esters of glycerol and fatty acid - type of fat found in the blood
Fatty acids - carboxylic acid with long hydrocarbon chains “ building blocks of fats in our bodies”

Fats can be
● Saturated - single bond between two carbon atoms
● Unsaturated - double/triple bonds between two carbon atoms
● Monounsaturated - one carbon-carbon double bond in its carbon chain
● Polyunsaturated - two or more carbon-carbon double bonds in its carbon chain

Cholesterol - provide support in the membrane of our body cells

Functions of fats
● Used as energy food
● Carbohydrates provide a readily usable energy while fats provide form of stored energy
● Aid in the absorption of fat soluble vitamins like A, D, E and K
● Source of essential fatty acids
● Help maintain a healthy skin and hair
● Insulate the body from shock
● Maintain body temperature
● Promote healthy body function