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Contents vii
CHAPTER 10 Germany 262

Russia 265
Executives 226 Mexico 267
Concepts 228
Types 229
Executive Structures: Presidential and Parliamentary 230
Formal Powers 232
Partisan Powers 235
Coalitions 235 PART IV: Politics, Society, and Culture
Informal Powers 240
CHAPTER 12
Causes and Effects: What Explains Executive
Stability? 240 Revolutions and Contention 277
Stable and Unstable Regimes: Presidentialism, Parliamentarism, Concepts 279
and Democracy 241 What Is “Contention”? 279
Stable and Unstable Executives: Styles of Presidential Rule 243 Revolutionary and Non-Revolutionary Contention 279
Stable and Unstable Executives: Patterns of Parliamentary
Rule 246 Types 280
Social Movements 280
THINKING COMPARATIVELY Beyond the American Revolutions 284
and British Models 247 Insurgencies and Civil Wars 287
CASES IN CONTEXT Terrorism 287
France 231 “Everyday Resistance” 289
United States 231 Thinking About Contention: Summary 290
Russia 234
Causes and Effects: Why Do Revolutions Happen? 291
China 236
Relative Deprivation 291
Nigeria 241
Resource Mobilization and Political Opportunities 292
Rational Choice 294
CHAPTER 11
Culture or “Framing” Explanations 296
Political Parties, Party Systems, and Interest THINKING COMPARATIVELY The “Arab Spring” of 2011 298
Groups 252 CASES IN CONTEXT
Concepts 255 Brazil 282
Political Parties 255 France 285
Party Systems 255 Russia 292
Interest Groups 256 China 293
Types 257 Iran 297
Political Parties: Elite, Mass, and Catch-All Parties 258
CHAPTER 13
Party Systems: Dominant-Party, Two-Party, and Multiparty
Systems 259 Nationalism and National Identity 304
Interest Groups: Pluralism and Corporatism 264 Concepts 306
Causes and Effects: Why Do Party Systems Emerge, Identity 306
and What Effects Do They Have? 267 Nationalism and the Nation 306
Party Systems and Representation 267 Types 307
What Factors Shape Party Systems? 267 Primordialist Approaches 307
How Do Party Systems Shape Political Outcomes? 269 Perennialist Approaches 308
Interest Groups and Representation 272 Modernist Approaches 308
THINKING COMPARATIVELY Party Systems in Sub-Saharan Types of Nationalism 311
Africa 275 Causes and Effects: What Causes Ethno-National
CASES IN CONTEXT Conflict? 313
China 260 Primordial Bonds 316
Japan 261 Cultural Boundaries 317
00-Dickovick-FM.indd 7 12/06/15 7:05 pm

viii Contents
Material Interests 318 Types 354

Rational Calculation 318 Modern Ideologies 354
Social Psychology 320 Liberalism 354
THINKING COMPARATIVELY Ending Ethnic and National Fascism 355
Violence 321 Socialism 356
Modern Forms of Religion in Politics 357
CASES IN CONTEXT
Lay and Religious States 358
United Kingdom 308 Denominationalism 359
Mexico 309
Japan 310 Causes and Effects: Why Do Religion and Ideology
Germany 312 Remain Prevalent in Modern Politics? 360
Nigeria 316 Why (and How) Does Modernization Alter Religion’s Role
in Politics? 360
CHAPTER 14 Modernization Theory and Secularization 361
The “Religious Economies” Approach 362
Race, Ethnicity, and Gender 325 Institutional Theories 363
Concepts 327 Why Didn’t Ideology (and History) End? 364
Race and Ethnicity 327 THINKING COMPARATIVELY Two Lefts in Latin America? 367
Gender 328
CASES IN CONTEXT
Sexual Orientation 329
United Kingdom 355
Types 329 Russia 357
Disentangling Race and Ethnicity 329 France 359
Discrimination Based on Race and Ethnicity 332 Iran 360
Gender Discrimination 333 Nigeria 361
Empowerment of Women and Minority Groups 334
Causes and Effects: What Factors Influence
the Political Representation of Women
and Minority Groups? 337
Social Movement Mobilization 337
Political Parties Based on Gender or Ethnicity 339
Institutions for Promoting Women’s and Minority Group
PART V: The Comparative-International
Representation 341 Nexus
THINKING COMPARATIVELY Indicators of Gender
CHAPTER 16
Empowerment 344
CASES IN CONTEXT Comparative Politics and International
Iran 334 Relations 372
Japan 335 Concepts 375
Brazil 336
Issues 376
Mexico 340
Globalization and Trade 376
India 341
International Institutions and Integration 380
CHAPTER 15 Immigration 382
Environment and Sustainability 384
Ideology and Religion in Modern Transnational Networks 387
Politics 348 Nuclear Threats and Terrorism 388
Concepts 350 Causes and Effects: What Are the Main Causes
Modernity and Modernization 350 in International Relations? 390
Ideology 351 Realism 390
Religion 351 Liberalism 393
Secularization, Religion, and Modern Politics 352 Constructivism 394
Religious Conflict 353 Marxism 395

Contents ix
KAZAKHSTAN UZBEKISTAN
GEORGIA
THINKING COMPARATIVELY The EU and Levels of Analysis 395 Historical Development 429
AZERBAIJAN Regime and Political Institutions 431
CASES IN CONTEXT
ARMENIA Political Culture 432
United States 381 Caspian Sea TURKMENISTAN Political Economy 433
France 383
Japan 387
Tabriz CASE STUDIES 434
Iran 389 The State in France (Chapter 3) 434
Now Shahr
India 389 Mashhad
Authoritarian Persistence in Nineteenth-Century France
Tehran
(Chapter 7) 435
Kermanshah Qom Electing the French President: What Do Runoffs Do? (Chapter 10) 436
AFGHANISTAN
I R A N The French Revolution (Chapter 12) 437
IRAQ Esfahan
Birjand Religion and Secularism in France (Chapter 15) 438
Dezful
Yazd Globalization and Culture in France (Chapter 16) 439
Ahvaz
PART VI: Country

Abadan
Profiles
Shiraz
and Kerman
Cases Germany 441
KUWAIT Zahedan
Bushehr
PROFILE 441
SAUDI Brazil 399 Asaluyeh Bandar Abbas Introduction 441
ARABIA Historical Development 443
PROFILE 399 Persian
PAKISTAN
Introduction 399 Q
QA
QAT
A
QATAR Gulf Chabahar Regime and Political Institutions 446
Historical Development 401 Gulf of Oman Political Culture 447
Regime and Political Institutions U.A.E.
404 Political Economy 448
Political Culture 405 CASE STUDIES 449
OMAN
Political Economy 406 The German State: Unification and Welfare (Chapter 4) 449
0 110 220 Kilometers
CASE STUDIES 407 0 110 220 Miles Democracy and Authoritarianism in Germany (Chapter 7) 450
Does the Global Economy Help or Hurt Developing Nations? Institutional Design: Germany’s Bundestag and Bundesrat
(Chapter 5) 407 (Chapter 9) 451
Democratic Consolidation in Brazil (Chapter 6) 408 Consensus-Based Politics in Germany (Chapter 11) 452
Electoral Rules and Party (In)Discipline in Brazil’s Legislature Ethnic Boundaries of the German Nation? (Chapter 13) 453
(Chapter 9) 409
Brazil’s Landless Movement (Chapter 12) 410 India 455
Gender and Political Representation in Brazil: Where Has
Progress Come From? (Chapter 14) 410
PROFILE 455
Introduction 455
China 412 Historical Development 457
Regime and Political Institutions 460
PROFILE 412 Political Culture 461
Introduction 412 Political Economy 462
Historical Development 414
CASE STUDIES 463
What Explain India’s Recent Growth? (Chapter 5) 463
Political Culture 418
Democracy’s Success in India: What Can We Learn from
Political Economy 419
a Deviant Case? (Chapter 6) 464
CASE STUDIES 420 Federalism and Differences in Development in India (Chapter 8) 464
How Did China Become an Economic Power? (Chapter 5) 420 Ethnicity and Political Parties in India (Chapter 14) 465
Is China Destined for Democracy? (Chapter 6) 421 India in the Twenty-First Century: Domestic Politics, Identity,
Who Governs China? (Chapter 10) 423 and Security (Chapter 16) 466
The Chinese Party System (Chapter 11) 424
The Chinese Revolution (Chapter 12) 425 Iran (Islamic Republic of Iran) 468
PROFILE 468
France 427 Introduction 468
PROFILE 427 Historical Development 470
Introduction 427 Regime and Political Institutions 473

x Contents
Political Culture 474 Regime and Political Institutions 515

Political Economy 474 Political Culture 515
CASE STUDIES 475
Democratic Features of Authoritarian Systems? The Case of CASE STUDIES 517
Iran (Chapter 7) 475 What Is a Weak State, and Can It Be Changed?
Constitutional Design: Theocracy in Iran (Chapter 8) 476 The Case of Nigeria (Chapter 3) 517
Iran’s Islamic Revolution and “Green Revolution”? (Chapter 12) 478 Why Are Natural Resources Sometimes a Curse?
Gender in Post-Revolutionary Iranian Politics (Chapter 14) 479 The Nigerian Case (Chapter 5) 518
Religion and Politics in Iran (Chapter 15) 479 Federalism and the States in Nigeria: Holding Together
Iran and the Politics of Nuclear Proliferation (Chapter 16) 480 or Tearing Apart? (Chapter 8) 519
The Presidency in Nigeria: Powers and Limitations
(Chapter 10) 521
Japan 482 The Nigerian Civil War or Biafran War: Nationalism and Ethno-
PROFILE 482 National Conflict in a Post-Colonial Society (Chapter 13) 522
Introduction 482 Religious Difference and Conflict in Nigeria: Disentangling
Historical Development 484 Ethnicity and Religion? (Chapter 15) 523
Political Culture 488 Russia (Russian Federation) 525
Political Economy 488 PROFILE 525
CASE STUDIES 490 Introduction 525
State-Led Development in Japan (Chapter 4) 490 Historical Development 527
The Hybrid Electoral System of the Japanese Diet Regime and Political Institutions 531
(Chapter 9) 491 Political Culture 532
How Did Japan's Dominant Party Win for So Long? Political Economy 532
(Chapter 11) 491
CASE STUDIES 533
Importing National Identity in Japan? (Chapter 13) 493
Oligarchy, Democracy, and Authoritarianism in Russia
Gender Empowerment in Japan? (Chapter 14) 493
(Chapter 7) 533
Resource Management in Japan (Chapter 16) 494
Executives in Russia: Formal and Informal Powers
(Chapter 10) 534
Mexico 496 Personalism and the Party System in Russia (Chapter 11) 535
The Russian Revolution (Chapter 12) 536
PROFILE 496
Communist Ideology in Practice—Russia and the Soviet Union
Introduction 496 (Chapter 15) 537
Regime and Political Institutions 501 United Kingdom 539
Political Economy 503 PROFILE 539
Introduction 539
CASE STUDIES 504
The Mexican State and Rule of Law (Chapter 3) 504
Mexico’s “Perfect Dictatorship” and Its End (Chapter 7) 505
The PRI and Corporatism in Mexico (Chapter 11) 506
Industrialization, Modernity, and National Identity
in Mexico (Chapter 13) 507 CASE STUDIES 546
Why Aren’t There Major Ethnic Parties in Mexico? The State in the United Kingdom (Chapter 3) 546
(Chapter 14) 508 Political Economy of Britain (Chapter 4) 547
No Constitution? No Supreme Court? Constitutionality in the
Nigeria 510 United Kingdom (Chapter 8) 548
The Mother of Parliaments: The United Kingdom and the
PROFILE 510 Westminster Model (Chapter 9) 549
Introduction 510 National Identity in the United Kingdom (Chapter 13) 550
Historical Development 512 Liberal Ideology in the United Kingdom (Chapter 15) 552

Contents xi
Is Judicial Activism in the United States a Problem?

United States 553 (Chapter 8) 563
PROFILE 553 The United States Congress: Dysfunctional or Functioning by
Design? (Chapter 9) 564
Introduction 553
“The Most Powerful Person in the World”? Checks on American
Presidents (Chapter 10) 566
The United States and the World: A Love–Hate Relationship?
(Chapter 16) 567
CASE STUDIES 561 Notes 569
Did Free Markets Help the United States Get Rich? Will They in Glossary 581
the Future? (Chapter 4) 561 References and Further Reading 591
Is American Democracy in Trouble? Credits 617
(Chapter 6) 562 Index 618

Insights
CHAPTER 3 Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States 60

Douglass North, John Wallis, and Barry Weingast, Violence and Social Orders: A Conceptual Framework
for Interpreting Recorded Human History 61
Philip Gorski, The Disciplinary Revolution: Calvinism and the Rise of the State in Early Modern Europe 62
Hendrik Spruyt, The Sovereign State and Its Competitors 64
John Meyer, John Boli, George M. Thomas, and Francisco Ramírez, World Society and the
Nation-State 65
CHAPTER 4 Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom 79
Peter Evans, Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation 80
Joseph Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy 89
Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time 90
Gøsta Esping-Andersen, Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism 91
CHAPTER 5 Atul Kohli, State-Directed Development: Political Power and Industrialization in the Global Periphery 107
Daron Acemoglu, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson, The Colonial Origins of Comparative
Development 108
Francis Fukuyama, Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity 109
Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World System 113
Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies 114
CHAPTER 6 Seymour Martin Lipset, Political Man: The Social Bases of Politics and Some Social Requisites of
Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy 132
Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America 135
Samuel Huntington, The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century 137
Guillermo O’Donnell, Philippe C. Schmitter, and Laurence Whitehead, eds., Transitions from
Authoritarian Rule 139
Ronald Inglehart and Christian Welzel, Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy: The Human
Development Sequence 140
CHAPTER 7 Barrington Moore, The Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making
of the Modern World 161
Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson, Economic Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy 162
Gabriel Almond and Sidney Verba, The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes and Democracy in Five
Nations 164
Timur Kuran, Now Out of Never: The Element of Surprise in the East European Revolution of 1989 165
Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way, Competitive Authoritarianism: Hybrid Regimes After the Cold War 166
CHAPTER 8 William Riker, Federalism: Origin, Operation, Significance 186
Alfred Stepan, Federalism and Democracy: Beyond the U.S. Model 186
Wallace Oates, Fiscal Federalism 189
Jonathan Rodden and Erik Wibbels, Beyond the Fiction of Federalism: Economic Management in
Multi-Tiered Systems 190
Ran Hirschl, Toward Juristocracy: The Origins and Consequences of the New Constitutionalism 193
xiii

xiv Insights
CHAPTER 9 Scott Morgenstern and Benito Nacif, Legislative Politics in Latin America 213
Hannah Pitkin, The Concept of Representation 214
Gary Cox and Matthew McCubbins, Legislative Leviathan: Party Government in the House 219
Morris Fiorina, Divided Government 221
Michael Mezey, Comparative Legislatures 222
CHAPTER 10 Juan Linz, The Perils of Presidentialism and The Virtues of Parliamentarism 242
Scott Mainwaring and Matthew Shugart, Juan Linz, Presidentialism, and Democracy: A Critical
Appraisal 243
Guillermo O'Donnell, Delegative Democracy 244
Kenneth Roberts, Neoliberalism and the Transformation of Populism in Latin America: the Peruvian
Case 245
Arend Lijphart, Consociational Democracy 247
CHAPTER 11 Robert Dahl, Who Governs? Democracy and Power in an American City 266
Maurice Duverger, Les Partis Politiques [Political Parties] 268
Giovanni Sartori, Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis 269
Anthony Downs, An Economic Theory of Democracy 271
Mancur Olson, The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups and The Rise
and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities 273
CHAPTER 12 Mark Sageman, Understanding Terror Networks 289
Samuel Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies, and Ted Gurr, Why Men Rebel 292
Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia, and China 294
Marc Lichbach, The Rebel’s Dilemma 296
John Foran, Taking Power: On the Origins of Third World Revolutions 298
CHAPTER 13 Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism 309
Liah Greenfeld, Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity 310
David Laitin, Nations, States, and Violence 319
Donald L. Horowitz, Ethnic Groups in Conflict 320
CHAPTER 14 Joane Nagel, American Indian Ethnic Renewal: Red Power and the Resurgence of Identity and Culture 338
Manuel Castells, The Power of Identity 338
Donna Lee Van Cott, From Movements to Parties in Latin America 340
Mala Htun, Is Gender Like Ethnicity? The Political Representation of Identity Groups 342
Mona Lena Krook, Quotas for Women in Politics: Gender and Candidate Selection Reform Worldwide 344
CHAPTER 15 José Casanova, Public Religions in the Modern World 358
Pippa Norris and Ronald Inglehart, Sacred and Secular: Religion and Politics Worldwide 361
Anthony Gill, The Political Origins of Religious Liberty 362
Ahmet Kuru, Secularism and State Policies Toward Religion: The United States, France, and Turkey 364
Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man 365
Samuel Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order 366
Shmuel N. Eisenstadt. Multiple Modernities 366
CHAPTER 16 Garrett Hardin, The Tragedy of the Commons 386
Moisés Naím, The Five Wars of Globalization 388
Kenneth Waltz, Theory of International Politics 392
Michael Doyle, Kant, Liberal Legacies, and Foreign Affairs 393
Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics 394

Preface
T he field of comparative politics is changing, not only in how it’s studied but
in how it’s taught. We set out to write this textbook because we saw the need
for a new approach—one that is truly comparative, that goes beyond a litany of
facts or abstract ideas. In the process, we had to rethink what a book for this
course should look like. We started with a central aim: to get students to think
like comparativists. Toward that end, we have integrated theories and methods
with a range of country case applications to address the big questions in com-
parative politics today.
Many undergraduates take a course in comparative politics because they are
broadly interested in world affairs. They want to understand issues such as democ-
racy and democratization, economic and social development, transnational social
movements, and the relationship between world religions and conflict around the
globe, just as we did as students (and still do!). This book focuses squarely on these
big issues and offers a framework for understanding through comparison.
Our job is to teach students how to think critically, how to analyze the world
around them. We want our students to do more than just memorize facts and theo-
ries. Ultimately, we want them to learn how to do comparative politics. This course
is successful if students can use the comparative method to seek out their own an-
swers. We are successful as e ducators if we give them the analytical skills to do so.
What’s New in This Edition?

We have thoroughly updated this edition of Comparative Politics to reflect feed-
back we received from numerous readers, instructors, and students, not to men-
tion our own experiences of teaching with the book. We are truly grateful to
those who have shared their perspectives with us.
Whereas the first edition covered the state, political economy, and develop-
ment across two chapters, the second edition expands this coverage into three:
• Chapter 3 now focuses on describing and defining the state, emphasizing
its organizational form, its order-generating characteristics, and its linkages
to both domestic and international conflict. This chapter retains a focus
on explaining the rise of modern states in the “Thinking Comparatively”
section and includes an expanded discussion of civil society and society–
state relations.
• Chapter 4 is now devoted entirely to political economy, including
considerable discussion of welfare states and efforts to explain variation
in their form and extent.
• Chapter 5 picks up the thread from the political economy discussion and
focuses on development issues.
xv

xvi Preface Causes and Effects: What Causes Democratization? 133
reactionary, non-inclusive politics dominated by the former, or to revolutionary

mobsInwhere
addition tocan
the latter these
seizechanges in several
power. Neither group has key chapters,
an interest we have made the follow-
in leaving
political power to the other. Only economically modernized societies, with
ing revisions throughout the book:
their relatively moderate middle classes, can strike the balance between these
extremes.
• Streamlined the chapter on nationalism and national identity, and in the
Modernization theory includes a variety of different approaches. According to
process
some versions, the highlighted its focus
economic and social onmodernization
forces of intergroupthat conflict.
shape de-
• Substantially
mocracy do not only occurrevised several
at one point of the a“Thinking
that triggers Comparatively” features that
democratic transition.
Rather, economic development may also support the persistence of democracy,
close the chapters,
once democracy is established. showing how comparativists work with models as a
crucial step
Modernization theoryinfaces
theirthemethod.
challenge that there are exceptions it has
trouble
• explaining.
Emphasized For example,
the caseIndiastudies
is the world’s
that largest
readers democracy,
foundand it useful, while elimi-
most
remains quite poor. Moreover, it democratized well before its recent years of
nating some that were less so.
economic growth. Can modernization theory explain India’s democratic success?
And•howUpdated the entire
can modernization setexplain
theory of country materials
the fact that and the
democratization broader text.
often
happens rapidly and in waves?
Different versions of this theory specify different hypothetical mechanisms
An Integrative Approach
linking economic development to democracy. Remember, what we mean by
“causal mechanism” is the process through which something produces something
Oneaccording
else, of the distinctive featurescanofagree
to a theory.18 Scholars thisthat
book twoisvariables—like
the way weeco- have integrated theories,
nomic development and democracy—are related without necessarily agreeing
methods, and cases. Rather than focusing on either country
about how they are linked, as discussed in chapter 2. As we have seen, classic
information or themes
CASE IN CONTEXT
Democracy’s Success in India:
What Can We Learn from a Deviant Case? PAGE 464
India is a major anomaly for modernization theories of develop- 2. What, if anything, does Indian democratization suggest
ment. In essence, the relationship between its political and eco- about the importance of individual actors, leadership,
nomic development has been the inverse of what modernization and institutional design?
theory would predict. India is the world’s second largest society 3. Can you think of a way to “save” modernization theory in
and its largest democracy—consider, therefore, the share that the face of the case of India?
Indian citizens hold in the world’s broader democratic popula-
tion. This anomaly has potentially serious implications and
makes the puzzle of Indian democratization all the more
intriguing.
For more on the case of democratization in India, see the
case study in Part VI, p. 464. As you read it, keep in mind the
following questions:
1. What, if anything, does Indian anti-colonial resistance
have to do with the country’s democratization?
Indian voters, 2012. India is the world’s largest democracy.
464 India
CASE STUDY
06-Dickovick-Chap06.indd 133 Democracy’s Success in India: What Can We Learn 05/06/15 11:37 AM
from a Deviant Case? CHAPTER 6, PAGE 133
How does modernization theory account decide that this anomaly disproves or re- economic development facilitates democ-
for low-income democracies such as futes modernization theory, and turn to ratization and democratic consolidation?
India? As discussed in chapter 6, modern- some other theory of democratization. Why would this be different? Because the
ization theory predicts that economic de- For example, we could turn to institu- theory would now say that it is unlikely that
velopment will lead to democratization tional theories of democratization as an India could successfully democratize with-
and democratic consolidation. Indeed, alternative. Perhaps something about the out first achieving a higher level of eco-
this relationship generally holds. More parliamentary form of government rather nomic development, but not that it is
often than not, increasing economic de- than presidential government contrib- impossible. A more flexible theory of mod-
velopment increases the probability that uted to India’s rather successful democ- ernization might be compatible with in-
any given society will have democratic racy (as is discussed in chapter 10); one cluding insights from other theories. For
politics. India, however, poses a major could consider the Indian case to test this example, perhaps modernization theory
anomaly for some versions of moderniza- hypothesis. For example, has the parlia- could be linked to institutional theories,
tion theory. Given that India’s population mentary system with its multiparty like the one on parliamentarism men-
is approximately one-seventh of the coalitions and governments that are ac- tioned previously. Maybe parliamentarism
world’s population, this anomaly is not countable to the legislature resulted in is particularly called for as a form of institu-
easily dismissed. more power-sharing and less “winner- tional design when the society in question
Why does India constitute an anomaly take-all” politics? Has it resulted in a prime has a relatively low level of economic de-
00-Dickovick-FM.indd 16 or “deviant case” for modernization ministerial “style” that is less centralized velopment. We are speculating here for the 12/06/15 7:05 pm
Preface xvii
of comparative politics, we have combined these approaches while emphasizing

application and analysis. By providing students with the tools to begin doing their
own analyses, we hope to show them how exciting this kind of work can be. These
tools include theories (presented in an accessible way), the basics of the comparative
method, and manageable case materials for practice, all in the context of the big
questions.
We thus take an integrative approach to the relationship between big themes
and country case studies. This text is a hybrid containing sixteen thematic
chapters plus linked materials for twelve countries of significant interest to
comparativists. The country materials following the thematic chapters include
both basic country information and a series of case studies dealing with spe-
cific thematic issues.
We link the country cases to the thematic chapters via short “call out” boxes—
“Cases in Context”—at relevant points in the chapters. For example, a “Case in
Context” box in a discussion of theory in chapter 6, “Democracy and Democra-
tization,” points students to a full case study on democratization in India, in-
cluded at the back of the text.
Another “Case in Context” box in chapter 6 invites students to consider whether
democratization in China is inevitable. Other boxes in that chapter focus on issues
of democracy and democratization in Brazil and the United States.
Using these short “linking” boxes has enabled us to integrate a complete set of
case materials without interrupting the narrative flow of the chapters. The kind
of reading we suggest with the structure of this text is similar to following hy-
perlinks in online text—something students do easily. This flexible design fea-
ture also caters to the diversity of teaching styles in today’s political science.
Instructors can choose to have students follow these links to case studies as they
go, using all or just some of them, or they can choose to teach thematic chapters
and country materials separately.
The text integrates theories, methods, and cases in other ways as well. “Insights”
boxes make connections by briefly summarizing important scholarly works repre-
sentative of the major schools of thought.
310 Chapter 13: Nationalism and National Identity
Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity

INSIGHTS
by Liah Greenfeld
G reenfeld argues that nationalism is fundamentally cultural

and needs to be understood as an imaginative response to
social conditions. To understand nationalism’s emergence and
serve their interests well. Greenfeld examines this hypothesis
against a number of cases (including England, France, Russia,
Germany, and Japan), finding pronounced status-inconsistency
growth, we must understand why the idea spread that humanity in each case in the key groups that are most central in redefining
is divided into distinct “peoples” who are “sovereign” and “equal.” their societies as nations. At the same time, Greenfeld acknowl-
For Greenfeld, the key preconditions for the development of na- edges the importance of institutions like the state prior to na-
tional identity are problems in stratification systems through tional identity’s emergence in helping to shape the type that
which societies hierarchically divide themselves, such as the class develops in any given case. Scholars working with this theory
structure. Elite status-inconsistency—a condition present when also note that political institutions play an important role in
the stratification system breaks down and elites are no longer spreading and preserving national identity.
sure of their status—leads some groups to seek to transform Liah Greenfeld, Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard
identity, and national identity often seems to such groups to University Press, 1992.
are useful (or “functional”) for industrializing societies because they promote
social mobility, shared language, and common understandings.
An example of a constructivist theory is Liah Greenfeld’s argument that na-
tional identity is an imaginative response to contradictory public claims about a
group’s status.15 Greenfeld emphasizes social psychology, rather than economics,
00-Dickovick-FM.indd 17 in analyzing the processes through which national identity emerges and thrives 12/06/15 7:05 pm
xviii Preface
Why Did Zimbabwe Become and Remain Authoritarian? 167
Why Did Zimbabwe Become and Remain THINKING

Authoritarian? COMPARATIVELY
A uthoritarian regimes come in many varieties, and they come from many
different origins. We have emphasized that there is no single thing called
“authoritarianism” that one theory can explain. Rather, authoritarian regimes have
KEY METHODOLOGICAL TOOL
Evidence and
distinct features and exhibit many different types of transitions (and nontransi-
Empirical Critiques
tions). Scholars have developed a number of explanatory models to account for
One reason that many theories con-
these. Some of the main general factors in most cases, though, include (1) histori- tinue to endure in different areas of
cal relationships between contending groups, (2) the strength and form of exist- comparative politics is that most of
ing institutions, (3) a country’s level of economic development, (4) political-cultural the major theories have some empiri-
traditions and tendencies, and (5) the strategic situations and choices of key cal support. This makes it challenging
actors. Of course, as we have seen in other chapters, it is not enough to merely to determine which theory is the
most accurate. In reality, most theo-
list such contributing factors; we must figure out how such factors interact ries will not be accurate under all
and which are most important. What do you think? And how could we test your circumstances, but rather each will
ideas empirically? explain some outcomes better than
As we noted at the outset of the chapter, modern-day Zimbabwe is an authori- others. So how do you avoid simply
tarian regime that is characterized by many of the features we have discussed. It is a making “laundry lists” (as noted ear-
lier) and saying, “Everything matters”?
“personalist” regime, the population of which is subject to many of the vagaries of au- In preparing to make theoretical
thoritarianism. It is characterized by repression, a lack of secure political rights, seem- arguments, it is of course important
ingly arbitrary rule, and so on. Not everywhere in Africa is like this, and Zimbabwe for any particular question to examine
itself has not always been like this, so our research question might be “Why is how the empirical evidence lines up
Zimbabwe authoritarian? Why did it become so, and why has it remained so?” with the theoretical predictions and
the specific hypotheses you might
We should expect theories of authoritarian rule to be able to account for an offer. One very useful tool can be
authoritarian regime like Robert Mugabe’s Zimbabwe. Looking at the various evidence that allows you to critique a
causal theories of authoritarianism we can consider how each might propose an particular argument.
explanation for the emergence and/or persistence of the regime. In the section on In aiming to build arguments,
“Causes and Effects” in this chapter, we have looked at several such theories. We there is one very important miscon-
ception: that the only valuable type
list them in Table 7.1, along with what the theory might explain is the cause of
TABLE 7.1 Authoritarianism in Zimbabwe: Theories, Explanations,

Each chapter afterand the Examples
introduction closes with
of Supporting a “Thinking Comparatively”
Evidence
feature,
Theory which focuses on a case
Theoretical Explanation or set of cases to illustrate
Example of Supporting Evidence how students can
apply the
Historical theories discussed in the chapter.
Coalitions of powerful political actors Mugabe receives support of the military and key economic
In these features
Institutionalist
we highlight important
emerge that favor elite domination.
methodological tools or strategies,
actors.
such as and
Poverty the use of and
Inequality deviant cases and the
Poorer citizens seek economic security
allow authoritarian rule.
most-similar-systems (MSS)
Mugabe appeals to some poorer citizens design. We
as populist.
then model for students how to use these

Weak, poorly institutionalized, predatory
analytical tools in practice.
Mugabe has engaged in predatory behavior and
State Weakness
state will be authoritarian. undermined institutions.
Cultural values shape the type of

Political Culture Mugabe has worked within bounds of top-down “tribalism.”
Organization authoritarian regime that emerges.
Disapproval of the regime is impeded by

TheCollective
sixteen Action
thematic chapters of this bookMugabe
repression. are divided into five parts:
regime creates large numbers of exiles.
• Part I (chapters 1 and 2) focuses on basic methods in comparative politics,

covering conceptualization, hypothesis testing, the formation of theories,
and the use of evidence. The goal in these first two chapters is not 05/06/15
07-Dickovick-Chap07.indd 167
to focus
12:05 PM
on the details of methodology, which can be taught in more specialized
courses, but on the overarching logic of comparative inquiry.
• Part II (chapters 3 through 7) focuses on the state (chapter 3), political
economy (chapter 4), development (chapter 5), democracy and democrati-
zation (chapter 6), and the various forms of authoritarian regimes (chapter 7).
• Part III (chapters 8 through 11) focuses on the analysis of political institu-
tions, giving students the tools to analyze institutional design in constitutional
structures and judiciaries (chapter 8), legislatures and elections (chapter 9),
executives (chapter 10), and political parties and interest groups (chapter 11).
• Part IV (chapters 12 through 15) focuses on issues that link comparative
politics to political sociology, such as the study of revolution and other forms
of contention (chapter 12), national identities and nationalism (chapter 13),
race, gender, and ethnicity (chapter 14), and religion and ideology (chapter 15).

Case Studies 437
CASE STUDY (continued)

Electing the French President: What Do Runoffs Do? CHAPTER 10, PAGE 231
Preface xix
For some, Le Pen’s first-round success proponents of the system can argue that it For these reasons, runoffs are cur-
428 France
served as a condemnation of the French performed exactly as intended: It allowed rently used in elections in a large number
practice of having elections with a “runoff”
IRELAND
French voters to express their initial prefer- of countries, including for parliamentary
427
between the top two candidates: It gave a ence, then weeded out the more extreme districts in France itself. The runoff
huge platform and political
UNITED spotlight to a candidate. It also signaled the frustration of
KINGDOM
candidate on the fringe (though the Na-
features frequently in elections in Latin
voters with the Socialist Party, which al- America and Africa, where presidential-
NETHERLANDS
France
tional Front has done surprisingly well in PROFILE
lowed that party to reshape its platform for ism is common. In these countries, Introduction there
France has historically been situated at the
Dunkirk
center of Western Europe. This is true not
subsequent elections). What happened the future, rather than simply resting on its are particular historical and
Key Features of Contemporary France
social rea-
only geographically but in terms of France’s
English Channel BELGIUM Population: 66,259,012 (estimate, July 2014) identity and culture. At least since Char-
next had the opposite effect, though itLillewas laurels as theGERMANY
presumptive leaderArea:of the sons643,801 that can make the runoff appealing.
Rh
Cherbourg lemagne united significant portions of West-
ine
square kilometers
ern Europe in the eighth and ninth centuries,
predictable: Jacques ChiracLewon Havre 82 percent
Rouen
left. As importantly, the runoff ensured
Head of State: In Chile in
François Hollande1970, the Marxist
(president, 2012–present) Salvador
presenting himself asAl- heir to the Roman
Brest LUX. Head of Government: Manuel Valls (prime minister, 2014–present) Empire, many have considered France the
of the vote in the runoff, and Le Pen won
Paris
that the individual elected president
Capital:
ulti- lende Paris
was confirmed president byof European
central carrier Con-civilization.
Geographically, France extends from
less than 18 percent. Chirac thus took nearly mately
Nancy received more than 50 percent of gress
Year of Independence: Franceafter
was neverreceiving less
formally colonized. Many date than
the consolidation of the French state to the era
37 percent
the English Channel in the north to the
Mediterranean in the south. The Pyrenees
Orléans Strasbourg divide it from Spain (and the tiny mountain
all of the vote that
Nantes had gone
Tours
to all other Se
the votes in a presidential election. That is, of the vote;
of Louis XIV (1643–1715) and the birth of
modern France to the three years later,
French Revolution country ofa Andorra)
militaryin the southwest, and
of 1789.
ine it shares its eastern border with Belgium,
candidates in the first round and won the the president ends up with a clear mandate
Dijon Year of Current coup
1958 to overthrow the elected president
Luxembourg, Germany, Switzerland, and
Constitution: Italy. In addition to its mountainous areas
presidency
Bay of overwhelmingly, F R and
A N Le C E Pen of over half of French AUS.voters electing him
Languages:
resulted
French
in nearly two decades of brutal
(both the Pyrenees and the Alps as well as
Biscay the smaller Jura and Massif Central), it has
barely increased his tally at all despite the or her. SWITZERLAND
This contrasts with the American
GDP per Capita:
dictatorship. And in Africa,good
$42,503 (estimate, 2013)
presidential
farmland, being most famous for the
production of grapes and cereals. French
Human Development 20th (very high human development)
elimination of all other candidates. Turnout Lyon model, for example, in which it is relativelyIndex Ranking (2014): elections can result in agriculture votinghas along historically excelled in the
production of wine, cheese, and other items
Saint-Etienne Sources: CIA World Factbook; World Bank World Development Indicators; United Nations Human
considered by international consumers to
also increased in the second round, despite common for presidents to win the presi-
Bordeaux
Development Report 2014.
ethnic lines in the first round, but broader
be luxurious.
Grenoble ITALY Today’s France is interesting to scholars of comparative
the fact that Chirac’s win was near-certain, dency with less than 50 percent of the coalition building across ethnicreasons.
politics for numerous linesFirst,to
while some people
Rhône
tend to think of European societies as consistently stable

as French voters turned Toulouse
out overwhelm- popular vote. It should also be noted that win in the second round. It isconsistent,
and evidencing worth con-development over
progressive
Montpellier time, France’s passage to political modernity was extraor-
Nice
ingly (while also taking to the streets in Marseille
pro- voter turnout
MONACOis much higher in French sidering how history might have been
dinarily rocky. It also played out in striking fashion the
contrast between democratic-republican and authoritarian
SPAIN
centralist forms of politics, settling on a “mixed presiden-
test) to vote against Le Pen. Toulonelections than in the United States and different—and
Roman Catholicism 83–88%
whether violence and de-
tialist” system in the Fifth Republic (which still goes on
today) that continues to stimulate much debate. France
This raises the issue of whether runoffs Meditetranean
many other countries,
CORSICA at about 80 percent mocracy would be affected—if
Protestant Christianity 2%
Judaism 1%
also showed us what conflict a French-
between civic republicanism
Sea FR. and a monopolistic church could look like, pioneering a
are good or bad for representation and de- in most presidential elections and 60 per- styleIslam runoff
5–10%
Una liated 4 %
system had existed
certain kind in often
of secularism, Chile calledinlaïcité.
It is difficult to estimate the relative share of the population
mocracy. While anomalies such as the Le cent in parliamentary elections (Interna- 1970 or did not exist comprisedin some
by different African
ethnic groups in France. This is because
Religious Affiliation in France France places restrictions on national statistical surveys that
Pen result can emerge in the first round, tional IDEA 2011). Source: CIA World Factbook.
0 70
countries today.
140 Kilometers document the ethnic and racial identities of respondents, in
0 70 140 Miles
19-Dickovick-France.indd 427 23/05/15 12:22 PM
19-Dickovick-France.indd 428 23/05/15 12:23 PM
CASE STUDY
The French Revolution CHAPTER 12, PAGE 285
The French Revolution took place amid status of the nobility, however, was American Revolution), faced major fiscal
major structural problems in eighteenth- weakened by the ongoing efforts of the difficulties (Doyle 2003). Indeed, by the
century French society (Furet 1995; centralizing, absolutist crown. As the late eighteenth century it was nearly
Doyle 2003). In this period France, like monarchy and its state grew stronger, bankrupt. Meanwhile, periodic problems
much of early modern Europe, remained the nobility felt increasingly marginal- in food distribution and rural poverty en-
an “estate society,” divided into three ized. At the same time, the French sured that much of France’s rural popula-
groups: a nobility with special privileges, absolutist state, largely through its in- tion felt discontent. Finally, the spread of
the clergy, and commoners. The social volvement in foreign wars (especially the the Enlightenment and of nationalism
• Part V consists of a single chapter, 16, which links comparative politics to

international relations, emphasizing how global politics has produced new
19-Dickovick-France.indd 437
sets of problems that both comparativists and international relations scholars
05/06/15 12:12 PM
must analyze. As such, the book points to another kind of integration,
pushing students to see connections between comparative politics and other
courses in political science.
After chapter 2, the thematic chapters follow a common format. They are di-
vided into three main sections:
• Concepts: covers basic definitions and develops a working vocabulary.
• Types: discusses useful typologies, such as the major types of dramatic social
change that interest political scientists.
• Causes and Effects: walks students through the major theories that aim to
explain causes and effects, ending with the “Thinking Comparatively” feature
to model analysis.
The final part of the book, Part VI, comprises country “profiles” and in-
depth “case studies.” We selected twelve countries after surveying more

xx Preface
than 150 instructors of comparative politics to see which they considered most
crucial for inclusion. The cases are Brazil, China, France, Germany, India,
Iran, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United
States. This selection offers broad coverage of every major world region, dem-
ocratic and authoritarian polities, every major religious tradition, highly vary-
ing levels of economic and social development, and quite different institutional
designs.
For each country, we first provide a “profile”: an introduction with a table of
key features, a map, and pie charts of demographics; a timeline and historical
overview; and brief descriptions of political institutions, political culture, and
political economy.
Following each profile is a set of case studies (five or six for each country)
that we reference in the thematic chapters as described earlier (via the “Case in
Context” boxes).
The case sets end with research prompts to help students get started as
comparativists.
Flexibility in Instruction:
Ways of Using This Text
The chapters are arranged in a logical order yet written in such a way that
instructors might easily rearrange them to custom-fit a course. Some in-
structors, for example, may wish to pair chapter 3 (on the state) with chapter
13 (on nationalism and national identity). Others might wish to assign
chapter 15 (on religion and ideology) alongside chapters 6 and 7 (on demo-
cratic and authoritarian regimes). We have written the book with the f lexi-
bility to facilitate such pairings. Indeed, while we strongly suggest beginning
with chapters 1 and 2, students will be able to follow the text even without
reading them first.
Similarly, the book’s structure supports a range of options for using the coun-
try materials. Some instructors may wish to teach selected country materials at
or near the beginning of a course. Some may wish to make reference to country
materials as the course proceeds, assigning students to read them as they are
clearly and visibly “called out” in the text. One approach could require all stu-
dents in a course to familiarize themselves with only a subset of the countries
detailed here, rather than all twelve. Another might require each student to
select three or four countries, following rules or categories of countries as laid
out by the instructor.
The book also works with or without supplemental materials chosen by the
instructor. The “Insights” boxes throughout the text provide indications of excel-
lent options for further readings. Many other choice readings are noted in the
“References and Further Reading” section at the back of the text, organized by
chapter. A companion book of classic and contemporary readings is available
(see Packaging Options, p. xxii). In short, instructors can use this text alone or
link it seamlessly to other readings.

Preface xxi
Summary of Features
We have built a number of useful features into the text, some of which we have
already mentioned:
• “Case in Context” boxes tie in to the narrative of the main chapters,
pointing students to full case studies in the book’s final part.
• “Insights” boxes illustrate causal theories by describing the work of key
authors in the field, making this work accessible to introductory students.
• “Thinking Comparatively” sections at the end of every chapter (after
chapter 1) model the application of theories and the testing of hypotheses.
Each “Thinking Comparatively” section includes a “Key Methodological
Tools” feature, which introduces key skills and strategies for doing compar-
ative political analysis and reinforces lessons learned in the first two chapters.
• “Thinking It Through” questions close every chapter. These help students
test their ability to apply comparative politics theories to cases.
• Every section of case studies offers a series of “Research Prompts” that
can be used to develop comparative projects and papers, applying what
students have learned as they start to do comparative analysis.
• Every chapter ends with a “Chapter Summary,” enabling students and
instructors to review the main points at a glance.
• At the back of the text, we include “References and Further Reading” by
chapter that students can use to dig deeper into the issues raised or as they
begin their own research.
• A running glossary in the margin of the text highlights the meaning of
key terms as they appear and serves as a quick study reference.
Supplements
Oxford University Press offers instructors and students a comprehensive ancil-
lary package for qualified adopters of Comparative Politics: Integrating Theories,
Methods, and Cases.
Ancillary Resource Center

The Ancillary Resource Center (ARC) at www.oup-arc.com is a convenient,
instructor-focused single destination for resources to accompany this book.
Accessed online through individual user accounts, the ARC provides instructors
with up-to-date ancillaries while guaranteeing the security of grade-significant
resources. In addition, it allows OUP to keep instructors informed when new
content becomes available.
The ARC for Comparative Politics contains a variety of materials to aid in
teaching:
• Instructor’s Resource Manual with Test Item File—The Instructor’s
Resource Manual includes chapter objectives, detailed chapter outlines,
lecture suggestions and activities, discussion questions, video resources,

xxii Preface
and Web resources. The Test Item File includes more than eight hundred
test questions selected and approved by the authors, including multiple-
choice, short-answer, and essay questions.
• Computerized Test Bank—Using the test authoring and management tool
Diploma, the computerized test bank that accompanies this text is designed
for both novice and advanced users. Diploma enables instructors to create
and edit questions, create randomized quizzes and tests with an easy-to-use
drag-and-drop tool, publish quizzes and tests to online courses, and print
quizzes and tests for paper-based assessments.
• PowerPoint-Based Slides—Each chapter’s slide set includes a succinct
chapter outline and incorporates relevant chapter graphics.
• CNN Videos—Offering recent clips on timely topics, this collection
includes fifteen films tied to the chapter topics. Each clip is approximately
5–10 minutes, providing a great way to launch your lectures.
Course Cartridges
For qualified adopters, OUP will supply the teaching resources in a course car-
tridges designed to work with your preferred Online Learning Platform. Please
contact your Oxford University Press sales representative at (800) 280-0280.
E-Book
This text is also available as a CourseSmart eBook (978-0-19-027102-2) at www
.coursesmart.com. CourseSmart’s eTextbooks can be read on any browser-enabled
computer or mobile device and come with the ability to transfer individual chapters
or the entire book offline. Furthermore, CourseSmart was the first to introduce free
eTextbook apps for the Android and Apple devices for an even better reading
experience.
Companion Website
Comparative Politics is also accompanied by an extensive companion website at
www.oup.com/us/dickovick. This open-access website includes a number of
learning tools to help students study and review key concepts presented in the
text. For each chapter, you will find learning objectives, key-concept summaries,
quizzes, essay questions, web activities, and web links.
Packaging Options
Adopters of Comparative Politics: Integrating Theories, Methods, and Cases can pack-
age ANY Oxford University Press book with the text for a 20% savings off the
total package price. See our many trade and scholarly offerings at www.oup.com,
then contact your OUP sales representative at (800) 280-0280 to request a pack-
age ISBN. In addition, the following items can be packaged with the text for free:
• Oxford Pocket World Atlas, Sixth Edition—This full-color atlas is a
handy reference for political science students. Please use package ISBN
978-0-19-046231-4.

Preface xxiii
• Very Short Introduction Series—These very brief texts offer succinct intro-
ductions to a variety of topics. Titles include Nationalism, Citizenship, Global
Economic History, Fascism, and Democracy, to name just a few.
• The Student Research and Writing Guide for Political Science—This brief
guide provides students with the information and tools necessary to conduct
research and write a research paper. The guide explains how to get started
writing a research paper, describes the parts of a research paper, and presents
the citation formats found in academic writing. Please use package ISBN
978-0-19-046160-7 to order.
Acknowledgments
We are very grateful to a number of individuals who have been helpful to us as
we worked on this project. At Washington and Lee University, we thank our
respective provosts, deans, and department chairs who have supported our
work. This includes June Aprille, Bob Strong, Daniel Wubah, Larry Peppers,
Rob Straughan, Hank Dobin, Suzanne Keen, Mark Rush, Lucas Morel, David
Novack, and Krzysztof Jasiewicz. We are very grateful to the many friends and
colleagues, both at Washington and Lee and elsewhere, who read and com-
mented on chapters or country profiles, including Francoise Fregnac-Clave,
Rachel Beatty Riedl, Tim Lubin, Dan Kramer, Christian Jennings, Robin
Leblanc, Ayşe Zarakol, Rich Bidlack, David Bello, Ken White, and Alessandra
Del Conte Dickovick. We also thank Hardin Marion for his excellent close
reading of the first edition and the comments he generously shared with us. We
have many other colleagues and friends who have given us intellectual and
moral support for which we are grateful. Numerous students have been extraor-
dinarily helpful as well. We are particularly grateful to Miranda Galvin and Ali
Greenberg. Other students to whom we wish to express our appreciation in-
clude, but are not limited to, Samara Francisco, Morten Wendelbo, Maya Reimi
Wendelbo, Linnea Bond, Natasha Lerner, Amy Dawson, Justine Griffin-
Churchill, David Razum, John Twomey, Grant Russell, Lauren Howard, and
Kate LeMasters. We are also thankful to students in numerous iterations of
Politics 105 (Global Politics), many of whom offered insightful questions on a
“prototype” of this text (in early years) and on the first edition (more recently),
as well as students who read the book in Eastwood’s International Comparative
Sociology course. We owe thanks to Washington and Lee for support for the
work of some of the students mentioned previously through the Summer Re-
search Scholar Program, and our own work through the Lenfest Sabbatical
Grant, and the Glenn Grant, Lenfest Grant, and Hess Scholars programs for
summer research.
Our families have been characteristically supportive and gracious throughout
the several years that we worked on this project. Their collective patience has
been extraordinary. We owe eternal gratitude to our spouses, María Emilia Nava
and Alessandra Del Conte Dickovick. We are also grateful to (and for) our won-
derful children: Gabriela Eastwood, Carolina Dickovick, Gabriela Dickovick,
Samuel Eastwood, and Alexander Eastwood. We owe much gratitude to our
parents and extended families as well, of course.

xxiv Preface
We are grateful as well to the fine editorial staff at Oxford University Press.
We particularly appreciate the excellent ideas and efforts of Jennifer Carpenter,
Lauren Mine, and Thom Holmes. All of them improved this text substantially
with their insights and hard work over several years. We have also benefited from
the work of Jane Lee, Barbara Mathieu, David Bradley, Maegan Sherlock, and
Brianna Provenzano, among others.
We owe gratitude as well to those who developed our passion for (and under-
standing of) comparative politics. With the standard caveat that any errors of
fact or interpretation in this text are solely our own, we want to thank first our
earliest teachers of comparative politics. Above, all, we wish to thank Kent Eaton
and Liah Greenfeld. We also owe great thanks to Jeffrey Herbst, Deborah
Yashar, Chuck Lindholm, Scott Palmer, John Stone, and Evan Lieberman, as
well as Nancy Bermeo, Atul Kohli, Lynn White, and Claudio Véliz, among
others.
Finally, we thank the external evaluators of this edition, who gave generously
of their time and expertise:
Diane Bulpett Jeffrey Lewis Cheryl Van Den Handel

Northeastern University Cleveland State University Northeastern State University
Ivy Hamerly Vanja Petricevic Adryan Wallace
Baylor University Florida Gulf Coast University University of Hartford.
Katherine H. Keyser Laura Roselle
Drew University Elon University
Eric Langenbacher Hootan Shambayati
Georgetown University Florida Gulf Coast University
We also thank the many reviewers of the first edition, whose insights helped
shape the book:
Dauda Abubakar Karolyn Benger Jeffrey Conroy-Krutz

Ohio University Georgia Institute of Technology Michigan State University
Despina Alexiadou Anna Brigevich William Crowther
University of Pittsburgh The University of North Carolina The University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill at Greensboro
Michelle Allendoerfer
George Washington University Joel R. Carbonell Ian Down
Kent State University at Stark University of Tennessee–Knoxville
Jason Ross Arnold
Virginia Commonwealth Ryan Carlin Glen Duerr
University Georgia State University Cedarville University
Andrew Appleton Luis F. Clemente Matthew Fails
Washington State University Ohio University Oakland University
Tanya Bagashka Howard Cody Ronald A. Francisco
University of Houston University of Maine University of Kansas

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I felt that in these dialogues I could quietly combat those absolutist
tendencies which I detected in the disciples. Cave himself made no
pretense of being final on any subject other than death where, even
without his particular persuasiveness, he stood on firm, even
traditional ground. The attacks he received he no longer noticed. It
was as simple as that. He’d never enjoyed reading and to watch
others make telecasts bored him, even when they spoke of him.
After the fateful Empire State Building conference he ceased to
attend the world; except for a few letters which Paul forwarded to
him and his relations with us, he was completely cut off from ordinary
life, and perfectly happy. For though human contacts had been
reduced to a minimum, he still possessed the polished glass eye of
the world before whose level gaze he appeared once a week and
experienced what he called: “Everyone: all of them, listening and
watching everywhere.”
In one year he had come a long way from the ex-embalmer who had
studied a book of newspaper clippings on a Washington farm and
brooded about an old man in a hospital. Though Paul was never to
refer again to the victim of Cave’s driving, I was quite sure that he
expected, sooner or later, it would return to haunt us all.
By midsummer, however, Cave had grown restless and bored and

since the telecasts had been discontinued until the following
November, he was eager to travel. He was never to lose his passion
for places. It was finally decided that he spend the summer on one of
the Florida keys, a tiny island owned by a Cavite who offered to
place everything at Cave’s disposal. And, though warned that the
heat might be uncomfortable, Cave and his retinue left secretly one
night by chartered seaplane from Long Island Sound and for at least
a month the press did not know what had happened to him.
I declined to accompany Cave and Iris. Paul remained in New York

while Iris’s work was temporarily turned over to various young
enthusiasts, trained by her. I went back to the Hudson Valley, to my
house and....
2
I’ve not been able to write for several days. According to the doctor,
it is a touch of heat but I suspect that this is only his kind
euphemism.
I had broken off in my narrative to take a walk in the garden last

Friday afternoon when I was joined by Butler whose attentions lately
have been more numerous than I should like.
“He’ll be here Sunday, Hudson. Why don’t we all three have dinner
together that night and celebrate.”
I said nothing could give me more pleasure, as I inched along the

garden path, moving toward the hot shaded center where, beneath
fruit trees, a fine statue of Osiris stood, looted in earlier days by the
hotel management from one of the temples. I thought, however, with
more longing of the bench beside the statue than of the figure itself
whose every serene detail I’d long since memorized. Butler adjusted
his loose long stride to my own uneven pace. I walked as I always do
now with my eyes upon the ground, nervously avoiding anything
which might make me stumble for I have fallen down a number of
times in the last few years and I have a terror of broken bones, the
particular scourge of old bodies.
I was as glad as not that I didn’t have to watch my companion while

we chatted, for his red honest face, forever dripping sweat, annoyed
me more than was reasonable.
“And he’ll be pleased to know I’ve got us a Center. Not much of one
but good enough for a start.”
I paused before a formidable rock which lay directly in my path. It

would take some doing to step over it, I thought, as I remarked, “I’m
sure the Pasha doesn’t know about this.”
“Not really.” Butler laughed happily. “He thinks we’re just taking a
house for ourselves to study the local culture. Later, after we get
going, he can find out.”
“I should be very careful,” I said and, very careful myself, I stepped

over the rock: my legs detested the extra exertion; one nearly
buckled as it touched the ground. I threw my weight on my cane and
was saved a fall. Butler had not noticed.
“Jessup is going to bring in the literature. We’ll say it’s our library. All
printed in Arabic, too. The Dallas Center thinks of everything.”
“Are they ... equipped for such things?”
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world. I didn’t go there myself. Marks weren’t good enough, but
Jessup did. He’ll tell you all about it. Quite a crew they turn out: best
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with.”
“Tell me, are the Residents still in charge of the Centers or do they
share the administration with the therapists?”
“Therapists?” Butler seemed bewildered.
“In the old days there used to be the Resident and his staff and then
a clinic attached where....”
“You really are behind the times.” Butler looked at me as though I’d
betrayed a firsthand knowledge of earth’s creation. “All Residents
and their staffs, including the Communicators like myself, get the
same training; part of it is in mental therapy. Others who show
particular aptitude for it are assigned clinical work just as I do
communication work in foreign countries. People who get to be
Residents are usually teachers and administrators. Sometimes a
Communicator gets a Residency in his old age as a reward for the
highest services.” He then explained to me the official, somewhat
Byzantine structure of the Cavites. There were many new tides,
indicating a swollen organization under the direction of a Counsel of
Residents which, in turn, was responsible for the election from
among their number of a unique Chief Resident whose reign lasted
for the remainder of his lifetime.
With relief, I sat down on the bench beside Osiris. Butler joined me.
“Dallas of course is the main Residency,” he said.
“It used to be in New York, years ago,” I said, thinking of the

brownstone house, of the loft on Twenty-third Street.
“Around twenty years ago it was moved to Dallas by the Chief

Resident. Not only did they have the best-equipped Center there but
the Texans make just about the best Cavites in the country. What
they won’t do for Cavesword isn’t worth mentioning. They burned the
old churches, you know ... every one in the state.”
“And one or two Baptist Ministers as well?”
“You can’t break eggs without making an omelet,” said Butler

sententiously.
“I see what you mean. Still, Cave was against persecution. He

always felt it was enough for people to hear Cavesword....”
“You got a lot of reading to do,” said Butler sharply. “Looks like
you’ve forgotten your text: 'And, if they persist in superstition, strike
them, for one idolator is like a spoiled apple in the barrel,
contaminating the others.’” Butler’s voice, as he quoted, was round
and booming, rich in vowel-sounds while his protruding eyes gazed
without blinking into the invisible radiance of truth which hovered,
apparently, above a diseased hibiscus bush.
“I’ve forgotten that particular quotation,” I said.
“Seems funny you should since it’s just about the most famous of the
texts.” But, though my ignorance continued to startle Butler, I could
see that he was beginning to attribute it to senility rather than to
laxity or potential idolatry.
“I was a close follower in the first few years,” I said, currying favor.
“But I’ve been out of touch since and I suppose that, after Cave’s
death, there was a whole mass of new doctrine with which I am
unfamiliar, to my regret.”
“Doctrine!” Butler was shocked. “We have no doctrine. We are not

one of those heathen churches with claims to 'divine’ guidance.
We’re simply listeners to Cavesword. That’s all. He was the first to
tell the plain truth and, naturally, we honor him but there is no
doctrine even though he guides us the way a good father does his
children.”
“I am very old,” I said in my best dying-fall voice. “You must

remember that when you are with me you are in the company of a
man who was brought up in the old ways, who uses Christian terms
from time to time. I was thirty when Cave began his mission. I am, as
a matter of fact, nearly the same age as Cave himself if he were still
alive.”
This had its calculated effect. Butler looked at me with some awe.
“Golly!” he said. “It doesn’t really seem possible, does it? Of course
there’re still a few people around who were alive in those days but I
don’t know of anybody who actually saw Cave. You did tell me you
saw him?”
“Once only.”
“Was he like the telecasts?”
“Oh yes. Even more effective, I think.”
“He was big of course, six feet one inch tall.”
“No, he was only about five feet eight inches, a little shorter than I....”
“You must be mistaken because, according to all the texts, he was

six feet one.”
“I saw him at a distance of course. I was only guessing.” I was
amused that they should have seen fit to change even Cave’s
stature.
“You can tell he was a tall man from the telecasts.”
“Do they still show them?”
“Still show them! They’re the main part of our weekly Get-togethers.
Each Residency has a complete library of Cave’s telecasts, one
hundred eight including the last. Each week, a different one is shown
by the Resident’s staff and the Resident himself, or someone
assigned by him, discusses the message.”
“And they still hold up after fifty years?”
“Hold up? We learn more from them each year. You should see all
the books and lectures on Cavesword ... several hundred important
ones which we have to read as part of our communication duties,
though they’re not for the laymen. We discourage nonprofessionals
from going into such problems, much too complicated for the
untrained mind.”
“I should think so. Tell me, is there any more trouble with the
idolators?”
Butler shook his head. “Just about none. They were licked when the
parochial schools were shut down. That took care of Catholicism. Of
course there were some bad times. I guess you know all about
them.”
I nodded. Even in Egypt I had heard of massacres and persecutions.

I could still recall the morning when I opened the Cairo paper and
saw a large photograph of St Peter’s Cathedral smoldering in its
ruins, a fitting tomb for the last Pope and martyr who had perished
there when a mob of Cavites had fired the Vatican. The Cairo paper
took an obvious delight in these barbarities and I had not the heart to
read of the wanton destruction of Michelangelo’s and Bernini’s
works, the looting of the art galleries, the bonfire which was made in
the Papal gardens of the entire Vatican library. Later, word came of a
certain assistant-Resident of Topeka who, with a group of demolition
experts and Cavite enthusiasts, ranged across France and Italy
destroying the cathedrals with the approval of the local governments,
and to the cheers of Cavite crowds who gathered in great numbers
to watch, delightedly, the crumbling of these last monuments to
superstition. Fortunately, the tourist bureaus were able to save a few
of the lesser churches.
“The edict of Washington which outlawed idolatrous schools did the

trick. The Atlantic government has always believed in toleration:
even to this day it is possible for a man to be a Christian, though
unlikely since the truth is so well known.”
“But he has no churches left and no clergy.”
“True, and if that discourages him he’s not likely to remain too long in
error. As I’ve told you, though, we have our ways of making people
see the truth.”
“The calculable percentage.”
“Exactly.”
I looked at Osiris in the green shade. His diorite face smiled secretly
back at me. “Did you have much trouble in the Latin countries?”
“Less than you might think. The ignorant were the big problem
because, since they didn’t know English, we weren’t able to use the
telecasts. Fortunately, we had some able Residents and after a little
showmanship, a few miracles (or what they took to be miracles) they
came around, especially when many of their ex-priests told them
about Cavesword. Nearly all of the older Residents in the
Mediterranean countries were once Catholic priests.”
“Renegades?”
“They saw the truth; not without some indoctrination, I suspect.
We’ve had to adapt a good many of our procedural methods to fit
local customs. The old Christmas has become Cavesday and what
was Easter is now Irisday.”
“Iris Mortimer?”
“Of course; who else? And then certain festivals which....”
“I suppose she’s dead now.”
“Why, yes. She died six years ago. She was the last of the original
five.”
“Ah, yes, the five: Paul Himmell, Iris Mortimer, Ivan Stokharin,
Clarissa Lessing and....”
“And Edward Hastings. We still use his introduction even though it’s
been largely obsoleted by later tests. His dialogues will of course be
the basis for that final book of Cave which our best scholars have
been at work on for over twenty years.”
Hastings, of all people! I nearly laughed aloud. Poor feckless

Hastings was now the author of my dialogues with Cave: I marveled
at the ease with which the innumerable references to myself had
been deleted. I began to doubt of my own existence. I asked if
Hastings were still alive and was told that he too was long dead.
I then asked again about Iris.
“Some very exciting things have come to light,” said Butler. “Certain
historians at the Dallas Center feel that there is some proof that she
was Cave’s sister.”
I was startled by this. “How could that be? Wasn’t she from Detroit?
and wasn’t he from Seattle? and didn’t they meet for the first time in
southern California at the beginning of his mission?”
“I see you know more Cavite history than you pretend,” said Butler
amiably. “That of course has been the traditional point of view. Yet as
her influence increased in the world (in Italy, you know, one sees her
picture nearly as often as Cave’s) our historians became suspicious.
It was all perfectly simple, really: if she could exert nearly the same
power as Cave himself then she must, in some way, be related to
him. I suppose you know about the Miami business. No? Well, their
Resident, some years ago, openly promulgated the theory that Cave
and Iris Mortimer were man and wife. A great many people believed
him and though the Chief Resident at Dallas issued a statement
denying the truth of all this, Miami continued in error and it took our
indoctrination team several years to get the situation back to normal.
But the whole business did get everyone to thinking and, with the
concurrence of Dallas himself, investigations have been made. I
don’t know many of the details but my colleague probably will. He
keeps track of that kind of thing.”
“If she is proven to be Cave’s sister will she have equal rank with
him?”
“Certainly not. Cavesword is everything; but she will be equal to him

on the human level though his inferior in truth: at least that appears
to be the Dallas interpretation.”
“She was very active, I suppose?”
“Right until the end. She traveled all over the world with Cavesword
and, when she grew too old to travel, she took over the Residency of
New York City which she held until she died. As a matter of fact, I
have a picture of her which I always carry. It was taken in the last
years.” He pulled out a steel-mesh wallet in which, protected by
cellophane, was a photograph of Iris: the first I had seen in many
many years. My hand shook as I held the picture up to the light.
For a split second I felt her presence, saw in the saddened face,
framed by white hair, my summer love which had never been except
in my own dreaming where I was whole and loved this creature
whose luminous eyes had not altered with age, their expression the
same as that night beside the western sea ... but then my fingers
froze; the wallet fell to the ground; I fainted into what I supposed with
my last vestiges of consciousness to be death, to be nothing.
3
I awakened in my own bed with my old friend Doctor Hussein beside
me. He looked much concerned while, at the foot of the bed, stood
Butler, very solemn and still. I resolved not to die with him in the
room.
“My apologies, Mr Butler,” I said, surprised that I could speak at all.

“I’m afraid I dropped your picture.” I had no difficulty in remembering
what had happened. It was as if I had suddenly shut my eyes and
opened them again, several hours having passed instead of as many
seconds. Time, I decided, was all nonsense.
“Think nothing of it; I’m only....”
“You must not strain yourself, Mr. Hudson,” said the doctor: a touch
of sun, a few days in bed, plenty of liquids, a pill or two, and I was
left alone with a buzzer beside my bed which would summon the
houseboy if I should have a coherent moment before taking a last
turn for the worse. The next time, I think, will be the final one and
though I detest the thought, these little rehearsals over the last few
years, the brief strokes, the sudden flooding of parts of the brain with
the blood of capillaries in preparation for that last arterial deluge,
have got me used to the idea. My only complaint is that odd things
are done to my memory by these strokes which, light as they have
been, tend to alter parts of the brain, those parts which hold the
secrets of the past. I have found this week, while convalescing from
Tuesday’s collapse, that most of my childhood has been washed
clean out of my memory. I knew of course that I was born on the
banks of the Hudson but I cannot for the life of me recall what
schools I attended; yet my memories from my college days on seem
unimpaired though I have had to reread this memoir attentively to
resume my train of thought, to refresh a dying memory. It is strange
indeed to have lost some twenty years as though they’d never been
and, worse still, to be unable to find out about oneself in any case,
since the will of others has effectively abolished one. I do not exist to
the world and very soon (how soon I wonder?), I shall not exist even
to myself, only this record a fragile proof that I once lived.
Now I am able to work again. Butler pays me a daily visit, as does

the doctor. Both are very kind but both tend to treat me as a thing
which no longer matters. I have been written-off in their minds: I’m
no longer really human since soon, perhaps in a few days, I shall not
be one of them but one of the dead whose dust motes the air they
breathe. Well, let it come. The fraternity of the dead, though nothing,
is the larger kingdom.
I’m able to sit up in bed (actually I can get around as well or as badly
as before but it tires me too much to walk so I remain abed). Sunday
is here at last and from the excited bustle in the air which I feel rather
than hear, Butler’s colleague must have arrived. I am not ready for
him yet and I have hung a “Do Not Disturb” sign on the door,
composed emphatically in four languages. It should keep them out
for a few days.
I have a premonition of disaster which, though it is no doubt perfectly

natural at my age with the last catastrophe almost upon me, seems
to be of a penultimate nature, a final human crisis. All that I have
heard from Butler about this young man, this colleague of his,
disposes me to fear him. For although my existence has been kept a
secret from the newer generations, the others, the older ones, the
chief counselors are well aware of me and though I have so far
evaded their agents and though they undoubtedly assume that I am
long since dead it is still possible that a shrewd young man with a
career in the making might grow suspicious and one word to the
older members of the hierarchy would be enough to start an
inquisition which could end in assassination (ironic that I should fear
that at this point!) or, more terrible, in a course of indoctrination
where my apostasy would be reduced by drugs to conformity. It
would be the most splendid triumph for Cave if, in my last days, I
should recant: the best victory of all, the surrender of the original
lutherist upon his deathbed.
Yet I have a trick or two up my sleeve and the game’s not yet over.
Should the new arrival prove to be the one I have so long awaited, I
shall know how to act: I have planned for this day. My adversary will
find me armed.
But now old days draw me back; the crisis approaches in my

narrative.
The first summer was my last on the Hudson, at peace. Iris wrote me
regularly from the Florida keys: short, brisk letters completely
impersonal and devoted largely to what “he” was doing and saying. It
seems that “he” was enchanted by the strangeness of the keys, yet
was anxious to begin traveling again. With some difficulty, I gathered
between the lines, Iris had restrained him from starting out on a
world tour: “He says he wants to see Saigon and Samarkand and so
forth soon because he likes the names. I don’t see how he can get
away yet, though maybe in the fall after his tour. They say now he
can make his talks on film all at once which will mean of course he
won’t have to go through anything like last winter again.” There
followed more news, an inquiry into my health (in those days I was
confident I should die early of a liver ailment: my liver of course now
seems the one firm organ in my body; in any case, I enjoyed my
hypochondria) and a reference to the various things I was writing for
the instruction of converts and detractors both. I pushed the letter
away and looked out across the river.
I was alone, awaiting Clarissa for tea. I had actually prepared tea
since she never drank alcohol and I myself was a light drinker at best
... a non-drinker that summer when my liver rested (so powerful is
imagination) like a brazen cannonball against the cage of bones.
I sat on my porch which overlooked the lawn and the water; unlike
the other houses on that river, mine had the railroad behind it instead
of in front of it, an agreeable state of affairs; I don’t mind the sound of
trains though the sight of them on their squalid tracks depresses me.
Beside me, among the careful tray of tea things, the manuscript of
my dialogue lay neglected. I had not yet made up my mind whether
to read it to Clarissa or not. Such things tended to bore her; yet, if
she could be enticed into attention, her opinion would be useful:
such a long memory of old customs would be invaluable to me as I
composed, with diligence rather than inspiration, an ethical system
whose single virtue was that it tended to satisfy the needs of human
beings as much as was possible without inviting chaos. I had, that
morning over coffee, abolished marriage. During lunch, served me
by my genteel but impoverished housekeeper (although servants still
existed in those days in a few great houses, people like myself were
obliged to engage the casual services of the haughty poor), I
decided to leave marriage the way it was but make divorce much
simpler. After lunch, suffering from a digestive-inspired headache, I
not only abolished marriage again but resolutely handed the children
over to the impersonal mercies of the state.
Now, bemused, relaxed, my eyes upon the pale blue Catskills and
the summer green, the noise of motorboats like great waterbugs in
my ears, I brooded upon the implications of what I was doing and,
though I was secretly amused at my own confidence, I realized, too,
that what I felt and did and wrote, though doubtless unorthodox to
many, was, finally, not really the work of my own inspiration but a
logical result of all that was in the world: a statement of the dreams
of others which I could formulate only because I shared them. Cave
regarded his own words as revelation when, actually, they only
echoed the collective mind, a plausible articulation of what most men
felt even though their conscious minds were antipathetic, corseted
and constricted by stereotyped ways of thinking, the opposite of what
they truly believed.
Yet at this step I, for one, hesitated. There was no doubt but that the
children and the society would be the better for such an arrangement
... and there was little doubt that our civilization was moving toward
such a resolution. But there were parents who would want to retain
their children and children who might be better cared for by their
progenitors than by even the best-intentioned functionaries of the
state. Would the state allow parents to keep their children if they
wanted them? If not, it was tyrannous; if so, difficult in the extreme,
for how could even the most enlightened board of analysts
determine who should be allowed their children and who not? The
answer, of course, was in the retraining of future generations. Let
them grow up accepting as inevitable and right the surrender of
babies to the state. Other cultures had done it and ours could too.
But I was able, vividly, to imagine the numerous cruelties which
would be perpetrated in the name of the whole, while the opportunity
for tyranny in a civilization where all children were at the disposal of
a government brought sharply to mind the image of the anthill
society which has haunted the imagination of the thoughtful for at
least a century.
I had got myself into a most gloomy state by the time Clarissa
arrived, trailing across the lawn in an exotic ankle-length gown of
gray which floated in yards behind her, like the diaphanous flags of
some forgotten army.
“Your lawn is full of moles!” she shouted to me, pausing in her

progress and scowling at a patch of turf. “And it needs cutting and
more clover. Always more clover, remember that.” She turned her
back on me to stare at the river which was as gray as her gown, but,
in its soft tidal motion, spangled with light, like sequins on a vast
train.
She had no criticism of the river when she at last turned and climbed
the steps to the porch; she sat down with a gasp. “I’m boiling! Tea?
Hot tea to combat the heat.”
I poured her a cup. “Not a hot day at all.” Actually it was very warm.
“If you didn’t get yourself up as a Marie Corelli heroine, you’d be
much cooler.”
“Not very gallant, are we today?” Clarissa looked at me over her cup.
“I’ve had this gown for five hundred years. There used to be a
wimple which went with it but I lost it somewhere.”
“The material seems to be holding up quite well,” and now that she
had mentioned it, there was an archaic look to the texture of the
gown, like those bits of cloth preserved under glass in museums.
“Silk lasts indefinitely, if one is tidy. I also don’t wear this much, as
you can see, but with the devalued state of the dollar (an ominous
sign, my dear, the beginning of the end!) I’ve been forced to redo a
lot of old odds-and-ends I’ve kept for sentimental reasons. This is
one of them and I’m very fond of it.” She spoke this last slowly, to
forestall any further ungallantry.
“I just wondered if it was cool.”
“It is cool. Ah, a letter from Iris.” Like a magpie she had seen the
letter beside my chair and, without asking permission, had seized it
and read it through quickly. “I admire a girl who types,” she said,
letting fall the letter. “I suppose they all do now though it seems like
only yesterday that, next to opening a tearoom, one typed, working
for men, all of whom made advances. That was when we had to
wear corsets and hatpins. One discouraged while the other quite
protected.” Clarissa chuckled at some obscene memory.
“I wonder if Paul can keep Cave from wandering off to some

impossible place.”
“I shouldn’t be surprised.” She picked at the tea sandwiches

suspiciously, curling back the top slices of bread to see what was
underneath: tentatively, she bit into deviled ham; she chewed; she
swallowed; she was not disappointed; she wolfed another sandwich,
talking all the while. “Poor Cave is a captive now. His disciples are in
full command. Even Mohammed, as strong-headed as he was,
finally ended up a perfect pawn in the hands of Abu Bekr and the
women, especially the women.”
“I’m not so sure about Cave. He....”
“Does what they tell him, especially Iris.”
“Iris? But I should have said she was the only one who never tried to
influence him.”
Clarissa laughed unpleasantly. A moth flew into her artificial auburn

hair; unerringly, she found it with one capable hand and quickly
snuffed out its life in a puff of gray dust from broken wings. She
wiped her fingers on a paper napkin. The day was full of moths but,
fortunately, none came near us again, preferring lawn and trees to
us. “You are naive, Eugene,” she said, her little murder done. “It’s
your nicest quality. In theory you are remarkably aware of human
character; yet, when you’re confronted with the most implausible
appearance, you promptly take it for the reality.”
I was irritated by this and also by the business of the sandwich, not
to mention the murder of the moth; I looked at Clarissa with
momentary dislike. “I was not aware....” I began in a chilled voice but
she interrupted me with an airy wave of her hand.
“I forget no one likes to be called naive ... calculating, dishonest,

treacherous, people rather revel in those designations, but to be
thought trusting....” She clapped her hands as though to punctuate
her meaning; then, after a full stop, she went on more soberly. “Iris is
the one to look out for. Our own sweet, self-effacing, dedicated Iris. I
adore her; I always have, but she’s up to no good.”
“I don’t know what you’re talking about.”
“You will. You would if you weren’t entirely blind to what they used to
call human nature. Iris is acquiring Cave.”
“Acquiring?”
“Exactly the word. She loves him for all sorts of reasons but she
cannot have him in the usual sense (I found out all about that, by the
way). Therefore, the only thing left her to do is acquire him, to take
his life in hers. You may think she may think that her slavish
adoration is only humble love but actually it’s something far more
significant, and dangerous.”
“I don’t see the danger, even accepting your hypothesis.”
“It’s no hypothesis and the danger is real. Iris will have him and,
through him, she’ll have you all.”
I did not begin to understand that day and Clarissa, in her pythoness
way, was no help, muttering vague threats and imprecations with her
mouth full of bread.
After my first jealousy at Iris’s preference of Cave to me, a jealousy

which I knew, even at the time, was unjustified and a little ludicrous, I
had come to accept her devotion to Cave as a perfectly natural state
of affairs; he was an extraordinary man and though he did not fulfill
her in the usual sense, he gave her more than mere lover might: he
gave her a whole life and I envied her for having been able to seize
so shrewdly upon this unique way out of ordinary life and into
something more grand, more strange, more engaging. Though I
could not follow her, I was able to appreciate her choice and admire
the completeness of her days. That she was obscurely using Cave
for her own ends, subverting him, did not seem to me possible and I
was annoyed by Clarissa’s dark warnings. I directed the
conversation into the other waters.
“The children. I haven’t decided what to do with them.”
Clarissa came to a full halt. For a moment she forgot to chew. Then,
with a look of pain, she swallowed. “Your children?”
“Any children, all children,” I pointed to the manuscript on the table.

She began to understand. “I’m quite sure you have abolished
marriage.”
“As a matter of fact, yes, this morning.”
“And now you don’t know what to do about the children.”
“Precisely. I....”
“Perfectly simple.” Clarissa was brisk: this, apparently, was a

problem she had already solved. “The next step is controlled
breeding. Only those whose blood lines seem promising should be
allowed to procreate. Now that oral contraceptives are so popular no
one will make babies by accident ... in fact, it should be a serious
crime if someone does.”
“Quite neat, but I wonder whether, psychologically, it’s simple.

There’s the whole business of instinct, of the natural desire of a
woman to want her own child after bearing it.”
“All habit ... not innate. Children have been subordinate woman’s ace
in the hole for generations. They have had to develop certain traits
which, in other circumstances, they would not have entertained.
Rats, whom we closely resemble, though they suckle their young
will, in moments of mild hunger or even exasperation, think nothing
of eating an entire litter. You can condition human beings to accept
any state of affairs as being perfectly natural.”
“I don’t doubt that. But how to break the habits of several thousand
years.”
“I suppose there are ways. Look what Cave is doing. Of course

making death popular is not so difficult since, finally, people want it to
be nice: they do the real work or, rather, their terror does. In place of
superstition, which they’ve nearly outgrown, he offers them
madness.”
“Now really, Clarissa....”

“I don’t disapprove. I’m all for him, as you know. To make death
preferable to life is of course utter folly though a perfectly logical
reaction for these poor bewildered savages who, having lost their old
superstitions, are absolutely terrified at the prospect of nothing. They
want to perpetuate their little personalities forever into space and
time and now they’ve begun to realize the folly of that (who, after all,
are they? are we? in creation?) they will follow desperately the first
man who pulls the sting of death and Cave is that man, as I knew he
would be.”
“And after Cave?”
“I will not say what I see. I’m on the side of change, however, which
makes me in perfect harmony with life.” Clarissa chuckled. A fish
leaped gayly in the still river; out in the channel a barge glided by,
the muffled noise of its engines like slow heartbeats.
“But you think it good for people to follow Cave? you think what he
says is right?”
“Nothing is good. Nothing is right. But though Cave is wrong, it is a

new wrong and so it is better than the old; in any case, he will keep
the people amused and boredom, finally, is the one monster the race
will never conquer ... the monster which will devour us in time. But
now we’re off the track. Mother love exists because we believe it
exists. Believe it does not exist and it won’t. That, I fear, is the
general condition of 'the unchanging human heart.’ Make these
young girls feel that having babies is a patriotic duty as well as
healthful therapy and they’ll go through it blithely enough, without
ever giving a second thought to the child they leave behind in the
government nursery.”
“But to get them to that state of acceptance....”
“Is the problem. I’m sure it will be solved in a few generations.”
“You think I’m right to propose it?”

“Of course. It will happen anyway.”
“Yet I’m disturbed at the thought of all that power in the hands of the
state: they can make the children believe anything; they can impose
the most terrible tyranny; they can blind at birth so that none might
ever see anything again but what a few rulers, as ignorant as they,
finally, will want them to see. There’ll be a time when all people are
nearly alike.”
“Which is precisely the ideal society. No mysteries, no romantics, no

discussions, no persecutions because there’s no one to persecute.
When all have received the same conditioning, it will be like....”
“Insects.”
“Who have existed longer than ourselves and will outlast our race by
many comfortable millennia.”
“Is existence everything?”
“There is nothing else.”
“Then likeness is the aim of human society?”
“Call it harmony. You think of yourself only as you are now dropped
into the midst of a society of dull conformists. That’s where you make
your mistake. You’ll not live to see it for, if you did, you would be
someone else, a part of it. No one of your disposition could possibly
happen in such a society. There would be no rebellion against
sameness because difference would not, in any important sense,
exist, even as a proposition. You think: how terrible! but think again
how wonderful it would be to belong to the pack, to the tribe, to the
race, without guilt or anxiety or division.”
“I cannot imagine it.”
“No more can they imagine you.”
“This will happen?”

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(Original PDF) Comparative Politics

Integrating Theories, Methods, and

(Original PDF) Comparative Politics Integrating

(eBook PDF) Comparative Politics: Integrating Theories,

(eBook PDF) Comparative Politics Integrating Theories,

(eBook PDF) Comparative Politics: Integrating Theories,

(eBook PDF) Introducing Comparative Politics: Concepts

Introducing Comparative Politics: Concepts and Cases in

(eBook PDF) Essentials of Comparative Politics with

(Original PDF) Cases in Comparative Politics 6th

CHAPTER 10 Germany 262

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Material Interests 318 Types 354

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PART VI: Country

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Political Culture 474 Regime and Political Institutions 515

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Is Judicial Activism in the United States a Problem?

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CHAPTER 3 Charles Tilly, Coercion, Capital, and European States 60

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What’s New in This Edition?

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reactionary, non-inclusive politics dominated by the former, or to revolutionary

Indian voters, 2012. India is the world’s largest democracy.

from a Deviant Case? CHAPTER 6, PAGE 133

of comparative politics, we have combined these approaches while emphasizing

310 Chapter 13: Nationalism and National Identity

Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity

G reenfeld argues that nationalism is fundamentally cultural

Why Did Zimbabwe Become and Remain THINKING

TABLE 7.1 Authoritarianism in Zimbabwe: Theories, Explanations,

then model for students how to use these

Cultural values shape the type of

Organization authoritarian regime that emerges.

Disapproval of the regime is impeded by

• Part I (chapters 1 and 2) focuses on basic methods in comparative politics,

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CASE STUDY (continued)

tend to think of European societies as consistently stable

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• Part V consists of a single chapter, 16, which links comparative politics to

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Ancillary Resource Center

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Diane Bulpett Jeffrey Lewis Cheryl Van Den Handel

Dauda Abubakar Karolyn Benger Jeffrey Conroy-Krutz

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By midsummer, however, Cave had grown restless and bored and

I declined to accompany Cave and Iris. Paul remained in New York

I had broken off in my narrative to take a walk in the garden last

I said nothing could give me more pleasure, as I inched along the

I was as glad as not that I didn’t have to watch my companion while

I paused before a formidable rock which lay directly in my path. It

“I should be very careful,” I said and, very careful myself, I stepped

“Are they ... equipped for such things?”

“Therapists?” Butler seemed bewildered.