Live-in-Field Experience (LFE)

LFE Report Autumn 2022

Khadimnagar, Sylhet

Venue: Friends in Village Development Bangladesh (FIVDB),

Khadimnagar, Sylhet.
Assigned Village: Khadim Tea Garden
Assigned Para: Lalichora

Submitted To:
Dr. Mohammad Nayeem Abdullah
LFE Coordinator
Professor of CIUBS
Chittagong Independent University

Submitted By [Group - 4]:

ID Name
19201021 Mobin Al Hoque
19201063 Avik Dey
19201039 Fatema Tuz Jahura
19201066 Yusuf Abdullah
17101065 Arafatuzzaman Tasib Faruqui

Date of Submission: 25th January, 2023

 Letter of Transmittal
25th January, 2023
Dr. Mohammad Nayeem Abdullah
Professor of CIUBS,
Chittagong Independent University
Subject: Submission of LFE Report, Autumn 2022.
Dear Sir,
I, Mobin Al Hoque, team leader of Group 4, would like to submit the “Live-In-Field Experience
(LFE)- Autumn 2022”, report for your inspection.
The report has been prepared after the completion of LFE which was held at Friends in Village
Development Bangladesh (FIVDB), Khadimnagar, Sylhet, from 18th December to 25th
December, 2022. In this report we have discussed about the methodology, along with the five
individual chapters which are; (1) Village Resource Mapping & Transect Walk, (2) Social
Change Process, (3) Heath & Environment (4) Economy & Rural Production Cycle and (5)
Rural Market & Value Chain Analysis. We have tried our best to portray details of everything
we have learned and experienced during our visit to the village of Khadim Tea Garden.
Conducting this research would not be possible without the collaboration and support of our
faculties and monitors. We would like to thank you for your protracted support and supervision
during LFE Autumn, 2022.

We have tried our best to make this report informative. However, despite of our efforts, there
may be some errors in the report. We pray and hope that our mistakes will be kindly excused.

Sincerely yours,
Mobin Al Hoque
On behalf of Group 4
CIU Business School,
Chittagong Independent University.

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 Acknowledgement
We would like to express our deepest appreciation to all those who provided us the possibility
to complete this report. A special gratitude we give to CIUBS (Chittagong Independent
University, Bangladesh) for having such a wonderful and unique course LFE (Live-in-Field
Experience) through which we got the chance to learn about the rural life of our beautiful
country Bangladesh.
We would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of Dr. Mohammed
Nayeem Abdullah, Dr. Emon Kalyan Chowdhury & Umme Humaira for making this program
a successful one.
Furthermore, we would like to appreciate the constant cooperation from the FIVDB members
and the people of Khadim Tea Garden village.
Last but not the least, special thanks to our monitors for their constant support and guidance.
Although there may be many who remain unacknowledged in this humble note of gratitude,
there are none who remain unappreciated

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 Group Activities
1. Topic: Village Resource Mapping & Transect Walk
Prepared by: Mobin Al Hoque
ID: 19201021

2. Topic: Social Change Process & Gender Division of

Labor
Prepared by: Name: Avik Dey
ID: 19201063

3. Topic: Economy & Rural Production Cycle

Prepared by: Fatema Tuz Jahura
ID: 19201039

4. Topic: Health & Environment

Prepared by: Yusuf Abdullah
ID: 19201066

5. Topic: Rural Market Analysis

Prepared by: Arafatuzzaman Tasib Faruqui
ID: 17101065

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 Chapters Table of Contents Particulars

Letter of transmittal 1
Acknowledgement 2
Group Activities 3
Chapter - 1 Introduction 7
1.1 Objectives 7
1.2 Limitations 8
Chapter - 2 Methodology 8
2.1 Research Type 8
2.2 Data Collection 8
2.3 Methods 9
2.4 Sample Size 9
2.5 Data Analysis & Calculation 10
Chapter - 3 Village Resource Mapping & Transect Walk 11 - 14
3.1 Procedure of Drawing the Transect Map 14 – 15
3.2 Findings 15 – 16
3.3 Conclusion 16
Chapter - 4 Social Change Process & Gender Division of Labor
4.1 Introduction 17
4.2 Methodology 17
4.3 Limitations 17 - 18
4.4 Social change 18
4.5 Timeline Analysis 18 - 22
4.6 Positive & Negative Impact 22 – 23
4.7 Gender Division of Labor 23 - 25
4.8 Conclusion 25
Chapter – 5 Economy & Rural Production Cycle
5.1 Introduction 27
5.2 Objectives 28
5.3 Methodology 28
5.4 Limitations 28
5.5 Economic Condition of Lalichora 29

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 5.6 Occupation 29
5.7 Income Assessment 29
5.8 Wealth Ranking 29 - 32
5.9 Seasonal Mapping 33
5.10 Cost-Benefit Analysis 33 - 34
5.11 Microcredit 34 - 35
5.12 Effective Interest Rate 35 – 36
5.13 Advantages of Microcredit 36
5.14 Disadvantages of Microcredit 36
5.15 Observations 36
5.16 Conclusion 37
Chapter – 6 Health & Environment
6.1 Health (Introduction) 38 - 39
6.2 Sources of Water 39
6.3 Sanitation 39 - 40
6.4 Vaccination 40 – 41
6.5 Common diseases & causes 41 - 42
6.6 Methods of family planning 42 - 43
6.7 Decision Making 43 - 44
6.8 Environment (Introduction) 44 - 45
6.9 Place of cooking 45 – 46
6.10 Fuel use 46 - 47
6.11 Waste disposal 47 – 48
6.12 Biodiversity 48
6.13 Types of Pollution 48 - 49
6.14 Observations 49
6.15 Conclusion 49
Chapter - 7 Rural Market Analysis
7.1 Introduction 51
7.2 The Concept of Market, Bazaar and Hat 51 - 54
7.3 Difference between Hat and Bazaar 54
7.4 Product Classification 55

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 7.5 Services in Chiknagul Hat 56
7.6 Fake vs Original Products 56
7.7 Branded Vs Local Products 56 - 57
7.8 Inward & Outward Products 57
7.9 Price Comparison 58
7.10 Product Distribution Channel 58 - 59
7.11 Promotional Activities 60
7.12 Value Chain Analysis 60
7.13 Major Observation 61
7.14 Conclusion 61
Chapter - 8 Conclusion 642

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 Chapter 1
Introduction:
Bangladesh is a country, which is rich in its culture, heritage and tradition of more than one
thousand years. Culture consists of social norms, values and attitudes of a certain society and
thus culture has greater influences on people’s day-to-day activities. The course Live-in Field
Experience (LFE) is designed to provide education to the students and learn how to conduct
atypical village survey through PRA and rapport building. Bangladesh is an agricultural
country where 80% of the population lives in villages. It is obvious that most of the areas of
Bangladesh are not developed socially, environmentally, economically, educationally and
culturally. They lack proper infrastructure, technology and gas as well. Without adequate
knowledge of these basic developments, the economic development of the country as a whole
cannot be expected. Many NGOs are working in the villages to alleviate the poverty and make
the villagers economically self-sustained and make them conscious about the environment. But
before taking any attempt, it is important to assess the social, environmental, economic, health
and other related aspects of the village and villagers as a whole. This LFE program is so
demanding that it forces the students to be explorative &creative with the facts & findings that
exist in our rural society.

1.1 Objectives:
The objectives of this report are stated below:
• To sketch out the appropriate rural structure of our country by selecting a para from a
specific village.
• Rapport building with the villagers.
• To know the historical references of the selected para about different parameters of
social change process.
• To find out how villagers produce their crops and various aspects of rural production
cycle.
• To follow-up the overall health and environmental condition of the rural area.
• To acquire idea about the rural business and market condition.

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1.2 Limitations:
During the completion of the report, I have faced many limitations that might have reduced the
quality of the report. Some of the limitations I faced are mentioned below:
• Firstly, the time was very limited. So, it was very difficult to collect sufficient data.
• Some sensitive issues were not easy to discuss with the villagers like dowry, income
sources, measurement of land property and wealth ranking.
• In the morning most of the male member of the family goes out to work in field and
other places. Therefore, I hardly had any time to talk to them and collect important data.

Chapter 2

Methodology:
Methodology is a combination of methods and analytical frameworks that are used to
accomplish some specific objective. The way to carry out a survey which is conducted on a
particular place is known as methodology. The different chapters that are covered in this report
village map resource, social condition, economy, health and environment and market analysis
have different approaches of getting information. This approach is given below-

2.1 Research Type:

Our research is about our village Khadim Tea Garden. All researches are made into two
different ways. One is primary and another is secondary. Primary research refers the data
collection based on what the respondents speak from themselves. Secondary research means
the reference of books, journals, websites etc. Our research has tables, charts, graphs that give
a clear description about the villager’s lifestyle.

2.2 Data Collection:

Data collection is essential though the techniques of data collection are described by our
respected teachers but we also use some methods to collect data.
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2.3 Methods:

Questionnaire Survey:
A pattern of questionnaire for data collection is given by CIU. The questionnaire focuses on
the socio-economic and health condition of a village. The topics which are included in the
questionnaire are minimum education level, age and education level of marriage, family
income, family type, profession of income earning members, domestic animal, sources of
water, sources of loan and interest rate, health and environment effect.

Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA):

Through PRA we gather information from the villagers by interacting with them. PRA provides
the way to investigate, analyze and evaluate the problems and opportunities of the villagers.

Focused Group Discussion (FGD):

FGD is an effective discussion where a group of people can share information on a particular
issue. FGD is not always possible as villagers are busy in their work. It mainly helps in village
map, social change discussions and health condition.

Informal Discussion:
To get the root knowledge on health care and social condition we do informal discussion. While
drawing village map, we discuss with the surrounding people.

Personal Observations: We not only follow the above rules, but also, we observe
many things. Through observation some critical things become clearer to us. In case of health
and environment and rural market analysis observation is very useful.

2.4 Sample Size:

According to the rule we collect data on 25 respondents. To get an accurate knowledge we talk
with the house head and income earner of the family. In rural market analysis we talk with 5
farmers and 5 traders which are not in the 25 respondents.

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2.5 Data Analysis & Calculation:
Data analysis is done in rural economy and rural market. We do some calculation in cost benefit
analysis. We calculate the interest rate of the NGOs and in rural market we do some calculation
for value chain analysis.

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 Chapter – 3
Village Resource Mapping &Transect Walk

Village Mapping Map is a representation of any geographical location by which one can
generate a structure of an area and its resources. The map of village will help to gain overall
knowledge about the entire village without being present physically. It also identifies the
location of house, different streets, natural resources and Infrastructural facilities available in
the village. We may say that a map, though cannot be compared with the vision but can at least
give us a glimpse of the portrait of the village, even to a person, who does not know the village.
Village map carries a large Importance our report. The map of a village gives us an overview
of the entire village or the locality and it also gives an Impression of the picture of the village.
In a sense we may say it gives us an approximate portrait of the village. It also helps us to
assume the reasons behind the growth and lacks of the locality as it talks about the entire
village. Objective of Village Mapping Village map carries a large Importance in our report.
The village map’s basic objective is to provide Ideas upon the following aspects: To get overall
idea of the village To know the type of organization and institution involved in development
process of the villagers. To have knowledge about the natural resources available in the village.

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To get a view of the village through a transect walk of 250 steps. Limitations As we are
unfamiliar with this type of research, we faced some limitations which are: Time limitation was
one of the most important factors. For this particular topic as we worked at morning, the
villagers were busy with their own work at that time. Different Views of different respondents
regarding single matter A sheer lack of experience in approaching and interviewing villagers
and our general lack of experience field work. Village and para selection Our studied village
is "Khadim Tea Garden" & our assigned para was "Lalichora”. Our para is a small one. We
enjoyed a lot talking with the villagers and most of them were very much helpful. Site selection
For drawing a village map site selection is Important. First we have to select a clean, plain and
an open place where the map can be drawn easily by the villagers. That place was the yard of
entrance of the para. Arranging the PRA Group For valid PRA discussion we searched some
people who were very much aware of the village. We talked to the people who were 40 to 50
years old. Because they know about the histories related to the village. Rapport building It is
very important to know the villagers before survey. When we went to village very first day,
everyone asked the same question inquiring who we are. We tried to build rapport in such a
way that the villagers are made to feel important. We sat in a tea shop where the elderly people
of the village were sitting and chatting and there we conducted our first PRA. Para profile
Below the profile of "Khadim Tea Garden" village is given. The information is provided by
the villagers and by our observation.

Village Khadim Tea Garden

Para Lalichora
Upozila Sylhet Shadar
Post Office Khadim Nagar
Thana Shah Poran
District Sylhel
Population 300-350
No of voter 200
No of family 70
No of school 1
No of temple 1
No of Crematorium 1
No of pond 10
No of tube-well 60
When the map is drawn by villagers on the ground, we gathered a few local people who were
well aware of their village and its boundaries. By asking them we symbolize (using colored
chalk) the different important places like school, mosque, pond, houses, shop etc. Our assigned

12
para was Lalichora. After drawing the village map, we asked the villagers about the para and
they also helped us to draw para map and gave us all the necessary information that were
required. Cross Checking When the para map was completed, to make sure that all the
information is correct, we walked around the lane Lalichora to verify the location and resources
Village Map & Para Map Of Khadim Tea Garden & Lalichora Para:

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Transect Map Transect map is an Important tool, because we can describe the location,
resources, main land and landscape about the village through it. The transect map shows the
systematic diagram sketching of elements viewed in the study area, these include the structures,
the quality of soil, the land use pattern, the type of crops, major infrastructure etc.

3.1 Procedure of Drawing the Transect Map:

The transect map was drawn by our observation and findings. To draw a transect map we have
to take a specific portion of assigned para taking 250 steps and each step should not be less
than 18 Inches which is called transect walk. The transect walk helps step by step analysis of
soil type, house type, problem and solution.

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Transect Walk Left Side

Parameters 0-50 51-100 101-150 151-200 201-250

Soil Type Sandy Sandy Sandy Sandy Muddy
Topography Low Medium High Medium Medium

Land Use Shop House Crematorium Temple Shop

House Type Mud House Semi Pakka Semi Pakka Mud House Semi Pakka
Trees Bush Bush Bush No Bamboo
Tree
Problem N/A N/A Bush N/A Garbage
Solution N/A N/A Plantation N/A Cleaning
Trees

Transect Walk Right Side

Parameters 0-50 51-100 101-150 151-200 201-250

Soil Type Sandy Sandy Sandy Sandy Muddy
Topography Low Medium High Medium Medium
Land Use Houses Houses Houses School Houses

House Type Mud House Semi Pakka Semi Pakka Mud House Semi Pakka
Trees Bush Bamboo Bush NO Bush
Trees
Problem N/A N/A Garbage N/A Bush
Solution N/A N/A Cleaning N/A Cleaning

3.2 Findings:
After our observation in the village, we found that:

• All the houses in the transect area were well built like semi-bricked and tm shed houses.
• Transportation facility is quite good in the village of Khadim Tea Garden.
• Improper waste management.
• There are a lot of resourceful trees like bamboo, mango, jackfruit etc.

15
• Ponds are used for various purposes like bathing, washing clothes and utensils etc.
• Enough Tube-well facilities
• 80% of the houses are mud house
• Availability of cultivatable land
• Enough sanitary facilities in every house.

3.3 Conclusion:
LFE gave us the opportunity to go through the village for some days. Village mapping gives
us a practical knowledge about the village. Villagers were very co-operative and friendly
towards us. Our created Village Resource Map and the Transect Map of Lalichora para of
Khadim Tea Garden and the village itself gave us an idea of the rural setting of Bangladesh as
a whole. Within limited time we tried our best to collect Information. We learned many
interesting particulars and got a lot of data which eventually helped us carry out the rest of the
topics of the Live-in Field Experience.

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 Chapter 4

Social Change Process and Gender Division

of Labor

4.1 Introduction:
Social change refers to any significant alteration over time in behavior patterns and cultural
values and norms. Since the dawn of human civilization, the society is changing frequently.
Bangladesh is an agriculture-based country, where greater portion of the population is living
in the rural areas. So, to realize the social change in bigger perspective, the social changes in
the rural areas can establish the efficient evaluation of study rather than in urban areas. Rural
tradition, beliefs, practices and customs of a society is the most important element to describe
a social change.

In our study we have tried to find out these changes and reasons behind it. We conducted our
study in Khadim Tea Garden village and our assigned para was the Lalichora society where
different types of people live together. There tradition, beliefs, practices are different. But as
they are living in a society, they have to adopt the changes that are done by the others or done
by the society.

4.2 Methodology:
We used PRA (Participatory Rural Appraisal) technique to find out the social changes which
took place over time. We mainly focused on the aged villagers, who observed the changes those
have occurred at different periods of time. We asked questions from both male and female. We
also tried to find out the reasons behind these changes.

4.3 Limitations:
• Time of survey was too short, so it caused lack of interaction with village people.

17
 • We were assigned in the morning which used to be the working hours for the
villagers. So, few of the participant were less co-operative.
• We have some difficulties to understand their local accent. We have to go through an
extended process to make them understand our language.
• We selected randomly 25 houses to respond for our questionnaire. Still there remains
chance of misperception.

4.4 Social change

To know about the changes in Khadim Tea Garden village that affected the society, we
gathered few aged people of the village.

Changing process occur in demographic, social, environmental, and economic features. At

first, we built rapport with them and explained our intension. Then we started talking about
the social change process that has been occurring over the years. According to the
information being collected from people of the village we have set a timeline analysis.

4.5 Timeline analysis

It is used to visualize the key historical events and major perceived changes. These historical
events and the connected experiences often have a major impact on the present decisions that
native groups make. We have divided the time period into four intervals to find out the social
changes of Khadim Tea Garden.

• Before Liberation
• 1971 to 1980
• 1981 to 1990
• 1991 to 2000
• 2001 to Present

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 Timeframe Analysis

Before 1971 to 1991 to 2001 to Major

Parameters Liberation 1980 1981 to 1990 2000 Present Findings

Demographic Changes

Increasing
Population

Occupation Diversified

Family Nuclear
Type Family

Literacy
Rate Increasing

House Type Improved

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 Infrastructure

Road
Types Developed

Commu
nication Improved

Transpo
rtation Improving

Agricultural

Crop Types Mostly

Paddy

Agricultural Improving
Equipment

Cultivable Decreasing
Land

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 Social Awareness

Dowry Reducing

Early
Marriage Decreasing

Economy

Women
Empowerment Increasing

Remittance Increasing

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 Environment

Animal Increasing

Trees Decreasing

Pollution Increasing

4.6 Positive and Negative Impact:

Positive Social Changes:
➢ Increased Income.
➢ Improvement of source for drinking water.
➢ Improvement of sanitation.
➢ Increasing women empowerment.
➢ Progress of education.
➢ Electricity and Dish facilities.

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Negative Social Changes:
➢ Increased Expense.
➢ Increasing population.
➢ Undeveloped Roads.
➢ Family bonding becoming wobbly.
➢ Poverty still exits.

4.7 Gender division of labor

The main occupation of Khadim Tea Garden village is agriculture. Below the daily routine of
the male and female members are shown during harvesting and non-harvesting season are
shown:

Farmer (Harvest)
Male Female
Time Activities Time Activities
(In Hours) (In Hours)
Morning Wake up, have breakfast Morning Wake up, prepares
(1-1.5) and get ready for work. (1-2) breakfast, lunch, household
chores.
Morning Goes for work to the tea Morning Goes for work to the tea
(4-4.5) garden. (5-6) garden.
Noon (1) Lunch. Noon (1) Lunch.
Noon (2-3) Back to work. Noon (2-3) Back to work.
Afternoon Come back home, take Afternoon Come back home, take rest,
(2-3) rest, household chores. (2) household chores.
Evening Teaches children, goes Evening Cooking, teaches children.
(1.5-2) out to shop. (1)
Evening Watching TV. Evening Watching TV.
(1-2) (1-2)
Night Dinner. Night Dinner.
(1) (1)
Night Sleep. Night Sleep.
(5-6) (5-6)

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 Farmer (Non
Harvest)
Male Female
Time Activitie Time Activities
(In Hours) s (In Hours)
Morning Wake up, goes to give Morning Wake up, household
(1-2) attendance. (1-2) chores.
Morning Household work. Morning Goes to give attendance.
(1-2) (1)
Morning Garden work, other household Morning Free time, household
(2-3) work. (2-3) work.
Noon Goes out to the market. Noon Cooking.
(1-2) (1-2)
Afternoon Lunch. Afternoon Lunch.
(1) (1-2)
Afternoon Take rest. Afternoon Take rest.
(2-3) (2)
Evening Looks after domestic animal. Evening Household chores,
(1-2) (2) gossiping with
neighbors.
Evening Teaches children, watching tv. Evening Teaches children,
(2) (1-2) household chores.
Night Dinner. Night Dinner.
(1) (1)
Night Sleep. Night Sleep.
(5-6) (5-6)

Non-Farmer (Shopkeeper)
Time Activities
(In Hours)
Morning Wake up, household chores.
(1-2)
Morning Opens shop, working hours.
(2-3)
Noon Cooking, works at home.
(1-2)
Afternoon Lunch, prepares snacks to sell.
(1-2)
Afternoon Work hours, returns to shop.
(1.5-2)

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 Evening Brings water, spouse takes over, teaches their children.
(1.5-2)
Evening Closes shop, cooking.
(1-2)
Night Dinner.
(1-1.5)
Night Watching TV.
(1.5-2)
Night Sleep.
(5-5.5)

4.8 Conclusion:
Khadim Tea Garden is a nice village. It is found that the daily wage of a worker is very meagre.
It is less than one dollar. In terms of wage and ration, the tea garden workers are living below
the poverty line. But other components of measuring poverty indicate a good side of the tea
garden workers' livelihood. They have access to job, healthcare, water and electricity facilities.
A worker has a house provided by the authority. The workers children have access to education.
Most of the workers are given cultivable land. However, the tea community has provided a
social outlet for inclusion and diversity in the society. As Bangladesh is marching towards
becoming a middle- income country, it is right time to mainstream all the small ethnic
communities in the path of development by fulfilling their basic rights. The workers are
deprived of some socio-economic aspects. For the whole country to prosper focus should not
move from the rural areas.

25
 Chapter 5

Economy & Rural Production Cycle

26
5.1 Introduction:
Bangladesh is a developing country. Its total geographical area is 1, 47,570 square kilometers.
It is one of the most densely populated country in the world. The population of Bangladesh is
more than 160 million. Major portion of this population lives in villages. There are 87,233
villages in our country.

Agriculture is the backbone of Bangladesh economy. And the agricultural sector is mainly
based in villages. The main occupation of most of the villagers are farming. The farmers are
the backbone of our agriculture-based economy. Though they are the primary producers who
work the most to produce crops but they receive the least profit out of it. As long as this practice
goes on, there is no way our economy will see rapid growth. So, unless economic policies
emphasize on this group of people’s betterment and curb unequal distribution of income,
reducing poverty and improvement of the overall economy will remain a dream. At present,
the economic growth is strongly focused on the village production of crops and foods. It’s also
greatly related with price of the product and manufacture cost that are related to farmers
working sectors through market. And obviously, an agricultural factor greatly depends on the
whole seasonal environment in terms of various locations.

Our study area Lalichora Para is situated in Khadim tea garden in Sylhet district. This chapter
endows with the knowledge concerning the socio- economic condition of the rural community,
different social classes of the rural community comprising their life style as well as the
agricultural pattern of the consigned area. The condition of the Lalichora Para located in
Khadim tea garden is moderately poor. Income source and other conditions clearly indicate a
class hierarchy which will be portrayed in the report. In this chapter we have tried to focus on
the economy of our assigned para. We tried to analyze the sources of income of the rural people,
their income distribution, the different social classes and their standard of living. We have also
tried to provide an analysis on the rural production cycle. This village is just a sample of the
thousands of villages that our country comprises of. As a result, findings could differ
significantly and this would not be the true reflection of our economy. Nevertheless, this
analysis could possibly help us to get an idea about the overall economic condition of our
country.

27
5.2 Objectives of the study:
• To identify the overall economic condition of Lalichora Para situated in Khadim tea
garden.
• To differentiate between groups of people with varied incomes and their sources.
• To understand the production cycle of tea by using seasonal mapping.
• To portray a cost benefit analysis of the major crops.
• To understand the microcredit situation of Lalichora Para.
• To illustrate the role of NGOs in development of the villagers and improving the
standard of their living.

5.3 Methodology:
We have collected data by following these methods:

• Collecting data through the Focus Group discussion in the village.

• By conducting personal interview and observation.
• Through Questionnaire survey or Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), this was also
conducted among the villagers (25 respondents).
• Through the data and information collected from the co-operative society.

5.4 Limitations:
To prepare this report we had to face some limitations. The limitations are:
• Firstly, the time was very limited. It was very difficult to collect enough data in that
limited time.
• Some of the villagers were hesitating to answer the questions related to their income.
• Measurements of land were little bit confusing.

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5.5 Economic Condition of Lalichora:
Economic condition of Lalichora Para of Khadim tea garden village is not very well. During
our survey we came to know that in Lalichora Para most of the people are depended only on
income from tea factory. Their income is very low in comparison with other occupations. As a
result, most of the people cannot fulfill their needs properly.

5.6 Occupation:
Most of the villagers currently living in the village are tea workers. There are also some people
who are doing small business along with working in tea garden. Some of them have grocery
shop in their nearby market. Though because of improved transportation system and improved
education, some people are also working in other districts but still most of the people of
Lalichora are tea workers.

5.7 Income Assessment:

In Lalichora Para most of the household's major income source is tea factory. Because it is
mandatory that at least one person from each house have to work in tea garden. Besides
working as a tea worker some of the rich people have grocery shops and some of their family
members are service holders in different cities. Middle-class people also have some small
businesses. Poor people earns money by working as a day labor in tea garden. Man, and women
both equally works in tea garden.

5.8 Wealth Ranking:

“Wealth Ranking” means determining the positions of different people in a particular area on
the basis of their assets, income sources, quality of life and social well-being. Basically “Wealth
Ranking” is one of the major techniques of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). Through this
technique, we can guess and visualize the economic condition of a particular area. From our

29
data, we could categorize people into four different classes. These are rich, middle and poor
class.

Class
Category Rich Middle Class Poor
Number of 3 6 16
Respondents
Percentage 12% 24% 64%
Income per year Up to 5,50,000 Up to 3,50,000 Up to 1,80,000
Sources of income Shop keeping, Driving, working at Working at tea
service tea garden garden
House type Building Semi- building, tin Mud & hay house
shade house
Household materials TV, refrigerator, TV, simple furniture Simple furniture
furniture
Land owned No land No land No land
Assets Jewelry, Motor Bike Jewelry By cycle
Savings & borrowings Savings, little Little savings, Mostly
borrowings Borrowings borrowings
Food Habit Rice, meat, fish, Rice, meat, fish, Rice, fish,
vegetable, fruit vegetable vegetable
Education Graduation, HSC HSC, SSC Primary education
Sanitation Sanitary latrine Ring slab Ring slab

We have divided these 3 categories of social class based on some criteria. Those criteria are
described below:

Income Sources:

• Rich: Rich people earn their living from services, shop-keeping and working in a bit
higher position in tea garden.
• Middle Class: They are the middle earning group. They basically earn money by
driving CNG and working in tea garden

30
 • Poor: They are the lowest earning group. They earn on daily basis. They are paid 170
taka per day for the job as a tea worker.

Land Owned:

• Rich: The rich people have the homestead land and as per my survey and they have no
land which they can owned.
• Middle Class: The middle-class people have no land also. They have the homestead
land.
• Poor Class: The poor class people also does not own any land. But in maximum case
they have homestead land.

House type & Household materials:

• Rich: The rich people have good living places compared to other classes. The house
type is concrete house. As they have money, so they have television, refrigerator,
furniture etc. in their house.
• Middle Class: This income group lives in semi bricked house. The floor and wall are
made of concrete, roof is made of tin shade. They have TV, bed, showcase, table, chair
etc.
• Poor Class: People of the poor class lives in mud houses. Their household materials
also reflect their condition and most of them own chowki and a couple of chairs, tables
etc.

Education:

• Rich: People belonging to the middle class know the merit of education and so have a
high and better literacy rate. Most of the people have a minimum HSC degree and also
wants their children to pass at least the HSC level. Some even pursue a graduation.
• Middle Class: This class have medium literacy rate. Most of them have minimum SSC
degree.
• Poor Class: Their tendency towards education is low. So as a result, most of the people
of this class has only completed primary level education.
31
Live Stock:

• Rich: Most of the family has cows, usually used to get milk. Availability of goats, hens
and ducks are observed in this class family.
• Middle Class: They have cows, hens and ducks in their houses.
• Poor Class: People of this class have only hens.

Sanitation:

• Rich: Rich people have a good sanitation system. They use sanitary latrine and well
cultured about sanitation.
• Middle Class: Middle class people use ring slab usually.
• Poor Class: Poor class people also use ring slab.\

Savings & Borrowings:

• Rich: The rich people earn a good amount of money and usually has no need to borrow.
Moreover, their income exceeds their expenditure and so they can save a good amount
of money at nearby bank.
• Middle class: Their income and savings are moderate. They earn a satisfactory amount
of money to meet their daily household activities. So, they could save a satisfactory
amount of money after meeting all their demands. They usually borrow very less
amount from others.
• Poor Class: People in this class cannot save. Whatever they earn, they spend it to meet
up their daily needs. Most of their basic needs are just fulfilled. They need to borrow
money. They look towards their rich class relatives or NGOs to extend a helping hand
by giving some money.

32
 5.9 Seasonal Mapping:
Only tea is cultivated in Lalichara.

Legends:

Cloning
Harvesting

Agrahayon
Months
Boishakh

Crops

Ashwin

Chaitra
Srabon

Falgun
Jaistho

Kartik
Vadro

Poush
Ashar

Magh
Tea

5.10 Cost–Benefit Analysis:

Cost benefit analysis evaluate the total cost incurred against the total benefit. It takes into
account the details of all the cost incurred and weighs it against the revenue received, thus
providing an understanding of the profit made. From the below analysis we will able to
understand the profit percentage of a farmer.

33
 Cost benefit Analysis of Tea

Particulars for 1 Acre Tk

Cost of production:
Fertilizer & pesticides (116*200) 23200
Labor (65*170) 11050
Transportation 25000
Other costs (230*65) 14950
Total Production Cost 74200
Selling price 230/Kg
Selling volume 500 Kg
Revenue/Total sales (500*230) 115000
Profit (115000 – 74200) 40800
Profit percentage (40800/115000) * 100 35.48%

5.11 Microcredit:
Microcredit, as the name suggests, is the offering of small loans to people to help them fight
poverty. The difference between microcredit and other forms of loan is that it asks for no
collateral, is offered in groups and has the highest rate of recovery. It focuses on improving the
lives of rural people by providing them the foundation of self-employment.

Micro-credit situation in Lalichora:

People of Lalichora rely heavily on microcredit. With exceptions of the middle class, the other
two classes take microcredit. 13 amongst the 25 families take microcredit. Majority of the
people believe that microcredit has helped them improve their standard of living, although a
few thinks the other way round.

34
Sources of Microcredit:
People in Lalichora do not usually need to take large amount of loan. So, they take microcredit
from the NGO‟s. However, some prefer to seek help from their relatives. Those who
immediately need money and cannot wait for the NGOs go to the local money lender. People
in need of large loan go to local bank and get a loan sanctioned against collateral. People of
Lalichora usually take their microcredits from:

• FIVDB (Friends in Village Development Bangladesh)

• ASA (The Association for Social Advancement)

Uses of Microcredit:
People of Lalichora use their microcredit for:

• To start small business

• To build house
• To purchase pet animals such as cows and goats.

5.12 Effective Interest Rate:

Particulars
Total loan amount 100000 Tk
Installment payment per week 2435 Tk
Total number of installments 46
Total payment (46*2435) 112010
Interest charge (112010 – 100000) 12010
Interest rate (12010/10000) * 100 12%

35
EAR = {1+ (.12/46)}46 – 1
= 0.13
= 13%

5.13 Advantages of Microcredit:

Advantages of microcredit are given below:

• Microcredit helps the people to start their own small businesses.

• The process of taking microcredit is easier than other available options.
• People are becoming more interested in microcredit because they can get their loan
without any mortgage.
• Women who want to change their luck by doing small business are becoming interested
in taking microcredit.

5.14 Disadvantages of Microcredit:

• Sometimes men misuse their loan by playing gambles or doing other stuffs which are
not necessary at all. Even sometimes they misuse the loan taken by their wives, which
they took from those poor ladies forcefully.
• Weekly payments are very difficult for some people.

5.16 Observations:
• People of Lalichora don’t have any land of their own.
• Microcredit does not work for everyone positively.
• People in Lalichora are engaging in other types of income generating jobs such as shop
keeping, transport driver etc.
• NGO activities are present in the village like FIVDB, ASA.
• People are now very much aware about education, health and environment.

36
5.17 Conclusion:
The major income for most of the people of Lalichora comes from working in tea garden. Both
male and female equally works in tea garden. As the salary is not much high in tea garden, so
most of the people cannot fulfil their every needs.

This section of the report helped us to know about the rural economy and which crops are
cultivated in Lalichora Para. I believe this part will help us a lot in doing further researches on
rural economy

37
 Chapter 6

Health & Environment

6.1 Health (Introduction)

Health is doubtless one of the most important portions. The main force of the health program
has been the stipulation of primary health care services that has been accepted as a key approach
to accomplish “Health for all” by the year 2000. However, during the last few decades, it
becomes clear that the right of the health care is far from the absolute. Inadequate funding,
inefficiency and corruption are the main problems in our health sector.

Also in 1997, Millennium development goal (MDG) has taken three goals to develop health
condition among the people and the goals are—

• Reduce the child mortality

• Improve maternal health
• Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases

In the last few years Bangladesh has made great pace in the area of health care and family
planning services – captivating the challenge of act in response to wishes of couples to shrink
their fertility, on one hand and on the other, improving, in particular, primary health care
services through Government and NGO partnership. Bangladesh have also earned an immense
achievement in Extended Program on Immunization (EPI) in the last decade by successful
campaign of both GO and NGO. And some of these steps have touched the village Lalichara.

Health condition of the people of Lalichara, Khadim Tea Garden

Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence
of disease or infirmity. --WHO Constitution

Based on this theory what I can say is people of Lalichara, Khadim Tea Garden is very healthy
people because they don’t have any major health problems. They are hardworking people. The
only health problem that I encountered was some general issues like headaches, malaria, gastric
38
problems, etc. But one thing which is missing here is, they don’t have any medical center on
the village. The have 2 pharmacies but no professional doctor. For major issue they go to Sylhet
town where there is a govt. hospital.

6.2 Sources of water:

Water is essential for our life. Without it no one can survive. But for the survival in real sense,
we need to drink clean water, not only that we also need to use clean and contaminated free
water for our everyday purpose such as bathing, washing, cooking etc. Otherwise, anyone can
suffer from water borne diseases.

The people of Lalichara village are more conscious about pure water. There are many tube
wells in the village. Tube wells, canal, ponds are used for different purpose.

Tube well Pond Canal

Purpose
Number Percentage Number Percentage Number Percentage
Cooking 20 80% 5 20% Nil Nil
Drinking 24 96% 1 4% Nil Nil
Bathing 19 76% 6 24% Nil Nil
Washing 12 48% 7 28% 6 24%

Analysis:

As there is no pipeline water system in the village, people have to go for other sources like
tube well water. And tube well is used for drinking and cooking purpose, which is a very
good sign for country like Bangladesh where people hardly have access to drink clean water.
Government supplied them this tube well at a reasonable rate than the market. So, the people
were able to setup 70-80 tube well in the whole village.

6.3 Sanitation

The term sanitation not only talks about the sanitary facilities of the village, but also reflects
the lifestyle of the villagers that gets affected by the overall environmental pattern and every
element related to their health condition. In the early years, the sanitation was not good at
Lalichara village. But over the time the sanitation facilities have been greater than before.
39
Almost every family uses ring slab and largest number of people uses septic tank or as we call
it sanitary latrine. To know about the health and environmental condition of the village, we
surveyed the toilet facilities.

Types of Sanitation
Percentage Percentage
Ring Slab 75%
Septic Tank 25%

Sanitation

25%

75%

Ring Slab Septic Tank

Analysis:
Government helps them, not with the money but also with the concept to establish ring slab
latrine all over the village. That’s why 75% of the toilets are ring slab. We found very less
amount of family who use septic tank.

6.4 Vaccination
Vaccinations are some of the most important tools available for preventing disease. It not only
protects children from developing a potentially serious disease but also protect the community
by reducing the spread of infectious diseases. In Lalichora, villagers are aware about
vaccination. They gave almost all the vaccines to their children as well as adults to keep them
away from diseases. Government plays a vital role for creating awareness about these vaccines
and their importance. Government organizations come in every 3 months to serve the people.

40
 Vaccination
Name of vaccines Percentage
Covid-19 100%
Polio 83%
Pneumonia 80%
Hepatitis-B 85%
Mumps 25%

Vaccination
25%

85% 100%

80% 83%

Covid-19 Polio Pneumonia Hepatitis-B Mumps

Analysis:
From our survey, we can say that the people of Lalichara village are conscious about the
vaccination. Government organizations comes every 3 months and every 2 months interval
public health care center people comes in that village and aware people about deadly diseases
and vaccination. They announce the date of vaccination by miking and sometimes they give
lift let to the villagers. NGO people specially FIVDB who can able to create the awareness
among the villagers regarding this immunization sector.

6.5 Common diseases & causes:

During the survey it has been observed that the general health condition of the Lalichora is
quite good. The good news is people are free from the fear of Arsenic in this area. Still there
are some common diseases among the households. In our assigned para we observed that
villagers suffer from different types of diseases. The common diseases of the villagers are blood
pressure, allergy, cold, fever, diarrhea, malnutrition, pneumonia, arthritis, diabetes, asthma etc.
Reasons of the diseases are changing food habit, tension, lifestyle, walking bare foot,
consuming unhygienic food and not washing hands after using toilet.
41
 Diseases and causes
Gender Diseases Symptoms
Diabetes, Asthma, Heart Walking bare foot, Changing
Male problem, Kidney issues, food habit.
Cancer
Skin diseases, Arthritis, Burning firewood,
Diabetes, Breast cancer, Malnutrition, Walking bare
Female
Allergies & Headache foot.

Pneumonia, Chicken Pox, Not washing hands after

Diarrhea, Anemia, Mumps, using toilet, Eating
Children
Cough unhygienic food.

Findings:
By doing the field work through questionnaire survey, we find that most of the villagers do not
like to go to the Govt. medical Centre health care Centre. Because, they do not feel comfortable
there. They say that when diseases are simple and tolerable then they usually go to the Local
Pharmacy rather than going to doctor for treatment. But when diseases turn into severe form
then they feel the necessity of going to the doctor at the Govt. Health center that is Khadim
Medical Centre. And sometimes according to the advice of doctors they have to go Osmani
Medical college hospital for better diagnosis and good treatment.

6.6 Methods of family planning:

increasing number of populations is a problem around the world, especially in the third world
countries. From a long time, Bangladesh Government try to encourage the people to reduce
their family size and involved in family planning process. Our studied village faced also facing
population growth in the last few decades. Various factors have contributed in this rising of
population. Like peoples lack of knowledge on family planning and more people were not
educated and migration of people from other villages.

Now a days, in Lalichora, people’s perception about family planning has been changed
significantly. The ratio of adopting family planning is increasing and a large number of families
including the newly married families are interested in family planning. Presently NGOs and
Government have taken proper steps in this region. So currently the growth rate of population
is at a stable stage
42
 Family planning methods
Method Percentage Respondents
Injection 44% 11
Pill 36% 9
Condom 20% 5

Analysis:
In Lalichara, family planning tools are pills, injection, and condom (very rare). In previous
days pill was most commonly used protection type for the women but now injection is most
popular even though Government provides pills in free. Injection provides protection for 6
months.

6.7 Decision making:

Family group decision-making is a generic term that includes a number of approaches in which
family members are brought together to make decisions about how to care for their children
and develop a plan for services. Different names used for this type of intervention include
family team conferencing, family team meetings, family group conferencing, family team
decision-making, family unity meetings, and team decision-making. Approaches differ in
various aspects, but most consist of several phases and employ a trained facilitator or
coordinator.

Decision Making
Particulars Number of respondents Percentage
Husband 15 60%
Wife 7 28%
Both 3 12%
Total 25 100%
*Number of respondents in both indicates couples

43
 Decision Making

12%
3

28%7
15
60%

Husband Wife Both

Analysis:
Here we can most percentage is husband that means husband the decision maker of most of the
families. The percentage of wife decision maker is 28% which is quite low.

6.8 Environment (Introduction)

Environment can be defined as the circumstances or condition that surrounds an organism or
group of organisms. The word “Environment” was originated from the French word
“environed” which means to encircle or surround. Environments are of different types such as
educational, social, economic, political, cultural etc. it is the systematic study of our
environment and our proper place in environment. The term “environment” implies a life
support system and includes those items like water, air, food etc., which are absolutely essential
for the sustenance of the life forms on this planet. One group of scientists believes that all other
items, which may be conceived as constituting the environment, are complementary to the
above life support system. We all know why it is important to preserve the integrity of our
planet. Without clean water and air, fertile soil and a richness of all kinds of life (plant and
animal) the Earth as we know it will stop thriving and producing.

Environmental condition of Lalichara, Khadim Tea Garden

44
People of Lalichara Village, somewhat conscious of the environment. They have curiosity to
know how they can contribute to save the environment. The village is full of green plants,
bamboo gardens and agricultural land. We have seen many kinds of fruit trees like mango,
guava, coconut, jackfruit, banana, beetle etc. Besides these trees there were also trees like tulsi,
neem, koroi, mahogany etc. Households are using firewood, cow dung, straws and leaves as
fuel, which is helping the environment from degradation.

6.9 Place of cooking:

Cooking place is one of the most important elements which affect the environment, because
during cooking it creates a lot of smoke. In our assigned para most of the villagers cook by
using mud stoves and they cook either inside the kitchen or outside of the house under open
sky. Among the 25 households that we surveyed 65% cooks inside of the house and the rest
35% cooks outside the house.

Place of cooking
Cooking place Percentage
Inside of the house 65%
House of the house 35%

Place of cooking
70% 65%
60%
50%
40% 35%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Inside of the house House of the house

45
Analysis:
Since, most of households cooks inside of the house which is a very good sign for them as well
as for the environment. Because, if the cook inside of the house, there is a very less chance of
attacking germs in the food and it is also good sign for our environment bercauise the flames
wont create any pollution.

6.10 Fuel use:

Type of fuel use for cooking is important because it is related with health and Environment. In
a developing country like Bangladesh, the most severe exposure to indoor air pollution occurs
inside the dwellings of poor rural people. Therefore, the type of fuel villager’s use is hazardous
to the environment due to the gas from the burning of the fuel. We surveyed 25 households and
among them 65% households’ uses firewood, 25% households use cow dung and the rest 10%
uses dry leaves for their cooking purpose. These types of fuel create high level of air pollution
since there is no gas facility in the village.

Types of fuel
Fuel name Percentage
Cow Dung 25%
Leaves 10%
Firewood 65%

Types of fuel

25%

10%
65%

Cow Dung Leaves Firewood

46
Analysis:
Their main fuel firewood creates smoke as well as eye problem. We try to make them
understood that burning eyes and breathing problem all are occurring due to fuel. They take it
as funny thing. The significant thing is that they can easily use cow-dung as fuel. Though most
of the people have it and use it but in a very small amount. And also, they can make a chimney
so that the smoke can go outside.

6.11 Waste Disposal:

Waste means sanitary sewerage, industrial discharges and all other substances which may
pollute or tend to pollute the environment. Place for disposing waste is very important for a
village. The waste that is not properly disposed may pollute the whole area and can spread
many diseases. In our assigned para most of the households dispose waste in a nearby ditch.
Some of them also dispose waste inside a hole behind their houses and some of them throw
their wastages in no specific place.

Waste Disposal
Ways of disposing waste Percentage
Burning waste 40%
No specific area 35%
Nearby canal 20%

Waste Disposal
50%
40%
40% 35%
30%
20%
20%
10%
0%
Burning waste No specific area Nearby canal

47
Analysis:
In the village Lalichara, we have found that, most of villagers burn wastages in the open place,
which leads to air pollution and land pollution. It can bring some serious diseases to the
villagers, but they still not aware of it. We tried to understand them that.

6.12 Biodiversity:
Biodiversity is all the different kinds of life you'll find in one area—the variety of animals,
plants, fungi, and even microorganisms like bacteria that make up our natural world. Each of
these species and organisms work together in ecosystems, like an intricate web, to maintain
balance and support life.

Biodiversity
Category Animals Birds Trees
Existing Fox, Monkey, Cow, Hen, Duck, Pigeon Jackfruit, Banana,
Goat Betelnut
Rare Pig, Snake, Raccoon Bat, Owl Mango, Coconut

Analysis:
We have observed many animals and birds which are very common in the village and can be
found anytime. And there some also animals and birds which are very rare.

6.13 Types of pollution:

Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. These harmful
materials are called pollutants. Pollutants can be natural, such as volcanic ash. They can also
be created by human activity, such as trash or runoff produced by factories. Pollutants damage
the quality of air, water, and land.

Types of pollution
Type Causes Effects
Air Waste burning, Domestic Stroke, Heart disease, Lung
cooking cancer
48
 Water Waste from livestock, No Cholera, Diarrhea, Jaundice
drainage system
Land Pesticides and farming Loss of fertile land
chemical, Illegal dumping

Analysis:
Here we can see, pollution is creating in the village from the sources which is air, water and
land. And for these reasons diseases also increasing. Village people should keep in mind.

6.14 Observations:
1. Pollution is increasing day by day.
2. Disposal of wastages is not proper.
3. Lack of drainage system.
4. Most of the peoples have proper awareness about vaccination.

6.15 Conclusion:
In our studied village Lalichora overall health condition is good as their awareness is about
taking vaccination, using tube well, ring slab all are quite good. If this improvement goes on
then Lalichora village will see the light of success more easily. Even though, this consciousness
about health is high but they are not away of polluting environment. Government is trying to
aware about the importance of healthy environment. Though, it is a common phrase that
extreme poverty society will damage natural resources. They are polluting land more compared
to air and water. Still Government has to go long way. Not only in the village Lalichora, this
type of improvement, awareness should be going on in the whole country. Then our country
will get the admiring success.

49
 Chapter 7

Rural Market Analysis

50
7.1 Introduction
Market may be described as the process of defining, anticipating and knowing customer needs
and managing all the resources of the organizing to satisfy them. Bangladesh is agricultural
and rural based country with more than 70% population residing in rural areas. Agriculture is
the backbone of the rural economy of Bangladesh. Unlike urban markets, the rural markets are
difficult to predict and possess special characteristics. The featured population is
predominantly illiterate, have low and irregular income, lack of monthly income, and flow of
income fluctuating with the monsoon winds. Due to rural market system rural buyers can easily
access needed standard goods and services at fair prices. In the same way, rural marketing
improves rural infrastructure. Additionally, rural marketing can also improve their income.
These all aspects can directly improve living standard.

7.2 The Concept of Market, Bazaar and Hat

7.2.1 Village Market
A village market is a place of the village where the villagers buy and sell their daily
commodities and necessities of life. Generally, it plays the major role in generating revenue
and employment to the rural people. The operations of the market are carried out and catalyzed
by some key players like buyers, sellers and the middlemen. There are two types of market in
the village. One is called ‘bazaar’ where people assemble daily and the other is called ‘hat’
where people assemble on once or twice days in a week. A village market is very useful to the
villagers. It provides everything near at hand. It saves both the time and money of the villagers
to collect their daily requirement. They play the ingenious job of automating the business
activities in the market.

51
 Haat

Village Market

Bazaar

7.2.2 Chiknagul Bazaar Haat

Chiknagul Bazaar is the main center of buying goods for the villagers near Jointapur, Sylhet.
It was established at the British period. There is a hill of tea garden called SHITA CHONDON
PAHAR where villagers worked and this tea garden name is CHIKNA-GUL tea garden and
the bazaar was named by that place. The market has got approximately 300 shops. It is run by
market committee. The Chiknagul market has got a main road providing transport to different
villages. As the Chiknagul haat is beside the highway which made the communication system
more convenient for not only the surrounding villagers but also eases the business people with
better communication.

The market has got a big field to the east where the Haat (temporary market) takes place on
every Sunday and Thursday. It is one of the rural markets of Sylhet

52
 Market Overview

Market Name Chiknagul Bazar Haat

Area 5 acres (Approximate)

Haat Days Sunday and Thursday

Upazilla Jointapur

Post Office Chiknagul

Union 6 no Chiknagul

Distance from FIVDB 9 km (Approximate)

Location Both side of Tamabil road

Fixed 350 (Approximate)

Number of Shops

Temporary 150 (Approximate)

7.2.3 Haat
Haat is an open-air market that serves as a trading venue for local people in rural areas. There
are various functions of a Haat-Bazaar, the primary purpose remains to provide a marketplace
for local communities. Nowadays permanent shops and markets are opening in many rural
places, but historically the Haat was a temporary market which allowed people to purchase
goods they could not easily access.

A village Haat is a temporary market place, which occurs once or twice a week. It can be bigger
than a market. Since most of the big trade of their goods performs in this market and they
termed the day as “Haat Bar’

53
7.2.4 Bazaar
A bazaar is a market that has rows and rows of little shops selling miscellaneous stuff. Bazaar
is reasonably different from the Haat. The structure of bazaar is similar to the permanent
settlement where sellers sell their products and consumers go for purchase of their product
every day

7.3 Difference between Haat and Bazaar

Parameters Haat Bazaar

Shop Category Temporary permanent

Frequency Twice in a week Everyday

Price Low price High price

Higher number of Lower number of

Number Of Buyers & buyers and sellers. buyers and sellers than
Sellers haat.

Size Small Big

Bargaining Power of Buyers High Low

Bargaining Power of Sellers Low High

Place for Sellers Not fixed Fixed

Whole seller & end Usually end users

Consumer Type Users

Profit of Sellers Less More

Value Addition Less More

54
7.4 Product Classification
Product classification is a marketing and business term that categorizes products based on how
and why consumers purchase them. Anything that can be offered in a market for attention,
acquisition, use or consumption that might satisfy a need or want. A product may be tangible
or intangible.

Based on our research of Chiknagul Haat we can classify product into two categories which
are consumer goods and industrial goods.

7.4.1 Consumer Goods

Consumer goods are those which an individual or organization purchases for consumption.

Consumer goods are again further divided into four types.

✔ Convenient Goods: Goods which customers purchase frequently like rice, vegetables,
fish, egg, milk, salt, sugar, oil, toothpaste, soap, tea, cigarette etc. Convenient goods are
further classified into three categories which are staple goods, impulse goods and
emergency goods.

✔ Shopping Goods: These goods are bought less frequently and need much planning and
shopping effort like shoes, shampoo, detergent, soap, beauty cream, coconut oil,
shaving cream other cosmetics etc. On buying shopping goods customers compares on
such bases as suitability, quality, price and style.

✔ Unsought Goods: Goods which customers does not normally think of buying e.g.
herbal medicine, burial clothes, life insurance etc.
✔ Special Goods: Special products like jewelry, television, furniture etc.

7.4.2 Industrial Goods

Industrial goods are bought and used for industrial and business use. They are made up of
machinery, manufacturing plants, raw materials, and any other good or component used by
industries or firms. It was found that steels, sanitary, pesticides, seeds, fertilizer etc. are
industrial products of Chiknagul Haat.
55
7.5 Services in Chiknagul Haat
In this Haat we saw that there were different types of services like Tea Stalls, Barber’s Shop,
Doctor’s Chamber, CD rental, Transportation (Van/truck), Video Renting, Tailor, Electronics
Repair Center, Cobbler, Cycle and Rickshaw Repair Center.

7.6 Fake vs. Original Products

Authentic goods are real and genuine products that are sold by
brand owners, distributors, or other authorized parties. Counterfeit
products are fakes or unauthorized replicas of the real product.
Counterfeit products are often produced with the intent to take
advantage of the superior value of the imitated product. that
replicate well-known brands in terms of packaging and
presentation rather than quality.

It’s nothing but a marketing gimmick of a market follower to

avoid losing market share by offering a product that is a copy of a
competitor's product or innovation.

7.7 Branded vs. Local Products

Branded Products vs. Local Products

56
The making of a local brand was a distant dream then, but things have taken a different turn
now with the rise of great entrepreneurs in independent Bangladesh that gradually gave rise to
a thriving private sector to dominate the economy. They played a part in positioning hundreds
of local brands in the consumers' minds with many ascending to the top of the lists.
A branded product is one which is made by a well-known manufacturer and has the
manufacturer's label on it. Supermarket lines are often cheaper than branded goods.
Local product is when you market your business to the audience in your surrounding
geographical radius like the people in your neighborhood or your city for example; By zeroing
in on a specific area you start building awareness of your products and services in the market
closest to you.

7.8 Inward & Outward Products

Inwards Products are the more sophisticated goods receipt mechanism, including support for
on-costs, and receipting stock across multiple purchase orders in one delivery. Receipting is
the process used to record goods physically received into the warehouse as they arrive,
irrespective of price or additional charges.

Outward Products means supply of goods or services or both, whether by sale, transfer, barter,
exchange made or agreed to be made by such person in the course or furtherance of business.

Inward Place Outward Place

Products (From) Products (To)

Potato Rajshahi Naga Morich Dhaka , Chattrogram

Dry Fish Chattrogram Biron Rice Throughout the country

Mango Rajshahi Shatkora Throughout the country

Betel Leaf Chattrogram Bamboo Basket Dhaka, Chattrogram

Cosmetics Dhaka Shitol Paati Throughout the country

Clothes Throughout the Tea Mainly in Chattrogram

country

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7.9 Price Comparison
There is drastic price fluctuation between the producer and the end user and that happens due
to value addition. Every time the goods passes through a broker some portion of value is added
to it as the broker also needs to make profit out of his sales. Below the price differences of
prices of some products are given on taking account Chiknagul bazaar Haat, Sylhet and
Riazuddin Bazaar, Chattrogram.

Product Name Chiknagul Haat Riazuddin Bazaar

(Sylhet) (Chattrogram)

Lemon 45 Tk/ Hali (4pcs) 40 Tk/ Hali (4pcs)

Jara lemon 150 Tk/ Hali 180 Tk/ Hali

Sweet Potato 70 Tk/ Kg 60 Tk/ kg

Shatkora 200 Tk/ Hali 300 Tk/ Hali

Torpi Kodu 60 Tk/ Kg 70 Tk/ Kg

Beef 750 Tk/ Kg 800Tk/ Kg

Mutton 850Tk/ Kg 900 Tk/Kg

Egg (Duck) 70 Tk/ Hali 80 Tk/ Hali

Egg (Chicken) 60 Tk/Hali 70 Tk/ Hali

Najirshai (Rice) 70 Tk/ Kg 75 Tk/ Kg

7.10 Product Distribution Channel

Haat is the place where dealer’s retailers come with their product and sell it to end user. There
are two types of seller’s comes here one is who sell their product directly to the customer

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 another is who buys the product from somewhere and sell to the end user they call reseller.
Mostly in this hat they use intensive distribution channel for all product.
Some the products are sells in via exclusive distribution channel. So, if I consider a Vegetable
Distribution they use direct channel of distribution. They model of distribution channel is

Manufacturer Consumer

Distribution Channel of Local Product

Olympic has grown to be the one largest manufacturers, distributors and marketers of fast-
moving consumer goods in Bangladesh. So, I decided to take Olympic Energy Plus Biscuit
Distribution channel.

Producer Agent Whole

Retailer Consumer
Saler

Distribution Channel of Branded Product

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7.11 Promotional Activities
Promotion is an activity that is undertaken to aware the consumer about a product or service.
In Chiknagul bazaar Haat there are some uses of traditional promotional tools, like signboard,
poster, leaflet, canvassing, word of mouth etc.

7.12 Value Chain Analysis

A value chain is used to describe all the business activities it takes to create a product from
start to finish (e.g., design, production, distribution, and so on). A value chain analysis gives
businesses a visual model of these activities, allowing them to determine where they can reduce
costs.

The purpose of value-chain analysis is to increase production efficiency so that a company can
deliver maximum value for the least possible cost.

Farmer’s Cost (Tk.) Retailer’s Cost (Tk.)

Seeds Price: 1600 Purchase Cost: 6900

Storage 1000
Fertilizer: 1200 Transportation 1000
Labor & Tractor: 2000
Irrigation: 1200 Total Cost: 8900
Total Production Cost: 6000 Selling Price: 50 per kg
Total Selling
(50*200) 10000
Total Selling Volume 200 kg Profit (10000-8900) 1100
Selling Price Per kg: 34.5 Mark up (%) (8900/10000)*100 = 11%
Sales Revenue (34.5*200) = 6900
Profit (6000-6900) = 900
End User Price: Tk. 50 per kg

Mark up 15%

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7.13 Major Observations
⮚ The market is a both wholesale and retail market.

⮚ Lots of fake products do not have expiry dates.

⮚ Haat takes place on the Mosque & School ground each week.

⮚ The haat is surrounded by Post Office, Land Office and Chairman’s Office.

7.14 Conclusion
The study on the rural market was short and may be termed as inadequate for extensive research
purposes. However, it was sufficient considering the current purpose. It brought to light the
dynamics of rural market specifically the Haat.

The promotional activities of different vendors and also of the product of companies were
scrutinized which gave a sufficiently clear picture of how promotion in rural markets differ
from urban ones.

In short, this study was able to give a sufficiently accurate picture of how the rural market
functions. It showed how different rural markets are from the urban ones.

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 Chapter 8
Conclusion:
Most of the people of our country live in rural areas. Live-in-Field-Experience (LFE)Program
gives us an opportunity to learn about the rural Bangladesh. It had been a great experience to
discover different aspects of the rural society. City dwellers like us had not much idea about
the rural society. Throughout the field survey villagers helped us a lot. Even, they never got
annoyed as we disturbed them in a very pick season of harvesting. Rural society is changing
day by day. People are now more conscious about education, sanitation and hygiene. NGO's
provide loans to the villagers. They are not only building the infrastructures but also persuading
everyone to use that. There are also some problems that should be solved.

To conclude, the outcomes of these studies are very much limited. However, in doing the
report, we have experienced the realities of rural areas of Bangladesh that we never had before.
Thus, it was a wonderful experience over there.

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